mathematics 3 3

MATHEMATICS
The Road Not Taken 5. Differentiates permutation from combination
of objects taken at a time.
BY ROBERT FROST
6. Derives the formula for finding the number of
combinations of n objects taken r at a time.
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both 7. Solves problems involving permutations and
And be one traveler, long I stood combinations
And looked down one as far as I could
8. Illustrates events, and union and intersection
To where it bent in the undergrowth;
of events.
• Uses Venn Diagrams to represent sets,
Then took the other, as just as fair, subsets, and set operations.
And having perhaps the better claim, • Illustrates the union and intersection of sets
Because it was grassy and wanted wear; and the difference of two sets.
Though as for that the passing there
9. Illustrates the probability of a union of two
Had worn them really about the same, events.
• Illustrates an experiment, outcome, sample
And both that morning equally lay space and event.
In leaves no step had trodden black. • Finds the probability of a simple event.
Oh, I kept the first for another day! 10. Finds the probability of (AUB).
Yet knowing how way leads on to way, • Finds the percentage or rate or percent in a
I doubted if I should ever come back. given problem.

11. Illustrates mutually exclusive events.

I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence: 12. Solves problems involving probability.
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
Factorial Notation
Multiplication of positive integers less

3rd Quarter Learning than or equal to n.

Competencies n! = (n) (n-1) (r-2)... (2)(1)

1. Illustrates the permutation of objects. Example:

•Illustrates the Fundamental Counting Principle 5! = (5)(4)(3)(2)(1) = 120
through a tree diagram or by listing method. 41 = (4)(3)(2)(1) = 24
• Uses FCP to visualize the possible number of 3! = (3)(2)(1) = 5
arrangements.
Activity
2. Derives the formula for finding the number of 4! 3! = (4)(3)(2)(1) = 24
permutations of objects taken at a time. Nr (3)(2)(1) = 6
(24)(6) = 144
3. Solves problems involving permutations.
10! (10)(9)(8)(7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1) = 3,628,800
=
7! (7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1) = 5,040
4. Illustrates the combination of objects. 3,628,800
= 720
5,040
 mathematics 3 3
MATHEMATICS
8! (8)(7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1) = 40,320 Systematic Listing
6!2! (6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1) • (2)(1) = 1,440 A method of determining the number of
40,320 outcomes of an experiment, by
= 28
1,440 enumerating or making a list of all the
possible outcomes.
Express

>
1. 6•5•4•3•2•1 = 6!
H1, H2 1. H1, H2 3. T1, H2
2. 4•3•2•1 = 9!
T1, T2 2. H1,T2 4. T1, H2
3. 8•7•6 = 8! = 8! = 8!
5! (10-5)! (8-3)
4. 10•9•8 = 10! = 10! Tabular
7! (10-3)! Systematic arrangement of rows and
columns /tables.
Assignment
Explain how many ways a certain event can be
Coin 1 2
done through the following:
a. Tree Diagram H (H,1) (H,2)
b. Systematic Listing
c. Tabular
T (T,1) (T,2)
Tree Diagram
Each "branch" of the tree connects an idea
or a step in the process to a possible FCP 2•2•2 = 8
outcome.
A device used to list all possibilities of a Notes and Definitions
sequence or events in a systematic way.
A tool used are mathematics probabily Counting Methods
and statistics to calculate possible Ways of doing something like predicting
outcomes of an event or problem, and to outcomes.
cite, those potential outcomes in an
organized way. Counting Techniques
The ability to apply a particular tool
specifically.

FPC/FCP
If one event can occur in m ways, a second
event can occur in ways, and a third event
can occur in p ways, and on, then the
sequence of the event can occur in
m•n•p...
Also known as the product rule of the
product.
 mathematics 3 3
MATHEMATICS
Fundamental Counting Principle 5. The digits are even and repetition are not
allowed?
Way to find the no. of possible outcome 4 4 3 2 1 = 96
multiplying the no. of options (m•n•p)

Activity
How many three-course meals are possible?

Ice Cream
AA 12345
Cake
Soup Tart
Ice Cream
Sinigang Mixed Veggies Cake How many alphanumeric plate numbers are
Tart
Beans
Ice Cream
Cake
possible if:
Tart

Ice Cream 1. Repitition is allowed?

