Seminar Report on

SCREEN LESS DISPLAY

By

Name: MACHIKA VIVEK

Roll No: 21C45A0429

Course : B.Tech

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

JAYAMUKHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES

NARSAMPET, WARANGAL-506 332

(Affiliated to JNTUH, Accredited by NBA)

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 JAYAMUKHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES
NARSAMPET, WARANGAL – 506 332.

(Affiliated to JNTUH, Accredited by NBA)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Seminar Report entitled “_SCREEN LESS

DISPLAY ” is submitted by MACHIKA VIVEK bearing Roll No 21C45A0429 in

IV/IV

B.Tech.(ECE) II semester .

Supervisor Head of the Department

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 ABSTRACT

Technological advancement nowadays is moving to a faster pace. The latest display

technology -Touch Screen Display, commonly used in our smart phones and tablet
computers will move to a mere history in the coming future. Lack of space is one of
major problem faced by screen displays. This emerging new display technology will
replace this touch screen environment and will solve the problems at higher level,
making life more comfortable. The main aim of the Screenless Display is to display or
transmit the information without the help of a screen or the projector. Using this
display, we can directly project images onto the human retina, open space and even to
the human brain. It avoids the need of high weight hardware and it will provide privacy
at a high rate. This field came into progress during the year 2013 by the arrival of
products like holographic videos, virtual reality headsets, retinal displays, mobiles for
elderly, eye tap etc. At present, we can say that only part of the Screenless Display
Technology is brought up which means that more advancement is necessary for a boost
in the technology. This problem will surely provide a pathway for screenless display

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 INDEX
1.Introduction……………………………………….……………………….…….1
2 .Screen Less Display…………………………………………………………….2
2.1 Visual Image………………………………………………………………...3
2.1.1 Hologram…………………………………………………………………4
2.1.2 Working of hologram……………………………………………………..5
2.2 Retinal Display……………………………………………………………...6
2.2.1 VRD Structure…………………………………………………………….7
2.3 Synaptic Interface……………………………………………………………8
3.The Working Principle……………………………….……………………………9
3.1 CVCF………………...…………………………………………….…….…10
3.2 Software and Hardware requirements.………………………………………11
4. Applications of SLD……………………….…………………………………….12
5. Advantages………………………………………………………..……………...13
6. Disadvantages.……………………………………….….…………………....…14
7. Future Enhancements.………………………………………..………………..…15
8.Conclusion……………………………………………………………...................16
9.References…………………………………………………………………………17

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 CHAPTER - 1 INTRODUCTION

Screenless display is the present evolving technology in the field of the

computer- enhanced technologies. It is going to be the one of the greatest technological
development in the coming future years.
Several patents are still working on this new emerging technology which
can change the whole spectacular view of the screenless displays. Screen less display
technology has the main aim of displaying (or) transmitting the information without any help
of the screen (or) the projector. Screen less displays have become a new rage of development
for the next GEN-X. Screenless videos describe systems fortransmitting visual information
from a video source without the use of the screen.
Screenless computing systems can be divided mainly into 3 groups:
1.Visual image
2.Retinal direct
3.Synaptic interface

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 CHAPTER - 2 SCREENLESS DISPLAYS

2.1 VISUAL IMAGE

Visual Image screen less display includes any screen less image that the eye
can perceive as shown in figure 1 and 2. The most common example of Visual Image screen
less display is a hologram.

2.1.1 HOLOGRAM
Holograms were used mostly in telecommunications as an alternative to
screens. Holograms could be transmitted directly, or they could be stored in various storage
devices (such as holodiscs) the storage device can be hooked up with a holoprojector in order
for the stored image to be accessed [1]. Debatably, virtual reality goggles (which consist of
two small screens but are nonetheless sufficiently different from traditional computer screens
to be considered screen less) and heads-up display in jet fighters (which display images on
the clear cockpit window) also are included in Visual Image category.
In all of these cases, light is reflected off some intermediate object (hologram,
LCD panel, or cockpit window) before it reaches the retina. In the case of LCD panels the
light is refracted from the back of the panel, but is nonetheless a reflected source[3]. The new
software and hardware will enable the user to, in effect; make design adjustments in the
system to fit his or her particular needs, capabilities, and preferences. They will enable the
system to do such things as adjusting tousers’ behaviors in dealing with interactive movable
type.

