Assignment_Solution :2

1. A thin electrical heater is inserted between a long

circular rod and a concentric tube with inner and outer
radii of 20 and 40mm. The rod (A) has a thermal
conductivity of kA = 0.15W/m·K, while the tube (B) has a
thermal conductivity of kB =1.5W/m·K and its outer
surface is subjected to convection with a fluid of
temperature T∞ = -15ºC and heat transfer coefficient
50W/m2·K. The thermal contract resistance between the
cylinder surface and the heater is negligible.
A] Determine the electrical power per unit length of the
cylinder (W/m) that is required to maintain the outer
surface of cylinder B at 5ºC.
(1 marks)
a) 200W/m
b) 25.1W/m
c) 251W/m
d) 2510W/m
ANS:-option C
B] What is the temperature at the center of cylinder A?
(1marks)
a) 20ºC
b) 23.5ºC
c) 30ºC
 d) 40ºC
ANS:-option B
Solution:-
KNOWN: Thin electrical heater fitted between two
concentric cylinders, the outer surface of which
experiences convection.
FIND: (a) Electrical power required to maintain outer
surface at a specified temperature, (b) Temperature
at the center
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional, radial conduction, (2)

Steady-state conditions, (3) Heater element has negligible
thickness, (4) Negligible contact resistance between
cylinders and heater, (5) Constant properties, (6) No
generation.
ANALYSIS: (a) Perform an energy balance on the composite
system to determine the power required to maintain T(r2)
= Ts = 5°C.
 E   E   E  E
in out gen st
 q  q  0.
elec conv
Using Newton’s law of cooling.
q
elec
 q
conv

 h  2 r 2 T  T
s 

 2 0.040278  258K  251.2W / m.
W
q  50
elec 2
m K

(b) From a control volume about Cylinder A, we

recognize that the cylinder must be isothermal, that
is,
T(0) = T(r1).
Represent cylinder B by thermal circuit:

q 

T r T
1 s
R
B
For the cylinder,
R  1n(r / r ) / 2K
B 2 1 B
 Giving
W 1n(0.04 / 0.02)
T (r )  T  q' R'  278K  251.2  296.5K
1 s B m 2  1.5W / m  K
Hence T(0) = T(r1) = 23.5ºC
Note that kA has no influence on the temperature T(0).

2. A 2 mm diameter electrical wire is insulated by 2 mm

thick rubberized sheath (k = 0.13W/m·K), and the
wire/sheath interface is characterized by a thermal
contact resistance of R t',c' = 3×10-4 m2·K/W. The convection
heat transfer coefficient of a outer surface of the sheath is
10 W/m2·K, and the temperature at the ambient air is
20ºC. If the temperature of the insulation may not exceed
50ºC, what is the maximum allowable electrical power
that may be dissipated per unit length of the conductor?
(2 marks)
a) 15 W/m
b) 2.5 W/m
c) 45.1 W/m
d) 4.51 W/m
ANS:- option D
Solution:-
KNOWN: Diameter of electrical wire. Thickness and
thermal conductivity of rubberized sheath. Contact
resistance between sheath and wire. Convection
coefficient and ambient air temperature. Maximum
allowable sheath temperature.
FIND: Maximum allowable power dissipation per unit
length of wire.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, (2) One-dimensional

radial conduction through insulation, (3) Constant
properties, (4) Negligible radiation exchange with
surroundings.
ANALYSIS: The maximum insulation temperature
corresponds to its inner surface and is independent of the
contact resistance. From the thermal circuit, we may
write
T T T T
 in, i  in, i 
E   q'  
g  R'   / 2k   1 / 2r
conv n r h 
R'
conf /r   
  in , o in , i    in , o 
 where rin,i = D/2 = 0.001m,rin,o = rin,i +t = 0.003m, and
Tin,i = Tmax = 50ºC yields the maximum allowable power
dissipation. Hence,
E ' 
323  293K 
30 K
g , max n3

1 1.35  5.31m  K / W
2  0.13W / m  K 2 0.003m 10W / m 2  K
 4.51W / m

3. A spherical vessel used as a reactor for producing

pharmaceutical has a 10 mm thick stainless steel wall
(k = 17 W/m·K) and an inner diameter of 1 m.The
exterior surface of the vessel is exposed to ambient air
(T∞ = 25ºC)for which a convection coefficient of
6 W/m2·K may be assumed.
A] During steady-state operation, an inner surface
temperature of 50ºC is maintained by energy generated
within the reactor. What is the heat loss from the vessel?
(1 marks)
a)489 W
b)400 W
c)550 W
d)600 W
ANS :-option A
B] If a 20-mm-thick layer of fiber glass insulation
(k = 0.040 W/m·K) is applier to the exterior of the vessel
and the rate of thermal energy generation is unchanged,
what is the inner surface temperature of the vessel?
 (1 marks)
a)100ºC
b)150ºC
c)120ºC
d)135ºC
ANS:-option C
Solution:-
KNOWN: Inner diameter, wall thickness and thermal
conductivity of spherical vessel containing heat
generating medium. Inner surface temperature
without insulation. Thickness and thermal
conductivity of insulation. Ambient air temperature
and convection coefficient.
FIND:(a)Thermal energy generated within vessel, (b)
Inner surface temperature of vessel with insulation.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS:(1) Steady-state, (2) One-dimensional,