Cake
Soup Tart 26, 25 10,9,8,7,6 = 19,656,000
Chicken Ice Cream

Filet Mixed Veggies Cake

Ice Cream
Tart 2. Repitition is allowed?
Beans Cake
Tart 26, 26 10,10,10,10,10 = 67,600, 000

Ice Cream

Soup Cake 3. Letters are vowels, number are odd?

Tart
Ice Cream
5,5 5,5,5,5,5, = 78,125
Paksiw Mixed Veggies Cake
Tart
4. Letters are vowels, numbers are not great-
Ice Cream
Beans Cake
Tart
er than 7?
Possible outcome: 27 5,5 7,7,7,7,7 = 420,175
FCP: mnp
(3)(3)(3) = 27 5. Numerals are either 0,1,3,5,8 or 9 and re-
pitition is not allowed?
How many five-digit numbers are possible, if: 26,25 6,5,4,3,2 = 468,000

1. Repetition of digit is allowed? Permutation

9 10 10 10 10 = 90,000
A Permutation is an arrangement of
objects in a definite order
2. Repitition of digit is not allowed?
9 9 8 7 6 = 27,216 Permutation of n objects taken r at a time
n!
3. The last digit is even? P(n,r) = (n-r)!
9 10 10 10 5 = 45,000
n represents the total number of objects
that are present in a set.
4. The last digit is greater than 4?
r represents the number of selected
9 10 10 10 5 = 45,000
objects arranged in a certain order.
 mathematics 3 3
MATHEMATICS
FundamentalActivity
Counting Principle 2. In how many ways can letters R,EA,D be
arranged?
1. A dress shop owner has 8 new dresses
that she wants to display in the window. If 4P4 = n! = 4! = 4! = 4! = 24
the display window has 5 manequins, in (n-r)! (4-4)! 0!
how many ways can she dress them up?
4. How many distinct arrangements can the
n! = 3! = 8! letters in PHILIPPINES be arranged?
8P5
(n-r)! (8-5)! 3! n! = 11! =39,916,800!
P= = 1,108,800
8•7•6•5•4 = 6,720 m!q!r! 3!3! 36!

2. In how many ways can 6 people be seated 10. There are 12 people in a dinner gathering. In
in front row in a mini-theater? how many ways can the host arrange his guest
around a dining table?
n! = 6! = 6! = 6! = 720
6P6
(n-r)! (6-6)! 0! P = (n-1)! P= (12-1)! P=11! = 39,916,800

6•5•4•3•2•1 = 720
Combination
3. n! = 70! = 70! = 328,440 Selection of objects where order is NOT
70P3
(n-r)! (70-3)! 67! important.
70•69•68 = 328,440 Combination = n!
r! (n-r)!
4. n! = 8! = 8! = 1,680
8P4 abc
(n-r)! (8-4)! 4!
bca The same
8•7•6•5 = 1,680 cab

Types of Permutation Permutation Combination

Linear Permutation Arrange Choose
Permutation of n taken r, nPr = P(n,r)= n! In a row Select
(n-r)
Permutation taken all nPn = P(n,n)=n! In a line Form
Around List
Circular Permutation Circular Draw
P = (n-1)! Set/Subset
Group
Distinguishable Permutation Notations:
P = n!
nCr = C (n,r) = C
m!q!r!

Assignment Activity
Answer the following:
Answer numbers 2, 4, 10
 mathematics 3 3
MATHEMATICS
FundamentalActivity
Counting Principle 2. In how many ways can letters R,EA,D be
arranged?
1. A dress shop owner has 8 new dresses
that she wants to display in the window. If 4P4 = n! = 4! = 4! = 4! = 24
the display window has 5 manequins, in (n-r)! (4-4)! 0!
how many ways can she dress them up?
4. How many distinct arrangements can the
n! = 3! = 8! letters in PHILIPPINES be arranged?
8P5
(n-r)! (8-5)! 3! n! = 11! =39,916,800!
P= = 1,108,800
8•7•6•5•4 = 6,720 m!q!r! 3!3! 36!