2.1.2 Working of hologram

To create a hologram, you need an object (or person) that you want to record; a
laser beam to be shined upon the object and the recording medium; a recording medium with
the proper materials needed to help clarify the image; and a clear environment to enable the
light beams to intersect.

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 A laser beam is split into two identical beams and redirected by the use of
mirrors. One of the split beams, the illumination beam or object beam, is directed at the
object. Some of the light is reflected off the object onto the recording medium.
The second beam, known as the reference beam, is directed onto the recording medium. This
way, it doesn't conflict with any imagery that comes from the object beam, and coordinates
with it to create a more precise image in the hologram location.
The two beams intersect and interfere with each other. The interference pattern
is what is imprinted on the recording medium to recreate a virtual image for our eyes to see.

Fig.2.2 Reconstructing a hologram

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The diffraction grating and reflective surfaces inside the hologram recreate the original
object beam. This beam is absolutely identical to the original object beam before it was
combined with the reference wave. This is what happens when you listen to the radio. Your
radio receiver removes the sine wave that carried the amplitude- or frequency-modulated
information. The wave of information returns to its original state, before it was combined
with the sine wave for transmission.
The beam also travels in the same direction as the original object beam, spreading out as it
goes. Since the object was on the other side of the holographic plate, the beam travels toward
you. Your eyes focus this light, and your brain interprets it as a threedimensional image
located behind the transparent hologram. This may sound far-fetched, but you encounter this
phenomenon every day. Every time you look in a mirror, you see yourself and the
surroundings behind you as though they were on the other side of the mirror's surface. But the
light rays that make this image aren't on the other side of the mirror --they're the ones that
bounce off of the mirror's surface and reach your eyes. Most holograms also act like color
filters, so you see the object as the same color as the laser used in its creation rather than its
natural color.
This virtual image comes from the light that hits the interference fringes and spreads out on
the way to your eyes. However, light that hits the reverse side of each fringe does the
opposite. Instead of moving upward and diverging, it moves downward and converges. It
turns into a focused reproduction of the object -- a real image that you can see if you put a
screen in its path. The real image is pseudoscopic, or flipped back to front -- it's the opposite
of the virtual image that you can see without the aid of a screen.
With the right illumination, holograms can display both images at the same time.Your brain
plays a big role in your perception of both of these images. When your eyes detect the light
from the virtual image, your brain interprets it as a beam of light reflected from a real object.
Your brain uses multiple cues, including, shadows, the relative positions of different objects,
distances and parallax, or differences in angles, to interpret this scene correctly. It uses these
same cues to interpret the pseudoscopic real image.

2.2 RETINAL DISPLAY

Virtual retinal display systems are a class of screen less displays in which images are
projected directly onto the retina as shown in figure 2.2. They are distinguished from visual
image systems because light is not reflected from some intermediate object onto the retina; it
is instead projected directly onto theretina. Retinal Direct systems, once marketed, hold out

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the promise of extreme privacy when computing work is done in public places because most
inquiring relies on viewing the same light as the person who is legitimately viewing the
screen, and retinal direct systems send light only into the pupils of their intended viewer.

Fig 2.3 Block Diagram of Retinal Display

To create an image with the VRD a photon source (or three sources in the case of a
color display) is used to generate a coherent beam of light. The use of a coherent source (such
as a laser diode) allows the system to draw a diffraction limited spot on the retina. The light
beam is intensity modulated to match the intensity of the image being rendered. The
modulation can be accomplished after the beam is generated. If the source has enough
modulation bandwidth, as in the case of a laser diode, the source can be modulated directly.
The resulting modulated beam is then scanned to place each image
point, or pixel, at the proper position on the retina. A variety of scan patterns are possible.
The scanner could be used in a calligraphic mode, in which the lines that form the image are
drawn directly, or in a raster mode, much like standard computer monitors or television. Our
development focuses on the raster method of image scanning and allows the VRD to be
driven by standard video sources. To draw the raster, a horizontal scanner moves the beam
to draw a row of pixels. The vertical scanner then moves the beam to the next line where
another row of pixels is drawn.
After scanning, the optical beam must be properly projected into the
eye. The goal is for the exit pupil of the VRD to be coplanar with the entrance pupil of the
eye. The lens and cornea of the eye will then focus the beam on the retina, forming a spot.
The position on the retina where the eye focuses the spot is determined by the angle at
which light enters the eye. This angle is determined by the scanners and is continually
varying in a raster pattern. The brightness of the focused spot is determined by the intensity
modulation of the light beam. The intensity modulated moving spot, focused through the

