Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893-1894

Source: National Library of Scotland

Contributed by: Young, William Mackworth, Sir, 1840-1924; India; Hemp Drugs
Commission.
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.27572114

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 КЕРОКТ

ое тне

ІМІЛАМ НЕМР ОК0С$ СОММІЅЗІОМ,

1898-94.

Фиат:
Тва Ни/іа "7. МАСКНОВТН 10080, И.А, С51, нё Раве) Ошпоікіння,
иј,
Зістін:
1. ие. Н. 7. ОИМАННЕТ, Обои, Раа КОВ, Видар.
9, Ве, Н, Г. ААЗ9А, М.А, Сопоікіни, йара ніз, Саігі оті.

а. заден уе 1.6 ПА, Рокн бту, К а а Сн

іі.
4, Ва 80581 БІКНАДЕУИАИ ВОТ, о/ Табир, Вац.

9. КАКАВ НАВХАМ З0НСН, Алпа, С, Рај,

6. 1А ІНА. СНАНО, о Маайа, Ноні-йвіит Роліч.

Зилеіагр:

ме тайВ.дало.
МеВ, Феб би бл о Ві, Рл ой ші

БЕ
РВІХТЕО АТ ТНЕ СОУЕВУМЕХТ СЕМТВА. РВПЧТІНС ОРИІСЕ,

8а-

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 CONTENTS.

CHAPTER 1.

©. Appeintment of the Comision: its it.

2 Cousittan of te Corseion
othe Common

6. Selection of wines by Local Governments

7. Ieocnatin from oil sad thr seeres
3. Pinoy tos Objects ad resions of —
5. Lunstic plums
10, ontecton ebwees ben devgs and vient ce
ir Native Sates

1 The Army.

5. Sketch of the preceding of the Conisios

1. Aleadance of Members
15. The wiacsses
16, The evidence: Method of testment of —

CHAPTER IL.

IipORTINT POINTS COMVEETED wink THE NATURAL HiToRY or

“THe Her PLANE (Cuans SuTve).

17. Liitation of discussion Wo

8. Pats lor dscanion
ig. Lethe hemp plat digest [nda ?
22. 1 he Gove plant lien nth the vei pct?
1. Deception the bmp phat.
a. Essence of races of hemp plan iio th ie ada
53. Dae the fhe plan yield naroticn?
24. Doss the marcoic pant yield be? i

CHAPTER 11.

Tu Existence, PREVALENCE, AYD CHAAGTER OF Ti SrONTASE:

ous Grow,

25. Baga:
The wid growth sot fund ove th whole province
6. The Ptaa Division orth ofthe Guages
27. The Bagger Diva )
38. The Raja Divhion
25. The Daces sod Chittagong Divions +
ao! Th catel pact of Lower Bel
31 South-Western Bengal boxed by the Ganges and Bagi
3. The Trbtary States of Ores.
3. Te Pu Sas of Cho ugar
34. Kuch Detar
35. Bil Tipperah

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 * Te wi gromth sted eco Ee]
57. Te wild prov th vig a
55 Te wild goth i he hile 5
55 The potas grants mt be reac a
a u
Eo
15 Gueal Tos
2 S.s @a
18 To ene cnobones he ocal scot a
ipa Ramper
Wit gorse Hal ssd Tend a
16. To ois of he semanas bl wld grow 55
17 Tc ppd id amy f hc Slime Rage a

Ses : or Be
& Spmnaso row ne him comy i
Lp Aen fw got eed a
So Con Proves

sx
Ta ilFabry Sates
govt it exit Zu
. a
5 Mair
ood nie of ld goth a
su Bene cpio Be wilt gon LL a
5 Th hace owt of he Preieny lita “5
5 Tomson ad Cosi Spm a
Io Sb Buspar aod adi LL a
5Trebor
Banta

ee oe aa
cd
in
Gn Rus
Cun £2
: ; Ida
i Pur :
5 ao Kami
Reva Kost
Go Rog snd Stirs act Comey
on Veen saie
sot
Toe pred id bp of he Tih il

Go pene
Gr No row 1 he ade Vo
8 Khir
To Amesstion YB
guna.
Ts ma
Ries wid gow estate
74 Eine rgaing wild grows
15 wd cots nt id dct, ok pry ts fn
eet moma rigs
Spon
Tn. Rap
. Col.
1. plenbad
fry
5: Kami

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 “om

“The ace of wid grow »

85. The cer fo which the wid grows bs roagated a,
85, Condition verb othe wild growth o 8
a.

pm Al po ST foe a.
58 Aras whee the spntascon growth rey be mors ocd te

CHAPTER IV.

ear a
Estex oF CoLTVATIN, AX 175 TENOESCY T0 INCAENSE Ok DECREASE.

85. Beal.
Coldvationsonfocd to alimited tact. 3s
Theo osc lation hs ts, 1 tact
or. Thearen esbivated i,
55] Cdenine culliion: sat on abegescsle LL 38
93. The character of th dandesioe cultivation

93onmn F Le: RES

54. The division where dacdesin caliraon apes

Kach Betar & @

6. Toiutay Sats of Gis:
The extent and chvacte of the colton.
+57. Noducded evidence of nress nthe caltaion FE
58. Polel Sates of Cha Nagpur
Coltiaton is snd resition - &
100 Hl Thpers RE, »
9. The character 3d extent of the colton o a
son Ansan

Cltvationproistd ed clasdestoe calito cioportst i.

103. Canton fn the Will anges in ad brdeio he province @
103. NowthWesern Provinees
Extent of calivaton fn the Hisalaras Division »
104 Extent of regular ciao nthe pis in
Tos. Patan i ct emp (Commi) p ry
106, Homestead culivaon fate laos es w
07. Th range of cation Garhwal Loh

10g Ram Pe a
10, Colton dicusraged by the deat 5 legal
Local production of gua bts decessed “
10, Guebval 42d Tei
Himalayas clinton ww
Pusb:

12. Bang calvation nthe southwest pur of he peorkes Ld,

114. Puri States @

113. Cukivton ot creasing pr . 1
115. Cent Provices
The progress of restiction of station a
116. Toe feof lations Excite Mesa tbe Grid by
Ges given by Deguty Commision, Ninsr|
7 i rl srg i
8, Mich euivation fs ac.

1g, Fesdatoy Sates

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1m Min:

Temi a
Didcition of climion se gen bythe Depry Dict, Lasd
mihi? te gon by te Dery Dr
ov. Bret of gt xiao: ipo dol sce 5
1: ome ct cra, et prey deci J
TX ann
Se al, Pa Toor, dot.
® Bon ple clinton... “oa
4lemmas
Clim deeag
LZ LL LL
I IR
14, Kite Star.
To suta he Prsdeny
13. The sh of ie Presley
15 Sind wd Kha
3. Ade
3. Bea
5 Aimee
i Cog i Z
134 Buenas FO -
135. ures
Extent of clin ble the gibi a
+37 Btn of lian he el i hs rs tie 1. 33
1 Cities

133 Ape
a. Hyena
a. Raipasn
x Cone ns
En of clinton Indore -
43 Ett of cian 0 Gor. p a
Hi. Baas of lion 4 Des ad ter Sis Lg

preys 3 a
145, No exci cumin 1 oes Stes ps
14 Mcrae re stra sivaion 3
18 Kael >
vo Kept x i“ow
5e Somary. ZOE 3 ow
CHAPTER V.

Merges 8 CLLTNATON AWB MATTERS CoNvECTED Tabet

51. Deion of the arte poet of he bp %

135 Ga my be gt frm he wld 0 well she clita pists 1h,
55 The dg ang es cont of rs x 3
155. Bega Eis @
t.Charm ot se tsps rn i o
155 Rogar craton of ton Gus Natl: Pocus of th 6 ©.

15.
soho Tot
wediogs- E a«
157. The mck conden regis 1. the. grmeason of cd

Vi. The eegs poe igh ed 57d. “

162 Tenet of coo betwee pst ost sd enor f hs sa fh

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"tr The cist of he mes. oe

En «
16. aig of te cop ad deco of bar es o
165 Th Bena vir mivine hots 2
58. Coben oot conto op che 5
165 Rin dames ho cio wen trig ¥
Sg im 1, sly i tn
ity Tomy Sih
Je. iBrTo ’ : hsI
168 Plt Stes, Co agar

eh
Inormon ded (rm a py mabe bn on

17
1 Aon : i
is Cotton
Never tePrinc wars ia
174 Geof liao Cini ot repeal o
1 Se livin @
15 To ats xenon of Sa a.
77 Coton tr ga narra Io
8 Pri es of rg cities IS
5 Te Cut od Raper i
% 0“
Guia i he ln oso “
55. Pot Str : 4»
Wb fw dni of he hd of tin i
5% Cnt Peis
Th eps ction A
aie ‘ i
85 Th beacon md veer of ms pats 7
357. Th cme pe wih sor te ovr Lo
WE Th cop
frog me Wom ok
Lona
or Regn cbt a Yost hrc
oe mn Coon nR
55. Retr cation sd Ko iit -
55 Sind .
4 tea snd bomen cairn i
19. Bombs
Sel prefered sad sesso of soi
197 Sowing sad treat of he crop.
198. Me i (mle plants 30d
199 Culvation in Gujrat a
20a, Bowley Sates

asd
Zor. Aden

203. The repuer csivaton

ang. Male pleat extcpated
205, Hi

1a More

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 ag ea
Ripa
15 Cant a,

20 Bros
i. Kami a

Ned 4

i omni by he Dace
CHAPTER VI.

Pheouasrion oF 7 Raw Daucs Row THE CuLrvATED AY Wi

Pu.

ss Boge oo awr
aan. Thom a
rn Mare ond pia
S73. Te Bag massacre sacl sibs
Sok Te eect of to sani pros
S55. Diop of ie el, sys Grogs
358. Prarin ol ang
Jo re pe ————
4, Excess to xen of dg
i Preraion of gui rom ic clio
3. Trbiary Steno Cota Bog 20d Os |

an
Pupuniin of gj so baa .
3. Hl Tipe Io
535 Preurtn sf ebs
23. lt engaged fn reparation of he drs

55. Noh Wr Pris

Preuss of gas om plot estimsed secretly
256. Pegi o gis om wilh gots
i. Pepin ibang on
43 Prganon of cars
$3. iteoaes irnsion host he recs of hres
Nor Wasn Price St py

345. Preparation of hs in Vocand

ai Pua Sue 2
24. Cod Proven.
Papanstion of pot.
208. Khe gas mi to tht of Bengt
i. Fairy Se, Coe Vewnce
S50. ads tng oma ae aint fm ja
350. Preprint Act
S50. Prarie of gs te Kir

ad Tame
553. Pena method of pepo og

Booey
518 Bante Skies
Sip an FERRERS R

24h Sod ih igor:

Prpunion of ba... =

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 ‘55. Mises formation »
261. mere
Bere eea
sto. Preparation of re so
262.
a6 Coop
264. BuscarLoaa
265. Mysore
268. Bums Lowa,
267. Hyderabad
268 Rjpetaza
265. Cental India
apa, Bards
271. Kashi

275. Sammscy 103

a Net L.

274, Deterioration of hem dregs [>

575, Cues of detererstion tof
216, Roles regarding deterioration 105
517. Di. Pesos experiments I packing a.
CHAPTER VIL.

8 Beil. wor “Tasoe ano Moves os ue Hex Daves,

319. Buporsol ful. 4 a

81. laprts
282. Bhan of ganja
and ches 8
28a, Exports of gas to North-Western rove i

a.
253, Kueh Baber . a.
Ase 100
a8 The Tiatary Snes of Oss n
556 ll Tioers 5 a
255 Poll See of Chota Nogper i
255, Nort Western Poovnaes Fs
to. Gan ingots ow i
ga. Gulir the prscipal source afsupply of aja no
201. Kinda and Galo gaa ari Lo tat of Bengal ,

og. lapel daras a.

292, Other saress of ganja ply - id
201 Cotas produced fn the Hielayss .
205 Export of chase rs
Zo. Teh
Ram. ai.
205. Lpoct and export of bsg a
255. Gada
209. Push 3
30a.
301, port
Pusibof States
carss in
i
ea. Cental Peoninces B® ns
eg. Quasi ofgusi prodiced n 3
Soi Expr otgania wn a
308. Besdaary Sates, Coton Proviccss wo
8. Madris. : pe a
307, Prabble must of gins peodoced o a,
308, Export of gus TH ny
09. Mads Sate Pr a.

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 i. amar
bate sous ga rodcsd
So. Si of i serial, Ent of onsumpion
$1. Gas ppd ot Sts
5 Tampa gis LL
Jit Evabyses

Sasa.
$15 Dino esis produced ihe Prscicy
3 Bg

Sh Bmysme LL
317. Con

Yo leptin
oe. oper of cars
To ower
eer LoL
Si. Ames

pio pars
arr rE9
350. Raptss

rare oo
Sox
Nel 5 CHAPTER VAIL,

Ber o Use 1x0 Hs Sat AND Fosus which me His DRucs

355 Benge
Quliy at sites I.
536. Consopion compas wih pepsin of ja a

ee W
537. onsamption of usain Cat - ws
558 Content gi fn thes n
$5. Toca in which acre dee a ss ee of gus i
Slo Area of baie consemplion gj mike vs
Sun. dct of copia he wile popuition n
313. Pain of xen conser fs i»
31k Th sans of segs modest comet of gn
$45 Numba of omer coontd Pe
$48 Fanta it hang : 1
Sip Col tng i pas of dw groves. i
50.
Si. Idhidu camino
Beat ot we Daag
cen £;
Se Soot rl vedo z i
So.Tomar Kc Serf
bearCitais i
S60. Rens orb freee dec a
Se.
S54 Neder Pisce:
“Toe ue of the thee fom of the dg i vsions parts #
355 Conran compre woh popdaion of us a,
S58. Idiidu conmmion o gus eo 1s
Sor. Est of we of sre I py

2
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 et ne
550. Extent of sf bang
55 Incas snd deren
$6. Connection omen the si of a ad en dr 7

56 Diet eine ma
$6 Dist oem of dens.
36 Competion betwee us sd hrs
$64 Rampar:
Exton of se ofthe dss
8. Te Caves
Extent of eo the droge
167. Pri

8 Beto sc
Exent of se: Chicas ud hes owe, st ifs.

S70, Extent of ae of bang 5

S71. Ett of umber of bg
S73. crease and decent: Tho vidnce of ts
ara Bang. ©
S74. Evidence repadiog chars
37s. Pafab State:
Exact ose
376. Central Provinces
The statics of 189393 rele upon
317. The cae af gua compared by ites
378. timate of nivides consompion of oie.
ro. locresse owe of giao o
Sha. Increase on the ance of evidence
31. Feadnory Sues:
Extent of see

ata. Madras
S83 The statis of retail le ds ot show the ll cssmption of gus
384. Use of gunn diflcen parts of the residency
355. The nub of consumers of ofa. ;
550. Tren and decreseof se of gas
7. Madea Susie
556. Bombay. -
35g. Useconsampion
S50. Tota in ifr parts
of pfs. of the Pes erin
Sor. Tndiden allovasce ol gos.
393. Number of regal consumers estimated

394. Incecse nd decrease of coomumptin

353. Bomlay Sates
08. Aden
S97. Sic sud Kop

“on. Number of consumers of ans.

ot. Tareas of cons
fon Bene
1o3, AjneceMlroes
ot Coorg.
os. Buachistan

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 Bom P
Katee Xp sa =
ny. pried, Myre, Epa, Cota Toi snd ari W
og my

Extn ve repo Dow

Rea ent of th es ofthe hp droga st scctied th

Lie dene of cxcenive ws 2 - 5

Uieole dfst dogs. : a.i
es pail coro spo
Video gus i
Evens nies dru of i ne Ary
Mesos of skin gi 3 Pe
Messe of sing ats 2 ss
Clr vmitg
Sistas a spies sing
Sine of pote droge a Saco
Sine pean fr dng. © :
Spiced repute or ding :
Mars of poten ee oe ining
Corus gids or 1
inch tga with iol :
7. em dois otis vet dy mate

5 eng res : Wn
ok. Spe om of cin bem

im va wig ep br compton Iw
CHAPTER IX.

pro: 3: rd
Set i
Soci 430 Reuss Customs.

4 Srp i chap . og

A a
8 To ps
3 OO con on ui ng ek “
35. Comcenf gh wn he went Si ry

ri x -
5. Sebmesiin : w
5 Rove rr = i
pre eel 3 2 2
Le oD 5
Con pies Ow Th
basa
Se = TOT Lu5
iy
Th Rtn: 7 5 ae
oe Sr 3
i. Won of he em int :
6 Goatees 1x
CHAPTER X.

Eerecrs—Geneass Osssavarons.

ast Prag gran of Goce

gm mac whoones

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 5. Bs
258. Gea and ches compared 7
5. SoiAduistues
kg ing A4
43. Fat, round, and cho gaia °
455.
50. Ancient eratre "

{eis -
pr
m

60. Moder sive practice 5

61. Treatment of dice a
183. Toerapesticn an
Puiconay sedate

464. Disc scion -

485. Tonk ad aber cic
lot. Aghesdiviac scion
487. Catde-dvcne
S08 1 modest as beseiciat?
8. Tood accessory or digestive

, Pebituge - o i
10. To giv staying power

47.
13. Other benievidence
Contrary eft 3 22Loa
a.
75.
6. Ganja ps
phan iw
7 14 madera see hace? ws
7. Sent witnesses i.
78. Formation of te bic i.
79. Strength of abi 15
80. Noderuion ad excess
1. Herediay tendency . :
8a, Physlogien ction of te rug
153. De, Cannioghan'sexpermeat on ganja sbalaion a

84. lnmediste cles = a.

8a. A hee forms ofthe dg considered together Toe

7. Ae eects Es
86. Durtion of thee effec 10s
288, Clases who sae the drug a0 simasats ior
oo. Pops open rgacog ts we cm
“on. Hemp drugs sod load : Ces
“ot taro eects of hemp drs (tery) i
“ot Elfen ater connie. ow
153, Fiore of witness to dstingal cxceive fom dete uss 1 15,
a

“95. General view of hs whole evidence roaring ol eects 0

195. The gene chaeste of the iden sor
lo. The necessity or esting i ,
“oh. Limitation of th essa raised es

[Er
CHAPTER XI.

Soa, Aon
Bengal in
3 Melle i psy i dns uy
Sor. . pry

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So. North Wester Provoces
5 Pus
fog Con Prices
Sg Vades
5. Bombay
so.

8. Boren
So Berar
Ste, Summary of the evidence

Sun. Geasel eects of sseeies sie

CHAPTER XIL.

sua Popo aly.imresioni us» Errecrs tim

$02.
St Died of geting aceune novation =
$15 Asam vatitier =
S16. Staten ae bad on te sein oll aw
S17. Untrsmortisess of descriptive als W
SiS Asylum statics gue sirasiwoihy as
519. Dace Aum 09 exception Ca
So. Explanation of th seo thes wordless tats Pe

Sov. Farther nqieie sds by the Commision a

Sos Med caer
Sos Heresy
Sat. Nichol
“os Daun
£5, Cues duc lo bemp dros
or. usin ad pes of sid ass
S45. Occupation

S30 Dueston of nasty i

Sin Lib at vinsage us

S55 Spaptomatsory
Moraity Se i.a,
S5v. Propoctan of recoveries us
533
ok Prsminem examin wa
S45 Diagn of bmp drug sty i.
$57. Combed sin ast
S38. Somat of conclusions rerio hemp dr ns 2

S55. Legri's description of pasos of the ind ps

Si. ntnicain sud say =
CHAPTER XI,

Ervics-MoRAL: GENERAL SuMuARy oF CONCLUSIONS.

spe Sol eects w Pr

Sar. Ave coasomers ose to tei aihboscs EA
Sh. Bud chasers Z Pl
343 Connection of hep drugs with crime : a,

Shh Do rime forly hamseives with these drags? ,

545. Do cial administer thr o thei victims? 7
S46, Evidence ht excaiv consempin 1s st consected with wapree:
ied cine, epucaly reso vdence ne he

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 Evidence tothe contrary a8
Coss reared to So 5
Cures in wish the record bus ot bees esl of Ho
Coes in wich the records ere exsrioad a,
Fests of the cxaioaton of hess cases. Lom
Scmmaty of sacasions segding eects a
CHAPTER X1V,

Lada ‘ 5s
The Pouicy o Her Deus AoNINSTIATION.

55. Gen pris gig samp os sd be penis

54. The question of tcl sppresiog all.
S55. Not hid before the Commision

6a. Basi of probiiton sad ests these conses

S65. a uohbition in adi sociable, eile, sd advise?
S64. Pustibitn of hs

so
os i.
wu
65. Pebisiton of gu

a Eg
“dered together i
S66 The evidence segadiog provbiion of gis snd chars may be cone

iy of gaa sad chassis relaion to preibiin pit

oof he wiseses tegacdin prokibion of af and chars. 1h.

os 51s in es in favor of probibitonof gas snd chris .. —

$15: Opiians squint prabibion 3
om

7. pois
pions for previ
Oiianssgaimt proton of cars
Cone Prone

Opians is fost of the prion of gas « sts

Shi. Opinions agaist pobton. vg ol
35a. Bombay
Opiions a fasose of prtiicos of gris i
S84. Berar te. 6
S53. Opioans gains pokibi ass
S85. Gener aonciusions i regard to tol pein of gi cu
aod bang
586, Policy a reged to hemp dg. Z
387, Objecion to absing sovenue fron hemp dogs.
95, Sotcmatic estacat osconry ew %

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 a

ed %
Si Quon ol odin Gover mopdly Go Me dss di

S50. Spe by Goverment of i secs

CHAPTER XV.

Exim Svress scans,

son Syren of exci the me pees oe

em
3. Tori to dnd
Neste ot Co i
94. Tome a Bengal: Rha ffs
So. Whe he xvi price dlr om he ies

i. Coa 4
5 Cart of nd Bit prices =

Viele . .
6. Supp of he dog. & 4
Livin . i in
og, System of end sd atin . &
5, Noe Pia
Sopp edge a : a
Go,
eh, porno he dr - 2 ty
Seuggion 0s
Go
Gur.Spemtrent
su b 25 A=
Dc he Neh Vere Prices ste sr. i

wise ew
ry.Sepy
impr ee des i4
Gis Pun

nd anges
er, Exe pram =
6 Dwele
Seed . aa
51. Popa 0 ok chr ed og. De
15. Cot Prins

bE Kimdvsgia Si
i.6. Whose
Regist
Bor Sits
wad :3 : Iw
Doe
x 2 dw
prs
55Law is
Supy ree
fe i” =
ny. Syn of ec Md=
dogs
Tain oer 4 a
Gag, Bony

ShsniesLoD i.
6 Saco sppy la ambsy 1 Lone
Go. Spendvado Bombay LLL W.
Go gE wr
508m Zi rd

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 joer, Crrg, and Quotes Pi
Summary of systems

CHAPTER XVI.