2. In how many ways can 6 people be seated 10. There are 12 people in a dinner gathering. In
in front row in a mini-theater? how many ways can the host arrange his guest
around a dining table?
n! = 6! = 6! = 6! = 720
6P6
(n-r)! (6-6)! 0! P = (n-1)! P= (12-1)! P=11! = 39,916,800

6•5•4•3•2•1 = 720
Combination
3. n! = 70! = 70! = 328,440 Selection of objects where order is NOT
70P3
(n-r)! (70-3)! 67! important.
70•69•68 = 328,440 Combination = n!
r! (n-r)!
4. n! = 8! = 8! = 1,680
8P4 abc
(n-r)! (8-4)! 4!
bca The same
8•7•6•5 = 1,680 cab

Types of Permutation Permutation Combination

Linear Permutation Arrange Choose
Permutation of n taken r, nPr = P(n,r)= n! In a row Select
(n-r)
Permutation taken all nPn = P(n,n)=n! In a line Form
Around List
Circular Permutation Circular Draw
P = (n-1)! Set/Subset
Group
Distinguishable Permutation Notations:
P = n!
nCr = C (n,r) = C
m!q!r!

Assignment Activity
Answer the following:
Answer numbers 2, 4, 10
 mathematics 3 3
MATHEMATICS
How many different triangles can you form out 1) Less likely
of 4 points of which no. 3 are collinear? 2) Certain
4! = 4! = 24 3) Impossible
4C3 = =4
3!(4-3)! 3!-1! 6 4) Less/likely
5) Fair/even
In how many ways can a committee of 4
members be formed from 8 people?
8! = 8! = 40,320 PROBABILITY
8C4 = = 70
4!(8-4)! 4!-4! 576 The measurement of the possibility of an
In a ten item math test how many ways can event is called probability.
you select 5 items to solve?
10! EXPERIMENT
C= = 252
5!(10-5)! An activity whose outcomes are not known
is an experiment.
From a group of 7 men and 5 women how
many different committees consisting of 4 TRIAL
men and 2 women can be formed? The numerous attempt in the process of an
7C4 5C2 experiment are called trials.
= 35 X = 10
= 350 EVENT
A trial with a clearly defined outcome is an
From a group of 7 men and 5 women, how
event.
many different committees can be formed
with 5 men?
OUTCOME
7C5 5C3
The result of trial.
= 210

7 men 5 women
atleast
atmost > multiply
add
SETS
Are collection of well defined objects.
7C5 x 5C3 = 210 A set is presented by a capital letter.
7C6 x 5C2 = 70 The elements members of the sets are of
7C7 x 5C1 = 5 the set.
285 The cardinality is the number of elements
in the finite set.
The school principal plants to form a mental
health council. There are 12 teachers and 10
EMPTY SET
parents qualified as members. In how many
Void set or null set. A set which does not
ways can a committee consisting 10 people if
contain any element is called as denoted
there should be at most 4 teachers.
by { } or ∅.
= 13,344
 mathematics 3 3
MATHEMATICS
FINITE SET
Has a definite number of elements.

INFINITE SET
Has an infinite number of elements.

EQUIVALENT SETS
If the number of elements is the same for
two different sets, then they are called
equivalent sets. The order of the sets does
not matter here. It is represented as
(A) = n(B)

EQUAL SETS
The two sets A and B are said to be equal
if they have exactly the same elements,
the order do not matter. Denoted as 'A = B

DISJOINT SETS
The two sets A and B are said to be
disjoint if the set does not contain any
common element.

Operation of Sets
UNION OF SETS
If set A and set B are two sets, then A
union is the set that contains all the
elements of set A and set B. Denoted as
∪
A B

INTERSECTION OF SETS
If set A and set B are two rets, then A
intersection B is the set that contains only
the common element between set A and B.
∩
Denoted as A B.

COMPLEMENT OF SET
Say P, is the set of all elements in the
universal set that are not in set P . Denoted
as P!
M mathematics
A T H E M A T ICS

4
TH

QUARTER NOTES
 mathematics 4 4
MATHEMATICS

Activity 7

Activity 9

Pre-Assessment
 mathematics 4 4
MATHEMATICS

Statistics
The branch of Mathematics that deals
with gathering, presenting, analyzing and
interpreting data.