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eye, draws an image on the retina. The eye's persistence allows the image to appear
continuous and stable.
Finally, the drive electronics synchronize the scanners and intensity
modulator with the incoming video signal in such a manner that a stable image is formed.

Fig.2.4 Retinal Display

2.2.1 VRD STRUCTURE

A virtual retinal display (VRD), also known as a retinal scan display
(RSD), is a new display technology that draws a raster display (like a television) directly
onto the retina of the eye. The user sees what appears to be a conventional display floating
in space in front of them. Similar systems have been made by projecting a defocused
image directly in front of the user's eye on a small "screen", normally in the form of large
sunglasses. The user focuses their eyes on the background, where the screen appeared to be
floating. The disadvantage of these systems was the limited area covered bythe "screen",
the high weight of the small televisions used to project the display, and the fact that the
image would appear focused only if the user was focusing at a particular "depth". Limited
brightness made them useful only in indoor settings as well. Only recently, a number of
developments have made a true VRD system in practice. In particular, the development of
high-brightness LEDs have made the displays bright enough to be used during the day and
adaptive optics have allowed systems to dynamically correct for irregularities in the eye
(although this is not at all needed in all situations). The result is a high-resolution screen
less display with excellent color range and brightness, far better than the best television
technologies.
The VRD was invented at the University of Washington in the
Human Interface Technology Lab in 1991. Most of this research into VRDs todate has
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been in combination with various virtual reality systems. In this role VRDs have the
potential advantage of being much smaller than existing television-based systems. They
share some of the same disadvantages however, requiring some sort of optics to send the
image into the eye, typically similar to the sunglasses system used with previous
technologies. It can be also used as part of a wearable computer system. More recently,
there has been some interest in VRDs as a display system for portable devices such as cell
phones, PDAs and various media players. In this role the device would be placed in front
of the user, perhaps on a desk, and aimed in the general direction of the eyes. The system
would then detect the eye using facial scanning techniques and keep the image in place
using motion compensation. In this role the VRD offers unique advantages will interact
with technology directly through our senses, through technology embedded in what he is
calling “Internet Glasses”. Voice was always organized in sessions with a beginning and an
end. Today we have threads, is being able to replicate a full-sized monitor on a small
device.
The most recent innovations in mobile computing have been based
around touch screen technology . The future of mobile devices is both touch less and
screen less. By 2020 the mobile phone as we know it today will disappear and something
very different will take its place. Instead of touching a screen, we when a thread is started
it never Gends and we have many continuing in parallel. Think of your email, RSS feeds,
Twitter, etc. So this is how our brain works.
The hone of tomorrow will be telecoupling and related machines
and future is bypassing screens and keyboards altogether. The two key technologies will
be laser based displays, which display images directly onto our retinas and brain wave
sensing implants as shown in figure 4.1. This will allow technology to integrate with our
‘reality vision’ much more seamlessly. We are on the verge of a hardware revolution that
will make this all possible, as well as the cloud-based information streaming that will
enable the user interface to become a reality as shown in figure.

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 Fig 4.1: Virtual Retinal Display –Example.
2.3 SYNAPTIC INTERFACE
Synaptic Interface screen less video does not use light at all. Visual
information completely bypasses the eye and is transmitted directly to the brain. While such
systems have yet to be implemented in humans, success has been achieved in sampling usable
video signals from the biological eyes of a living horseshoe crab through their optic nerves,
and in sending video signals from electronic cameras into the creatures' brains using the same
method as illustrated in figure.