radial conduction, (3) Constant properties, (4)
Negligible contact resistance, (5) Negligible
radiation.
 ANALYSIS:(a) From an energy balance performed at
an instant for a control surface about the
pharmaceuticals, E q, g = in which case, without
the insulation
T T
s,1  (323  298) K
E q 
g 1 1 1  1 1  1 1  1
     
4k  r1 r 2  4r 2h 4 17W / m  K   0.50m 0.51m  4 0.51m 2 6W / m 2  K
w 2

25K
E q  489W
g 1.84  10  4  5.10  2  K / W
 

(b) with the insulation

 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
T  T  q     
s, i   4k  r1 r 2  4k  r 2 r 3  4r 2h 
 w i 3 

 1  1 1  K
T  298K  489W 1.84  10  1 
1
   
s, i  4 0.04   0.51 0,53  4 0.53 6  W
2

T  25 C  489W 1.84  10  4  0.147  0.047  120 C

K
s, i   W
4. A plan wall a thickness 0.1 m and thermal conductivity
25 W/m·K having uniform volumetric heat generation of
0.3 MW /m3 is insulated on one side, while the other side
is exposed to the fluid at 92ºC. The convection heat
transfer coefficient between the wall and the fluid is 500
W/m2·K. Determine the maximum temperature in the
wall.
(2 marks)
a) 200ºC
b) 150ºC
C) 250ºC
d) 212ºC
ANS:-option (d)
Solution:-
KNOWN: Plane wall with internal heat generation
which is insulated at the inner surface and subjected
to a convection process at the outer surface.
FIND: Maximum temperature in the wall.
SCHEMATIC:
 ASSUMPTIONS:(1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-
dimensional conduction with uniform volumetric
heat generation, (3) Inner surface is adiabatic.
ANALYSIS: the temperature at the inner surface and
the maximum temperature within the wall,

T  qL2 / 2k  T .
o s

The outer surface temperature follows from Eq,

T  T  qL / h
s 
W
T  365K  0.3  10 6  0.1m / 500W / m 2  K  425K  152 C.
s
m3

It follow that
T  0.3 10 6 W / m 3  0.1m 2 / 2  25W / m  K  152  C
o
T  60  C  152  C  212  C
s

5. A long cylindrical rod of diameter 200 mm with thermal

conductivity of 0.5 W/m·K experience uniform
volumetric heat generation of 24,000 W/m3. The rod
encapsulated by a circular sleeve having an outer
diameter of 400 mm and thermal conductivity of 4 W/mk
The outer surface of the sleeve is expose to cross flow of
air at 27ºC with the convection coefficient of 25
W/m2·K.
A] Find the temperature at the interface between the
rod and sleeve.
 a) 50ºC
b) 71.8ºC
c) 60ºC
d) 75ºC
ANS:-option B
B] Find the temperature on the outer surface .
a) 40ºC
b) 55.5ºC
c) 51.0ºC
d) 60ºC
ANS:-option C
Solution:-
KNOWN:Long rod experiencing uniform volumetric generation
encapsulated by a circular sleeve exposed to convection.
FIND:(a) Temperature at the interface between rod and sleeve
and on the outer surface, (b) Temperature at center of rod.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS:(1) One-dimensional radial conduction in

rod and sleeve, (2) Steady-state conditions, (3) Uniform
 volumetric generation in rod, (4) Negligible contact
resistance between rod and sleeve.
ANALYSIS: (a) Construct a thermal circuit for the

sleeve,
Where
q'  E '  qD 21 / 4  24,000W / m3    0.20m 2 / 4  754.0W / m
gen
1nr 2 / r1 1n400 / 200
R'    2.758  10  2 m  K / W
s 2k 2  4W / m  K
s
 3.183  10  2 m  K / W
1 1
R  
conv hD 2
2 25W / m  K    0.400m

The rate equation can be written as

T T T T
q'  1   2 
R'  R' R'
s conv conv

1  s

T  T  q ' R'  R'
conv

 27 C  754W / m 2.758 10 2  3.183 10 2  K / W  m  71.8 C
 
T  T  q ' R'  27 C  754  3.183 10  2 m  K / W  51.0 C.
2  conv