Lithium Coin

Handbook and Application Manual

Lithium/Manganese Dioxide - Coin (Li/MnO2) Energizer Brands, LLC. 1-800-383-7323

Table of Contents Introduction:

(click to view chapter)

Lithium coin cells were originally developed in the

Introduction
1970’s as a 3 volt miniature power source for low
Cross drain and battery backup applications. Their high
Section energy density and long shelf life made them well
suited for these applications. Lithium coin cells are
Capacity available in a wide range of sizes and capacities.
Ratings
As electronics have evolved over the decades,
Pulse
Effects
device designers have found lithium coin cells to be
a useful power source for their size and capacity.
Temperature Many of these newer applications have low background drains and utilize very fast high
rate pulses (for example sensors). When design engineers select a battery power
Internal source, it is important that all of the battery characteristics be considered including
Resistance battery internal resistance, capacity, voltage, size, etc.
Passivation

Shelf Life
 Lithium / Manganese Dioxide (Li/MnO2)
Safety  Li + MnivO2 → MnIIIO2(Li+)
 3V Nominal Voltage
 -30°C to 60°C Recommended Operating Temperature
 UN 38.3 Approved
 Not Rechargeable

Cross Section:
Anode Negative electrode - Lithium Metal
Cathode Positive Electrode - Manganese Dioxide
Electrolyte - Lithium Salt in Organic Solvent
Can - Nickel Platted Stainless Steel

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Lithium Coin
Handbook and Application Manual
Lithium/Manganese Dioxide - Coin (Li/MnO2) Energizer Brands, LLC. 1-800-383-7323

Table of Contents Capacity Ratings:

(click to view chapter)

Battery Rating (mAh) Rating drain to 2V Datasheet

CR 1025 30 68KΩ (~43uA) http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/cr1025.pdf
Introduction
CR 1216 34 62KΩ (~46uA) http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/cr1216.pdf
Cross CR 1220 40 45KΩ (~64uA) http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/cr1220.pdf
Section CR 1616 55 30KΩ (~97uA) http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/cr1616.pdf
Capacity CR 1620 79 30KΩ (~97uA) http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/cr1220.pdf
Ratings CR 1632 130 15KΩ (~190uA) http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/cr1632.pdf
CR 2012 58 30KΩ (~97uA) http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/cr2012.pdf
Pulse
CR 2016 90 30KΩ (~97uA) http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/cr2016.pdf
Effects
CR 2025 163 15KΩ (~193uA) http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/cr2025.pdf
Temperature CR 2032 240 15KΩ (~190uA) http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/cr2032.pdf
CR 2320 135 10KΩ (~290uA) http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/cr2320.pdf
Internal
Resistance CR 2430 290 10KΩ (~290uA) http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/cr2430.pdf
CR 2450 620 7.5KΩ (~390uA) http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/cr2450.pdf
Passivation

Shelf Life The capacity of a battery in an application will depend on the device drain rate and the
cutoff voltage. In general, lithium coin cells are more efficient at lower drain rates.
Safety Device circuitry that has a high cutoff voltage (i.e. greater than 2 volts) will leave
capacity unused in the battery when the device stops working.

2032 BATTERIES
CONSTANT CURRENT DISCHARGE (3.0 mA to 0.5 mA)
3.2
3 mA
3.0
2 mA
2.8
1 mA
2.6 0.5 mA
Voltage

2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Capacity (mAh)

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publication for reference only. Contents herein do not constitute a warranty.
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Lithium Coin
Handbook and Application Manual
Lithium/Manganese Dioxide - Coin (Li/MnO2) Energizer Brands, LLC. 1-800-383-7323

Table of Contents Estimated Continuous Runtimes to 2.0 Volts at 21°C:

(click to view chapter)

Lithium Coin Cell Runtime

Introduction Constant Current Discharge to 2 Volts
10000
CR1220
Cross
CR1616
Section
CR1620
Capacity CR1632
Ratings 1000 CR2025
CR2032
Pulse
Days

CR2430
Effects
CR2450
Temperature
100
Internal
Resistance

Passivation
10
Shelf Life 10 100 1000

Safety Continuous Drain (uA)

Pulse Effects:

Batteries in low pulse 2032 Battery

75 Ohm Pulse (~30mA)
drain applications will
3.2
typically have a capacity
OCV
near to the device 3.0
average drain. However, 2.8
CCV
for high pulse
2.6
Voltage

applications, the voltage

drop of the battery during 2.4

the pulse (CCV) needs to 2.2

be accounted for. For 2.0
example, the CCV pulse
1.8
below would meet a 2 volt 0 50 100 150 200 250
cutoff much sooner than
Capacity (mAh)
the average drain CCV
due to the voltage drop during the pulse.

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publication for reference only. Contents herein do not constitute a warranty.
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Lithium Coin
Handbook and Application Manual
Lithium/Manganese Dioxide - Coin (Li/MnO2) Energizer Brands, LLC. 1-800-383-7323

Table of Contents Temperature:

(click to view chapter)

Cold temperatures cause the electrochemical reactions that take place within the
Introduction battery to slow down and will reduce ion mobility in the electrolyte. In general, cold
temperatures will negatively impact battery performance in devices and will reduce
Cross battery voltage and runtime. For example, a wireless garage door sensor could stop
Section
functioning in the cold of winter due to an excessive voltage drop.
Capacity
Ratings Below is an example of the impact of 0° C & 40° C temperatures on a 2032 battery
under a 1mA continuous discharge.
Pulse
Effects 2032 BATTERIES @ 0°C, 21°C & 40°C
1mA CONSTANT CURRENT DISCHARGE
Temperature 3.2
0° C
Internal 3.0 21° C
Resistance 40° C
2.8
Passivation
Voltage

2.6
Shelf Life
2.4
Safety
2.2

2.0
0 50 100 150 200 250

Service (hours-mAh)

Internal Resistance:

The internal resistance (IR) of a battery is defined as the opposition to the flow of
current within the battery. The impact of battery IR can be seen in the magnitude of the
voltage drop when a load is placed on the battery. In general, the IR of lithium coin
cells is significantly higher than what is found in other common battery chemistry
systems. For example, the starting IR of a 2032 battery is near 10 ohms, the starting IR
of an E92 AAA alkaline battery is near 0.3 ohms. This difference in IR is caused by
different constructions and active materials used in each battery.

