Chapter 3 Multiple Integral
3.1 Double Integrals
3.2 Iterated Integrals
3.3 Double Integrals in Polar
Coordinates
3.4 Triple Integrals
Triple Integrals in Cartesian
Coordinates
Triple Integrals in Cylindrical
Coordinates
Triple Integrals in Spherical
Coordinates
3.5 Moments and Centre of Mass
3.1 Double Integrals
Definition 3.1
If f is a function of two variables that is defined
on a region R in the xy-plane, then the double
integral of f over R is given by
n m
f (x ,y )dA lim f (x i ,y j ) A
m ,n i 1j 1
R
provided this limit exists, in which case f is said
to be integrable over R.
Note
The double integral of the surface z f (x ,y )
is the volume between the region R and
below the surface.
The sum:
n m
f (x i ,y j ) A
i 1j 1
is called the double Riemann sum and is used
as an approximation to the value of the double
integral.
The double integral inherits most of the
properties of the single integral.
3.1.1 Properties of Double Integrals
1. constant multiple rule
c f (x ,y )dA c f (x ,y )dA , c a constant
R R
2. linear rule
[ f (x ,y ) g (x ,y )]dA
R
f (x ,y )dA g (x ,y )dA
R R
3. subdivision rule
f (x ,y )dA f (x ,y )dA f (x ,y )dA
R R1 R1
4. dominance rule, if f (x ,y ) g (x ,y )
f (x ,y )dA g (x ,y )dA
R R
3.2 Iterated Integrals
3.2.1 Evaluating Double Integrals
It is impractical to obtain the value of double
integral from the definition. We evaluate the
integrals by calculating two successive
single integrals.
d
We use the notation f (x ,y )dy to mean that x is
c
held fixed and f ( x, y ) is integrated with respect
to y from y c to y d . This is called
partial integration with respect to y.
d
A(x ) f (x ,y )dy
c
Now we integrate the function A with respect to
x from x a to x b , we get:
b b d
A(x )dx f (x ,y )dy dx
a a c
This successive integration process is called
iterated integration.
f (x ,y )dxdy f (x ,y )dx dy
f (x ,y )dydx f (x ,y )dy dx
These iterated integrals mean that we first
integrate with respect to one variable (while
holding the other fixed) and then integrating
with respect to the other variable while
holding the first one fixed.
It is traditional to omit the brackets and
write the iterated integral simply as
f (x ,y )dxdy
The following theorem gives a practical method
for evaluating a double integral by expressing it
as an iterated integral.
Question
In questions a) - c), evaluate the iterated integrals.
0 1 2
(a) x y dx dy
1 0
2 a
(b) r sin cos dr d
0 0
3 1
(c) x x2 y dx dy
0 0
Theorem : Fubini’s Theorem
If f (x ,y ) is continuous over the rectangle
R :a x b,c y c , then
d b
f (x ,y )dA f (x ,y )dxdy
R c a
b d
f (x ,y )dydx
a c
Example
Evaluate the integrals.
3 2 2 3
(a) (1 8xy ) dydx (b) (1 8xy ) dxdy
0 1 1 0
Compare (a) and (b). What can you say about the
integration?
Solution
3 2 3 2
(a) (1 8xy )dydx (1 8xy )dy dx
0 1 0 1
3 2
2
= y 4xy dx
1
0
3
= 1 12xdx
0
23
=x 6x 57
0
2 3 2 3
(b) (1 8xy )dxdy (1 8xy )dx dy
1 0 1 0
2 3
2
= x 4x y dy
0
1
2
= 3 36ydy
1
22
= 3y 18y 57
1
3.2.2 Nonrectangular Regions
We limit our study of double integrals to two
basic types of regions: Type I and Type II.
Definition
(a) A plane region R is said to be of Type I if
it lies between the graphs of two
continuous functions of x.
R (x ,y ):a x b, g1 (x ) y g2 (x )
(b) A plane region R is said to be of Type II
if it lies between the graphs of two
continuous functions of y.
R (x ,y ): h1 (y ) x h2 (y ), c y d
Type I Region - integrating first with
respect to y
Type I (Vertical Strip): x fixed between
a and b, y varies from g1 ( x) to g 2 ( x) .
Type II Region - integrating first with
respect to x
Type II (Horizontal Strip): y fixed between
c and d, x varies from h1 ( y ) to h2 ( y ) .
Theorem
(a) If R is a Type I region, then
b g2 (x )
f (x ,y )dA f (x ,y )dydx
R a g1 (x )
(b) If R is a Type II region, then
d h2 (y )
f (x ,y )dA f (x ,y )dxdy
R c h1 (y )
Example
Evaluate ( x y ) dA over the region R
R
enclosed by the lines y 0 , y 2 x and
x 1.
Solution
Sketch the region: set up the limits of
integration
y = 2x
x=1
y=0
0 1
Choose order of integration: Type I, fixed x
1 2x
( x y ) dA ( x y ) dydx
R 0 0
1 2 y 2x
1
y 2
= xy dx 4 x dx
0
2 0
y 0
x 1
4 3 4
= x
3 x0 3
Alternatively, reversing the order of integration:
Type II, fixed y
2
x = y/2
x=1
0 1
2 1
( x y ) dA ( x y ) dxdy
R 0 y 2
x 1
x
1 2
= xy dy
0
2 x y 2
1 1
5y2
y dy
0
2 8
2 3 y2
y y 5y 4
=
2 2 24 3
y0
3.2.3 Double Integral as Area and
Volume
Definition
(a) The area of the region R in the xy-plane is
given by
A dA
R
(b) If f is continuous and f (x ,y ) 0 on the
region R, the volume of the solid under
the surface z f (x ,y ) above the region R
is given by
V f (x ,y )dA
R
Example
Find the area of the region bounded by y x
2
and y x in the first quadrant.
