GRADE 10 IB-HL, MATHS

COUNTING-PERMUTATION-COMBINATION-BINOMIAL EXPANSION
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Name-Surname: Tol
ga Teki
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A. ADDITION PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING

If ,for n sets 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , … . . , 𝐴𝑛 no two have elements in common ,

𝑛(𝐴1 ∪ 𝐴2 ∪ … ∪ 𝐴𝑛 ) = 𝑛(𝐴1 ) + 𝑛(𝐴2 ) + ⋯ + 𝑛(𝐴𝑛 )

Example 1. In a hospital there are7 doctors in pediatry, 3 doctors in neurology, 5 doctors in

gynecology and 4 doctors in gastroenterology clinics. How many doctors are there in this hospital?

7 + 3 + 5 + 4 = 19

B. FUNDAMENTAL COUNTING PRINCIPLES

If one choice can be made in m ways and a second choice can be made in n ways, then the choices can
be made in m.n ways.

Example 2. How many possible routes are there from A to C if there are 4 routes from A to B and 3
routes from B to C?

4 . 3 = 12

Example 3. A car can be ordered with 4 different transmissions, 5 different colors, 3 different engines
and 2 different brake systems. How many configurations are available for this car?

4 . 5 . 2 . 3 = 120

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Example 4. a) How many three-digit positive integers can be formed from the digits of 1,2,3,4,5,6 ?
b) How many of the three-digit positive integers have no repeated digits?

b) 6 . 5 . 4 = 120
0
a) 1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4
5 5 5
6 6 6
Example 5. a) How many four-digit even positive integers can be formed from the digits of
0,1,2,3,4,5,6 ?
b) How many of the four-digit even positive integers have no repeated digits?
4 *7 *6 *7
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 b) = 420
3 3 3 3 b)720
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6

Example 6. 4 different letters will be sent from 5 mail boxes

a) If each letter is sent from different boxes

b) If are there no restrictions

in how many different ways will the letters be sent?

a) 5 . 4 . 3 . 2 = 120

b) 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 = 625

Example 7. In how many ways can 15 questions with 5 choices be answered?

1)a b cd e
a a a 2)a b cd e
b b b
c c ... c 5^15
d d d
e e e

1. 2. 15 eğerard arda şıkseçemi

yorol
saydık,
2
5 . 4^14
Example 8. In how many ways 3 different Biology and 4 different Maths books are displayed on a
shelf so that each kind is kept? 3^4 = 81 2 x(3b /3!*4m/4!)

1
2
3

2 x3!x4!

Example 9. In how many ways can 5 people be seated in a row so that a certain two are not together?

5!-2!. 4! 120 -2 x4 x3 x2 x1 x2

120 -48 = 72

C. FACTORIAL NOTATION

The product of the first natural numbers is called “n factorial” denoted “n!” and read “n factorial”

For each positive integer n, n! = 1.2.3.4.5…………. (n-1).n and particularly 0! = 1

9! 8!
Example 10.  ?
7! 6! 6!(56)

7!(8.9)/7!

72 -56 = 16

6!7!
Example 11. ?
9!8!
6!+ 7.6!= 8 . 6!
9 . 8!-8!= 8 . 8!

6!/8!= 1/56

(n  1)!
Example 12. Given  3 , find the value of n.
n!(n  1)!

(n+1). n . (n-1)! (n+1). n . (n-1)!

= = n= 3
n . (n-1)!+ (n-1)! (n-1)!. (n+1)

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D. PERMUTATIONS
Each function defined on a finite set A is one to one and onto function. Such function is called a
permutation on the set A.

We can show the permutations of the set A  a, b, c

a, b, c, (a, c, b), c, b, a(c, a, b), (b, a, c), (b, c, a)
Theorem (Number of Permutations)
The number of permutations of the members of a set containing n different elements is n!
Example 13. How many different arrangements can be formed by the letters of the word PENCIL?

6!= 720

Example 14. Using the letters of the word AKDENİZ, how many arrangements of 7 letter words
can be written which begins with K and ends with N?

5!= 120

Example 15. 3 boys and 3 girls are going to a cinema. In how many different ways can they sit in a
row bbb . g g g

if;
a) all boys sit together? 3!. 4!