Provivcas SvsTeus Exauen.

3. Scope of thie chapter

a4. Ese of mosopel of vad nt suiiat
3s. Combination of dest day wih action of eenes te bs ste
636. Contos of avivation - :
Gy, Lmation of shops.
38, Aciil check not desiable
Prices of the drugs

Gua adoration fa Beagal

Reals abtined
Weak pias in Bengal
Snags
Smuglig In Oca
: Radscton of all gaia to chr
Ganj sdrsistaio a the Cet Provinces...
Table shaving theses of he gaoj sdminiiraion for 583.83
to 1552.03
Review of Cone Provinis er.
Gin exported to ober provinces and Native States shuid pay
ty
50. Duty ahnld be raed ale on ganja consumed the prince
51, The sytem of solving gaa o cea vendorsata Feed pics Lh.
1a, Advantages claimed Dot the spice -

1 oiion ecramended ”
53. Disivaniages of the syste

3s. Stara of gon and incase i sume of whdasle vendors 5

56, Asimition of he engal snd Cones Provinces systems
Nort Werten Provinces

65%. Madras and Bombay.

655. Compared with Bengal and he Cee Provinces
ta. Histey of he sbi in Nadas
661 Tesiment ofthe subject a Bowbiy
63. Come of clivaion lot
53, Restriction of sea of calvin
654. Objection a regard priate clivaton 5
655. Objection na read vid growth fn des snd Bony

6h, Boney 7
666. Objections regu Nate Sites
57. Evidence elt to conol of ulation a Madras

55 Supervision of the mansfsctos and siacage of th cop regied wih

view to mpoiion of duty
G70. Levy of duty in Madras sud Boy
71 Bandas oing won of gui Md By
3. Bea
G3. Ajness, Con, snd Quer Pei
674. Tasaion of caves

675. Tenusprt of haces and tac proviscial asisgumests

6, Cone of thang. :
677. Recommendations lo is conse ad sation
678. Distebtion of the herp droga to et vendors.

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 =

G79 Inpot,cxpor, wd spect dois. . wm

Gh. Rei ved
6) Si of Sco rift Ko digs “
681.) Sega sie ol shops Tom
8a. () rant of etl ann to wholes vendors .
655.) Lies of shops
8 (1) Consmmprion on th premies
Sag. Local options La reguiog—

Erol re bei ep se pion

Otter videsee
Conmisios view of les apion x

35 Burm
History of prbiiion
Gon. Srugging of go in Bra
Go. Fulire of proiiion
35. Canlaon ofthe Commision regs Burs

CHAPTER XVII.

Svstaus or Nave Snares.

Systems a Nive Stes as

Hydertad i
Site is he Hiway titers the lat gov wild
Is er Sts heroin of go he mot port fe

Jos,
Jo. Guts 37
Bhopal a,i
Ter. Daghetiad Agercy
To. Budtiand Agtacy a,
Too. Biopavar
io. Waser ba Agency
AgencyPyi
Jeyere
Jodbpr
sper Pr
sni
ikaw r
Tuk. Rafpatasa Ageacy

Ts.
Ti: Au
Barus
To. Kon Fs
a
a,
frien
218 ToskFy
W
Too. Dheipee
Bundt a,
a,
pny
7a.
Keil
26 Joe iby
Tos.
a.
Tos Batman Py
724. Kibeaguh i.

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727. Shabpara
258. Pata and Lava
759. HII Sete png between Bengal, the Central Province Mdns
738. Trbstacy Sats of th Conn Provinces
Tat. Tibtay Stter of Choa Nagpar
232] Tebtary Sates of Osa.
735. Remark oa the adminiastios of Ores Trbaaey Sts
734. Agency Teac of Mads :
735, Piajals Nace States
758 Mads Naive Sates
737. Bombay Native Sites
738, Kisipar in Sind

CHAPTER Xvill,

Seman.

740, Conclusions sive at by the Cominion wm

741. Seggestions made by the Comision

242, Soggetions regaciog Boras »

Noe of dient by Rea Ssh Skiaceewas Roy »

Noe of dient by Lala Nil Chand £ ®

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 ВЕРОКТ
ов тнв

ІМІШАЮ НЕМР ОЖ0С$ СОММІЅЗІОК.

1898-94.

СНАРТЕВ 1.

інткористову.
Те Іпбїап Нетр Оецрз Сотапіноп чаз арріей хлбег йе где ої
мв снин, Н Ехсећепеу іе бонспомбвосві і Сомй
т сопвілей ін ійе Века «іе бонетинен. ої
Тада, Риапсе алй Соттее Рерагем, Ко. зтра.к, ёиед зуй Јију
Воз. Та а деграсћ Мо, 36 (Венепис), ёме 16 Маса 1893, Ниг
Мајеауҹ Зихешеу о! биме иботәей (һе бәнелені о? Тоба ае а
зпенег оа ареаісо“ ри іа е Нони: ої Солиокав Ве Бай ехрем-
е4 Ка кйдлеза ко тедмеме е Соуетимен ої Тада о арро а.
Сотйыдол ә іадуйе ініо (һе сикабол ої (һе һер але іа Вела,
"бе ргерваќоа ої Фра копа й е кабе іа (оне га йе ебе о П
соовиарќоп ороп е восі алй поні сопан сі1ће рео, алё іе ёе
авбиу оѓ робібіну ње ртоніћ ов е ріал алй йе іе оё млјл алі ае
гарь. Іп кедисзілд ће боиетитем. оё пб зо арр а Сопіввот бог е.
ратроне зней, іе Бесеишгу ої ме Шевлеі Ња ваей вмоебопв поіеіт
Ве івшей аз ней епаше (най е іріту «Коші Ье огоод алй сопун.
Пий КіпЬебьу маз о ориќоп (Һе іну созй Һагйу Б стнбпей зо Вел.
зї, Һи оі ехепй го е иівіе о айі, алё іа 10е Сотиізон «йош.
авсеиаіп го нак ехіені йе ехінкенсе оЇ їйє №етр ріні а опег Гобі абесіа
іе реаебеаі дібеніу ої если ог Морз іне сопоатріоа ої аа з і
прыізей от. йет вагсоб Воз ртерагоі Колі (Не Вепр ріалу, апі здеіћег
се і ртовой бог е звцетені (ах ааг з |е ојибоша чап ртја то сопе

а. Те Совтнісв арроіцей Ву Не огегителі ої ії. Везоішіоп сі

Сенин ін Сннінна зій Јај 183 сопііме! ої а Раім апі іх Мет.
еге, ів ов кот кеге ойі апі. мее Масне

БЕУ
пел-обен фепденеп, Џвйегвізециелі огіете, а Зесгешгу го е Сотта.
Зоп жаз арройей 4.

тъ нечи нмана Уен, МА, СВІ, Рин иса Снів Рој

змат. Оннивин Саена Рн Хо, Вон.
КМА Ран МА, Стан Олмон Соат! Рес.
Хв н Ра М бет Нес С ні би Вонг
вараш банни кан а а Ваа
Каина Нани ин Атм, СТЕ Реј
Ж Бина бна амли Андин Рон.
мьн.р.камн 0да јене ойм бтеласи р Пааа Ма Пиран.

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3 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [CH I.

5 Tnpursuance ofthe wishes of the Secrtary of State, the following ine

cite Comin Stctins were sie to the Comission —

His Excellency the Governor-General fn Council desires that the inquiy

‘should be thorough and searching, but he leaves to
(Semana tho Comission fll discretion to determine the best
means of securing hat res. Certain instructions ste given in th following
paragraphs; but these are not intended tobe exhaustive, and the Commision
have. fll authority to take up any branch of inquicy which i ther opin is
kel to luidate the subject and to sid the Goverment of India and the
Sectiaey of State in deciding on. the plicy tobe adopted fn regad to hemp

most of the proinges of Indi + there se politcal

stings n Native State, bu any information simi to that required regarding
Bish India which can bo obiained regarding Native States should b included
in the Report

“The Commision should ascertain wih a8 much precision as possible,

(cots storms the extent to which the hemp plas fs culivsed. fn
ABER BET cach of th provinces of Idi in which ts grown.
ZEBRA They should collet fll information as o the
EE he sho clfte lor s podoton of
drugs and the methods of preparing the manutacured. dg rom the ra. pro-
cs whether of the wid or the domerticaed plant, Lil is know at present
28 80 the extent to which th wid plan an be wed or the preparation of Age,
hethc nthe mils or the mero Roiaus forms. This point has an important
bearing on the possibilty of ntrducing restrictive measures, and will eque
cael vestigation, Full partiolrs should be obtained regarding al the ier
at forms ofthe do which sre commanly wed, especially gan, chiras, snd
Bhang snd regarding > classes of the peoplby whom, and the xien to wich,
cach i aed, The physical and othe eff of the use f hemp drags. shout
he thoroughly insetgnicd, exch variety of the dg. being separately trated,
ao fr ss that can be convesicnty done. Inconductin ths reach of the inguty,
{he Compisionses should aval temic fecly of the evidence. of medial
experts, They should endeavour to ascertain what proporion of the populron
habily consumes bemp dogs, and shoud oraughly cain the. teyimony
3 support of the commonly received opinion that th wie of hemp. drags ds
frequent cause of lunacy. They shoud ascersin whether, and in what for
the consumption of the og i iter harmless or even: bendicil as has occa:
ally been maimsined,

“Ful information should be compiled regarding the administrative

ten tne lt th trod oh

armangementsin force in cach rovince for contol

the drugs, and thee importation from other provinces or from Native State,
and for fmposig duties on culation and sale. Its understood that charag
is imported into the Pub on considerable sedle from foreign teritry; and
the question of th impartaton of hemp dmgs generally from foreign teritery
should receive the special attention of the Commission. The Yarious systems.

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 Cit. 1] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMNISSION, 180394. 3

employed for taxing the drug or the cultivation cf the pent should be revered
with special reference to the comparative incidence of thi taxation fn difer-
ent parts of India and to the comparaise efeacy of the taxation imposed. in
restricting consumption, whether by the mere weight of th tax or by the method
and sage of imposiion. It is known that the rates vary considerably in diferent

provinces, bt the precise fcc of the variations is not folly understood. In

is connection the Comoisioners should notice any case in which the proxi
ity of a Native State aflects the production or consumption of the drug in
Beidsh tericry.

“Thre are two points connected with the subject-matter of the inquiry
a rotor ch. cal for special investigation, The firs of
SH Bt THI hoses the danger lest probibiton, or restrictive

ems measures of a stringent character, may give tise to

serious discontent, and be resented by the people as an unjussfable interference

with long-established social customs. In some parts of India these of hemp.

rg i, it is believed, common among fairs and ascetics held in veneration by
Targe clases of the population. In Begal it has been sated that an fusion of
the leaves of the plants commnly offered to every gues: and member of the
family on the last day of the Durga Puja: i has no i efcts, and its use is
nok considered reprehensible in say way. The Goteror-General in Council
desires tha the Commissioners wl endeavour to ascertain to what extent these
and similar customs prevail in. Bengal and othe arts of dia, and how far the
se of hemp drugs forms 2 part of social, or passiy religions, cersmoal or
bsecvance, and they should, if possible, take the evidenceal vitassses draw from
the classes mong vham the use of hemp drugs is chiefly prvalent. The
Commissioners shoud state thei opvion whether the peotisiion of the uae of
hemp drugs or any restrictive messares which they may deem practicable vould

be Tikely to give rise to plea discontent i acy pats of nda ce song any
cs of the population. It s beloved that n some parts of the country bhang.
4, a special degree, the poor man's naseotc, and the posit unpapulricy of
‘measers which would deprive the very poorest ofthe popultion of the we of a

narcotic to which they have alyays ben accustomed should not be overlooked.

Anothe point to whic the aention of the Commissioners sheuld be

rected i the probity or possibility tha, i the use of herp drugs is prob
bite, those who would athervis continue 10 use them may be driven to. have
recourse to alcohol, orto athe stimulants of narcotics which may bo wore dle.
terous,

“Finally, the Governor-General in Council requests at the Comins.

(0 Becomes of tc Sis if they should be of opnicn that the pro-

ci Hibiton of the consumption of any hemp drug should

not, or could not, be enforced, wil indicate, for the consideration of the Gov.

ernment of India, any reforms and improvements which thee invstigtions may
Tead them 10 recommend in the existing arrangements of cach province for
controling the culivacion of the hemp. plant, and the manufacture, sale, and
taxation of hemp drugs, Tn framing their recommendations, regard should of
course, be had to the considerations which have been stated in paragraph 7nd
8 of ths Resolution. Absolute probibiion, o repressive measures of a stngent
nature, may involve inquisitorial proceedings of an unpopalar character, and

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 a
4 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [Ch I.

afford opportite for the levy of blackmail and in framing regulaions for the.
eotibiion or forthe resction of the use of hep drogs, these considerations
Should be borne in mind.

1414 the Commision should be of pision that the culation f the hemp.

plat or the production of drugs, or the consumption of any hemp drug, should.
be absolutely prohibited, it will be thee duty to state the regulations which
should bo adopted fo this purpose.”

4 Undecthe terms of the Resolution appointing the Commission, they were

toni, dicted to assemble in Caleutta on the 1st August
Camelot sed. ggg. The fis collective meeting of the Come
mision actually took place on the ged August 189g. A series of questions was.
draw up by the Commision for dstibuion to witnesses. Th series of ques-
ons was prefaced by sn explanatory note, in which it was carefully pointed out
hat they were not to be regarded as exhaustive, but were intended rache to serve
as an index 0 the witnesses as tothe subjects to which thee attention should be.

Specially directed. The witnesses vere requested not withhold any information
merely because f was not indicated by any of the questions. They were invited.
to give any information which id not appeas to fall under any of the questions,
ther by spending it 5 & separate note o the chapter undes which it seemed.
‘tural to fll, o by recordin it at the end of the evidence, At the same time,
5 the questions were necessarily of vide and general application, it was pointed
owt that it was not intended that in every case the witness should asswer all of

them, but should confine himself to those questions which dealt with parts of
he subject with which he was more or less acquainted; and, to enable the Com
mission to estimate the valu of the information given, it was requested that the

witness should indicate the soutce of his information and the facts or ex
ences on which he based bis opinions and statements.

Po To AES of Gt 10 CONE
Severs Adsseston ot rao to Vento he Come
ad ion od nme othe ta ey mre avons
vo id vb aioe. Pf 1 NEAT So
Seb phrenic who deed sot pr
raion 30d le of urs and othr hemp das les eeieed or cely
iio, amd sh sent gb poss ad aco hee
Eepctuniy of coming ova ad Wg ts ws ls the Comin. To
ie he pasa 50 anions 1 ic shomaie i somemmition with
he Comat, Lo eg go or encod 1 al
evi oom rough th Fra 1 $5 oh ave ragh ule
ht th Commision meld be gd 10 ret wien imemaof th views
amps bt 6 i 10 hr writ, tr ep fanaa.
amor obi body, 3 repesetaive, wold he wlio to sper blot he
Conmiion tx cal imation. Th Coanision tives sso wires
oot mbes of stociaions sd perms who wer Fa 4 Arete 3
he nity, and thes commune fot Fee throng Locl Govrmtats
14 Mision te skin ft the ahs of the. Commision rapect
To coh passes ad natin, fe te oor of fm pul, thd roped
movemats an the mth of hi ny

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 Ci. 1] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1993-94

6. In circulating theic questions to Local Governments and Adminsira-

Scecto st wisn y ca, 008 for_distebution to suable witnesses, the.

‘Commission took pains to expli that they attached

‘much importance to a due proportion of nonoficil witnesses being selected,

‘and requested that in the fst place copies ofthe questions should be supplied to
the pecsons or associations advocating restriction ¥ho wight have availed them.
selves of the invitation to come forward and lay thei views before the Camis.
sion. Should such persons or associations havo held direct communication

‘with the Commission, steps were taken by the Commission themselves to supply
them with copies ofthe questions. In addition to this clas of withesses, Local
Gorerments and. Administrations were asked to plac copies of the questions
in the hands of official and non-oficial persons, Eutopean and Native, who ither

had special kaowledge cf the subject, or special facies sd Spitude for

acquiring such knowledge. The classes of persons whose evidence the Comris-
sion desired to receive included revense officers of experence, magisterial off
cers, police officers, medical oficers, offers acquainted ih special races of the
people, zamindars, emplogers of labour, and the loner grades of oficial, profes.
sional men, and missionaries of all denominations. Regarding the latter class,
erry effort was_put forth by the Commission to obain missionary opinion a
the subject of thei inquiries, and it i & matter of some reget t them that thir

efforts have met with but lil success, Not orly was it announced through
Local Goreraments that the Comision desired to recive communications from
religious bodies of al denominations, but the Commission themselves ilzo com.
muricated freely with. pessons of this class. Bat the large majority of them
declined to come forward as witnesses, and many, including Churchren, Dissent-
ers, and Roman Catholics, communicated letters ithr to Government. or disct
tothe Commission excusing themselves on the ground of want of knonledge.
5 an example of the want of knowledge of the subject or lack of interest in the

fnqiy evinced by missionaries, it maybe observed that i ene instance (in the
Madras Presidency) the Commission made over 70 copies of their questions to
to cts of missionaries professing to represent oni of the whole missionary
enterprise of the Madras Presidency. Yet the total mumbec of missionaries in
this Presidency who sent in answers or statements to the Commission. (hough
some of them quated the opinions of others) was nly_15, many of whom do cot

belong to either of the two sects refered to. Special instructions were issued
regarding two classes of witnesses. Firstly, in order to secure compliance
Wilh the orders of the Goveament of India that the evidence of medical

experts should be rely obtained, it was requested tht the questions should
be ditlbued to selected medical officers, both Euopean and Native,
Eanphasis was Lid upon the importance of ascertaining the views of subordinate
native medial offers whose duties bring them into_ contact with the people,
and it was suggested that replies should either be obained sepasately from come
‘petent officers of ths clas, or that they shouldbe embodied inthe replies received
rom Civl Surgeons. The evidence of private native medical practitioners of
repute, especially of those practising afte native methods, was also solicited. For
the convenience of the medical experts, a separate compilation of the questions
dealing only with that par of the subject with which this class of witness would

‘eikly to be acquainted was made, the witnesses beng ll the option of dealing.
either vith this abbreviated compilation or with the whole series of general ques.

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6 naronr oF TE DIAN EE DRUGS COMMISION, 83594. [Ch 1.

tions as they saw i. Secondly, attention was draws to these questions which
desl with the connection causal or otherwise, of hemp drugs with crime with a.

view o the idence of slected Magistaates and Police offcers being obtained
on this subject.

70Tn addon to the evidence of witnesses, the Commission availed

fot em oh ut themselves fly of ll ormaton regarding the
subject of thei inquiry already existing in oficial
reports and documents as well as in publications of a nowoficil character,
Local Goveroments and Adiisraions wece invited to furnish complete lst of
such oficial reports an publications, ented copies of those of special importance
being sbimited, In addition t these, the Comaissione of Excise or Abas of
exch province vas asked to present a memoranda seeing forth in detail the
apstemof administration at presen in force in respect to hemp dogs, accompasied

by saistics, where avaiable, for the las twenty yeazs in 8 form drawn up by
the Commission. These memoranda and satistcs wil be found in Vol, 111
Appendices, Information essing in non-oficil publications came to th notice
of the Comission from many sources, 30d wis uted when trastworthy or
found to be of value.

8. Shordly afer assembling in Calutt, the Comision wers convinced

Fut ts Oca so 3 the paid which bad chpsed between the

date of the appointment of the Commission and
the date fied for thie assembling at Calatta vas too short to permit of their
preceeding at once withthe examination of vitaetses, Suficient tim had not
beenallowed tothe Commission to become generally acquainted. with the sysiess
of administration respect to hemp drugs previlng in each province, or with the

abjections taken by certain prsens or bodics to such systems, More import

ant ail, Local Gorernments and Adeinistrations reid tine fo enable theme
bring before the Commission a selection of witnesses which would be fairly repre
sentative of he views andintrests nolved; andthe witness themselss, whether
selected by Government or coming forward of thee awn marion, requied time to
consider the conditions of the probley, and to set forth ucidy and in manner
which wad be. saisfactory both to themselves and to the Commission the
pions which they might enertin, Accordingly, with these objets in view,
the Commission before proceeding to the cxamivation of the witnesses made a

prlimincy visit o some provinces. The provinces visited, aftr Bengal, were the
et Western Provinces, tho Centra Provinces, Bombay, Madras and the Pane
ab. Occason mas taken to study the systems i force in thes provinces snd
the objections thereto, and, in commanication with the Local Governments, to
see that ful fleet had been given to the wishes of the Commission in the

matter of sslecting representative witnesses. The Its of witnesses prepared by

Local Governments, so fr 2s they wee ready, were examined, and in many.
cnses consideable addons were made. These lists were supplemented by
increasing not erly the umbes of wioesses selected fom the different classes,
bot also the ambers of classes themselves. Every eflot was made ater local
ingiey and in consalaion with Local Governments to secur the representation
of sl casze and shades of opinion. Tn view ofthe ignorance which the Come
sion found to preval generally regarding the se and fests of the druge, ft
was found necessary to have a larger umber of witnesses in every province

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Cit. 1] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893:94 7

than was at frst anticipated. During (hs tour this Commission ss &
‘whole, o in some cases Sub-Committees of the Commission, visited the head.
quarters of some of the more important Native States to make smangements
for the collection of information in these States 2s desired by the Government.

of India. Opportunity was also taken by the Commission at his period of thes
piri to get at facts and opinions fan informal vay ; and with his object in
view many visits were made by the Comission, or by members of the Com.
mission (generally unexpectedly and under the guidance of private persons 35
wells of officials), to see cultivation and mancfacture of hemp. drugs, to vare-

houses and to shops where these drugs sre stored and sold, and to religions
Places and athe places of resort where the drogs are consumed in tome form or
other. The results of thes inquiries were sometimes ecorded in notes, nd some.
mos in the statements of persons who were then added to the list of witnesses,

Inguiies were also held at any asylums, 33 will be explained in the following.
paragraph, which deals wih the special inquies made by the Commision inthis
ditetion.