Solution
Sketch the region:
y = x2
y=x
0 1
Order of integration: Type I, fixed x
1 x 1
Area = dydx x
y x2 dx
0 x2 0
1 x 2 3 1
2 x 1
= x x dx unit2
0 2 3 0 6
Question 1
In questions 1(a) - 1(c), evaluate f x , y dA .
R
f x, y 12xy 2
(a)
;R x, y : 1 x 2, 1 y 2 .
(b) f x, y 4 y 2 where R is the closed
rectangular region with vertices (0,0), (3,0),
(2,4) and (-1,4).
f x, y 3x 2y
(c)
;R x , y : 0 x 1, x 3 y x2 .
Question 2
In questions 2(a) - 2(b), sketch the closed region
bounded by the given curves, and find the area of
the region using a double integral.
(a) y x,y x, x 1, x 4.
(b) x y 2, y x 2, y 2, y 3.
Question 3
In questions 3(a) - 3(b), sketch the solid in the first
octant bounded by the given surfaces, and find its
volume by using a double integral.
(a) 2x y z 4, x 0, y 0, z 0.
(b) z 4 x 2, x y 2, x 0, y 0, z 0.
3.3 Double Integral in Polar Form
3.3.1 Polar Coordinates System
A polar coordinate system consist of a fixed
point O called the origin or pole and a line
segment starting from the pole called the polar
axis.
Radial axis
P(r, )
r
Polar axis
O
r – radial coordinate
polar angle
Definition
Polar coordinates of a point P is written as r ,
where r is the distance of P from the pole and
is the angle measured from the polar axis to the
line OP (radial axis).
3.3.2 Relationship between Polar and
Cartesian Coordinates
y
P(r, )
x
O
x r cos y r sin ,
2 2 2 y
x y r tan
x
Note
(i) Polar coordinate of a point is not unique.
(ii) is positive in an anticlockwise direction,
and negative if it is taken clockwise.
(iii) A point r , is in the opposite
direction of point r , .
3.3.3 Integrals in Polar Coordinates
2 2
If R is a circular region (involves x y ), it is
easily described using polar coordinates.
Divide the region into polar rectangles.
=
r2
r1 R =
O
Find the area of typical polar rectangle:
r
O
Rk
Ak = area of large sector – area of small sector
r 2 2
r r r r
rk k k k k
2 2 2
Alternatively:
If the mesh is small enough, we can assume
that,
r0 r1 r
and with this assumption we can also assume
that our polar slab is close enough to a
rectangle,
A r r
Thinking of volume, we make the equation
z f (r cos , r sin ) , thus the Riemann
sum can be written as:
m n
V f (ri* , *j ) r *r
i 1 j 1
Taking the limit we have the actual volume,
f (x , y )dA f (r, ) r drd
R R
A version of Fubini’s Theorem now says that
the integral can be evaluated by iteration with
respect to r and .
Theorem
Let R be a simple polar region whose
boundaries are the rays and
and the curves r r1 ( ) and r r2 ( ) . If
f (r , ) is continuous on R, then
r r2 ( )
f (x , y )dA f (r, ) r drd
R r r1 ( )
3.3.4 Finding limits of Integration
Example
Find the limits of integration for integrating
f (r , ) over the region R that lies inside the
cardiod r 1 cos and outside the circle r
= 1.
Solution
Step 1: Sketch R
= /2
r = 1+ cos
r=1
1 2
= /2
Step 2: the r-limits of integration
A typical ray from the origin enters R where r =
1 and leaves where r 1 cos .
Step 3: the -limits of integration
The rays from the origin that intersect R run
from to .
2 2
The integral is
2 1 cos
f (r, ) r drd
1
2
Note
We may, of course, integrate first with respect
to and then with respect to r if this is more
convenient.
3.3.5 Changing Cartesian Integrals into
Polar Integrals
The procedure for changing Cartesian integral
f (x , y )dA into a polar integral has two steps.
R
Step 1: Substitute x r cos ,
y r sin and replace dxdy by r drd in the
Cartesian integral.
Step 2: Supply polar limits of integration for
the boundary of R.
The Cartesian integral then becomes
r2 ( )
f (r, )dA f (r cos , r sin ) rdrd
R r1 ( )
Example
Evaluate (x 2 y2 1)dA where R is the
R
region inside the circle x 2 y2 4.
Solution
We evaluate the integral in polar form.
2 2
KNOW: x y r2
2 2
Region R: x y 4 r 2 4 or r = 2
r=2
=0
2 2 = 2
2 2
(x 2 y2 1)dA (r 2 1) r drd
R 0 0
Question 1
In questions 1(a) and 1(b), evaluate the double
integral.
2 sin
(a) r cos drd
0 0
2 a sin
(b) r 2 drd
2 0
Question 2
Sketch the closed region bounded by the polar
equations, and find its area by using a double
integral in polar coordinates.
2
(a) r 2, r 4 sin , , .
3 3
(b) The region inside the cardiod
r 2 1 sin and outside the circle
r 3.
Question 3
Evaluate the integrals by changing to polar
coordinates.
1 1 x2
x 2 y2
e dydx
1 0
Question 4
Find the volume of the solid bounded by
z 9 x 2 y 2 and z 5 .