2!. 3!. 4! i
f4 gi
rls,b)4!. 3!
b) boys and girls sit alternately?
c) all boys and girls together? 3!. 3!-2

d) certain one boy and one girl refuse to sit next to each other?
d)

6 . 5!-2. 5!

= 4 . 5!
=4.5.4.3.2.
4 . 120 = 480

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Theorem
The number of permutations of n different elements taken r at a time is

P(n, r )  n.n  1

. n  2.............n  r  1 or Pn, r  
n!
, rn
n  r !

1. Pn,0  1

2. P0,0  1

3. Pn,1  n

4. Pn, n  n!

5. Pn, n  1  n!

Example 16. In how many ways can 4 people be seated in a row of 7 chairs?

P(7,4)= 7 .

Example 17. In how many different ways can a mother, father and 5 children, all are different ages,
can be seated in a row, provided that the smallest child will be seated between the mother and the
father?
mC1F

WS-29-COUNTING PRINCIPLES

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E. COMBINATIONS

In a permutation, the order of the objects is important. But, combination is a selection of objects
without regard to other.

Let A be a set with n elements, any subset with r elements of A is called a combination of n elements

n
taken r at a time and it’s denoted by   , C n, r  or C n where r  n .
r  

Definition: The number of combinations of n elements taken r at a time is C n, r  and

Pn, r 
C n, r   where 0  r  n
r!

Example 18. Simplify the following expressions.

7 . 6 . 5 /3 . 2 . 1 = 35
7 9
    
3   6

Properties of Combination

n n 
1.     = n
 1   n  1

n n
2.       1
0  n

n n 
3.     
r  n r

4. C n, a   C n, b  n  a  b or a  b

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Example 19. Solve the following each equation for n.
4 +5 = 9

n n
1.     
 
4  
5

n 12  n = 12
2.     
 
4  8 

Example 20. How many distinct basketball teams with 5 people can be formed from a group of 7?

(7,5)= (7,2)= 7.6 /2.1 = 21

Example 21. Find the number of subsets with 3 elements of the set A  1,2,3,4,5,6

Example 22. In how many ways can two girls, three boys be arranged from a group of 6 girls and 5
boys?
C (6,2) C (6,2)xC (5,3)
C (5,3)

6 x5 . 5 x4 x3 = 150
2 x1 3 x2 x1

Example 23. How many different committees of 5 members can be formed from 10 persons if a
particular man is to be on the committee?

C (9,4)= 9 x8 x7 x6
= 9 x14 = 126
4 x3 x2 x1

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Example 24. From the subsets with four elements of H={a,1,b,2,c,3,d,4,e}, how many contain c but
not 4? C (7,3)= 7 x6 x5 /3 x2 x1 = 35
c

Example 25. A student has to answer 7 questions out of 10 questions. In how many ways can he
select

C (10,7)= C (10,3)= 10 x9 x8 /3 x2 x1 = 120

a. the questions?
b. the questions if he must choose the first 4 questions? C (6,3)= 6 x5 x4 /3 x2 x1 = 20

c. the questions if he must answer at least 4 of the first 5 questions?

C (5,4). (5,3)= 50

C (5,3). (5,2)=

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F. BINOMIAL EXPANSION

PASCAL’S TRIANGLE

1. 5. 10. 10. 5. 1

1. 6. 15. 20. 15. 6. 1

1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6
4 1
1. 5 10 10 5 1

n+1 term
 How many terms are there in each expansion?

(a+b)^n
 Examine the degrees of a and b in each term.
2^n coeffi
cients
 Do you notice any similarities to Pascal’s Triangle?

 Based on these patterns, predict what the expansion of (a+b)7 might be?

1a^7 + 7a^6b + 21a^5.b^2 + 35a^4.b^3+35a^3.b^4+21a^2.b^5+7a.b^6+1b^7

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Some more Properties of Combinations

n  n n  n  n
5.             ...     2n
 0  1   2   3  n

 n   n   n  1
6.      
 r   r  1  r  1 

Remarks:

1) In the expansion of  a  b  there are (n+1) terms.

n

 n  n r r
2) In the expansion of  a  b  , the (r+1)th term is
n
 r a b .
 