Fig.2.5. Synaptic Interface

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 -
CHAPTER 3 THE WORKING PRINCIPLE

There are several new emerging ways for the technological development of
the working principle of the screen less displays [4]. Several software’s are merging for the
GEN-X wonder view. Any computer system that can run the Modoc software can present text
that has been set in interactive movable type. Most of the Modoc that are consumed in the
next few years will be consumed with conventional personal computers, e-book readers, and
other kinds of display and projection devices that are now in use. Very soon it appears to be a
new kind of input/output system will facilitate communication and interaction between the
computer and the computer user. This new human/computer interface is the tele reader
terminal. Visual Image is a bitmap manipulation and composition product. Bitmaps can be
manipulated independently, in the Image Mode or multiple bitmaps can be composited

Together in the Object Mode to create a "collage".

Visual Image can create and Manipulate images of any size: the only
limitation is the amount of memory resources your system has.

3.1 Creating Visual Catalog Files

Visual Image gives you the ability to create files in the EYE file format
for use in the Visual Catalog program. These EYE files can be used to create catalogs of
images in logical sub groupings: for example, you can create a catalog file in the EYE format
that lists all images of building materials (brick, concrete, stone, etc.). The File, Export Project
command creates an EYE file that refers to all of the images that are currently loaded into
Visual Image. When you select this command, you are prompted to enter a filename for the
EYE file that is to be created. If you have created any image in Visual Image that are not yet
saved to disk you will be asked if you wish to include those images in the EYE file and if so,
you are prompted to store those images as bitmaps. The File, Exports Editor Command in
Visual Image allows you to pack and choose those image files on disk that you wish to include
in a catalog EYE file [5]. When you select File in Export Editor, a file browser appears from
which you can choose the image files to include. Use this browser to select images to add to a
project file for use in Visual Catalog.

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3.2.Additional Software and Hardware Requirements
1.To facilitate the interactivity
2.To optimize the user’s perceptual and cognitive capabilities 3.To
provide the most healthful visual environment for the user.
4.Responding to a variety of user commands (using voice, hand, foot, or other signal methods)
5.Providing blink cues or blinks responses
6.Modifying output to compensate for changes in users physiology or reaction time, etc. The
new software and hardware will enable the user and the system to better exploit each other’s
capabilities and to function as a fully integrated team.

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 CHAPTER-4
APPLICATIONS OF THE SCREENLESS DISPLAY

The main use of the screen less displays are used for the development of
the mobile phones which are mainly used by the old and blind people as shown in figure 5.1.
This type of the invention of the screen less displays was first done on the mobile phone
named OWASYS 2CC. This model is very useful for the old, blind, and even for the people
with less vision power.

Fig. 4.1 Application applied to mobile Technology.

Screen less displays technology is also implemented for the development of the screen less
laptops. A laptop without an LCD can be a very useful portable solution when connected to
CRT or fixed LCD monitors. Laptops without screens would also be a green solution, giving
value to donated CRT monitors that would otherwise be heading for landfills.
Portability means that volunteers, who don’t always have the time to travel topeople’s homes,
can more easily maintain this computer.
Screenless displays are also widely applicable in the field of the holograms projection.
Hologram projection is a result of a technological innovation that truly helps in touch less
holographic interfaces. In fact, hologram projection projects 3D images of so high quality that
it feels as if one can touch them. However, holographic projection is still to achieve mass
acceptance as until now, conventional holograms, which offer 3D images.

Latest laser technology are also implementing the special technique of

the screen less display through the presence of the several 3D scope animation or the screen
provides the advantage of being combined with the Laser Valve Video Projector that helps in

[Type here]
projecting video images by the use of the laser light instead of the Xenon Arc lamps. Laser
technologies have given an edge over the other technologies as the LVP gives the projector
an excellent depth in the focus.

Fig.4.2. Virtual screens

Screen less display’s major working principle can also be implemented

in the emerging of the new screen less TV’s. Imagine that watching the TV picture that seems
to be magically appearing in the thin air. The picture just floats on in front of the viewer; this
would be a latest emerging technology in the future.

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 CHAPTER-5 ADVANTAGES

1. Low power requirements- Only six diodes are required and a few of a watts to

delivtheir images to the user’s eyes .