The battery IR can be calculated using a dual pulse method. The scope trace below is
of a fresh 2032 battery with a 1000K ohm background drain. A 50 mSec 25 ohm pulse

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Lithium Coin
Handbook and Application Manual
Lithium/Manganese Dioxide - Coin (Li/MnO2) Energizer Brands, LLC. 1-800-383-7323

was applied. The IR can

be calculated using the 2032 battery
Table of Contents 1000K Ω background
(click to view chapter) following equation. IR Ω = 50 mSec 25 ohm pulse

change in voltage divided

by the change in current.
Introduction
The current readings are
Cross determined using ohms
Section law. For the example
Capacity
below, the IR calculation
Ratings would be (3.279V -
2.429V) ÷ (.097A -
Pulse
.000003A) = 9Ω. The drain
Effects
rate and pulse duration
Temperature can impact the IR calculation.
Internal
Resistance In low drain continuous applications (i.e. watch) the battery IR may not be a critical
factor. However, in high pulse applications (i.e. wireless sensors), the battery IR can
Passivation significantly impact runtime due to voltage drop. The battery IR will typically increase
Shelf Life during discharge due to the impact of the reaction by-products on the battery
chemistry.
Safety

Below is an example of a discharge curve with IR calculations. The drain rate and duty
cycle can impact the battery IR during discharge.

2032 Battery
75 Ohm Pulse (avg. 0.6 mA)
0.1 Sec ON /4.9 Sec OFF
OCV CCV IR
3.2 80
3.0 70
2.8 60
IR (Ohms)
Voltage

2.6 50
2.4 40
2.2 30
2.0 20
1.8 10
1.6 0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Capacity (mAh)

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publication for reference only. Contents herein do not constitute a warranty.
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Lithium Coin
Handbook and Application Manual
Lithium/Manganese Dioxide - Coin (Li/MnO2) Energizer Brands, LLC. 1-800-383-7323

The IR increase during discharge is 2032 BATTERY

Table of Contents 3 uA DISCHARGE
(click to view chapter) not constant for all drain rates. For
example, very low uA drain rates 100
can cause a significant rise in the 80
Introduction
battery IR early in the discharge.

IR (ohms)
60
Cross
Section 40

20
Capacity
0
Ratings
0 20 40 60 80 100

Pulse Capacity (mAh)

Effects Passivation:
Temperature
After years of storage, lithium coin cells can develop a perceptible poor conducting
Internal
passivation layer. Passivation is the formation of a thin resistive layer on the lithium
Resistance
anode as a result of the chemical reaction between the anode and the electrolyte. This
Passivation layer reduces the rate of self-discharge of the battery by slowing the reaction between
the lithium metal and the electrolyte.
Shelf Life
The passivation layer
Safety due to long term
CR2450 ‐ 8 year storage
1 Sec 10Ω pulse storage can contribute
to a slightly higher
initial internal
resistance and
subsequently an
increased voltage drop
when the battery is
first put into use.
Once a load is placed
on the battery, the
passivation layer will
Passivation removal
become thinner, and
internal resistance
typically returns to
normal.

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This document contains typical information specific to products manufactured at the time of its
publication for reference only. Contents herein do not constitute a warranty.
Page
Lithium Coin
Handbook and Application Manual
Lithium/Manganese Dioxide - Coin (Li/MnO2) Energizer Brands, LLC. 1-800-383-7323

Table of Contents Shelf Life:

(click to view chapter)

The shelf life of lithium coin cells stored at normal room temperature and relative
Introduction humidity is 10 years.
Cross
Section Lithium Coin Cells
Typical Shelf Loss @ 21° C Storage
% of Fresh Performance

Capacity 100%
Ratings
95%
Pulse
90%
Effects
85%
Temperature
80%
Internal 0 2 4 6 8 10
Resistance Years

Passivation

Shelf Life When stored at normal room temperature and humidity, Lithium coin cells will lose
approximately 1% of their capacity per year due to ingress and egress of vapors
Safety through the seal. When lithium coin cells have been stored for years in a sealed
package, the smell of DME (1, 2-Dimethoxy Ethane) is sometimes noticeable when the
packaging is first opened due to egress through the seal. The DME vapor has an either
like odor but there is not a safety concern.

Safety:

There is a serious safety hazard if a lithium coin cell is swallowed. Click link for details.
Energizer® recommends that any device (not just toys) that a child may encounter have
a secure battery case that prohibits removal of the lithium coin cell without a tool or
simultaneous movements (like a pill bottle). It is also important that when batteries are
disposed of children do not have access to them. All Energizer® and Eveready products
are designed to meet or exceed the safety and performance requirements of the
various national and international industry battery standards. Energizer® and Eveready
products are routinely sampled and tested against applicable standards both internally
and independently. In addition, Energizer® representatives routinely participate in the
development of global battery standards.

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publication for reference only. Contents herein do not constitute a warranty.
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