Inferential Statistics
Qualitative Variables
Involves drawing conclusions about
Are sometimes referred to as categorical
populations by examining samples. It
variables.
allows us to make inferences about the
entire set.
Quantitative Variables
Descriptive Statistics Are those variables that are measured in
Describes the characteristics of a data set. terms of numbers.
It is a simple technique to describe, show
and summarize data in a meaningful way. Levels of Measurement
Population
Is the entire group that you want to draw
conclusions about. The sample is the
specific group of individuals that you will
collect data from.

Sampling Techniques
Probability Sampling
Every member of the population has an
equal chance of being selected.

Measures of Central Tendency

(also referred to as measures of centre or
central location) is a summary measure that
attempts to describe a whole set of data with
a single value that represents the middle or
centre of its distribution.

Non-Probability Sampling
Individuals are selected based on non-
random criteria, and not every individual
has a chance of being included.
 mathematics 4 4
MATHEMATICS

All the data are used Very large or very

8.45, 9.20, 8.56, 9.13, 8.67, 8.85, 9.17
in it's calculation,
MEAN making it a powerful
small numbers
(anomalies) can
measure. distort the answer. Don't forget to arrange the data in ascending
Does not use the order.
Is not affected by actual mathematic
MEDIAN very large or very data, only the position 8.45, 8.56, 8.67, 8.85, 9.13, 9.17, 9.20
small number. of the number in the
series.

It must be a number
MODE that appears in the Maybe more than one
data set. value, or no value exists.

Measures of Dispersion
1. Range
2. Mean Deviation
3. Variance
4. Standard Deviation
Using Linear Interpolation
Measures of Position: Decile 2.4th position, it means that D is between 2nd
and 3rd position. The third number is 8.67
and Percentile and the second is 8.56

Ungrouped Data 8.67-8.56 = 0.11

DECILE Step 2: Multiply 0.11 to the decimal part of 2.4 (D's

Is a type of quantile that divides the position)
dataset into 10 equal subsections with the (0.11)(0.4) = 0.044
help of 9 data.
Step 3: Add 0.044 to the value of second
position.
0.044 +8.56 = 8.604
Therefore, D = 8.604

PERCENTILE
Is a type of quantile that divides the
dataset into 100 equal subsections with
the help of 99 data points.

Ex.
The scores of Miss World candidates from
seven judges were recorded as follows:
 mathematics 4 4
MATHEMATICS
Ex.
Suppose a data set consists of the following
Measures of Dispersion
numbers: Divides the distributions into equal parts.
24, 32, 27, 32, 23,62, 45, 80, 59, 63, 36,
sets of scores/data
54, 57, 36, 72, 55,51, 32, 56, 33, 42, 56, 30.
Standing Quantile:
Don't forget to arrange the data in ascending
order. Quartile Decile Percentile
23, 24, 27, 30, 32, 32, 32, 33, 36, 36, 42

Using Mendehall Method: 64th Percentile,

round down. Hence, it is on the 15th position.
Therefore, P64 = 55 The ff scores of grade 10 students in a math
quiz is:
12, 9, 0, 4,3,11,14,15,7.8

0,3,4,7.8,9,11,12,14,15

Drill
Find the mean, median, mode
1) 39,40,44,48,31
a. MEDIAN = Q
2 = D 5 = P 50
b. Mendenhall and Sincich Method x= 202 = 40.4
5
Linear Interpolation
Are only used when the computed x= 31,38,40,44,48
position has decimal, otherwise we
don't need to use them. x= no mode

c. For Mendenhall and Sincich Method,

all quantiles below the Median should 2) 12,16,15.5,19.2,12
be rounded up, and all quantile above x= 74.7 = 14.94
the Median should be rounded down.
5
x= 12,12,15.5,16,19.2

x= 12
 mathematics 4 4
MATHEMATICS

Frequency Distribution Table for

Grouped Data
Class Interval Class Boundaries
45-49 44.5-49.5
4044 39.5-44.5
35-39 34.5-39.5
Class size = 5

30-34 29.5-34.5
25-29 24.5-29.5
20-24 19.5-24.5
15-19 14.5-19.5
10-14 9.5-14.5
lower higher lower class higher class
limit limit boundary boundary

Frequency Commulative Frequency

2 62
5 60
10 55
20 45
15 25
7 10
2 3
1 1

62