2. Higher resolution images- The pixels in the images projected by the diodes can be
made smaller than is possible with any CRT or flat panel display, so higher resolution can be
achieved. With retinal projectors, the only limitation in the resolution of visual images will be
the resolving power of the users’ eyes.
3. Greater portability- The combination of diodes, lenses, and processing
components in a retinal projector system will weigh only a few ounces.
4.Wider angle of view- Retinal projectors will be able to provide a wider field of view than is
possible with display screens.
5.More accurate color- By modulating light sources to vary the intensity of red, green, and
blue light, retinal projectors can provide a wider range of colors – and more fully saturated
colors – than any other display technology.
6.Greater brightness and better contrast- Retinal projectors can provide higher levels of
contrast and brightness than any other display system
7.Ability to present 3D images- With their capability of presenting high definition image-
pairs, retinal projectors can deliver the most highly realistic stereoscopic movies and still
pictorial images to their users.
8.Ability to present far-point images- The human visual system is a far-point
9.system. With today’s desktop and laptop computers users must employ their near- point
vision. The excessive use of our near-point vision in using computers, reading, sewing,
playing video games, etc., is making myopia avery common impediment. The use of the far-
point images that can be provided by retinal projector systems could reduce the incidence of
myopia and, hence, the growing need for and use of eyeglasses see figure 10.
10.Lower costs- The present cost of retinal projector systems is high. Nevertheless, there are
no hard-to-overcome manufacturing problems in mass-producing and low- cost components,
so inexpensive systems will soon become available. Environmental and disposal costs of these
tiny delivery devices will also be minimal because toxic elements such as lead, phosphorus,
arsenic, cadmium, and mercury are not used in their manufacture.

[Type here]
 CHAPTER-6 DISADVANTAGES

1.The principle disadvantage is that Virtual retinal display (VRD) is not yet available in the
significant number.
2.Prototypes and special experimental models are now being built, but their cost per unit is
high.
3.The VRD technology is still under progress and development.

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 CHAPTER-7 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

For the future development of this emerging new technology, several researches are being
conducted and the several renowned IT sector companies and other best labs present in the
world are handling over the project of screenless displays.

1.Microsoft in 2001 began the work on an idea for an Interactive table that mixes both the
physical and the Virtual worlds.Multi touch is a human computer interaction technique and
the hardwires devices that implement it, which allows users to compute without conventional
input devices.
2.CUBIT is being developed for the future use of the multi touch use of the program.
3.Development of the enhancement of the micro vision also gives the improved and the
futuristic view of the screen less displays. This technology of the micro vision is the very well
useful in the Artificial Retinal Display properties.
4.Japanese scientists have invented the pair of intelligent glasses that remembers where people
last saw their keys, handbags, iPod, and mobile phones.
5.Smart Google is developing the compact video camera which films everything the wearer
looks at the information what the viewer wants will be directly being seen in through the
glasses where there is no screen or projector present.
6.Several laboratories are working under progress on the electron beam lithography which
includes the advanced enhancement of the futuristic screen less display.
7.Adobe systems are also working out for the development and deployment cross platform of
the several applications which are to be viewed without the actual screen.

[Type here]
 CONCLUSION

The paper has elaborately discussed screenless displays which is one of the most emerging
computer technologies and has become a new exciting rage for the upcoming generations as a
field of the futuristic technology. Due to the ability of having several advantages which are
involved in the making,designing, coding of the screenless , this needs plenty of knowledge
and process for the development is still under the improvement. May be in the future the
world may be dominated with the screen less display technologies and this enriches the world
of technological empowerment in the fieldof the computer technology. Screenless displays
promise the cost effective aspect and also brighter future in the computer technology.

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 REFERENCES

[1] Screen-less Head Mounted Projector with RetrotranmissiveOptics Ryugo KIJIMA

[2] Kiyokawa, K., "A Wide Field-of-view Head MountedProjective Display.

[3] Okano, F., Arai, J., "Resolution characteristics of afocal array optics".

[4] SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 30 September-3 October 2001.

[5] www.technologyreview.com/blog/mimssbits/25623/

[6] Telecoms.cytalk.com/.../why-the-future-of-mobile-isscreenless-touch.

[7] K Ranganath, M.Sravanthy, P.Krupali/ International Journal of Engineering Research.

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