Example 26. Find the 4th term when ( x  2 )7 is expanded in descending powers of x .

Example 27. What is the coefficient of the fifth term when ( 3a  2b )8 is expanded in
ascending powers of a?
(2b-3a)^8

C C . (2b)^4 . (-3a)^4
C

8.7.6.5
. 16 . 16^4 . 81 . a^4 = 90720
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4.3.2.1
 Example 28.

a)(1-2x)^5 = 1 + 5.(-2x)+ 5C2 . (-2x)^2 + 5C3 . (-2x)^3 + 5C4 . (-2x)^4 + (-2x)^5

= 1 -10x+ 40x^2 -80x^3 + 80x^4 -32x^5

a = -10
b = 40
c= -80
b)
a= 8

(1+x/3)^8 = 1 + 8.1.x/3 + (8,2). 1.(x/3)^2

= 8.7 /2.1 . x^2/9 + ..

c)
(2 + ax)^7 = 2^7 + 7.2^6 . (ax)+ 7C2 . 2 . (ax). 2^5 . (ax)^2 + 7C3 . 2^4 . (ax)^3 + ...
128 + 448ax+ 672.a^2x^2 + 560a^3.x^3 + ...
b = 128
a = 1/2 (448 neyile çarpılırsa 224 ol
ur
c= 168

Example 29. Find the coefficient of the term in x5 in the expansion of (x  3)(2 x 1)6

7 satırl
ık pascalüçgeni

1.(2x)^6 + 6.(2x)^5(-1)+ 15(2x)^4(-1)^2

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 Example 30. Use the binomial theorem to expand ( 1  3x )5 . Hence find the value of (1.03)5
to correct to 5 d.p. (ANS: 1.15927)

(1+3x)^5 = 1 + 5 . 3x+ 5C2 . (3x)^2 + 5 C3 . (3x)^3 + 5C4 . (3x)^4 + (3x)^5

= 1 + 15x+ 90x^2 + 270x^3 + 405x^4 + 243

x= 0.01
(1.03)^5 = 1 + 15 . 0.01 + 90 . 0 . 0.001 + 270.0 0.000001
= 1.15927

2
In the expansion of (x  ) , find
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Example 31.
x
a) the term including x4
x= 1 --Z (1-2)^10 = 1
b) the sum of the coefficients.

c) the constant term.

generalterm:10Cr. x^10-r. (-2/x)^r

10Crx^10-r-r. (-2)^r. --> 10-2r= 4
3=r

10.9.8 /3.2.1 . x^4 . (-2)^3 = -120 . 8x^4 = 960x^4

1 6
Find the term independent of x in the expansion of (x 
2
Example 32. ) .
2x
i
tmeansconstantterm:x^0

6Cr. (x^2). (-1/2x)^r

6.5 /2 . x^4 . (-1/2x)^4 = 15 . (1 /16)= 15/16
r= 4
x^4 . (-1/2x)^4

x^12-2r-r. (-1/2)^r

12-3r= 0
r= 4 13
 2x^2 + x-3
2x -1
x 3
Example 33.

a) Write down the quadratic expression 2 x2  x  3 as the product of two linear factors. [1]

 
8
b) Hence, or otherwise, find the coefficient of x in the expansion of 2 x  x  3
2
[4]

a) (2x-1). (x+3)

b)(3 +2x)^8 . (x-1)^8 (x-1)^8 = (1-x)^8

(3^8 + 8.3^7 . 2x+ ...). (1 + 8.(-x)+ ...)

(6561 + 34992x+ ...). (1 -8x+ ...)
34992x-6561 . 8x= -17496x
= 52488x

Example 34.

a)(1+x/2)^n = 1 + n . x/2 + ...

nCr. 1 . (x/2)^r r= 3

nC3 . (x/2)^3 = 70x^3

Ins
Ins er
ertttex
tex
tther
her
ee
n.(n-1).(n-2)/3!. x^3/8 = 70x^3
n.(n-1).(n-2)= 70.8.6
14 ,15 ,16
n = 16

WS-30-BINOMIAL EXPANSION

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