9. The Commission were especialy enjoined o thoroughly examine the testi.

a mony in support of the coromenly received
pics that the use of hemp drugs is a frequent. case of
Tanacy, and wih this object have made very sewching inquices. In order to
make this very impertant branch of thei labours as complete and searching as
possible tho procedure adopted in the diferent asylums of India in classifying
‘and dealing with cases of insanity ascribed to the use of hemp drugs vasspecially

‘examined, and the connection, whether causal or otherwise, between hemp drugs
andinsaity vas investigated fn minute detail. Every ssplom in Beh India
was visited either by. the Commission o by some members of the Commis
son, and careful inqucis were conducted on the spot in every case of insanity
attributed to the use of hemp drugs for a given period. The period selected for
the whole of India vas the calendac year 1892, the last year or which statics
were available at the commencement of the Commission's labours. Every case
of insanity ascribed to hemp drugs in the asylums of India during the year
1892 has been specially inquired into inthe asylum where the patent was
confined, the papers and records cf the case have been thoroughly examined,
and. structions were issued to have a rther local Inquiry made by an cx.
perience Magistrate in consuliation with the Civil Surgeon, to ascerai the past
‘personal and fanily story of the patiat and any circumstances lly to threw
light on tho cause of bis insanity, The record of this inquiry, where made, hes

een submitted to the Comission through the Supesnendent of the asylum

concemed, who has thus had an opportsity of reconsidering the case with
fllr information before him on which to base sn opiian ss to the cause
the insanity. Further, the staistics of insanity and the method of
and compiling these statistics have been subjected to a rigid srt
no_opprtunity has been lost of obtaining the evidence of medical experts,
including Government officers, private praciiones of al chsses, and Supein.
tendents of Lunatic Asylums ud their subordinates, a well 8s of non-profes.
sional persons, 3s to the relation between hemp drugs snd insanity, The
Commission have endeavoured to investigate and weigh the popular 3s well ss
the scientific view of this subject

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 8 RaPORT oF THE INDIAN ENF DRUGS COMMISSION, 18939%. CH. I.

1. In regard to the alleged connection between hemp drags and vient

Cocina he mp <7ime, the Commission, in addition to sifting the
iE den snd oral evidence, have cxained the judicial
and othe econ of cases which hav been alluded to by the witness as forming
he basi, or part ofthe basis, on which thelr opinions were framed.

13. As sated abore, the Commision wece precluded by the orders of the
‘Gonernment of Indi rom hlding formal sittings in
Native States, but nevertheless they have endeavour-
ed to obtain ful and complete information from al the mst important Native
Stats in dia, In he case of Native States in political lsion with the Gov-
cxnment of nds the Commission, in same cases in personal communication
with the Agent to the Govemor-General ar the Resident, and in other
cases by ete, aranged fo the collection of the requied information. some.
of the larger Agencies and States special officers were appointed, through
the couresy of the Agent to the Governor-General or the Darbar, to
collet and compile the avalable information, and much useful fermion has
thereby been placed at the disposal of the Comission, In the smalle States
and in Sates under the paliial control of Locsl Governments, 3 memo.
randum of the system in force, together with statistics 5 far as avail
able, has generally been furnished by the Political Agent or responsible
fice of the State. Beyond ving the Ststet fn question such advice and
assistance 3s they desied on respect to the best methods of conducting their
inquiries indicating clearly the points on which informacion was desired and
ing sts of questions where required, tho Comvssion id rot interfere
anyway with the course of these inquires or select or examine witnesses
forthe eves,

12, Ons of the mst imports guesions wih hich he Comision bd to

sal was the investigation of he proportion of

Bele: th popiation which indulges he we of hemp

dig, and of the lassssmong whom. the wc is prevalent. The Native Army
ppd to ofl a suabl Bed fo nq fn read o ths mater, and accord
ingly, vith th persion of His Excelency the Commander Chil, seis
of qekions deal ih hs snd the quesons bsg upon the Compas
vasigatons was sued 10 al regiments of th Bridh Naive Any. The
fags were mado and the answers lsd in by the Commanding Offers
ber with or idhout he assistance of thie medical offers. The ress obtain:
5d be found in Chaper VIL.

15. The Commission fist assembled st Caleta on sed August 1503, and
a woe alteragrasing upon thie general plan of operations,
comma and concluding their preliminary amangenents,
including the distrbutin of questions to witnesses, stared on the preliminary
tour described in paragraph 8 above. The provinces visited were the North.
Wester Provinces, the Cental. Provinces, Bombay, Madras, and the Punjab.
The Commission were in the. North-Western Provinces fom 33nd August (0 1st

September, asd bad thei head-quarters at Allahabad, where the principal Reverse.
ofices of Government were assembled to meet them. Dosing tis period the
asylums at Paton. (Bengal), Lucknow, Barely and Lockoaw were visited by

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 Ci. 1.] REPORT OF THE IYDIAN HENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189594 ©

vasious membecs of the Comission, asd oe member proceeded to Nis Tl to

consul ith His Honour the Licstenant-Governor 1 bebalof the Commission.

“The Central Provinces were visited from and t 11th September, che Com
missions headquarters being at Jubblpore. The asplms st. Jubbilpre and
Nagpur vese inspected, an some of the meres met the Chit Commissioner at.
Pachmarti. Some of the members sls proceeded to Indore to consul the
Agent to the Governor-General, and the Comission 31 8 body had an
opportunity of making themselves acquainted vith the system of coivation
of the hemp plant for ganja which is centralized at Khandes. From the Cental
Provinces the Commission raele to Poon, where they remained from 13th
10 18h September in communication with the Government, and where there
was an important asylum to inspect. On the way kom Poona to Macias the
Resident of Mysore was visited at Bangalore, and. inquiries were held a the
Dharwar Asylum. At Madea the Comision vere aceuged from the 220d to
25th Sepember, afer which they broke up into two pires—ane proceeding to
consle with His Excellency the Governor at Ostscamund, and he other to
Hyderabad, where important amangements hd to be made for colleting inform.

‘hoyle .
ation fom that State. Inquiries were al30 held at the Madras and Hyderabad

The two partes rjained at Bombay on the goth September, and then
proceeded to Simla, where the head-quartees of the Puneh Government were
Tocated. On the jourmey one part cf the Commission stopped at Baroda and
Mount Abu to amango fo th colcion of infomation in Bic and the Raje
putana Sates, whi anohes party held inquires 2 the asylums 3¢ Colas,
‘Ahmedabad, and Dell. At Sinla the Comision had thei head-qustes rom
72h to 24th October, dung. which ineral two members pid fying vss to
Labase, Hyderabad (Sind), and Karachi to inspect the asylms
formes places and to complete the arangement made Sind
lection of witnesses.

The second tobr, which was malely devoted to the examination of witnesses,
lasted from 25th October to 25th April. The various provinces were visted
in the following order, and witnesses were examined at the centres named on the

Cott Provinces. | Khare 7 Our.

Sagoue sd 3 Oe ad ad ove
Rap | aE Nene,
Jossipre 10h, 11, 5 Nov
Noth Western Provinces Meera 16 7,3, rt Nover

el Agra. 320d, 230d, and 35th November.

Lackoow 8 th ands Nor
Aiabad | th, hn 68 December.

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fo REPORT OF TIE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. [ Ci. I.

So SR [Fs —
bay Po
foro pt
hd Dn,
Banyo, eB
ir ufo abe Ra ant cnt,

riers spo
ita
opin ibn ar,
ong
bs festa mt
fom ahh st Ei,
bond foes fbi Ronan,
cis [ett
Cat | Fr,
ns ws

bo fe i
ena
Tezpur 14th, 15th, 30d 16th March,

eo ofa 13 13, 14th 168, 178, 0d 11

Apa

Besides examining witnesses, the Commission continued to prosecate thei

nquiiesin asyloms during tis tour, visicing all asylums which had not been seen
during th preliminay tour. The centres chosen fo the examination of witnesses
wee generally sfcted with a view to the conerience of the majority of the wit-
nesses summoned ; but other crcomstances, such 2s the presence of 2 lunat
asylum o exceptional growth or eof hemp drugs, bad some influence on the
decison of the Commission in this matte.

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 —
CH.L] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. 11

14. The following statement shows the awendance of the members of the
smb, Commission dung the period ocougied In inquiy
g (3rd August 1853 0 agth April 1894) —

u (Dating the ft tow. | 4) Dorog the meond tone, | itevses ateaded.

alae odin .
Laci ls <
HE EE
:
oo
en
o%
tr Ee gi
ot pon ORR: pos OR ol WI: | Rt

on:
from ath wa

om oe

ass frre]
Eo
The attendance of Raja. Seshi Skhareswar Roy was broken by occasional
absence caused by ill-health and other reasons. The absence of Kamar Har-

vam Singh during two_ short periods was due to health, The prolonged
absence of Lala Nikal Chand was due to the fact that he suficred. from cone
tinued ill-health and was able to be with the Commission only at Caleta a1
the first; then or some pat of hei preliminary tour, nd at a fey meetings for
the examination of witnesses during the second tour, All the members were
presen at Simla during the preparation of the report.

5. The witnesses whose evidence has been received by the Commission

Thomism may be practically divided int the classes im

(1) Oficial witnesses able to give information regarding hemp drugs,

based an their oficial and local experience,

(2) Nomoffcisl witnesses of all ranks able to give information regard

ing the drugs generally or in connection with ceain classes of the

people.

(3) Other persons or associations having facts or holding o

they desired to communicate to the Comission.

“The particular selection of individual witnesses of the rst and second classes

‘was nthe first place leit to Loeal Governments and Adwiristrations acting spon
the principles laid down by the Commission that the evidence should be of as

Tezrpuin CmmialaEardon, nl
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$2 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-04. [ CH. 1.

representative a patureas posible, and that all classes interested should be ade-
quately represented. But, as has already been explained, the action of the Local
Gorernments and Administzations was in almost all cases supplemented. by the
‘Comission, who. held themselves fee to invite the evidence of persons of asso-
cations whose acquaintance withthe subject was brought to their notice, or
who seemed on any ground to be able to throw any light on the subject

Witnesses of the third class were of course not selected, but were avited in
the most public way, as has been already explained, to come forward and lay
thee views before the Commission, should they desireto do so.

“The following table shows the numbe of witnesses in each province whase
evidence was received by the Commission ~—

Wituesss in British Provinces whose evidence was receioed by the Commission,

oes |

id i"
—

HE i i

ew wld PB
pt J ©
rein
Rave mon od
| of po
of =
ie do i
coatwin l 4 “
a- 17
od 5=
si 4x 1] : ;
sw]
Ha 479 o
ro offi dof fd of 5] +] ohn
“This list comprises al the persons and associations in Brish provinces
‘whose evidence came before the Commision, whether they were examined orally
or not and whether they were specially sommoned or invited to give evidence oc
sclusteered theic evidence. A nomival list of the witnesses in each province

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Cit..] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. 13

prefaces the volumes of evidence appended to the ceport, The evidence of all
these witnesses i contained in the appendices.

The number of persons or associations who submited witten statements of

ther views in response to the Commissions invitation was excemely limited. Tn
most cases their names appeared in the lit of witnesses selected by Local Gove
eroments and Adoinistraions, and they submited detailed answers to the Con.
mission's questions in which thee views were fully set forth, In their cases the

preliminary writen statements, which wese not intended to b treated as evidence,

but were meant, as it were, to serve 2s an introduction o the Commission, have

ot been published, and ovly the weitten answers to the questions and the oral
examination (f any) has been published. These will be found incorporated in
the appendices containing the evidence. In the few cases in which answers
to the questions were not furmished, the statements themselves have heen
treated ss evidence, and have been published with the oral examination when such
was made.

16. The Commission ave givena eral interpretation tothe term “evidence,
120 ic ted 31 Ba not requis tht the persons giving evidence
be should of necessy actually appear before them, To
ciate the collection of information, a seis of 70 questions framed. by the
‘Commission was placed in the andsaf the witnesses, or of the majority of them,
and the writen anseers o these questions form the bulk ofthe evidence before the

Comision. Alzo, as explained above, writen statements, whether folowing the

gencas lin of the questions or not, which were from time to time submitted by
persons or by associations who either did not care to answer the. questions in
etal or had no opportunity of doing s0, have been accepted and treated as
evidence.

To admiting to the record these answers o questions and itn state

iment, the Comision have ot held it necessary that th witers should come
befor them. The system followed vas to summon, or request the attendance
of, anly thos persons whom, aftr a perusal of thei witen papers, the Con
‘nian thovght it desicable to examine orally. The papers of those whom
twas not considered necessary to examine arly were 3t once admited to
the record, In summoning csstan wincsss the Comision were generally
nflinced by the fac that thie papers comained statements 5 to facts of
expressed options wich would be further clucidated i the witness bad sn opr.
nky of cxpliing them verbally before the Comission. 1 was not con.
dire ecessary to mmo every Vines whose evidence. seemed to require
bo tested or sacidated by orl examination : whee sever] witnesses give evi
ence of geeisly the same charac, it vis dosed. suficent to slst only
some ss representatives {0 be summoned, It was. cbviouly inpossble wikia
tessonable time to cross-examine all wineses. Otc witnesses were sum
moned, not Because thee papers expressed any views which themes
requied ing, but becauso the Commision had eason to belive that these
witnesses might, ithr kom thei position a ro any ather caus, be ale to give
further information than that contained i ie papers. In rly essing the
itoesse, the Comission did not ake then through the whole range of tei
quires. The oral examination was almost atizly coninedo those pois in
the wien paper wich required further clucidation,o to thesubjects on which

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14 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394, (CH. I.

the Commission thought the witness could give further information than that con

tained in bis paper. In cvcy case, however, the witness was permed, if he.
chose to do so, to supplement his weitten paper by offering any further evidence.

felevant to thenquiy mot already given by hin. When a witness was orally ea.
mined, is evidence was taken down by a member of the Commission, It vas.
Dot recorded i the form of question and answer, 5 this mould hare fnvalved lose
of time, but in the form of a namative s nealy as might be io the words used by.

the witness. When the evidence was completed, it was read over to him, and
(ste any necessary correction) was admitted by him tobe comect. This evid-
ence, as thas sccepted by the witness in each case is published immediately
‘beneath his written evidence, to which itis supplementary, and in connection with

which it requires to be considered.

In slmost every province some witnesses were examined orally who fad not
previously submited written papers. These were citer persons who, although
they bad not answered. the questions, appeared. to the Commission to be in a.
position to aford. formation, and were. invited by the Commission when they
arived in the province to appear befor them, or they were persons who volun
tered to give evidence whils the Commission were acvally holding the sitings
in the province,

nthe case of aficials who were summoned to appear, but who were unsble

to do 30, and of nomoficial witnesses who were invited to appear, but failed todo
sn, the Commission hase not excluded. thei papers from the record, Their
weiten papers are published, but 4 notes added o the effect that they did not

appest bere the Commission for ors examination althoagh summoned or invited
to attend, as the case my be.

Inthe lt of wiaessesprfain the vlomes of evidence appended to ts

spon. disinguishing marks sr given to indicate those who wee examined orally
in addtiontourising wien papers, tos wo. gave ar evidence. only, snd
{hose wo fl to and although summened of vied to sppes,

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 CHAPTER 11.

IMPORTANT POINTS CONNECTED WITH THE NATURAL HISTORY OF

“THE HEP PLANT (CANNABIS SATIVA).

47. The subject with which the Commission hase to del is surrounded in
many of its aspects with a mist of uncertainty
Lint of ai.
and conjecture. It fs the business of the Con-
mistion to femove these doubts 3s far as possible, and for tis end it is
incumbent. on them to. proceed on a basis of ascertained fact and established
opinion a regards each branch of the subject. This principle must be applied
to the natural history of the plant equally with the other matters on which hey.
have to report.

18, To segard to the identification and iiosyneracies of the hemp plant,

those points only vil be noticed which have a direct
bearing on the control ofthe narcotic ins various
forins. These points appear to be—

(6) Whether the plan s indigenous to the Betis Indian possessions.

(8) Whether the narcoticyieding plan is identical withthe bre yield

ing plant.

(©) Whether, though systematically dente in the botanical sense, thee

existin Indi distinct races yielding fb and the diferent forms of
the narcotic.

(#) Whether the fvre-yilding plant docs as a matter of fact yield the.
narcotic fo oy form.

(6) Whether the nareticyielding plant does 253 matter of fact yield
bee,

Point (d) and (¢ ae of course subsidiary to, and Tlustative of, oi (0).

15. Pat (4) ay 5 of potas cmcioo ih th desio of su

ong he vi w mens. ori In
alr
Shih“Repent on the
wa yd whos colivatn brn
Ui Common and tek
we ioofDi gia
Foe
Ths fcc hl ution ly 0 ots 29 10 4% He by clsly of
pion. in he ben lant a 71 gen to In bt het + arog
ach nis a oreo see te pnt devlope hrc papery
for which mo chichy celebrated thet Dr. Wats il on Hep
Cannady self ot aes desde 1h abn authocy in xchuin th
ale of Tn rom arc of ndigonns grow. He wes lows. +t
Ta ie fond wate the stil he Cogs Shr, ad the deve of
Kighe, to rele toa wld i Ctrl 4nd Sob Rusi ad to te
sou a the Gavan. The pt hn bon Known nc thst coma 5.61
Chien ponsly digas oh ops mown Fa. Bor mais
Seas sim Pars nd spp ta quite an Western Hiaas
senate on tho plans of loi gral, Inde, he
Senate mio of ts vous Ada sare Lo hs Suis hinge wild sem
oi he anccial home of the plan some fn. Cord ASK. On te

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16. REPORT OF THE INDIAX HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1693-4. [Ca. IL.

thee hand, the Lain and Greek Connabi is apparently derived from the Arabic
Sinned. Do Candols says that the species bas been found wild beyond a.
doubt. to the south of the Caspian Sea, in Sibeda, near the Ieysch in the.
eset of the Kighi, beyond lake Baal, and in Dauca He is doubtful
ofits being a ative of Southern and Central Russia, bat suspects that its area
‘may have extended ito Ching, and is not sue bt the plant beng indigenous to
Pers” The only pt of India fnclded by Dr. Watt and. bis authorities in
he cea of indigenous growth s therfore the Wester Himalayas and Kasha,
and that oly in doubtil language. Dr. King, Director, Botasi Sorey of India,
as no hesiationin pronouncing the so-called wkd growth of Tia tobe an escape
from ltivation; and when i 1s remembered that Kashi is onthe main Fine
of rade between Central Asia aod Hindustan, the wid growthin that country ands

neighbouhood may faidy be atiboed to accidental importation by the hand of

‘man from th recognized habia, if not to escape from cultivation cared on at
ana time of otherin the country tell, The evidence of botanist, thereaee, may

be aento exclude India from the area. of indigenous growth, and it vill be seen

rat th direct inquiries of the Commision tend to confirm ths view.

35. The specific Heoity of the Sbreyieding and masctic-yiclding plants,

© pmtoatoine. Fo (0), and th ott whic fll, aro important

pera as involving the possibilty thal the restric
ion of the production of the narcotic by limiting. the culdvaion. may
aft a product ind an industry wich are above suspicion. On the
question of identity there is now no diference of scien opinion. The
escarches of Dr. Watt ac thus summareed «Cbs indie hss been reduced
to Granabi ative, the Tian plant beg viewed 35 but an Adatie condition of
hat species... The eduction became the more necessary whenit vas fll under-
Stood tha, aceonding to cmate and scl the Indian plant varied fn as marked 4

gree as t deed from the European. With Compabis indica diflec-

ng 20 marked a degree according to the climate, a, and mode of cultivation,
ws ighly concluded that its separation from the hemp plant of Europe could
hot be mlntined "and he compares the hemp plant t the paato, the tobace,
and the poppy, sl of which "seem to have the power of growing with cqual
Iiriance under almost any climatic condiion, changing or moiying some im
portant function 53 i to adspt themselves to the stered circumstances” Dr.
Prin, afte personal examination of the plant, has recorded His opinion in the
following words “There are no botanical characters to separate the Indian
plan rom Canaabis tise, and they do not differ as regards the structure of
stem, leases, Towers, rf Hemp, therfore, 32 bre-yielding pant
00 way dies rom hemp 2 2 narcoi.roducing one.” These re the mst
recent sient views, and coming from Iodian botanists they cary special au.
terity. It may be noted that Dr, W. C. Mackende, in an acc on Heslish in
he # Chemist and Duuggiet” of oth Joy 1863, mentions cersin diferences
between the seeds of Carmiabis dice and those of common hemp. In using the

ssime Cannabis dice, and pining out ths difference, is indicated a belief
that the two plants sre distinct varieties.

31. At pages 38-9 of bis report Dr. Pain has described the hemp. plant.
There ar only tmopoins on which the Commission
Pathe base on thee om observations and inguiies feel

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 Cit. IL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394: 17

justified in correcting that description. Dr. Prin has omited to notice the

fact that the plant varies in the colour of it stem. The dark varity may
be, and probably is, an accidental difirence merely. Bat i il bs found that
the replies to the Commission's questions from Nepal and the memorandurd from

the Special Assistant Excise Commission in Mysore, Mr. McDonell (para. 112),
lay stress on the diffrence, and attribute to the darker variety stronger narcotic

es. The fact is also noticed by witnesses in different parts of Indie, and
on have themselves observed the variety of cour in the plants, And,
secondly, in describing the male plant, Dr. Prain writes that there is no trace.

of even a rudimentary female fover. The Commission ound at Khandwa hemp.

plants having the general appearance of males, but containing a few female
Rowers or seeds. These were quite distinct from the female plants with aber.
mal male flowers, which wer also preseat in the Khaodva culation, and which
are mentioned in Dr. Prai's description. The calirators of Khandwa appeared
also to recagaize at least one variety of the puro male plant to which they gave
‘2 name of its own (Sharia); but it has not been possible to detect any sential
diflerence between it and the ordinary male plant, though specimens were for-
warded to Dr. King. On this subject. refereace is invited to the description of
the culation in thy Centeal Provinces and Bombay.

22. The thd point (sis raised in Dr. Wate eter (Vol. Hf Appendices).

se tc o sheep ThE onlin of the Commission is to test by the

EERE foformation they have colcted the views therein
expressed regarding the provable existence. of races capable of yielding as 2
speciality the difren: products —Rbre, ganja, hres, and bhang. Theanly difec-
ences recognized in the plant by the people are betwen. the wii and the culti-
ante. plaot, the male and the mal, 30d th suritc ofthe mal and female
plant already referred to. The inbesent potentiality of the seed to develop a
plant closely resembling the parents must be admited, bt thre is no evidence of
aca speciality or diferentiaon of the decided sort suggested. by the examples
quoted by Dr. Watt.

