SS ere exist. Cian ela pines fo. then Levelt: ~ Uncertain ty in eS m cedure ef energ 4 ; particular nerds level Seen pe by a ualeua go excited when. nucleon 242 to higher energy states [levels St _vemain. Fit facta time _before_cle~ excited | > this time is cabled life time, CC's) lage a — ee ——] A _clisinte ra Constact_ a on os Paime incipler- eee alias AB => Uncer-. unity in Energy at _=7__Uncey tainity in timeJf ak Laced —h4 mean Life. time ag ives tail _width» a 1 Tis kh gS Pe Ss ha 14 00, - Small lite time. had large with poorly tm _clepined - Large Lifetime hag, Smell. bevel width. well clefinect.. EL, nucleon 2 foto higher. dowel, clipficult. _ancasuve uncertainty PF . artiot = Widihr— A State has & dijerent life. time _for-clifferent _medles_ of clecaye gr => Level _wiclth Corresponds. fe. particu re _medle_of deca i. partied, eved_width ag : “BS _ Ip fp-for-Fr fp — 9 partied ig i wn _tevel width, against _P-emission, = emission, decay.4 then. total Level oo wielth Teles [vt fas fepot pene aeniiee las, Uni form B= Spa oat clivicing total -between initial ancl final stotes ai no._of states: (total no: “ states). Fy Tnteraclion crass esting. is. s that area 7S areuncl_the nucleus._facin _inciclent particles within which nucleus _ me lead to an ~_interaction._with ine iclent_particles ticles - Unit of ~ areas ism? nit ES Lharn_= - ~~ > Cross Section s_ effective area hal poole te probability of Same absorption events Fe ciypitie M al ldce etal ceucl > target} Particles Aeprosent a sur}ace- se Tete wil bean: interaction if Ex 4 I fig Stay the. > interaction will not occwve if it wisses-_ =P77 Oe => With vach lupe. of n clear_reactio Scattering, absarption,f fission across Section is assotiated ond_total cre Section iS Sum of oll cae eee [ —P Seater ny absoption Rectangrter Shs Se el a ee : oe cu get oe No-}. incielent > Particles | 7 : a — Densit Deasit q: a ‘Number = earn ieeirereniee wee _Now_bk eel in. "Smalls sprint nhl ae | Muclerrr Cress Section. ely the Segoe — au p= cl a el oe — th See peices. intel ~ fated “bhi uf ” cross Seqtoht e a I tela area ye ON _ Slt = Sndy a] a aFas whelle materia) a = fiver “ Shows flix is ee a ° bh Nd AVL Ve hes Reaction tells “Phow ne ef particles decreased, 7 elepend -—Fon—welec—Cyoss- Section Jf § : Gerent erg a 1S.cleus ib i: ip ably integra tion muchas ep Molle ratio Ong _ ner Gj—oenel _amomentiin... of “empewnd —_— = nue bets _ oo = ==> Compound me js. \ excitedl by. He Soa Kenedic cuetgt.. of ‘Pasjectile and. ad __mucheat ener Fh =>Com rE re is. “unstable ee = ob to__peedocts Nuclei within time > ete fae — “ - “ “ => Ths, Mole is _ Suitable pe P teartis o with _pasjectile having. energy < SoMev: a. —Exomple 2— ~Si=28_1s_termed —bg ha a Converting Al = 2% with _faoton._. nS12 Ma-24 cand _He- + 22 S— 2p ano! in qt i =Yaus__Photova wt Na 24 =. Bp -dn_efect— _aaeeeee KA\d\d tte ~ : . = Formation _of Conpemd jucleus. wy On de ms The processof formation of Compounel nudause ed — Entrance Channel. ~> The for I —9f Compe nd__Stagé. tale — > a_perind —appuosioatcls L epuel to tine, a md Interval jor_—_bombareling. particle + Do travel _ > _actoss the oliameter_ of target nucleus. (16?! sc): 7 > Same excited nucleus Can_ le. Foomel = by : bombaurhing _cliferent projectile ea a aiff event —mucleis penton meetin = Decoy oF Compound. Nucleus a. ee ~ Ca > YL > 1 > => Process of cleca (| ~ Seal chessh 2 nud dete puocess ( 1d JdSahar ay iS. Con a] on Single ouucleon 2 Coufs cue enitied “2 “il = dloutron ae are, ae | = Li mitaxion_o Compoun ol [af ampoule Nucleus “SHEORY_ fi —_= “Compoun pus mnebouk heey Las succeth = explained the. teord 6 nvclear reaction © canel_id. Supported lye Lex pesineated _ Midonce. ee ee “Limitation:—_ ie Ln ae “Cases, ne ohn _Compouncl_nuclens_to.produced._ particles _is_motinclependent of enterance “channel 7 wh the: origular chistethution_of- enitted > pastiche is conbibtant with inciclent anol TL les_not_explin mecha a which excitation energy is Rane if ad oO ab— Accorolis re , Comporinal ruched bss Should! howe Some eXcrtation _ energy _althoygh— it is Formed _hy olifferent entrance. Channels, ire —hombareling cljeront. particles. _on_dlifferent > targets IE ib only faue. fer Smadl.. energy. a “age. but fails at hey her eanet git 1anges = K ind nucleus theort also cle’ not ob He Crobe nection be4 otaation- sf “2m Pesuncl_mucheus wih, the inciclent__ i>4 a ce hufce etre te atime Compateahl. transi _incident. pcticle CIOS S te " mcleus Yn 10? %ee TE [a Sah -teaction alia tabled Pet mer = 2 As. the Cnelog..b _increabed,.ith dle Grog bie. leat ele Ae “decreased until it becomes. mote bikely = to_interact with aveleon tized. phject < then with nvcdews. Sized. object.lence on _oluteection of. inciclent beam > Ty pEs_oF Direct Reaction- ~ (4) Elastic Scattering: ie ae san , pacing . article and terget: nucleus Hap On thee Garuad sate a 2) Inblastic. Stattering:- 4 IT n_which i: i Its en ole Change an é id Sd ft“prmore nucleons are. tans: gerterl toe wbbing _pulticde. & —e:4— neutron Atippin? Ce ay ‘p) tenedion © Ob oath so | One.On..mnore. ye are. , ranbjened from a. target mcleus.toa_ passing. _ particle. a , (Pl) Reaction =9...02lb mp 0-1 ge% > (it) Knock Out Keaction:— £ La thich- > bin teal fom pry ile wb Collin swith target: isc nes 1 1e ie y Y, ~s at +6 = ht. He +_ He ~ ~—NMuciEale —Fyss SECS a ~ oe ole, Ser SP ; iehe—_——— —— | : =e — y a ce dat : = Stippose atu et _mucleus X- “1s_ bombard! = inciclent tng a, in thi Case, ib dome time observer that the bie ial tare place with. 7a probability on nie pe ib in te neiabbourh faxin = definite energy Palak tha encirgy —tn mg pee Redonance incveaSe —x Pin wenersies. At higher sm oul op tea ge cacach thee z of the olittance. between _pebonance. emo hen no ksonance CGunbe ebrerved> _& => Te. aad Agsonanceate Ubu Compaund. atats ran eC. Gl e _mvuclet y (Einslon a ee a