Presentation on
microphones and digital
cameras
Digital cameras
What does it do?
converts digital images and videos and stores them for viewing, it
can be uploaded to a computer and be used later. A digital camera
uses a sensor called a charge-coupled device. It scans the analogue
signal and displays it on the screen.
How does it work?
The image is captured when light passes through the lens onto a light -sensitive
cell.This cell is made up of millions of tinysensors which are acting as photodiodes
(example: charge coupled devices(CCD) which convert light into electricity.)
Each of the sensors are often referred to as pixels(picture elements) since they
are tiny components that make up and image.
The image is converted into tiny electric charges which are then passed through
an analogue to digital converter(ADC) to form a digital image array.
These cameras are also controlled by an embedded
system which can automatically carry out these task:
➤adjust the shutter speed
➤focus on the image automatically
➤adjust the size of the
➤adjust the aperture size
Benefits of using a digital camera:
1 - You get superior image quality. Digital cameras can offer good to excellent image
resolution.
2 - You get a fair price. A digital camera is reasonably priced and is affordable.
3 - You can transfer the pictures to your laptop. You can easily connect the digital camera to
your laptop and transfer the pictures in your hard disk.
4 - You can print in large sizes. Due to its high resolution, pictures can be printed in large
sizes by any plotter.
5 - You can email the pictures to your friends. You can send the pictures by email to your loved
ones.
6 - You can store the images in CDs or hard disk. Once the pictures are transferred from
digital camera to the computer, permanent storage on a CD or hard disk is possible.
7 - You can take the camera in your pocket while you travel. The small size of the digital
camera makes traveling with it easy and a pleasure.
8 - You can move in close to your subject. Zoom lenses offer close-ups of your subject with
sharp focus. You can take very good close-ups of flowers, bugs, stamps, coins, etc.
9 - You can rework the image in a computer. Any photo editing software can rework the
images taken.
10 - You can take good pictures even in low-light situations. Due to flexible over sensitivity
or ISO equivalents, digital cameras can easily take detailed pictures even in low-light
conditions.
11 - You can take quality still photos of moving objects. Sports and fashion photography can
be easily accomplished due to the fast burst rate of digital cameras.
12 - You save money. There is no need of buying photographic films, developing them into
negatives and positives. Moreover, the batteries are usually rechargeable lithium-ion
batteries, which last a long time.
13 - You can choose as per your needs and fancy. Many models are available like standard
digital camera, underwater digital camera, waterproof digital camera, compact digital
camera, and the professional digital camera.
Interesting facts:
Storage Media:
Digital cameras use memory to capture and store images. Some of the storages media
used are onboard flash memory, 3.5" floppy disks, video floppy disk, PCMCIA hard drives,
CD or DVD, CompactFlash memory cards, Microdrives, Memory Stick, SD/MMC, MiniSD
Card, MicroSD Card, XD-Picture Card, SmartMedia, and FP Memory.
Power:
Digital cameras consume a lot of power, which is supplied by powerful, small in size
batteries. Batteries are broadly divided into two groups, namely, off-the-shelf and
proprietary. Off-the-shelf batteries are like AA, CR2, CR-V3, AAA, and RCR-V3. They are
lithium-ion (Li-Ion) or Nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries. Standard AA non-rechargeable
alkaline batteries either do not work or work for only a very short time in most cameras.
Proprietary batteries are built as per the manufacturer`s custom specifications and are
usually available as aftermarket replacement parts. Generally, lithium ion batteries are
widely used as proprietary batteries for digital cameras.
Microphones
Description:
Either built into the computer or are external devices connected
through the USB port or using Bluetooth connectivity.
what does it do?
-It converts sound analogue signals into digital information.It is mainly
used with webcams for video-conferencing.
-The Digital signal are sent to another computer user and can be heard
as a sound.
How it works:
1000 0001
0001 1110
➪ 1000 1110
0001 1100
1100 1100
Sound wave for‘HUT’ picked
1101 1110
up by the microphone
Digital value after conversion
Types of microphones
1. Omnidirectional microphone: It is a type of microphone that is able to
pick up sound from all sides of the microphone, as it contains a circular
polar plot. For example, if a person speaks into the microphone from the
left, right, front, backside, it will record the signals equally from all sides.
These microphones are mainly used in studios to record more than one-
person voice or musical instruments. It is opposite to the unidirectional
microphones, which receive the sound from a particular direction.
2. Unidirectional microphone: It is a type of microphone that can pick up sound
in one direction only. Thus, it can record the voice when you speak in the correct
direction. This type of microphone is beneficial when a user wants to record
their voice during a podcast or voice-over. Its polar plot shows that it receives
maximum sound when the user speaks in front of it.
3. CLOSE-TALK MICROPHONE: IT IS ANOTHER TYPE OF MICROPHONE IN WHICH YOU
HAVE TO KEEP YOUR MOUTH CLOSE TO THE MICROPHONE WITHOUT MAKING ANY NOISE
OR SOUND THAT USUALLY HAPPENS WITH OTHER MICROPHONES. THESE MICROPHONES
ARE USED WITH THE PHONES, HEADSET AS WELL AS VOICE-RECOGNITION SOFTWARE.
IT PROVIDES EXCELLENT VOICE QUALITY FOR FIXED STATION APPLICATIONS.
ADDITIONALLY, IT INCLUDES A FEATURE HUM-BUCKING COIL TO REDUCE
UNNECESSARY SOUND AND INCREASE QUALITY FOR VOICE COMMUNICATIONS.
4. BIDIRECTIONAL MICROPHONE: IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS FIGURE-OF-EIGHT
MICROPHONES DESIGNED TO PICK UP THE SOUND WITH HIGH SENSITIVITY
FROM THE FRONT AND BACKSIDE OF THE MICROPHONE. IT IS USEFUL
WHEN INTERVIEWING A PERSON AS YOU WOULD LIKE TO GET EQUALLY
SOUND FROM THE INTERVIEWER AND INTERVIEWEE.
5. CLIP-ON MICROPHONE: IT IS ALSO CALLED LAVALIER, LAPEL MIC, BODY
MIC, NECK MIC, COLLAR MIC, OR PERSONAL MIC. IT IS A SMALL HANDS-
FREE WIRELESS MIC THAT IS USED TO ALLOW HANDS-FREE OPERATIONS
SUCH AS THEATRE, TELEVISION, AND PUBLIC SPEAKING. THESE ARE
MAINLY USED BY ATTACHING TO TIES, COLLARS, SHIRTS, OR OTHER
CLOTHING.
Thank you!!