23, The question is capable of being handled more defintely in the forms in
which points (d) and (¢) are stated, Firat, it as to
Det e t dma? bs soon whether the plant cultivated for fibre
yields the mascotie. The evidence on. this point is positive and unmistake
able. The female plant cudivated fo fee fa Kumaon yields a very considerable
‘amount of charas, and its over heads, alte being handled to collet the charas,
can be, and sometimes are, smoked as gana. The fact that it is the female plant

‘which yields the drug seems to be very strong evidence that the functional pro-

cess by which the narcotic i secreted in the Bore plant is the same as that by
‘which ganja i produced in the plan cultivated for that product, There is also
2 considerable body of evideace that the wild plant not only yids th narcotic
as held in is leaves, but is also capable of yield, and does yield to treatment
during growth snd manipalasion oa maturiy, the products charas 2ad ganja.

24. Theres no evidence tha the hemp plant i cultivated for bre anywhere
expt at 2 considerable elevation on the Himae
Dos Beowe tAB? lyyos; und as regards point (¢), Sind sppers
© be the only place where the plant coltvated for the marolic yields fibre.
There the object of the cultivation is bang, and the extraction of the fore
5

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18 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 183.34. [Ch Tl

i described 5 process so if and Iabrious that very ite of i i prepared.

Tt may be noted that selected oer heads from the hang cl
used as gana. (ghundi), though i is of inferior quay. The p
fant mentored but rom the account of the culation fo ganjain Bombay and
Gali, it would appa that the production of that form of the drug (charas)
depends on the quant of resin secreted fo the flower head and the economy of
extracting it rather than an any quality inherent in the reso.

Dr. Watts inpresson tha Gaenabis a culivted fo hep in the Godavari

dint sema torte aut of the confusion. which has shvays existed in Mdeas
reports on te suet of the emp drogs, and from which the bc i nt yet.
‘ute dearin that Presidency, Othe Gb plats, sch 1s roflaris unete and
iicu cnvabins, whos products go unde he are of emp, have bec cone
founded vith he tt hep, 1s mow deftly sed in puagaph 7 of he
Jeter fom th Bose of Revenue, Mais, to the Commision, No 1839 died
132 May 1894, onthe ark of te Deputy Ditto, Agila Bran of the
Bose of Revenue, hat. Canradi sativ sneer iow in his Presideny foc
Stee” Anon ay in is connection be drawn pages 10 5 of Dr. Roy's
ek the irous ats of India? He explains the ofc of the Indian
mehadof clivaing hemp and fa, involving fe expose of the individ lots
ToTight, est and, casi the fe Lo become woody andbile nado Res
Wieand song. Hecontasts the Butopean method of culation by thick swing,
hich, vith tempat nat nduciag slow growth, conduc to bight and
Spleen the plant and fs fle He dats tha the Indi ciate ith
comparatively short season, great. alemations of dyaess and of mote,
and considerate xtreme of temperate f ot th bes: uted to the production
of good fax and hemp. But he suggests that might be posse by. modifies
tions of clare snd the sdecion of suitable sites to grow both these plants
inthe nts of India 502 0 yield sel fe. In the Himalayas ony arc
to be found cimae and mode of clivation of the hemp plan: resembling those
of Bape.

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 CHAPTER II,
THE EXISTENCE, PREVALENCE, AND CHARACTER OF THE SPONTANEOUS
GROWTH.

35. The Commissioner Excise, Bengal, says in bis memorandum that

Bes, he wild plant i found in nearly every dist, and

Tig me roms abundantly in several places? The eid.

ence ensbles the facts to ba sated more definitely;

‘and it willbe seen that over a large part of the province the spotancous growth is
ot 50 commonor abundant that i an with any propriety be called wid.

26. The Terai region of Bengal appears to resemble that of the North-West:

po tc 5 Porat bing int ors of op.

Beginning from the frontier of the North-Western

Proinces, he idence eve dons tet spots roms cnveny

common and lendiol in that part ofthe Patna Divison wich ie north cf the
Ganges. The only witness who raises ny doubt on tis pont is Me. Willams,
(Collector of Darbhanga; and be describes the grow as mach less common than
in Assam, though pletiol on the borders of Nepal. The evidence gencrlly,
however, cannot justify any exception being made of the Dacbhangs dist,

27. Eastward from Pato le the Bhagalpur Division, the rein rom which
the bing supply of Caleuta i brought. A special
Th Bere DX qui cas made inthis eat, North Bhagalpur snd
Pues, by Mr. B. C. Bass, Assistant 10 the Director of Land Recards and Agi
culture at the request of the Comavsson. Me Basu does nt seem 1o have
explored the waste lands of the Tray His inquiries relate lly o the populous
parts ofthe country, He says that the growth as a rule is confined to land
in the immediate vicinity of siya” holdiogs. Such lund ie usually called
ditizar in Purnea snd Bhagalpur, and is naturally the richest in the village”
He says further on tha these lands are used as sanding ground for the cal,
and that “the washings fom them flow over the ales and ditches in the
village; and as thee is lle or no. eulivation at any time of the yer, every
it of bare ground whch is therise sited is coresed wih 3 usuiant mass
of wild hemp as soon as the cold weather has set
would have been glad to lear more about the lan
houses. The Collectors of Purnea and Bhagalpur, while confirming Me.
Basu's account, report that the growth spings up notwithstanding that the
lands may have been foaded for 3 o 4 manths inthe rina, Iti not confined
to waste Tands, but comes up with the crops which sxc sow ale the inundtions
have subsided. Tt specially abundant wiki the iofience of the flods of th
Kos iver. Tti clear then that the growth about homesteads and culation is
extremely plentiul; snd, looking to the whale eridence, the probably is that
towards the Terai the wild growth is found i less close association wih mar, and
in great quantity in suitable positions and sols. The Collector of Bbagalpar
reports thin the Banka Suliviion, which les on the south of the Ganges, he
growth is nt so pleniol, and i found principally on homestead lands.

28. Inthe Rajskabi Division the Tera is sill recited with heavy gromeh and
he northern arts ofthe Diajpur and Rangpur dis-
TRASMDI yet are specially mentioned; but elsewhere evidence
23%0 abundance has a more uncertain sound, Babu Abbilas Chandra Mukbac

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20 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1803-94. [ Ch. IIL.

(69) and Tnspactor of Excise, says that the wild bhang grows axuriatly al
ave he division. But ths sweeping statement is not generally coroborated,
Witneses do not agree that the growth is abundant, (hough the act tht here
is mo lecnsd al leaves no doubt cht i exists in sufficient. quantity to supply
tho peoples wants. The district of Mald, which djins the Rajshahi district
onthe northeast, and is favourably stunted as regards procimity to the great
Shang producing distict of Pues, doss not appar from th evidence to have
much spotancons growth. 1 secs probable that the exceptanlly favourable
condidons associated ie the Himalayas and Tees conse at the point where tho

Ganges svings round the Sonthal Highlands, and tht 2 strsght ne drawn. from
Said Ghit to a goin onthe southern fringe of the Garo Hils wold mark the
Timi of a less sbondant growth.

29. Bat there is evidence tha the growth is stil common south of this ine

em at Cag piv, 206 625 of the Ganges and Bhagicathi, more so

wll re CSE fer the Garo Hills and along the course of the
Brabmsputa than chewbece, [i hard to rele an ave of wild growth ite so.
Jorge 55 that mentioned by Babu Abhilas Chandra Mukbarf, i, twenty square
miles covered with long grass aid hemp plants. Mr. Lutmanohmsan, talking
of thi vey tact, Durgapur thana, says he saw the pant growing more or less
icky over twenty or thin acres. Babu Abbas Chandra Moklhar mentions
miny other places in Dacca and Mymensingh where the plant grows abundantly,
and the Collector of Dacea.corroboraes his evidence regarding the southwest
corner of that district. Te a evident that in these distits the growth fs very
prevalent, Surat Chandra Das 47) says that the growth is dense in places in
the Chittagong Division, but be cannot sy tht it is abundant in any distict.

30. Tn the whale tract lying between the Brahmaputea and the Bhagirachi

The centaur f Lower Ben. F673, 0 bounded on the rh by the imaginary ine

of from the Ganges Lo the Garo Hills, the evidenco as

to the abundance of the growth is discrepant. The growth is probably most

common on the banks of the Ganges and Brahmaputra,

31. In the Patna and Dhsgalpur isons south ofthe Ganges, and in the

Seine Bred tt , Oss, a , Burdvan, Orissa, and Chata Nagpur Divisions, the

SEITE paneous growth is eidenly very scamy. The

Blan is only found hee ts existence can be accounted for. In this respect
ara resembles the southern finge of the North Westies Peoinces,

55. The Tbs States of hota Nagpur and Oss sr incuded in tis
i ptr Sion desciption.Regarling the Garis, Me, Wordly,
Sia Commissions eparted in 1881 1 thik ts sey
oul if gars grows wid to any exten nthe Triuery Mabaa® And ops
Mr. Hopkins, Oficiaing Conissane of Oss, wrote 1 Apel of the cos
years "Th provallng impression that ganja” rons wd i the Toby
Mahal appesc 0 me to be wrong” Its wo that the Bord. of Revenue an
the Goseroment of Bengal declined to accep his opiion, but i is conomed By
the inormaon gathered by the Commission. The Ofcaing Supeitendeny
Tibutay Mahal, says indeed i bis sport tat hemp grows in ll part of she
Teltay Sates, bot i is oral evidence he says he fos sue hat he pn doy
nt i except the encloses of hoses,

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 Ca. TIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. 21

35. Regarding the Chota Nagpur States, the evidence of the Commissioner,
11s pat Sut ot con MF: Geimley, docs not describe any bt a very occa.

lane onal and sparse growth in ceria places, snd even

bis is not corroborated by any local witness. There will be ound. on. the con

rary distinct. statements that the wild plant does no exist, The reports from
the Serakela and Kharsawan States i the Chts Nagpur Agency do not men.
ton the existence of the wild growth.

34. The memorandum of the Kuch Behar Stste reports that wid hemp grows
spontaneously in most pars of the State. The
State les within the bel of Sub-Himalayan gro,

35. The report from Hil Tpgera makes no mention of the wid growth, It
states at the same timo hat there is no culivaton

Tp ofthe plant. Tis is incorrect, for theres evidence

of some caltivation as well as smuggling fom the State, and the wild heap is
frequently sefered to in connection with it. The evidence of smuggling comes

from Assam as well as Bengal. It is probable that the wld growth is no very
extensive, and the information i not suficien to warrant 3 desided opinion 34 5

whether the plant sows self oF merely springs fom chance seeds dropped near
the homesteads.

36. The hemp plant grows spontaneously and in considerable quantity in al

a parts of Assam, including the Brahmsputra snd
Tae wit gem st btw Strma Valleys 4nd the Hil Tracts. Ose wets
eo Bon Te BER es that the wild plant used to grow in Asam
befor the ganja shops were established, and this would appese to be the fact,

because the plan is culated on the Himalayan slopes overhanging th Brahe

maputra Valle it is ound growing without culivaten in the ill anges, and in
the Nag Hills its looked upon as a jungle product

37. The Excise Commissioner, Mr. Drierg, has seven the prince for
tiny years. Tn bis wien answers he pases inorder

Tew omais UIT yer il dhe Hill ranges wiki and surrounding the
province, and concludes by saying ha they ar ll ganj-producing tracts, Ard
Iefering more particu o the gain coun, be sys: “Thehemp plant grows
“vith equa abundsnce inal th districts of the province, and in the seme.
‘pendent hills beyond the frontier Itis nevce seen in forests or. other lands
remote from village, but avays near vilages oon abandoned vilage si
Inthe terior, semete fam ta gardens a the seulement of forigors,
not found, So in regard to fields, a ound chiefly where thre are foreigner”
‘On tha ach hand, Dr, Macnamara (sc) satcs tat he has found the plat in As
samese villages fat away from places where ther are foreigoers; but it would be
edt to ge place in Assam vey far from th garden. Mr. McCabe, Deputy
Commissioner of Kamrup, beg questioned sbout flrs that may have been
‘made to contol thi spontaneous growih, says tht no aicmp ba been mide to
exterminate the plant fn the ila or in unoccupied lands, but any ocr secing 3

Plant in occupied land i bound to cause it to be uprooted and to prosecute

resumably i ther i any sppesvance of the plat baring been culivated,—
2nd tha heroin practically no romain occupied lands. Ho is of couse
Speaking of Hs on disrict, Ho says futher tht the quantiy of growth
5

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23 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893.94. [Cn. IL.

in waste lands is very small and has a tendency to decrease withthe spread
of ceupation, and that active messures of extermination are ot necessary.
Tn fa of other evidence, t is questionable if this can be accepted 35 &
correct pct of the state of the spontaneous growth in the plains. Its
Cetin that th eedy growth in yards and enclosed grovnd as wel as in the
Taste places connected with habitations, resent or past, is extremely commen
ren Karup. Mr. Gait, Diector of Land Records and Agriculture, after
Sppeatng before the Commission, bas sent notes with reference to Mr. Me-
Cibe'sstatemeats, in which be writes tht he found the plant growing luxuiandly
round the Karipa rstsbowse and within a mile of the one at Tambulpur,
“which were tr of the fous camps he stayed at since he entered the district and

He was beginning to think that, if properly looked for, it would be found in

almost. evety village in Kamrup. From the fact that he always ound it close
To desi land, he was incline to thik that, it was not actully planted, it was
vey atively tolerated. De. Malane alo says that “in the Kaarup disc the
Hei pla: springs op spotaocously in smost very patch of culivated ground.
Withou accepting Mr. Gait opinion that the growths fostered by the villagers,
the Commision think from th body of ho evidence that is description of the
prevalence of the growth in Kanrup is not far from the truth, an tot with but

Slight modificadon it wil apply to every psi distit of Assam. Regarding

the Surma Valley, confirmation of thi view is ound in the evidence of Mr,
Luttnan Johnson (Bengsl 6), an offer of long experience in Assam,

38. Neither is there any resson to doubt that the plant grows without cul

teens vation inthe hill tracts within and bordering on the

Te province. Its celivated in the Bhutan Hill, and
cannot but rn wild there, as it docs in ther places which are thoroughly
congenial. Mr. Derg speaks of not only the Himalayas, but all the hillangs
within snd bordering Assam, as ganjaprodeing traces, and i highly probable
hat the plant hss to grater or les extent rn wid in all of them. Mr.
Luttman- Jonson know i grows wid inthe Naga Hills and Dhutan, bt thinks
it must be rom seed accidentally sown. He bas sen it wild in the Khasi Hill
and i the Mymensingh jungles, presumably at th fot of the Gao. Fills. Mr
Godirey (1) befiees i grows wid in the Khasi Fills, Mr. McCabe (5) bas
seen it wid in the lower ranges of the Naga Hila. It may bo doubted if the
smuggling which is cared on from th hills fal parts of the province to the
pins can be of he mid gana as sted in the Excise Commission
random, for the prods of the wild plant sof ver

got the plain. The smuggled pant must have been to some exten cule
vated, butt existence in the hill isa desided corroboration of the ciidence
that the wild plant is found there aso.

39: 0s difficult then to void tho conclusion that Assam including both the
Ts poses gon meet Bramapuicd and Suma Valles, with tho bil anges

ARE lich fem part of the province, aught tobe classed

with the Himalayas and the i 25 region wlich the spontaneous. growth
bas ron wild

40. Ther is any one Manipur winess, and he says thing abou the spon-

- tancous growth, Mr. Dalberg classes the State se 3

. gaia-producing tract, whence the drug is suep-
iausy brosght down to the plains, No athe vitness gives direct evidence

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Ca. 11] REPORT OF THE INDIAX HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. 33

about Maipur; but the prevalence of the spontaneous growth in the bi

bordering the State on the Assam side, which is taken to be proved, justifies
the inference that the growth mat als be common i the Sate sel

4. The Gorerament of the North-Western Prorisees caused engi to be

Net nist. ‘made about the grow of hang in he yee 1885.
The Excise Commissioner then reponed 2s fl.
lows: The hemp pan grows wid, and i made
ino hangin th omen discs marginally” sod,
The hemp plan is lived, and the culivaied

fia | BET hampis made no bhang nthe thes dicts mare

Fre cure es, al ned”
Tn te memorandum fished tothe Commission by the rset cis Come
missioner Mi. Stoke, the disicts of Musalumagar and Budion sre omited
om the st of discs in wich the wld growth foun, and Bas and
Garbwal tke their place. Jt is stated however, thatthe produce is cons:
Mozaaragac, Stabjbasgor, 1d Meat. In comecton wih the
alivaton in Hard and Faehgar, the Excie Commisdoner renal: ©
supplanted to some extent by selgrown pln reduced bout wells or
houses and on. small wast patches snd head ands?” 3s, Soke then reles to
he accidental growth in othr parts of the province in these words *Beyend
thse iit the hemp plant Roushes vidl, though is not prodoced in suf
ent quanties to ender it of ny commercil importance, 1 vould nc venture
To asert thats abnays of pul indigenous govt, thogh fs wide difsion
Jeads me tober tat this is thocas. my be sen growing abot. wells snd
temples, and in uch paces t 1, no dubs, the produce of seeds sated by
eavllrs snd fais who us hemp drugs. 101s sso found in and show hes
and in gardens, where ts citer mrodaced i the same way of delsrsely sown.
Toa these cases 1 think he plants if co th rest of cuivaton, se knowingly
permed to row, and subsequendy ued b the people who vein hose laces.
“The plnt may lobe sen pinging pn a scttrd way in waste place sod ow
Tends!” 0 has been shown in the recs chapss that thr sno purl indigen-
cus gro of hemp, and tha this description canned be corel pple cite to
he on she ae of id roth or to tat in the rcs vith which Mr taker
a daling when he uses the expression, But the distinction mast not be lot.
ight of between the area in wich the plant a s0 preven 3 to desne th
charter of mild and the reputation of propagating tl, and tht in which it
{a more sandly iibuted and springs from seed sown sceidetally man.
“The forse aves comprises the Himalayan regons ad the discs ng. me.
istely below the mountains. The olovig observations of Mr, Stoker inlade
the lacr area: “In some distice the amount produced by these forms of
sporadic row is considerable, and he consan secs of compan bythe drug
contractors who ave the monopoly of he ve. Thee condidons obi broadly
Speaking, Io a greatec or less extent nll pats of th. province lng rth and
cast ofthe Jumma.”
The Excis Commissions then describes an ae of very scanty spon
aneovs grant; * In Bundeliband and most of Mizapur—in fac, inal the
county in and adjsnig the hil system of Cental India—the lt. is much
more racy found, But that t can be row, and with some pact, in this
ack as is shown by the ccasicns) presence of pants and by the existence of

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24 REPOKT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, i89g:9¢. [ Ch. HL.

considerable culévation in Gualior and in some of the Bundelkhand Native

‘States which intrsce with British teritery.” Thus the bel of ily country
along the south of the provi i sill ess favourable to the spontancaus growth
than the plain north and eas of the Jumna.

43. The evidence tendered othe Comaisson confirms this description gen
Th enn crt hol su. erally; butt may be noted. that not 3
single witness speaks to spontaneous
grouth in the districts named inthe mar.

gin, all of which, except Jhansi and

Hamirpur, lle north and east of the
Jumna. This absence of mention does
Rot prove that the spontaneous growth does no exist but it. justifies the con
csionthat nthe central bel it 5 certainly not such as to deserve the character
of wild and that Mr. Stoker's description gives it as much of that character 15

deserves. This central belt is approximately bounded on the north by a fine

drawn through Mussfaenagar, Moradabad, Barely, Shabjahanpur, and Sitapar
to Babramghat on the Gogra, and thence following the course of that rive.
Throughout the couniey lying beyond this Tine, including the mountains, the
spontaneous growth is abundant. It is bounded on the south 0d southvest by
the Jumna ivr, beyond which the spontaneous growth i ar.

45. The State of Garhwal Tebei comprises the Himalayan region vest rom
Bish Garba, and theres no reason to suppose
that ts ciccumstances. 43 regards the spontaneous
gronth of the hemp plant dif in any way from the latte disict, The
of Teli gives 2,500 (0 4,000 feet as th clevaton atwhich the plant flourishes,
Ocher evidence shows tat it grows freely beyond these its.

44. The Rampor State stretches south from below the Terai disict, The
Revenue Memb of the Council of Agency writes

om that the. spontancous growth is ound in the north

and northeastern part of the State, There is nothing to difecntiato. Rampur
rom the Bish dist ling cast and west of i in respect ths growth,

45. The hemp plat grows spntasensy hronghout th Hirlayss, and in

rein broad ble lng the fot of the moans. The

ges rn bre and vigomas that may sithon
mop bo called i, od dose ok appa o Ht extent an hare
fr ha of he iil rin in he, Nortoston Province. 1s poms
enc seem to be most notes nth discs of Hosbapar, Gros, and
Jeni, base the. bang. sanracars dra their spies fom these doe
ritnsbut wines, many of them of Nigh sath, ch as the Con.
ons of Rawalpindi spe ot exisence n greater of bss. prafoson though
he ssbmontans Gavicts from Peshawar. to Untala. Contradiction ay
eccasiomlly be found regarding te deny sod abundance ofthe grow, ut
hour begun occanenc i ths she of county there can bm doubt,
ha bon on tat naar provines th bio he plan, when ds
itself established ina suitable home lik the Tera, to grow very deasely and
ches of coma so, 124 th. Commision a1 need. 1 accu the
idence of the whose samen re agreement wih this knowledge,

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 —_— eT 3
CH.TIL.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1855.04. 25

46. The growth decreases in frequency very rapidly a the Himalayas ae lft
Tots a msosmane son bei. appears, hoveres, from the evidence to
afi maintain its hold in the Amisar, Lahore, Kared,
and Shabpur distits furthc south than in others, As regu three of those
districts, special reasons for this persistence may be suggested. Shabpor fy
watered by the Jhelum, which appears to cary an exceptionally heavy growth
on the barks of is upper reaches. Amritsar is nat any the great macht or
hang as well as chacas, ut its the headquarters of the Sih region, and the
former drag is largely consume by the followers of that fh. t seemato be 3

regular drink or refreshment with the vistors to the Golden Temple. When
members of the Commision visited th city, 3 dense growth of bhang Rourished

over a large area in the outlying parts of the public gardens and countless plants

in the hedgerows surrounding the city. The seeds discarded from the lrge
quantity of bhang that is dally consumed i the city sufcently account for (his

growth, and itis probable that the ways leading to Amritsar rom the county
round are sown ith hemp in the same way. The plant is probably propagated
in the same manner, but 0. fess degree, around Lahore, the capil town of
the province and tho headquarters of the Adrinisration. East of Unnbals and

Karnal the bang bearing belt appeses to widen out, and is southem boundary
would probably pass across the Karmal disict.

47 The Bc Comision eps ha “th ply of Whang is dvd

eto om of tn 08 5 14 hemp pan sch ros oS he prov
sham ew "he ubmontane rcs nde the abyss
nd th ld Rang The eine ok ve re th
nk end ho. Himalayan act, Bo dos ot do 4 fo the Sl
ion Thseseneoa the wid gronthia ot mestoedlh Kolar he Dens
Division. Witnesses (60) and (19) make statements which need explanation.
Th omer sae, sein ofthe Bers Ghar Khan isi +1 he il sts
of 1 Fk avi im, es Ds a rs 5 seal sic, ut 0 om
Conan i. Sametime Sllvshs, bowers oo ies 1
res pre whos His Knew A fn” The id hes For
Bo ia couey br tame of ks bang and ealaed emis ced bang
oly The stim ell open to duh a up mars, If elily th
She be Bg, hough riod ol, i wtb Soman a hE 45
ich the hb hang 5 REE 1 but. Fo 105 moh mare poe rg
The explain wi be. four In th, teresa Me. Dames 5, hose csp
ccc sb goed spac oth. Det. Ho'wtes Tot 5 os
vow fof Gn found son beds of rt to Sin ile. th
eos of wich ee ld past sinly Io cg oper, Ths pata
yo Gennes i er 1 os Te
te iT roe nll a 5 tr rn shen
nce abr” Thc cba doubt isi 3 lant to whic ness (8)
eer il pray hs sh lo of Sind, Eh. pve
Te Fpemi mits of Tw ones wt, Th me pts lade by
wine 06 in is onl sien 4 Bp, ving a a valley 50 is et
4 Dee et Klan, Wis (15) ot a ve. cas hurt, a wh
une del shot Ky Knog of th wid pn vl 3k 10 ho
Unmballa district. Witness (a4), an Excise officer, mentions the boo (5. , bok),

doubles he tums spent 2 bag spore or Kab 1d Kadaat

7

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56 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1803-04. [ Ci, IIL

The ssme witness gives the ame of another hemp plant 25 badal, saying that
it is known to grow in the Wasi Hill about 50 mils to the west of Dera
Ismail Khan, He describes its lal as being as broad as that of the wadar,
‘which shes that this so nk th true hemp.

48. Witness (41) mentions the wid plant a growing scantily on the banks of

Spo mia pa Sls it2doccurence

vaste cs i he Dl dis, nd
in one tahsll of the Firozpur district is

stated by another witness, These statements may very wel be corect, but they
do not imply a growth which can properly be called wild in the sens in which

the word is now being wed, but ony a casual and accidental growth. One or two

witnesses alk fn a general way about spontaneous growth i al districts.

45. 0ill be safe conclusion to say that the wild growths oly to be found

i ties, 0 the Himalayas aod in a bel of counry under

fone ose mountins which is very mamow at Peshawar,
and gradually wideos as approaches the North-Western Provinces. Selfsown
hemp plants may be found csewhers, but there is no tendency for them to run
wild outside the sbove tract,

$6. The wid growth occurs in the Himalayan State, and those of which any

Par su partes within the SubrHimalayan bbang-bearing

belt, No State shows any peculiaryy in the
expaciy for growing wild bemp. The Hl States are numerous, and need not
be named. Kapurhala and Patiala are the only States in the plain country
from wich the spantareous growth is reported, and twill doubtlss be found in
those part ofthe States. which fal within the Punjab tract of wid growth,
Patiala bas a considerable area of territory in the Himalayas, where the wild
gronth will be found to exist, The Babiwlpur witnesses say. that occasions]
Plants ave found in graveyards—a notunilcly locality fo such growth when there
is suficient infll—as there are generally falas In connection with them to
‘which fairs resort.

$1. These wr only two witnesses in the Ceneal Provinces who depose to
Coup, having seen the hemp plant in spontaneous growth,
Thompson One is Mr, Lowrie, Deputy Conservator of Forests,
and he can only name one vilage. The other witness (52), Malgumr and
Honorary Magistrate, saw it when ganja was allowed to be. cultivated in bs
oeighbourhood. Several witnesses make general statements, mre or less of
4 hearsay character, that the plant springs up on heaps of village reluse rom
secd accidentally dropped. Ms. Drake Brockman and many non-oficil and
oficial witnesses, who ought to know, inclcing Mr. Roberson, who has charge
of the Nimar district, where guna is cultivated and the escape from caltvation
‘would be likely to occur, make more or less posive statements that the spon
taneous growth is not to be found, The growth observed by Ms. Lowrie is the

same Kind of stray growth which is reported by other witnesses without having.
been actually seen, 1t was notin the jungles, and had probably sprung diectly
om seed thrown ou of the houses. Its evident that i the Central Provinces

the spontancous. growth does not occur, except very occasionally, as a weed in
the neighboushoed of villages from seed accidentally dropped in suitable sil
and that there s no tendency for ths spontaneous growth to produce itself.

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 Cu. IIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEN? DRUGS CONMISSION, 15034. 37

Sa. Theres mo evidence tht th plant grows spontaneously inthe Feudar

Fottrsu 107 States, The spomancous growth, however,

se’ probably exists just asi dos the Provin proper.
55. Teseems clea thatthe spontaneous growth docs not prevall in say part of

sat. the Madras Presidency to such an extent ss to hase

ol pte memati of 4. ed tothidea that the plant i id. The Government
memorandum states thar nebing is known shout
the extent of the wild growth; and. Mr Benson, Deputy Disector of Agrialtare,
has nly seen some reecences to its existence in the nomhen disc. The
Commissioner of Salt, Abkari, and Separste Revenue, relying to the direct
enauiry of the Commissoner of the Orissa Division on ths subject in bis Letter

1th May 1387, vas unable to say whesher the hemp

is remarkable becasse the plant bas always been
calvaed asa regulae Geld crop in various pares of the residency the destiny

al in yards is common in certain locale thee we ighiands in at

part ofthe Presidency which would apparently be slab to ts growth without
culivation; and the use of the drags among th jungle people and the ccaie of
coffe and tea gardens is by no means unfrequent,_ The want of oficial kor.

ledge of it i a fairy strong indication that the wld growth does rot exist, or
exists only in inconsiderabe quastiy.

$4. 1 is only in the hill regions, such as the saminda of Ganjam and

es ae wi Vizsgspatanm, the Javadi Hils, the Shevarops and

Ls other ranges in the Salem. disc, the Nigirs and
Wynsad, nd the Pali Hills, that thee is any reason to suspect spontaneous
gronth on atl an extensivesesle. And the suspicion not strong fo it bis
only been possible to clic from one witness a description of the growth which
agiees in any degree with what has been leat about it in Northen nda.
This witness is Me. Willan Robinson, Missionary, ard Hs evidence must be
discounted by the adisson that * { am singularly deficient Tn the power of
@fxeniating plants, but the smell of the hemp plant 5 well known to me”
On the whole i is probable that the gromth which this witoess sv inthe She

varoy Hills was rally hernp, but chat he bas frequently been deceived by ater

‘weeds, of which there ane sever, which beara cers gensral resemblance tt.
‘As to fhe abundance of the growth nthe Shevaroys, he st some extent corto

ated by witness (159), who appeaes to be a pracieal man, and to speak fom
personal observation. But ie observation i not recent. and Hs statement is
ot in 2 convincing form. Other witnesses tlk of the spontaneous growth as
Sbundant in the Garjam Hil Tracts and the South-East Wynaad, and evenin
the Coded Disticts; but there are equally good witnesses onthe other
Gide. The District Forest Oficer of North Malabar, who appears to be
of 4 carl and observant habit, says be as seen the spontancons
growth in the Travancore and Tinnevely Ghits and in the Wymaad, bt it vas
vaya in the neghbonbood of cultivated plants. He saps disfncty: [have
Sever seen the plant wild where there was no. culfivated plant near’ He de-
Scribes the situation which appears to be stable to the wid growth, and the

growth itself as scattered. This is probably the best witness in Madras on

fie subject. Mr. Long (149) says that he has sometimes seen a few plants
roving together which people told him had sprung up spentaseouy; bat

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38 REPORT OF THE INDIAN KEXP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893.94. [ CH. III.

the most important of such patches of growth appeared to him to have been

ms ee ,
cultivated,

$5. The gener conclusion must be that. the dense avd widespread. growth
does not exist in the Madras Presidency, but that
EE throughout the Presidency the chance and scattered
gronth on refuse heaps nese villages o nother exceptionally favourabe situations,
such a old catledolds or cool fines, may occasionally be found, and more
commonly in the hil tracts than in the low country,

56. Theres information from Travancore that “in some billy tracts whece
the seed was once sown by Kanikars, hillmen, asue-
Tamar 1d Cost.
cession of plants appears o have been kept up with
out fresh plantation. This, however, is not sticly wid or spontaneabs growth.”
The Distiet Forest Oficr of North Malabar has also spoken of the spor
taneous growth in the Travancore Hill. This is all the availble information
on the present subject regarding this State. It seems certain that such sp
taneous growth as docs exists mit extensive that it is intimately associated wi
calivation, past cr present ; and that, though i may possibly succeed in occa.
sionally reproducing itself, thereis oo marked tendency for the plan to run
wild,

no information aboot spontaneous growth in the minor Madras

, States. Their conditions are not in any way diferent
from those of the Presidency generally, and the.
samo extent of spontaneous growth may be expected to exist.

$8. The spontaneous growth is found occasionally in the districts where the
plants cultivated, especially Ahmednagar. Its said

poster by one or two witnesses to occuralso in the highlands.

Thesis MEO ye Southern Maratha Country. But inno place
does it appear tobe cither dense or frequent, being represented aly by scatered
plants on th refuse heaps bout villages. Many intelligent witnesses, who have
evidently bestowed great care on thee fnquiie, state positively tha the spontane-
ous wild growth does not exist or are silent on the subject. Mr. Dodgson and Mr.

Caine mentionits occurrence in the Dangs, but osly 2s occasional plans. This
isa county of forests and hills and scattered hamlets fr removed from observation,

and having a copious rainfall. The same description spplics to the whole of the
Wester Ghits, nd the plant might be expected to run rot in these regions if it

mer inclined to do so. The Exdse memorandum reports that Lhe spontaneous
growth does not exist.

59 The plant does not grow spontaneously in Aden according to the report

nea of the Polical Resident.

60, The past doss not. grow fresly from sell-sown seed in any part of che
es Kathiawar Agency. A few plants may be found
occasionally in fields or gardens or near irrigated.
crops. They sem t0 be geaeclly more of less tended where they do exist.
They are suid to occur sometimes in grass preserves, but the evidence is of the
weakest ind.

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(Ci. TTL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEME DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. 39

61, Cutch ies betweca Sind and Kathiawar. As ther is 10 spontaneous

cus gromth in either of the latter province, it is un.

Tikely that there should beany fn Catch. The Poical
Agents report mentions nove.

62, The report ofthe Chiet Minister of Palanpur, the principal State in the

Palanpur Superntendency, states that “id hemp

i found to a very insignificant extent n his Sta."
There i clearly no extensive growth, tht whichis rlemed to being probably
the few plants that sprig from chance seed. This deseipion may be held to
apply to the whol Agency.

dog 65. No spontaneous growth is reported from

RMS the Mahi Kantha or Rem Kantha Agency.

64. The Diwan of Kolhapur reports tha “the wild plant i not om inthat

cet Sones SHS Inthe mall Stef he Agtcy th

i some calivaton, but no wid growth, There
os spc Eon bo seeds, but nabing mor,
65. The only native tertory in which the hemp plant s defely sated to
rom wil s the Dangs, and there ly fewisalated
MSS ant. The language aed by the Diwan of Come
bay is ambiguous, but it at al vents leaves no doubt that the spontaneous
growths quite unimportant if any exis; an the Supeinendent of Paice says
that the wid plant is ot found in the State,

66. The spontaneaus growthis no reported ooccurinthe valley of the Indus,

rv mrp wt vm ing Many witness spe of a plant called eof or ake

feito occuring in the hils on the weer frontier of
Sind as wild bang. Specimens of the plant have been submited to Dr.
King of Caleutia and Mr. Woodrow of Poora, and pronounced by both to be
Hyoseyunus matics, 103s ssid to bo very much more poten than hemp,
containing the alkaloid hyosgamine, an isomerde of atropine, Under the
name of As thang, Hil bhang, propestis are wel knownto
the natives, and it s stated to bo smoked Tike gana, and sometimes used in the
same way as dhatura o facliate robbery; and it se has occasionally been
suspected in the Punjab and Baluchistan, where it is common (Pharmacsg.
Indicn, Vol. 1, page 631). The statements describing it 2s vid homp are mad
in confident lingua, and olin with some circumstance 3s to the manner in
which it came to be accidentally sown in the ils. The words eof and ake
are probably short forms of bang-i- abi o * bang of the bis” whichis the
ame uscd by tome persons in the Punjab as wel 3s in Sind. The Commis
Sone in Sind doubted the existence of the wid growth fo the Baluchistan
Hill 2s seportd to hin, and Himself submitted specimens of lo to Me. Wood
ro with theesult stated.

1 1 bt ncetgs
the onl gon cree
ofthe oo Vly bs xn:
Te Be Ee moma th men, rir
Tovey id Even rom np rsh bap ne bv 5 iy om
oars heute tha se ol sce ori
on venti sie ih igh om epee per
ELE Soph co he pri fh sd in em To

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 48 INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893:94. [Ch TIL

68. The hemp plant does not appear to grow.

Ripe.
spontancondly in the Khairpur State.

Gg. Under the regulations in force in Berar, the village oficers are held
Cesponsible. that oll ganja of spontaneous growth is
uprooted, and. the cultivation of the plant is only
lowed afer licens has been obtained. By these arangements the spontancoss
growth appears to be successuly kept undec; for only one witness out of 38 can
bo found to say that it exists, 0d it may be doubted if he refers 10 the same
plant.

70. There appears from the memerandum of the Commissioner, Ajmere-Mer-

aera ara, to be no spontaneous growth of any importance

— Here and there a fow plants grow spontancously.”

The witnesses do not speak of any such growth. Plants that spring up in this.
way are up-ooted or made over to the contractor, There is evidently no dons.
growth of a wild character,

21. The Commissioner of Caorg is * doubtful wht wild hemp is actually

ho found, but hemp

near oie springs up the
nes, nd near fnhuts
theof cofice
the wild gardens,
tribes,
and no one ows to its culivation, A cool in weeding the coffee will try to

aveid pulling up the plant unless bis master happens to bo looking.”

The evidence of two witnesses describes a growth found about buts whose
spontaneous character is doubt, for it seems to be gencally tended. A few
chance plants may spring up of themselves in such placess ae indicated above,
but theres no wild growth of th dense character known in the north f Ini.

7 No wild or spontaneous gronth i reported from any pact of Baluchistan.

Coarma | Thewitnesses do not know of its existence.

73 Ganja was made contraband in Lover Burma in 1872-73. Tn that year

adorn cme wd vise (10) sos thie

Bums. Tange seizures of ganja iliidy brought fom Upper

Upper Burma was the chiel source of supply in those days. ‘This being the case

with the known tendency of the plant torun wild, the apparent suitability of Upper
Burma to the growth of the plant, and thefact that the ganj-supply has by no
means totally ceased notwithstanding the prohibition, itis remarkable that the
evidence of the existence of the spontancous growth should be 50 uncertain as
to make it doubtful its to be found nny of the setld. districts except asa
very occasional weed.

74. The Deputy Commissioner of Morgui alone mentions ary extensive

soem. ou made the scquim:

wth, and thece ae intemal ressons for isrusing

ance of the plant during ia service in Kunaon, but ho seems to have lft that
ist over les years ago, and His memory may not have served im. Ho talks
unscientifelly of the ndigenaus wild plant, which shows that he camot chim
to have made any study of the plant, The Burmese name ho gives o the plant,
“pian” the literal tanslation of which is apparently * net-rope plat
is ot used by any othe witncss. A rich alluvial loam, a climate hot and damp,

and alow level ar not 2s far as the information given to the Comission teaches,
conditions favourable to the spontaneous growth of hemp or to the develop
ment of is five. In bis second paper be writes that the Siamese. use the

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Ci. IIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189304 1

eulivated variety of hemp, which suggest that he is talking of some plant in

‘hich the distinction between wild aod cultivated forms is more marked. than is

the case with Cannabis. He was unable to procure specimens of the plant in
June in reply to the request of the Commission reporting hat the plant was
atin grovth at that season, Under these circumstances, is evidence must bo
regarded as falling fr short of proof, The Commissioner of Pegu (3) had the
plant pointed out to him growing outside thee vilages in Upper Burma among
the rbish heaps. He would not bave know the plant i i had not been poi
‘ed out to him. The Commissioner of Akyab mentonad the scanty and catered
gronth in his diison of plant which the Chitsgonians cll doi ary, and which
he supposed to bea species of wild herap. He has Kindly sent specimens of
the plant in snswer 0 a request from the Commission, and they sre found to

belong to two species of Side, viz, Sida spice, L, nd Sida carpiusfii

L. These plants have no rarcoic properties. The Commissioner of the
Eastern Division, Upper Burma, who has been at some pains to make
enquiries, and the Deputy Commissioner of Mandalay can give 70 formas
tion of the wild growth, though both have apparently come across culdva-
ton of the plant, The Deputy Commissioner of Towgoo mentors the
wild growth as existing, though not abundant, in Prome and Shuebo. The
Inspector: General of Police in an expedition north-esst of Blam found that his

men wore getting sor kind of ganja from the Kachin, who gathered. it in the
jungles. A specimen of the gar from these hills has been examined, and. con.
sisted merely of leaves and tops of the plant raed. into balls, and showing no
signs of cultivation or preparation. A District Superintendent of Police states
that in Upper Dura the plant is ofen seen groving near vilges.

75: The evidence cannot b acceped a shoving mor ta 2 casal growth

en pet ot sa th nighbouahood of lags, which could easily
HIE SUT bo sccoumed or. can neither be extensive fn any
SE SAHRA fr case, no can the cases be very numero,
Escept the doubifl report fom Merga, thor so evidence ofan tendency in
he growth to reproduce ef and spread. Thess cemadks apy to. the seed
dicts only. The pla probably has rn wild in the Kein county 22d in
the mountain ranges adjiing Chins, Assn, Wariur, Lush, nd Tippera

76. The report of Ms, MeDosnel, Special Assistant Excise Commissioner,

Spe shor that hemp sprang from chance sesd i often

found inal the eight disticts ofthe Mysore State;
bt it does not apes to be abundant anywhere or moe frequent in one. disict
than another. The soed Unrown avay on dust heaps finds its way wich the mane

ure into fields and gardens. It is roporid both from Mysore and Baogalors
that when such plants are discovered they are uprooted, and. thst protecutions

arcinstituted if tere is evidence of thie having been cltvsted. One informant

tates that abundant growth is to be found fn thee disticts bot with this excep
tion, the offical account is generally confirmed, and may be accepted as comect,

pw a!Mm, rte Sesh

ol relied
27. Memoranda hase been received rom the States of th Rjputana Agency

Beis
=BE
fille (EEL.
oi 58s Pl,eet Gees
Jp Eibizgat,
Thou | Bl The information leaves a decided imprese.

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13a REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-04. [ CH. IIT:

son tht the wild and spantancous growth of which mention s made s du to the

germination of sed wich has fallen by chan in favourable sans. There

is no indication that the plant is inclined to run wild in tis region.

78. Mr. Gurion has collated the information fumished in the oficial memo-

i ots anda. fom the States of the Central India Agency,

and these have not been fornarded, withthe exception

of a memorandum of the Minister to His Highness the Maharaja Hollar, Mr.

Gurion reports that there appears to be no spontaneous gromth of the hemp.
plant in Central India The Minister says that * here nd there a plant may be
seen by. oad or river sid or nar the hts of fair, etc, du to the dropping of
the hemp seed by consumers” There i no reason, except perhaps th some-
what greater prevalence of cultivation, why the accidental growth should be more
common in the States ofthe Central India Agency than i those of Rajputana.
It may safely be assumed that there is no material ference between the two.
Agencies inthis respect

79. The official memorandum by the Director of Ageeulture and Commerce

of the Hyderabad State reports no wild growth.
Hse
The spontaneous. growth, if it does exist, is not
‘plenti, and is only suchas ray be found all over India springing up directly
in exceptionally favourable situations from seed accidentally sown,

So. The oficial report 0 the use of hemp drugs in the Baroda. State by
Anant Gangadhar Khoti states that “wild ganja fs

Be not 0 be found inthis pat of the country, It

noth culvated nor docs it grow spontancowsly in
any past of His Highness Dominions ” and again * in none of the districts of
this State does the hemp plant grow spontaneously.” There may possibly be some

confusion in the mind of the repater 25 tothe wid ganja plant being specifically
distinct from. that which is usually culdvated, for there is some smal extent of

cultivation in the State, But it may be safely inferred that the hemp plant has
nowhere run wild, even if a chance plant may occasionally be found.

81. Information regarding Kashic is derived from memaranda by the Gove

i crmors of Kashmie and Jammu and Muhanad
Hayat Khan, Member of the Kashmir State Counell
According to the last-named authority, the spontancous growthin Jammu reser
bls nits character and the locales it. aflects the growth in the pling of the
Punjab. He does no appear, however, to have any very exact idea of the latter
gromth; fox he places many localities on the same footing, in some of which the

growth is common, and in others scanty or even wanting. This much may be
gathered, however, with tolerable certainty, tht the growth in Jama is not so
abundant as inthe more elevated tract of Kashi, The tact of profuse growth
in Kashie mentioned by Mabarmad Hayac Kia fs Kashmie prope, extending
from Baramula to Verinag and Shopayan. The country lying between Advan
pur and Bankal in the Janna province, as well as the jagics of Bhaddarnsh
and Pooch, ba also 30 sbundant growth.

85. The memorandum of the Kashmie Governor mentions two kinds of wild

To Note of wid gow ia grOWh which_appear to have somewhat distinct

Rp Characters. The growth called fala consists the.
female plant, and is found in the Anantrag district nd the Nagam tahsl of the

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Cut 11] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HIENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189304 33

Srinagar disic, growing on both banks ofthe Jhelam and of the Arven and
Karm llzs, The bang which grows on both barks of the Jhelum below the
city of Srinagar is kow us Aathisa Whang is weal i ascotc, and i vse only
for te Gre snd fo bing. The wid growch i very abundant. 1 supplies al
the wants ofthe people, and there is consequently no culation.

In Jamin the growthis fund in the June, Bhimbar, Jascts, and Udbane
pur disiricts. 1 5 usually dense, and sometimes scattered. Hers alo there is
Po caivation: The bhang of Bhimbar fs sid by some Punjal witnesses ta be
Highly esteemed.

85. The Nepal Darbar's amswes to the Commission's questions supply the
flowing informaion. The hemp plot grows vid
ps
il over the State, bt i more abundant nthe Tera
thanin the ils, and in the ils othe west of Katmandu than to the cast. Two

varieties of the plant ae noted —one with ight-coloursd stems, and the ober with
dark, Colivation appears to be less common than n Kumaon. This, wih the
aloged decrease of the wid growth cast of Kaimands, lad to the
belief that the hemp plant would become less prevalent in the Hina region
forthe cast in Darjeeling and Bhutan. But the impressions counteracted Ly the
evidence from Davjeting and Assan,

84. The result of this survey sto show that the wild growth is prevalent

fe throughout
remnant, extreme the
east Himalayas
of Avs. It from Kashi
prokably to theat
disappears
a bighe atade than 10000 feet. Tt extends down the southern slopes of
he mountains and. nto the Punjab and Gangetic pln to a limited distance,
Is found in 4 the ll acts of Assam and fn the two great valleys of the
province. I seeads along the mountin ranges on the frontiers of East Bengal,
Assam, and Upper Burma. from Independent Tipper, through Lushaland,
Marius, and the country of the Kachin, 0 the frontiers of Chica. The south:
en boundary of the area these indicated runs approximately from Peshawar
through Gujranwala, Amitar, Unball, Kamal, Mozafimagar, Moradabad,
Barely, Shabjabanpur, and tap to the Gogrs river se Balvanghat, and ther,
follows the. course of that iver and the Ganges to Sahebgasj on the north
cast of the Sohal county, From tis pont the line fe more doubifol,
but i shoud prokably cron the of the Ganges nd Brahma to
Netrakona in the Mymensingh distict, asd thea tun south to Conil, thence
ess to the bouadary of the Chin country, and thence take a_ northerly sweep to
Mogoung in Uppee Bursa, and pass on tthe Chinese fone.

85. Inthe region thus demarcated th plntappeses to propagate self, but it

nem In wi ma 1% POR that the growth on the lower slopes of
Et the Himakyas 3nd in the Teri springs to a
great extent fom seed aried down from the mountains, Thee is a constant
supply of his both in the wid growth of the higher Himalayas and the col
vation which is cared on there; and i posse that the mounts ranges
south ad ast of the Beahmapetes perform th same faci for the gronch in
the country immediately below them, In the poploas arts of the. Sub-Hira-
aya trsct and the valleys of Assam the wid growth is kept up in great messire
by fresh importation of sced from the ganja and thang which are consumed by
the people. This i ae tre, though i loss degre of the monn and. hil
9

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34 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893:94. [ Cit. IL

ges 1 may vey well be dxbed wilt th sds ho gant would og

vt 1 how can dor th vids of he Ing Chie sf
me.” he ple. apps bo ey Mardy wo. es meh evaded,
ki ct fr he dino oid Growth nna tht th contin
of 450208 chr ander which can atin ll growth we Fed.
5. 10s rome decpionof cufvtion fn Bega ha hs seks
pt rom 50 Woy gins poy 1h sry Mee
gor thoroughly dry and the rainfall is not excessive.
And dresos ho row te pnt pro gh, prmil, olde
Sot me's fated 3 thea Soncied wih cian 59
Con Froes nd Bostny 3nd the Grech tesimeny of viens fn
oe Fo of 3 Comte 15. og wid ni
eric for he re wi fh py ot 3.0 fund a 3 Blt ep 0
Tel te angi, “Tha st cnn nord shoe ar. pene th
sare i the doo sncvonpimn of a risks toopentare. 1
tht src bo Veptond epdon a red of ply 524
fag oy ay shea sido: Th ed bp 1 Go
i ro a ag ad Tad Fs Bo 9 5 oe
a vgn 1p sso bef thks som aps, Him:
or mn in tb od Gontimis tn Novodor, of Boyer, 12s
i tt So mn Yow ek ty ome Sat ok
evn Th and le. Th rami vaste by thelgh cod meshes
ee oes ot i any hg ate ss Tanlor yey
om dhe shar of th mons 14 doe tw al py bo
Toa By he Br Ay oi of hm oe eh 1 Moy i
encod fot iF sn pm i 00 robe
Bea mosh Tht sl x ME Tobe homo
iting nd 4 sate be ie nth sn, Vlog fn done ot
Eres tf rr pls wi 5 unt 2g er th ding
on Bef ot sd ht
5. To sa deg ds bd i
Ca a ae et Sole SHER ERA
BL ET vey be coins of permanent
mi i mad rol Bh ope tas he pth
grog Colt adm fae durchotoiey dod i
ih ves dha of dys a meet ee rg an Bie
Sadan apne Grrpins a ois sate Vester Gt
a pat nd ies. Wharf Toei
a te os Bl a rly i Yio sir a
ry tsi sha nim 1 ron, ie CEng x 10
amin rk ar og eld ie
55. Sotho th demarstedbamdty of ld growth wil be sc on the
i (Vo Th Append) tro. srs ngs
FE SEE ling One nis the cml bho rnin:
es owt Tn the Nor Wostam Prvncns te
thr te coaey beeen hn ange ad Bian te ov nde ond the
Bete Hil Tack a ether socio down to Clot, Tn theses he
Sovneeass Goh may nies real oui of sh ad sen ate
pica

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 CHAPTER IV.

EXTENT OF CULTIVATION, AND ITS TENDENCY TO INCREASE OR.

DECREASE.

; ds the cul
8. In Bengal the law (section 5 of Bengal Act Vil of 1878)
ga
ame et ee 1 rota. To vation without a feense fro the Collector of plants

culiration of the hemp plant is accordingly confined to 3 compact trac having

a radius of about sistcen miles, and lying i the three isis of Dinajpur, Raj.
shal, and Bogra. The reasons why this tract was selected. are not. authorise
tively stated. Collation was formerly carried oo i the Jessore disec also, bat
that was suppressed in 1875. The present gacia tact was probably found to
be most stable tothe cultivation of the drug, and it was obviously an advantage
10 the excise administration to have the production confined to ane area where

economical and eficien arrangements could bs ads or supervising

90. There is practically no cladetine culation within his rat, The Ex.

Poort cise Commissioner weies that “owing to the acca in

which cltivation is permitted being extremely limite

4, and to the close supervision there, there is every reason o believe that un.
licensed culivation has been al but suppressed.” The ganja. tract appears to
have a tendency to futher concentration. The 1 Assistant Supervisor of
gana culation states tha it is now included within & radio of about fourteen
miles, having boen reduced from a radius of tventy miles since 1566, and he
gives the following explanation of the change : "The gradual reduction in the
extent of the tract vas due to the fact that by the remora of jungles in the
villages not ar off Naogaon more land became generally availabe for culation,
and more ganja was produced. Purchasers having gas nese Naogaon do not
naterlly ke go to distant vilages for thee supplies” The remote villages
inthe nocth, south, and eas: of the tract have. accordingly given up th cul.
tion,

dosed in 1892.93 vs 5540 bight, nse fr ger than

he crop bas occpied or ety yess pas. Bat in
he year 15192 the culirion vas the least in
he same period, and dou the shore onurs had tobe made up the foe
loving scan, The curation of the two yours together Jat remarkably
igh. The allowing explanation by the Exisc Commisioee mast be read wih
he atisics of culation: 1. il be abereed tha, except nthe past year,
thers ha bon no material incase nth axe unde gj cava during the
last tnenty yeas, The column shows the quantity of ad in which the rop
aly matured, cluding such land 2 v3s cxkivated, bet in which the plots
led shogeher; and therefor, although it would spear tht culation was
greatly curled duiog the years 1875-76, 1876-79, 879-80, 1885.86, and
Tigh, ti was, not realy the cs inal yess excepting 1605.95, s the
Plant in lnge sas under culfivaton were destcyed in thes years by beary
onde, and such ands were not taken no socount. The decreas in the ara

alive in 1895.86 vas de o the smaller profs of th clivaters a he pre

ceding to years. The high price which the drog had realised in 1651-93
ning to wholes fre ofthe rap the previo year cased by inundation

ing
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36 REFORT OF THE INDIAN HENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 180304. [CH IV.

induced a lage number of rayats to take ap lands for cultivation during the
following yesr. Some rayats ar regula growers of ganja, and annually set apart
a portion of thelr holdings for the purpose; others are induced to take to ganja

culivation by the bigh profits of one year to abandon it again when prices
fal" The evidence fumishes no better account of the fuctuatons than this. A
bigha is about one-third of an acre in Bengal. The cultivation of 1893-93,
therfore, amomted to 1,180 acres, and the average of the lat five years from,
1888.89 0182-03 1s 824 acres.

5. Leaving the gaa tact the evidence gives reason to suppose that there
hii ns mn 8 Crain amount of reaing of scsteed pans.
“This is, of course, caried on seccety, and in the
places where the wild or spontancous growth flourishes detection is more difficult,

“The Hon'ble Mr. Lyall thinks that the quantity of bhang that is now exported
fom the Bhagalpar Divison shows that thers must be cultivation to a. consider
able extent in that prt of the country. He means that the bhang which
exparted as wid must ofien be fostered, and perhaps to some extent sown
and tended, by the occupants of the lands on which, or in the neighbourhood of
which, it grows. Mr. Westmacott holds. similar views because he has never
found the wild plant inthe jongleat a distance from habitations, but he does not

indicate th locals to which his remarks apply. On the other hand, the Assist:
ant to the Director of Land Records and Agecultre, who made special
enquires inthe region refered to by Mr. Lyall, reports: 1 could find no evid-
ence of the hemp plant being actually culvated in any pat of Purnea and
Bagdpor. Everywhere it came up a3 2 weed, In some places, honever,
where the. plants did not grow in abundance, and would therefore seem to be an

object of considerable value to bang. denkers, | observed. signs of its having

been looked afer ith some degree of care” He the describes. the signs
of the plants having been atended to, and proceeds: “All this made me
suspect that the people knew a_grest deal more about the bhang plant than they.
were willing to avon.” This evidence is partial corroboration of the high
authorities named above, but i points rather to_the surmeptiious prodection of
gana in small quantity than tothe cultivation on a large scale of the plant wich
the contractors cary away as bbang. And al the other evidence of the cltiva-
on of the wid plant and of wilicenscd culdvation generally seers more or
inclly to the rearing of ew plants near houses, or in enclosure, or in
tof crops, and not to operations of & mare extensive Kind.

95. This desitoy culvaion, either rom ganja seed or by rearing plants
Th rcs of th clesine Which have sprung up of themselves, occurs every.

ftp’ where, though the evidence doesnot iv the mpees-

son that it i common anywhere, Its staed in Mr, Gupts's memorandum that
there were 86 arrests and 1 convitions on this account in the year 1892.93.
Artsts were made in 25 district, but al th cases were fo growing a fo plants
sey olen a single plant) in the courtyards of houses” Babu Abhilas Chand
Mukai says hat “in almost al the districts in which cases of lice cul
ation have been detected, the plants had been grown from the seeds of the
Rajshabi ganja.” But Mr. Bass report and such evidence as the first part
of thefollowing extract point rather to the nurture of selt-sowm plants. Babu
*Pran Kumar Das (43) tates: “I prosecuted and also tried some cases of

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 CHIV.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 185304 37

nouihing and promoting the growth of emp plants. There vas ample eid
ence of nourishment, such as soil propely prepared, watering, manuting, and
otherwise taking care of, but in no case was there any cridence of curation.
1, however, suspected that it was culivated in a few cases. In Gaga | found
plants grown in a eld and being taken ce of just 3s other crops. Generally
the ganja smokers grew in places hidden from the pubic view. Inside house
‘compounds a few only are grown. The largest (5) | saw was a field in Gays,
may be 20 or 25.

94. The Biagalpu, Patna, Dacca, and Rajshati Divisions sppeacto be those
sess mh cunt Hic ths ici rearing is mot prevalent, and the
BEER disvics of Jessore, Cuttack, and Miduapur are
also mentioned, but by only one witness in cach
case. Tl be scen that this distribution agrees pretty closely with the
prevalence of the wild growth. The quality of some of the evidence may be.
judged from that of a zamindar who wote that “hemp (gana) is said to be
culivated in certin pats ofthe Mymensingh district bordering the river Jamra.”
“The Board of Revenue ordered the Collector of Mymensingh to report. on this

allegation, with the rest that the babu could not specify the sillages in question,
and that he was cleay, in the Collector's opiion, labouring under some. mis
apprehension. The witness's statement indicated. eulivaton of 3 fae more sys-
tematic Kind than really csisted, but it is wfikely that his information vas
entiny mistaken, and there is_evidenco in coroboration of the desalory Kind of

culivation in Mymensingh. The evidence 3s 3 whole does not just the belief
that the wid plant is systematically cultivated or fostered to. the extent sus-
pected by Ae. Lyal even inthe Bhagalpus sod Monghye disiicts, but it does
Show that the secret and desutory Kind of culisaton is not uncommon fa
he divisions above named, snd is rare inother pats of the province.

5. Caltvaton of the hemp plants probibicd in the Sate of Kuch Behar,

and it is probable that secre eulvaton is only
cared on to the same extent a i the suvounding
Bish tertory.

96. Iti notorious that a considerable amount of ganja and bang is prodc-
Toby Scnstian, Cdn the Garbjat Its ugely consumed in the Dee
Trp ro a sh dst of Oi beg eee smuggled in or
imported under pass. At ane ime the culdvation
of the plant was prob ted within three miles of the Beh frontier, but that
striction. has been removed, and iti now
to gauge the extent of the practice. In the collection of cortespondence
on this subject, the Commissioner is quoted a5 reporting that there wer 1,000
consumers in the Angul State alone, and that they al grew ganja, seling only
the surplus above thir own wants. Babu Abhilas Chanda Mukhaci olds the
opision that the outturn is very considerable, and capabl of supplying the wants
of all Oissa. One witness describes a spontaneous growth appearing infer
Places and never sbundaat; evideatly the sort of growth which commonly
Springs up on rabbish heaps in the neighbourhood of habitations, He states
that heee is no calvation, but in saging this he mast be refering regular eld
culture, for ho sates that peopl gow the plant or their an wants and somtimes
cll, the total production in hs State being about twenty mands ayear. The
Distiet Offcr of Angul (34) describes the same sort of cultivation, asd sys

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45 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1803.05. [ Cn. IV.

that he has never seen more than twenty plants growing together. This account
is confirmed by the Khas Tahsidar and Deputy Collector in Anal (7g) and
by Mr. Toyabee (3), who is the only offcil witness of superior rank who has
‘made 3 our of any duration in that country. Itis prety clear that there is no
egal eld cultivation fn the Garhiat, and that the homestead or garden culiva-
tion is ite uncontrolled and extremely commen.

eves (62) and (52) think that the cultivation ie fncresing the
former because the sale of Rajshabi gers in Orissa

lids cc of bth allen of, and th ltt because the estrictons

ma on culdivaon in the Tributary States have beea
withdrawn. Witness (13) of the Central Provinces, who is Extra Assistant
Commision snd Diva of the Sonpr Stat, reports that th cuivation nthe
Boad State where i borders on Sonpur has increased since 1889 because (1)
thas not been allowed in the latter State; (2) it can be had cheaper than that
supped fom the Govemment godowns ; (3) people say hat ganja manufactured
fom pleats cultivated in the Boad Stat, which are similar to. thes culated
befrs in Sonpu, i fk by then beta thn the fit gan, which thy thik is
mor ijrious to thei health” It may be that the probisiton of cultivation
in the Central Provinces States has given an impulse to tin the Garbjat even
beyond tho mite indicated by this witness. But it cannot be said that thee
erence of a decisive character shoving any important extension of cilvation
of late years,

58. Al he detsled information that can be gathered of clivaton in the

pole States of Chata Nagpur cones trough
Piet Sar Cua acm. 1. Grey, Commissioner of th Divison, One. or
Te two other witnesses who mention it state only the
fet ts cccurence. Tn 1890 Me. Grimley made specil enquiries inthe Sates
on the subse, and the summa of eps from Sis, Udspur, Gang, and
Bona sem 0 show that 1 of them the culation roglaly practise, but
everywhere undee some soe of resetion, 1 would. seem hat the ssrctions
dst back to 1683, and wer imposed on’ account of representations from the
‘authorities of the Cents Provinces that considerable smuggling vas being
cared on from thee Sttesint tha terory. 10s proposed at prescnt oly 6
Sscertin a far 3 possible th extent and chaser of such eulivaton a exist.

50. Reding the chaste, it. cast bo discovered that. ther s any
sai #0 culivaton, Me. Crnky ses
en ct 8 {ht hs 7 mgs tain, In some of
ihe Trbucry Soon perl smling gis Eo
he ln st hie does scoing 5 hi regener for. Snokng aod
inking; bo 0s i dons ony 0 a ll SP appears fom Me
Ginly eon of 1830 tht the proc 3 of fer uy, and may
Se concluded ht te produc 3 wll the lian ey ich ele
{hee of heading Gut, Regarding he xen of th. iat hte
spr sso why It shou I anh Gust, aes bh
ies of ich 10 oul 1 th Gar pstsss in he Ban- conan
ing popuion of Pu, nd the estictons wich ts suhois of Chott
Nagpur lave scccted fo forcing, Manley choke ta, te loch
Foducion is sow sgt, and he menions 20 prot of this ht th

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CH.1V.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394 59

Raja of Gangpur some five or six months ago applied for permission to
import garja. On the other hand, reference may be made to a report of the
Comnissioner of Chota Nagpur in 188: “The result of th inquiry wis to
show that a good deal of gaoja was being grown, sd vas being so in the
Gangpur bazar to be broaght into Sambalpr for sale” queified by the follow.
hae just pasted through the Gangpur State but have not. visited the
parts immediately bordecing on Sunbalpur. So far as the State genenlly is
conned, 1 have not been abe to hear anything of general ulivation of ga,
and 1 think it probable tha the plant is grown chiefly on the borders of Sambal.

pur No more defirite estimate can be formed of the extent of the caltvaton
than that iis very consideably les than in the Garbjat States, The Chie of
Jashpur, the State memoranda from Seaikela and Kharsawan, and other infor
1s fom Gangpur and Siguja state that thre is no cultivation at al, and
its said that in Sirgja the consumer bas to import the drug. This evidence
would indicate that in a great part of the country the practice of calisation
must be quite uncommon.

100. Several witnesses speak to the culivation of the plant in Hill Tipper,

i” but they givelile detall. It can be gathered, how

we ever, that th cultivation is of the ruder sor, the seed
ofthe wid plant being afin used, ts probably terior to that of the Garhiat and
the casual yd eulivaionof the plain country, Otherwise it would have attract-
ed the attention of Government, and the vinsses would bave bad mare to say
about. Regarding th oxtent of culivaton, the evidence of a local offcr, Babu
Govind Chandra Basak (44), i probably the best. He says: “Very Tete
gonja say 3 few srs, are grown in the Tipper Hils, The quaniy is very
smal, for the hil authorities now import gana under & pass from he. Sudder
(Tippers) gos” Sil a small amount of smuggling into the plain country,
both of Bengal and Assam, i s3id to occur, The State memorandum reports
that the culation of herp i not cared oni the State”

on Ts poll clin he dit of As ice

SEER Cloieited
iid ashai,
prosod.hon
prcged
£4
rosy ner J bp ergo
ns Thee i Gots nord Tis se of edmton

a aL ae
Fo ck the Bh ots, sts +2 conse se eft
onion 0b seeped bcs tf Mo. ih bashes ed
ai oh wy eal wit yo af Ton pit
airs Sige lve ly elie hr fers
Be ote opto st ys go Bo
vega tmnt plied ed
103. In the Himalayan region on the nother frontier he regula cuvaton

cotatais th i mags fa PEODADlY escmbles that which prevads throughout

TERE Bema those pans of the same mountains about which
there is more. complete information, and consists of the mare cc less skilful
cultivation of small patches. in the immediate neighbohood of homesteads; and
it doubtless extends to the extreme northeast of the province, for theres
evidence. of it aa fa 3s the country of the Miss. It wil probably be found
also in the laity ranges towards the Hukeng valley and the north of Burma,

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4 REPORT OF THE INDIAY KEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [Ch IV.

the county of the Kamps and Singphos, In fact, thee is. information
of he plant bing culivated with some care for re and the drugs in the
adjoining Kachin Hil, But (he evideco rogardiog the hil tract within
the province snd on the souhem fonirs points to esvacion of 8 very ine
fein sor, if deed he pants tended all. Iti sd hat. the Nags regard
the pant 152. jungle product, nd that the gan smuggled from the his is
badly iingushabe from the produce of the wld hemp.

103. Indescribing the wild growth of the North Wester Provinces reference.
Noam Fos,
ES ‘was made to cltvation for the production of bhang
Mek iy the disiicts of Farakhabad and Hard, The
trae hemp plant is alto very widely cullivazed in the Himalayan Division
principally fo its fore, but yielding chara, bhang, and seeds as secondary
products, The Himalayan culivaton is imeguar and scattered, but it has
been estimated to amount to 350 acres in the Almora district, and, more.
aceursely messured, at 80 acres in Garbwal, Compared with th spontaneous
frosth of the mouseains themselves and of the region ying below them, this
exentof_growthis not very important, fo the plant cslivated for be seems
to be litle superior in narcotic properties o the spontancous growth,

102. Turningtothe plein county, the offical returns give the marginally
Esto re casi thin, noted areas of cultivation in th district of
ry Re Faaldatad, of Fatchgarh as it is called
S| BERT in Me Stoker's memorandum, for the last
fourtoen years. The Join: Mgisate and
cise Officer (No. 29) of the district who

presumably has accesso the local records,

1591-92 (0 561 bi “Thee is no apparent resson why the afical

rewrn should not be accepted, and it chow decided tendency for the culfva-
tion to increase. The reason may probably be correctly traced in the sentence
of Me, Stoker's memorandum: * All this plant is converted into bhang, which
is of 2 superior quality, technically known 3s fafia (fom a. vllge in Fatchgarh
disc) and commanding 3 much. igher price then the wild bang of the sabe
montane tracts.” Regarding the eulivation in the Hardei disteic, the of
retum nly gives one acrein the year 1891-93. This seems hardly consistent with

paragraph o of Mr. Stoker's memorandum, which indicate & considerable export

om Hardoi; but it is posible that the explanation may be ound ia the fact that

the culivation is not pure, but ofin mixed with othe crops, and that it is
therelose impossible to measure it. The practice of the las systematic sort
of culiviion may be very prevalent in Hacdoi notwithstanding that it is
not recorded. Several witnesses, however, ste positively that it is decreasing.

05. The evidence generally coroberates the offical account, but many
witncsees have been mised by the word pats
im Cos i bn ae to ly th hemp tt
the translation of the Commission's questions issued by the North-Western
Provinces Govecament. Pofsa is the local name for the Hibiscus cannabinas
("Field and Garden Crops of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh “Dui
and Fuller). It has not, honever, been diffclt to detect the saswers which
have been ited by thi mistake.

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 Cit.1V.] REPORT OF TIE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1803:0¢. 41

106. Tt does mot appear that any regular field culation exists in the plain

emosint simon is the £0UNY beyond that which has ben above described.
Such casation as thee fs consists of the rearing
of a few plants neat houses, the tending of scattered. plants sown accidentally,
‘and perhaps the suceeptitous sowing in the midst of crops calculated to aford
concealment by thee size and thir genceal similarity to the hemp plant.
Refering partly to this sort of cultivation in connection wilh the spontaneous
growth, Mr. Stoker says that in some dsicts the amount. produced by these
form of sporadic growth is considerable, and is a constant sour of complaint
by the drag contactors” and the evidenco corroborates this view, He thinks,
broadly speaking, that i prevails toa greater or less extent in all parts of the
province lng north and cast of the Jum, and this comprises by far the
greater part of the province. South of the Jura, the Callctor of Jhanst
thinks that a good deal is grown in a quiet way for domestic use; and itis not

unlikely, a ther is no absolute probiion, that all long the soathrn fringe of
the province this sort of cultivation may be occasionally found.

107. The best informants regarding the culiration of the Himalayan region
rae mge of ctimsinta Gu. 9 ME. Gillan (21), Joint Magistrate of Moradabad,
oi Muclidhar (248), Dog contractor of Moradabad,
‘Pandit Ganga Dott (56), retired Deputy Collector, and Dharma. Nand Josh
Settlement Deputy Collector (19). The two fst allege that the cultivation is
spreading bocause of the enhanced valuc of chacas the tied sso legs incrense,
but atribues t to the general usefulness of the plant. Dharma Nand Josh takes
the opposite view, and gives as reasons for decreas that the people hive become

more cirilized, and see changing their habits as regards the use of hemp for
clothing; that newly clase forestland, which is peculiarly sued to the plant,
is 10 longer availble and that other crops hase been found moe profable,
The lst witness's description of the distribution of the eultvation is iersting,
Its cultivated very extensively, but more fo its ire and seeds than for charss,
In the warmer parts to the south the people wear cotton clothes and are not
dependent on hemp. In the north also lice hemp is sown, and. that in but few
ges, because the peopl keep goats and wear woollen cloths, using the
emp ons for theircibel ot shoes, and making bus litle charas, which they do
not commanly sal bit give to ais ising Badrinath and Kedarath, In the
parganis of Chandpur and Devalgarh more argely, and 103 less degree in Barah
Syon, Talla and Malla Selans, Choundkote, ad Dadban, the plant ie videly
calivated. Roughly speaking, it s grown in abort. one-third of the Garhwal
disict. Tn the portion st named every culdivator of the Khasia or Dons esse,
in every village which is uated at an alitude of between 4,000 and 7,000 fect
Sows a plt equivalent to two or eight perches.

La. Thc i 0 goin ie province ant te colon ba,

Buneent fs he dt a omy enon
ism J Gl ie os ahh
eb Gest iarly situated in this respect. Mr. Bruce, of
haus (s,s td gd ed hs tis rch
Jae a ys aioing dis of engl I cakivtionis mx slowed.
Toe st tk lef gh a. Govan money igh wll
Feds croton ene of hs tno vey kt ce

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43 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893.94. [ Cit. IV.

vation is Hlegsl and ther i some evidence that culivation was formerly camied
on in some of the Od districts unl it was suppressed. by authority. Witnes
(135) says that inthe time of the King of Oudh bhang used to be culivated
gardens abundantly, Witness (a51) speaks of Makadesa ganja (in large
bundles) being formerly made in Sitapur and Nawabgari. Witness (61) says
that the disc authorities having hesed of the practice in Loobaiar, tahsil
Fatehpur, district Barabanki, forbade it. Witness (247) mentions Sitapur and
Lakhimpar and Kheri as distits where ganja was formerly cultivated, and that
has now disappeared in the Province of Oudh. Accordinglo this witness,
it was fostered by the Nepalese in the parcs ofthe province which were formecly
under thei domination; and it would seen that the Mahedeza ganja got its
name fom a place in Barabaaki where the cultivation was formerly caried on.
“This arigin fo the name is confirmed by the evidence of other witnesses. Mr.
Stoker i thereon probably mistaken in supposing tha this sort of gas was
ported from Nepal, The evidence eaves the impression tha a system of prac-
des restriction is ging an tending 10 confine the cultivation to he districts of
Farakhabad and Bardo, I also seems ceran that the local production of ganja
has of late years very considerably decreased.

109. The only Rampur witness states that there is no euldvaton of the
hemp plant in Robilkband, but there can be File

ho doubt that the sporadic colvation prevail in Rohl.

Khand and Ramp to the sameextent asin the neighbouring Biiish dis-
iets.

o. The description which has been given of the general prevalence of Him

Tagan cultivation must be accepted for native Garhwal

and Tehri. There is no memorandum from the

State and no evidence relating exclusively to it.

111. Tho Himdayan eulvation of the Pura docs not ifr from that of the.
is ‘North-Western Provinces, but from th fct that there
Menace, is nove in Kashi, it wosld appear to decrease
in frequency westward, The plant is grown principally for bre and in small
scattered patches, so hat its area camo be estimated, Mr. Anderson. (10),
homers, ascerinedn 1850 that the area in Kuls and Plach was then about.
aco acres. Witness (71) states hat in British Lakool every amindac culivates
a smal patch for the sol purpose of busing ts fore, and that charas, which
he call bhang, is imported.

142. Tn the southwest angle of the province theses a small amotnt of

ata cao fe sou 3SEETLEC culation for the production of bang.

a ere The Excise Commissionet reports tha this docs not
exceed too acres. The evidence gives figures for some districts. Thus witness
(68) estimatesthe produce of the Muzfagarh district at 100 mands, which
would sequie some 10 or 12acres of crop. Witness (24) states that the area
in the Jhang diswict in 1893 vas only 20 kanals. In Dera Ghazi Khan
the area seems to be sbout 30 acres. Five acres are said to be cultivated in
‘Shahpur. Several witnesses {alk in general terms of cultivation fo bang being
practised. Some describe the calfivation 4 consisting of the rearing of a
fem plant in yaeds and gardens by fakes and other consumers. Witness (30)

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 CH. IV] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189554. 43

states that culivation is cared on in every. district more or less, “but more
soin Hoshiarpur, Derajat, and other frontier districts” Al this cultivation is
stated to be for the production of bbang, Ganja is not snaked in the Penjab.
The culivationof the more systematic kind is probably not inderstated at. 10
acres. The desulory coltvation of 3 few plants scoms tobe 3 widespread
practice ; but the. total amount of bang; produced by it canot be important—
must, i act, be tiflng compared with what the wild growth yields.

113. The evidence and other papers do not show that the culfvation is
other than stationary. There is no legal probibiion
Ciutat oust. 1 th roth of hemp, bu it. is probable thatit is
discouraged and rstrcted by the fact that the sale of the produce is under
regulation,

114. There does not appa tobe any axial rstiction i any Pub Ste
‘onthe culation of etn, not even in Nabb, where
Pus sue.
the use of ganja and chars is ssid o be prlibited.
Bahawalpur is, however, the only State. of those fumishing information in
which culivation fo the naceaic is admitted (0 esist. It is not confined to
any special locality. Farmers grow small patches with other crops, generally
pear wells. It yields bhang, only in suficent quantity fo local consumption,
and seeds which are used for ood. as wel as for fresh sowing. It is stationary
extent. Chamba reports that the drugs are not produced, but i is probable
that colivaton for fibre and seeds exists in this State 35 in the st of the
Himalayan rogion. There is no eason 10 suppese that the culation, which
is habirual at certain elevations inthe Hiinlayas, ie, from about 4,009 10 8,000
fee is not pracased by the Native States. Mr. Coldstream refers to calivaton
in Bashabe and near Kasaul and says that in the former tract. the plant pror
duces resin. But ic certainly appears fom Mr. Anderson's report regarding Kul,
the evidence of witness (71), and the fact tht the evidence about th prepar.
ation of charas is wanting in certainty and cefitencs, that charss is not
Tooked epon 38 3 regular bye-produce of hemp cultivation o the same extent
hat tis in Garlowal futher cast. 1 would appear tha towards Kashmir the wild
‘plant becomes mare extensively used for the preparation of drugs.

115. Going back to the year 187273, the Excise Commissioner writes
Comics that in almost evry dsirct a few hemp plants were

adn tobe foundin the gardens of calivators, and it was

uly in Raipur and Bilaspur that a feensefee was imposed on cultivation”
“This genersl and. unsystemati culdivation was an impedinent t excise manage-
ment and to the control which the Government of India crjoined on the
Local Governments 25. the result of the inquiries made in 1873. By special
inquides instituted in 1873.74, it was ascertained “that in every disict,
except perhaps Hoshungabsd, Narsinghpur, Mandls, Chbindwars, and Bila.
pur, the amount privately grown for home consumption was. insigncant,
whi in Sambalpur it was oil, home-growing having been prohibited by
executive order of the Deputy Commissioner” From this date. the general
cestiction of cultivation was kept steadily in view, and before long system. of

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44 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS CONNISSION, 189394. [ Ch. IV.

been chiefly cared on during the last twenty years are Nagpur and Nimar, but
up to the year 1878-70 Ficenses for culivation of small areas were granted in
on. year or other intelve other districts, of which Wardha and Chindvara were.
the most important, From this year cultivation was confined to Nagpurand Nimaz.

It gradually fll off in the forme of thes districts, and sineo 1890-91 it has been,

restricted by law to the Nimar district, ‘The Deputy Commissioner of Nima now
reports that" gar is grown in sixty or seventy villages in Nimar. The eul-
on is confined to the western hal of the Kiandwa tahsl” And be gives

stongt . a
the folloing figures of area for the last three yeacs i

stgeay Et
150152 w Lo
16. Mr. Robstson's gues for thelast twenty years fequenty dif rom
hos of the Excise Commissioner's tables, and he

(Dafemstetindn sg explains hat they “represent. the see seal cul

REE SWS ET uted, not the area for which the fenses wre
granted. The latter i shmost says in excess, as
he calvstor generally aks for alice for more Land than he means to pane
in order to ensure against his being proceeded against for excess cultivation.”
“Thi cxpanaion, applied to Nagpur as well a Nima, may. perhaps. sccount
in some. degre for the abnormally high figures of cultivation shown by the
Excise Commission in 18778, 1884.85, and 188586; but it wil be seen
that in 1884-85 the quantity of ganja deposited in the central stores was
unprcedeniely High sso (paragraph 3, Excise Memorsadum). If the excess
Nimar cuivation be deducted and the year (57839, Tn which the figures

say 1s
agree, be included i wll be found that the tts aca of culdvaton has gone
above 1,000 aces nly fou years,

wrran a 2 9 ohms
its we ws
e586 «es
117. Between these years of igh figures will bo found, after making sinilae
deduction in 1382-83, period of great depression,
Th som sre of oie.
wt ui, from 1870.80 to 1882.83. The Excise memo-
Fandun shows that the whale of this period [rom 1877-75 to 1885.56 was marke

ed by drastic changes in the excise arangements, and it may be noted that it

was_colncident with extensive cultivation in the neighbouring Bombay district
of Khundesh. Mattes then setld down, and the normal demand under present
arcangements seems 10 be met by evlfvation. closely approaching 050 acres.
For 1891-92 the Deputy Commissioner's Ggurcs of 963 scres is taken in prefer.
ence to the Excise Commissioner's 653 acres. Abnormally low figures. ace
found in 1837-88 and 1800-91, which ae probably to be accounted for by a
surfeit of stock rom previous years.

118. The desaltory and iii eulivaton, if caried on at al is confined to

ck cute re. ‘gardens and backyards, and is never to be found in

openfieds. The authorities belive that it has been

pracecally suppressed, and the Commission have heard so ile of its existence

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Cit. IV.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 160304. 45

that they mast accept that view. The Inspectar.Genersl of Police and Prisons
isthe only witness who believes that it is common. Mr. Naylor, Disc Super.
intendent of Police, states tha about six or eight cases are anally reported of
the ganja or hemp plant being grow in aris” but headds: [think the ict
eulivation has now almost cessed." Same few witness state that hemp is some.
times raised from the seed of the wid plat, and in saying this they must have

the regular culivaion in view; bu the sam witnesses do not clearly depose
tothe existence of such cultivation in the Central Provoces.

119. The Feudatory States, most of which lie i the extreme east of the
province, have ageeed no to slow cultivation and to

Feber St ipo ther gana from the Goverment godowas at

Khandva. Tis possible that the yard. cultivation which was formerly commen
has ot been entirely suppressed in these States fori is unlikely that the super.

fonin such remote and wid tracts can be very stict. But the responsible
fcers of seme of them—Khairagarh, Sonpur, and Bastar—give assurance. that
the culvation has been stopped.

120. The Deputy Director, Ageicultral Branch in the Department of Land

Records snd Agreslur, has, at the instance of the

Discnion +f coinsea ss Commission, made personal inquires into the cul

EEE EERE vation snd manasa of ganja nthe Predency,
and recorded. the ress in bulein No. 29. The
opening paragraph of the bulein gives 2 gncel view of the dibuion of the
iri hemp plat (Cunabis arse) Uneughont th province: “Though. grown
het and therein most pats of the Presidency in backyards, is found as a fog
tal ciated Sid cop in anly evo locales, si, in the Malay
the Javad Hil in North Arc, and. in ons or tw slg che Bap alu
of Kista dsc. Its also aed to cots exten inthe hily pats of Vissgae
tam and Ganjam, but thes seldom mare than 3 fe plas sr grown by exch
pesto.” Thelocales where field culation fs cared an se 10 doubt cortcly
indies in his pastsge, nd thy are the principal cvs; bt the sai hich
Have ben fumished to the Commission by the Gorermmeat of Madras elas
he evidence lead to th bell that regu cuvation ta str or es stent
i510 be ound in other distict. And there a ress to think alo that tho
bulletin doe no give core de of th general previlenc of the. practice of
home cullivaton i yards sod gardens. Tis uy ave bn outside the scope
of Mr. Benson's inquiry. At the cos of the pamphlet Mr. Benson wc tne
“in oth oclis J stated tht of ate years the srs lasted with hemp has
been reduced, th price ofrsd fo gan having fallen with the restriction ofthe
demand owing to the introduction of the sytem of csnsing rela vendors. A
{ow yeas go tho crop ws sso grown to some cated te Puen tlk,
Cuddagab dsc, bt is growth thc hs bow een bsadoned
12k. Theoficl statistics of cultivation sce admitdly exact, sod. the
ee of pt ons imperfection appears to ho dot ro caves, The
FRR pling Secretary to the Bose of Revenue in the
Department of Sepia Revenue reports i is letter No. 1859s, ded 1s
May 1854, that “accurate figures re nowhere aval, 8 50 sceoats re
oditained respecting th caltvation of the plat And further on fn the samo
port he elec tothe second caus of exo inte following words: Its very

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46 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1803-94. [ CH. IV.

probable that the Callctor here, as elsewhere, has confounded the area of the
narcotic hemp plant (Cennabis saffa) with the fibre hemp (Crotalaria juna),
which is a totally distinct plant. The Bosxd has been informed “by Mr.
Benson, Deputy Director, Agecultual Branch of the Board of Revenue,
that the Cannabis sativa is never grown in. this Presidency for bre, and chat
the hemp lao grown for fibre must be the Crofalaria juneea” Under
these circumstances it is useless to make detailed examination of th figures
ofculivation for past years, and. there is lle chance of its being possible to
anise at any definite conclusion as 10 whether the area of regula cultivation
tends to increase or decrease. The are under regal caltvaton in 1803.04
appears from the satisial table and the correspondance
as follows —

wg
5- 7 oe so
» oo
J
re
ws as

But in Me. Horse's memorandum South Arcot and Cuddapah sve credited
with 5 and 0 acres respectively, which would raise the total to 380 acres. It
may, however, be doubted in vie of Mr. Benson's statement that cultivation in
Cuddapah bas been abandoned, and of the fact that bre is mentioned in con.
neston ith the culdvatioa ia South Arca, whether this culvation realy exists.
The North Act area was 200acres for 1893-05, and the fall In 1893-94 is said
tobe due tothe restriction of the trade i the drugs and tothe absence of season

abl rain i the bill. The total ara of 350 aces is probably under the mark,

122, The evidence eae no doubt that the Rome culivation of 3 few plants is

Hone min cammin, wi Caried on In nly every distict in the Presidency,

my ens and it is difiul to beer in view of is general

prevalence that its alogether non-existent in Madras, Chingleput, and Tanjore
notwithstanding the direct negative of the Collectors of the last two. disiicts,
On the other hand, ther i reason o tink that the regulation of the trafic in the

drugs, which ws ftcoduced in 158, and has been applied ith greater are and

singeney in fecent years hus crested the impression in the minds of the people
that the culvstion is llega. The occasional action of preventive officers in wr

ing growers of casual plants, and perhaps in causing the plant to be uprooted in
someinstances, may have enforced his dea. The result on the balance of evide

ence seems to have been to reduce this Kind of cultivation, and it is quite pos

ble that many of the witnesses who depose to the existence of it are speaking
from memory and experience rather than from receot observation, The Collctor
of Caddapah,a district where thee is reason to suspect the existence of small
amount of eld cultivation as well as much home growth, argues that the excise

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Cit. 1V.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893:94. 47

restrictions may have reduced the culation which serves the markets, but
must encourage the home growth, which is not llega, for private con
sumption. Several other witnesses infer that there. must be increase of
aulivaion from the spread of the taste for the drugs. One of the most
definite statements of the last class is that of the Distt Forest Oficer,
North Malabar, that, “oving to the greater demand for ganja. fom the
coast, cultivation as described above is slightly increasing year by year
Avother witness states that in Ganjam the culation is increasing in
the Agency tracts while itis declining in the plain. Reference may be made
to another specimen of the arguments to shew increase. After quoting the
turns of culation in the Bapatla taluk, which shor steady decrease, 3s the
only ones avaiable, the Acting Sub-Calector at Guntoor writs: "is far 35
Baposia talok is concemed, the figures given above seem to indicate that tho
area under bermp cultivation is gradually decreasing. But 1am inclined to think
that these figures are not reliable” And, afte alloding to the intoducion of
excise amangemeats and increase of revenue, be proceeds: Tis shows that

these i a possslty of lage future developments in the trade fn hemp drugs,

‘and the hypothesis tha the cuivated ara i gradually decressing must neces.
sail be wrong.” Being ignorant of the method of keeping sgrialural statistics
nthe Madras Presidency, the Comission are unable to judge how (a the Sub.
Collstor is justified in mistrusting the figures he quotes. That some. ground
exists is shown by the adaisson of the Secretary tothe Based of Revenue quoted
abo. But, taking this or granted, the arguments cannot be secepted, for there
ave othe sources of ganja supply besides the Kistra district, nd. the expansion
ofthe revenue docs not necessarily imply an increase of production or even of
consumption.

125, Thesis not afte all sy great body of evidence to show crass of

The rt tects. culivation, and the incesse. indicted is not vey

decided, except peraps in the case of Angappa
Gonuden (180), who says: * Hilo culation of the gana plant was
vey rae. Butic bat now considerably creased, since moe people resort
os vse now than before This witness is worl quoting, because bis
answers are generally sensible, and he appears to be in the bli of cus
Satin the plant bimsell, Dut it is advise to guid sgsinet sn appre
\endency to exaggeration. His desrpion of th extent of clivaton in Sula
used here with th above reservation a3 probably typical of seve
Socal fn. the Presidency. "These is le of the gia. plant colivation
in my dict of Salem. They are all for the production of gaa alse.
One-fouth of the houses in Salem Fave on an average half a dosen plats
in cach backyard, The same number of plants cao be found at lest
pr cat. ofthe fills in the vilages of Sm, Ather, and Namakul aut”
To most distiets th extent of backyard calvation falls shot of this descrip
tion. To Cuddapah aad Coimbatore the state of things woud see to resemble
Salem, wih the addiion that ther are probaly some sal ptchs of ld
clfvaon grown for profi. In the bil tract of Garam, Vieagapaam, and
Godavari, and to a very much las degre in the Wyaaad andthe Nigis he
home ulivation seems to be carried on for the market the produce hing
sted for barter or sl to licensed dlrs. The is 20 foal retiction
on caltivaton, sad the culivatos are allowed to sell the rodace tothe iced

a dll.
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 43. REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394 (CH. IV.

deers, The whole of the homestead culivaion must, therefore, be re-

garded 35 eotering ito the licensed consumption, Leoking to the extent of
this cultivation throughout the Presidency, and especialy i the hill racts of the
north and south, it will not. be extravagant to say tha the toal eea in which
the hemp plant Is cultivated is pechaps double that of the regular eld cui
on.

124, The only colivation reported is tmoacres in Banganapale. But the

plant i found uncalivated in Travancore, and there
Sct, Depp, poe 18 essen to blr that in this prt of nd the spon

a nei tancous growth is associied very intimately with

cutvton, It may therfore be. infeed, in spite of the fact that the drugs
ar imported, tha ther i some bomo culation in tht State. And from the
survey ofthe whole Presidency, which showed general prevalence of home cul
vation it may be presumed tht it 5 to be found in all the States, more
commonly in Travancore than lcs, owing 10 he county being more favour
eto th growth on account of great part of it being hill nd. It appears
also tha in Travancore the Kanclars, a hil ie, ar allowed to grow the dg.
for thei own consumption.

135, The disicts in which the regular culivationaf hemp i now principally
o cariol on ws Almodoagar and Sate, sod Dlr
Bote cbr acres fo he lst ght yews 53 follows
rt Si

sos
ws. x
DT
© ds
1885-86. - ogo =
ws on
we
styo
stmt
ww
. wm
osm
isoonwae
a wm ow
To the fling dist lotr a small extent of regular eukivaion

Sut > :
These figures ar taken from the table submited by. witness 49, Supecine
tend, Office of Survey Commissioner and Director of Land Records and Age.
uur, because it is mors complete than the statisti fursished by the Come
missioner of Ablari and probably more correct. In the year 1885-86 Khandesh
gow as mach as 311 acre, but the area has now fallen to and 10.actes in the

last vo years. The distit adjoins the Central Provinces district of Nica,

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Cu. IV] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. 49

and its hemp culivason has probably been checked by the excise system of the
latter province, which underwent impertant changes sbout the yess mentioned
above:

126. The toal cultivation of the residency, excluding Sid, for the last cight
Cotten deca. yeas 5 5 follows i—

wss6 Wa | tee
687 ws | itsen
wes eer | rious
wsssy mo | sess
One or two witnesses hint rather than indicate specifelly the
culvaton in the Ahmedabad and Kaka disicts of the Guserat Division and in
Thanainthe Kookan. But. ther is ceraily no regular ld coliration in these
districts. Ecept about twelve aces in Surat 20d Breach for the production of
what is called hang, the whole culdivation is practically confined to the Deccan
or Cental Divison. It bas been suggested tha the excise system ofthe Central
Provinces it to account fer the fall of the culivation in Khandesh from the
High sercage of 1885-86, and it may have affected districts ata greater dis
tance fom the frontice. But it can hardly be accepeed a5 the explanation of the

extraordinary low figure of 883-89. Thoreduction i this year was shared by

the fous contiguoes districts in the southern part of the Cees Division and rt by
the districts of Nasik and Khandesh in the northern par, and was probably
die to an favourable season. Ther i no official explanation of it. Inthe suc.
cending year cultivation recovered, but hs since shown a steady deszese, Wi
esses state that the irksome conditions imposed by the excise system render the

cultivation unpopular, though it is not burdened. with any diet tax or Hoense,
“This may wel be the cause of the cecrease.

£27. Regarding homestead enkivaton, the Collector of Thins writes:

“The plants nat culissced in the Konkn a5 a
eld crop, no even as 3 mavket cop in gardens, but

ull numbers in many pivae gardens, and | have seen specimens

that semed to me to be sell-cows, snd alervards taken care of by the garden.
ere!” This is the only positive evidnoe ofthe existence of such eukivation fn
Bish terior in the Bombay Presidency, hough there veto be ound hii that
ts caried on to a very smal extent in the Ahmednagar avd Dharwar diricts
inthe present day, snd some defrite information that it was formerly practised

Tore widely. It seems certain thatthe extent of it in Brtih territory i now

absaltely insguificant.

138. The Bombay Presidency conan & greit number of Nathe States
aon yhose lids are iwermixed with Briah tntery
Those Frdet. 33 very complicated manner. Somedimes they
are consied nto separate politcal charges, and some re under the po.
eal superison of Collectors of Bish dicts, In the Southern Marah
County, Kolhapur wih many smaller Sates forms poiical charge covering 3
very considerable area. The leading State has rote th culation of bmp,
at the following. miner States allow i with i some case the esrcion of a
5

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So REPORT OF TILE INDIAY HEVP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893.94. [Ch. IV.

license and the regulations as to sale of the produce which exist in Bish
tetary +

Mi Gio)
an
pre

There are sls ten aces of regular cllivaion in the Aundh State under the

Satara Agency, which fs in the Deccan Divison. There is no information of

any homestead clvation in the States in the south of the Presidency, nor of
eld calivaion in any State except. those named above.

139, Taming northwards, theres no evidence of any oldvation ll Baroda is

ha Pi, E5560: This State is under the dict control of

P55 the Government of India, and may be dealt with
separately, 1a the Reva Kantha Agency the plant is not culated atall In
the Palanpur Supeintendny the authories of Plaspur and Radhanpur ro-
post that there a no regular culation, but the plant springs up. spontaneously
toa very smal extent in irigated ands, and in flds stunted on iver boks
and beside water, The information seems to imply tht the plant are tended
and from Palanpur it is sated deitely that the plant is sometimes grown in
gardens. Te may be noted that a smal impart of bhang from Palanpur isto
the Domb ditict is sad to occur. The sume stae of things probably
previ the Mahi Kantha Agency for though is reported rom dsr, the
principe State, that there no-cuvation, the Native Asistast to the Poliieal
Agent sates tha the plas is not edited “10 2ny extent,” early implying
that there some culation. And matters we not very dissin in Ka
sa for th Assan Poliicl Agents in charge of the Haar and Golilwad
Prana wit that thers i no clvation for the. market, but in some places a
few plans are eared in sugarcane fields and andes for home consumpion. and
ite to holy men. The rept from the Stat of Catch desedbes similar cle
vation. A witness of Hyderabad (Sind) stats that gana is imporad from
Daneel and Catch, This may, and probably docs, men that it comes through
Coch from Pano, a place near Bombay, where a wholesale business is
cared on.

150. Theres a ceri mont of exlivation in Sind fo Whang, principally in

a 3
niu, eSNG distic, and. some in the Klip
“7 Sue dln, The average arss for quinquenal
peiods during the fast twenty years and for the yea 1892-93 3 given blow

ed yw we
i ToL Le
os o
wo so w

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x

Ci. IV.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 185594. SE

it pesod

Hydebad 5
“3

L
5

Stikapae ws
us

J.
3

Facer,

EY 3
ut period Py
gra wo

Kigueodsd ow ow Cw
“wo “
sgn »
There bss never been any culation i the Thar aod Purkar dict. The
total for the frst period fs 425 Acres 4s compared xh 337 acres for the year

1895.03 There bas been a remarkable falling of fn recent years in the

Karachi district and the Khispor Sate and 350 acres may now be taken as
the normal area of culation in Sind. The culation of isobted plants nese
houses would appeseto be exteemely rare. The evidence docs no spe of ie

131. The hemp plant i not culated in Aden

aa
13. The culivaton ofthe hemp plant was not restited Bear wil 1875,
andi that yeas a system of granting liecnses, subject
to afc of Rs. Sicespesiv of ara, was troduced,
The system was modified in 1584, when tho license fee vas mised. 10 Ro. 16.
peracre. The total area culdvated since 1877-78 bas beso

as 8535
wt ws63
sso
itis
K
sess
sss
ty 8y

sess

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153 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. [Ct IV.

nd thas been confined to thro districts n all but the fist of these years, the

Figures fo th lst year being —

er

Aus{ %
1919. “ Cw
Anes om
Bats wv “om
Akola has sways bad. the greatest sven under the crop, the second place biog.
Taken by cach of the athe disticts in diffrent periods, There appears to be
a tendency forthe clivation toncresse inthe last thee years, which is probably
‘Connected with the fact that in some falubas forcign gana is being imported,
showing that the present. production isnot. suficint for the home market. [Ig
calvaton hardly exists at all,

135. The memorandum from Ajmer reports a nsgnifcast amount of cult

p: vation fo the production of bhang: In 1856 he total

- area was reported to be 4 Biswas, There is no restric:
om on culvaton, but iti only cried on by malis and Hindu ascetics, and
the Brahmans of Pushar, The District Superintendent of Police says tht the
Produce ha fallen to 40 maunds, and the Abr Inspector als states that the
colivaton is on the decrease. The extent of t would appear to depend a great
deal on the character of the season.

134. Tn Coorg cultivation is allowed nde icons, but no one undertakes it

openly. The spontaneous growth that springs up
near the huts of conics and id ibe, the Yersvas
‘and Kurabs is sometimes fostered and tended. From the account of cuivation
Eisen by witaesse (1) and (a), it would sppese that the plant is sometimes
sown deliberately, and treated with some care. The extent of the whale cul
vation must, howe, be very iflng. It is reporied that thce have been cight
prosecutions for lic clivation i the Iss two years,

135. The Pelieal Agent and Deputy Commissioner of Quetta and Pishin

Sai reports that the hemp plants culfvaed to 3 very

small extent in one or to villages of the Quetta Sub-

iision and that the produce, which is sald to the contractor, motnted ast year
tora sés. In bis evidence the Deputy Commissioner mentions the cultivating
illage Ahmed Khantsi, The small quantity of the drug produced would seem to
dicate that 1 i charas, The Pojieal Agent, Kat, sates that the plant is not
eulivated on band under the adminiscation of the Political Agent, and that an
insignificant amount is grown, in the teritary of the Khan of Kalat, These
facts are comaborated by one witness.

136. 1thas already bee seen from the evidence of Mr. Lewis (10) that the

ttt ie se ga DEP Plat was formerly culivated in Upper Burma.

gs sien And it would appear to bave been culivated ona
‘Considerable scale, fo it was the sle source of supply to the shops in Lover
Burma. The information calected by Mr. Bridges, Commission, Eastern Diy
sion, thought shows tha under Burmese rte the plant was not uncommonly reseed.
in yards and gardens, does not convey any Wea. of the extent of the cult-
alin in the days beloe probibiion, whe the crop must have beea worth grow-

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 a Ta eR alitt Siiiaitisiind
Ci. 1V.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893594. §3

ing on the fonter of Lower Bursa. The Deputy Commisione of Mergui states
that in those days the plant was edlivated in parts of te Tenasserin sewnsl

and some other localities i that division of the province. The Deputy Commis:
sine of Pegu also writes that befor the probibiion the hemp plants reported
to have been abundantly eulivated in Basten district, nd in small quantities
in Pega.

137. dos not pps hat the Barman props scr ge tothe bp
Ee steno the se rugs, 0d ts not therefore suprising tht the more
FSS yiensive coltvaton in Upper Bursa should have
ceased with that of Lower Burma ditecrly the prohibition mas passed and the
market in Lover Burma was closed. Some survival of the practice which
supplied the shops is, however, indicated in thecvdeace of Mr. Tarleton, Disklet

Supeintendent of Police of Thayetmso (as), who says that * certain wllages

Sound Tindau and Thetngaibyin in the Allnmyo Subdivision ae in the hat of
radingin ganja, which they brnginto Allonyo and Thayetmgo and elo natives
of India” Unfortenately this witness was unable to stand in ans to the iviar
tion of the Commission, and they ae therefore lf in doubt 45 to the precise
value of the statement. Me. Bidges state that he has frequently noticed in the

divi of excise offers in Upper Burma references to the clivtion of ganja;

and sgain—" In Upper Burma the growth of the plant in small zy by consumers
for their oun use goners, but the consumers aro fom” Mr, Powe, Subdiv
sional Offer, Kyaukiau, in the Peg. district, reports that the hemp plant
grows: in back_gardens in the Wand townshipt the bse of the spurs of bil
radiating fom the Maingghong. peak. Other oficial witmesees sate hat 5 fen
Plan see ill occasion enlivated in secret, and that prosecutions ae some-
Simes instituted on this accoust. This testimony comes fron Loser as ell 25.
Upper Burma, Batt appears on the whole that the practic is ficiently checked
nthe seutled discs. The disrcts of Thayetmgo, Mek, Kyauksé, and
Mandslay are perhaps indicated a those in which it is most pevalat. It is
of course impossible under the circumstances 10 form any. cstimate of the
extent of this culation

138. The Deputy Commisione of Mergai mentions the cultivation of the

oe cr ngte PANE 0 Siam beyond tha Fonte of Burma. The

ETT AER Commissioner, Eastern Division, andthe Ine
ss specter General of Police speak of exlivation in the
Dana country which les between Burma and the Shin States proper, and
part of which s Bitch tertery. A formee cif of th Shan State of Nysungwe
describes the cubivaton in His ov county, which is probably typical of the
practice of the Shans over a much larger area. At his pot the Kachin tribes
appear to be. mingled with the Shans, and their habit of roving the hemp. on
2 considerable scale for fe is described by Mr. Bridges and the ex-Sawbwa
of Nyaunge. This babit probably adhers to the Kachin race in theic own
county to the nocth, and thee is no appacea reason why it should not bo found.
over the continsous tounain tract wich stretches up to the Province of Assam.
Tn the Danu and Shan country th culivaion is of the homestead Kind; a few
plant only are esced in each case for home consumption. The pracice is
more common among. the Danus than the Shans, and the produce. would
appear to be more than sufficient for home. consumption, fo some quaotty
"

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$4 REFORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [ CH. IV.

is snuggled nto Buon. In the Upper Chinduin disict there is a small

oat ert eli.
159. Inthe civil and miltary station of Bangalor the cultivation of the hemp.
plant is probibicd, and in the last seven years
sn.
there have been two or three prosecutions for
rach of the regulation, There can be no culation except a siray plant hero
and there. The Mysors as provide that hemp may be cultivated under lense.
Clfivators appent o have made. two or three unsuccessfal experiments, and to
haveabandoned the dea of groving the plait as a regular crop. This nforma-
tian i funished in the memorandum of the Excise Commissioner. Mr. McDon-
nel, the Special Assistant Excise. Commissioner, who scoms to have made a
study ofthe whole subject of the hemp drugs, describes the method by which
a superior quality of gana is produced. locally, and he thinks that its great
alo in the market as compared ith imported ganja must be a strong induce
ment to clandestine culivtion in yards and gcdens. He's evidently of opinion
that tise not a all unlegent, especially in towes and large villages where
conceslment is moreeasy, He is corrsboated in some degree by other informa.
fon. The Excise Auistant Supervisor, Tumkur dict, says, boweser, tha the
hemp plan “is culvated for the production of gar, but t0 a very small exten,
al ovee the province. The extent of culation bs considersbly decressed since
the inrodction of the le... {of regulating and rsteicting he eur
ion, posession, sale, import, nd export of ganja” and this must be clandestine
colivaton, or it seems cerain that no icsnses have been. taken out. The
Sbdvisonal Officer, Chick Ballapur, sa + The local culation and pre
poration of ganja. are a present confined 10 the Chintamony tak” On the
whale, however, woud 5g dation is inconsideesble, and the
tocal production qu

140. The aficl mesarandum of the Hyderabad State reports that na ense
is oguired for culation, but it is understood that
re the produce must be sold to the farmer of the
monopely. Only enough is grown for local wants: the culivators are few
because special knowledge and sil are eguiced. for the culivation, No statis
ties are supplied. The Dicector of Agricultwe and Commerce states that
the land undec gana in the whole dominion may be roughly timated at
about 300 o 40 acres. The culivarion is caried on in 3 smal tract imme
tly south of Hyderabad and inthe Aurangabad and Nandsi districts
tie on the noch bordering Khsndesh and Berar, By another informant the.
Indore disc lying between Nandair and Hyderabad is mentioned, and another
staes thatin Mabratwada and the Canavese district, which later must fie
‘on the south and southwest ofthe donirion, i ie grown to sbout the samecxient.

as tobacco. The information gives the impression thet only small lots are
sown by each man. Besides thi regula culivtion, fow plants may occasion.
ally be esred in yards od gardens, but the produce from unskilfl culivation
i ad to be very fer, About 450 acres may be taken ss 2 far figure for
the whole State. One informant speaks of fuctuation n the extent of cultivas
ton, and auibutes & slight increase to. the class of fakirs and gosiine
becoming more numerous,

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Ci 1V.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS CONMISSION, 180394. 55

. The memoranda from the marginally noted States show tha, except in
Dholpus, no auempt is made to regulate the colic
vation of hemp. In Dholpur permission is required
to culate, and it appears that no one asks
and tha there is consequently no colévation, In
al the other States culivation for the production
of bhang only ‘is reported. Oly five Sates um
figures from which to judge of is extent—si., Jhalavar 30 acres, Jean 11
acres, Joypors 10,000 maunds, Bian 3 bights, and Shahpura 25 bighas, The
Jepore figure, if not a clerical mistake or eror of calalatin, indicates a
farge rural consumption, fo the folowing quantiles only ave sccounted for as
being exported of sent to the capital i—2 maunds exparted 50 maunds (rans:
‘ported, and 500 maunds imported fom discs into the city + otal g77 maunds.
The statistical table at the same time shows an impor of gs maunds of
bhang snd no exports. In the frst four Sates here named the culation
would appear to be of the more systematic kind. In Shapira and the est of
Rajputans. the pln is sow in gardens. ther in small patches or in avour-
able positions, such as the sides of water-channels, of scatteed_amang. and
around other vegetables. The figure given for Shabpra is an estinate of the
aggregate quantity of this kind of colivation. It appears that in Srohi a canti-
bution is levied in kind fron the culivators and presented to the temples of
Mahadeo. The average of these contributions for tea years vas one msund of
gan and forty mands of bang. A witsess fom Bhartpur stats that the
Plant was formerly. culated, but is not now, and the oficial retum shows no
culivaion. Here only and in Bikanie is there any evidence of Aacteaton in
the practice, and in both instances decrease indicated. The plas seems to
requir inigation crrywhee, and over a great par of the Agency water is scar.
“This must operate 3a check to cultivation. As 3 broad gonral description, it
may be sid that the plant is eukivated fo the production of bang al over
Rejputana where gation is possible, and tha, caccpt in Jhalar, Jislni,
and Jegpore, it i never sown in large patches, but sppears 4s scattered plants in
Vegetable gardens.

145, The information from the Central India Ageney is scanty. The rtera
from the Indore State shows that fom 1873-74 to
co totn,
1878.79 the area of culation exceeded 500 bights.
Ben of cbitn in ako
I then fell suddenly to blow 100. bighas, and nev

reached that figure again nti 1885-89. The average of hat 30 the fol
four years is 150 bighss (f acre). The culivation has duing this period been
about staionary. 1 Is confined to the fow mabals in the Nemad disict
bordering on the Narbada, and to a small tract north of Indore. The State
puts ao restiction on the culivation whatever.

143. Enquicy made by the Commission shows that inthe Ants pargana of
the Gralior State the cltivaton amaunts 0 265
bighas, nd that thee is calivatoni other parts of
the State 1s wel, extensive in Ujjin and Sipr. The average rent of lad fit for
the growth of hemp is Re. per bighs, and an addidonal tax of Rs. 6perbighs is
Tevied on the calvation, There seems to be no other resticion onthe cultva-

ton, which bas light tendency to increase, ts stated in a report attached:

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$6 REFOKT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-04. [ CH. IV.

10 the Nonk Westen Provinces memorandum ht ganja s grown in three

table of the Gralior State—Ants, Sipe, and Kalaras —sod that the areas ct
vated Int seson we respectively 250 bights, 253 bighas, and soo bights, 3
bighs being oneal of an ace. The total comes to about 400 acces.

144. In Deas the cukivaion for ganja amounts 1039 bighas and for bhang
et poms 10 9 bights. In Baghelkhand and Bhopavar the
ma culivation is reported to be limited in the latter
division serves for hore consumption only. Dr. Caldecot, Agency Surgeon,
Western Ml, states thie culivaton occurs all over Malw, fe, the south.
‘western pron of the Cental India Agency, fo the production of chsas, bhang,
and gas, and tht it i commosly grown along wih tobacco. The referenceto
Chara suggest hat this wide statement mst be accepted with caution or charas
fs certainly a are product in these parts.

145. Tn the cortespondence of the ast fw years relating to the production of

ecm csttto oer tHE Bem drugs snd in Dr. Wats dictionaey, the
lien HSI vation of Indore and Galir 3 more promi
acatly mentioned than that of cher States. It may be inferred that in compari
son vith the production of these States that of other States fo Central
India and Rajputann is usimportan, though iis possible that ganja may have
been exported from Central India 25 the product of Indore snd Gwalior when
it wa really coved fn some other State. But this does not spp lel,
tis probable tht the production of other States is not much mors than enough
to supply local wants. Bat in the Central Provinces evidence from the Snagor
disiet mention 1 made of smuggling from the Central India States. The
Excise Comisionee of the Central Provinces als writes (in his memorandum)
that in one village of the Panna State gana is fey grown, and that it isslso
grown in Rewah, The eulivaion in Reval is alio mentioned by. witnesses
From the North-Western Prosinces, the Joint Magistste of Jhansi (32), and a
mafisr of Bands (215). Besides Rewah, the states of Panna, Chatarper,
jigach, and Charkbart ae indicated. Me, Wall, Excise Commisionce of the
Novthe Western Provinces, stated in is report No. 273-E,, dated. 220 Novena
ber 1553, that the Jhansi and Lalitpur disses dr this soppy of bang from
the Native States of Dati, Teh, Gualor and Chittsepur, ut there is not
suffcien information to casble any estimate to be formed of the cstent of cul

vation in any but the Sates for which figures lave been given, There is
meither report nor evidence rogacting the Tmportane Ste of Bhopal on this
pot.

146. The area of regular eulivaion ascersined with some ceriny is

Aad we tp ce therfore—Galir 400, Indore 115, Devas 55:
Ey PH Goal 40 acres, In the other Sates there may ba
mall reas of regular cultivation, but the mast of i is probably scattered and
of the dessa sor, a few plants bere and thee in Geld, gardens, and home.
enclosures.

147. The Baroda report states that * it is said that ths plan was sown
Trgelyin vious places. But the restiction placed
by the Bish Government on exportation. obliged
the eulivatos to give up. culivation, It is now cultivated in one village,

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CH. IV.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189598. 57

‘Bhadrao, where hang is made for home consumption, No narcotic hempis

cultivated either for the production of charas o its flowers or seeds” The area

is about 10 to_12 bighas, I is alo found in the compaunds of sadhus, aki,

and athe people who consume ganja or bhang, Theres no season to suppose.
tha tis latte Vind of cultivation is very common.
145. The Governor of Kashi and Jammu and the Member of Kashi State
‘Council report that the plant a ot culated, It
appears tha the wild growth is shandant enongh, and
deelops the narcotic properties in suficient degre to satisiy the nants of the
people.

149. The answers to questions received from the Nepal Stte throagh the
Resident, while alleging tht no one cultivates
= gan, descibe how tho wild plant is mrvred sod
treed, somerimes, it would appear, aftr being transplanted. This treatment
fs sid to require special ski (questions 2 and 10), 30d the ference is that
the industry is not followed by any large number of persons. The Bengal exid-

ence shows that Nepal charas used formely to be. consumed fn tht prov.
ince, but has now given way to that from the Purjab. Bat its reporied from
the North Western Provinces that 25 10 50. maunds are stl impored nto
Lucksow. It would soem, therefore, tht the indusey i not iconsideable, In
Roylé's Firous Pleats. of luda will be found quoted a coport from Mr,
Hodgion, which shows that in the northern district of Nepal the plat is
pretty extensively grown for le,
150. The (llawing table shows the taal are of hemp cldation in Indi as

Sr, far t has been possible to sate defse Fguresi—.

Eston citer ascertained or estimated of eulisaion in the varisus Proisces
and State

Beng Gio Avra, years

Noth Western Doviees—
Frrniaaina ant Hardo hang | Arne, en

Pasi Bo Ren,
Deki Kamasn 2d Gah Eh {Rept

jot Be | Repo
Cont aif | Aen en ean.

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58 REFORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS CONMISSIO Sogou. [Cu IV.

“The only culivation of any moment which has been omitted is that of those
States in Rajputana and Cental India which have not been mentioned in the
{able and the imegult Kind of colivaton which is carried on in the Madras
Presidency, the Garbjat State. of Bengal, and the plains of the North: Western
Provinces, There is sso a considerable area of fibre cultivation in the Native
States asd Belish teeory in the Himalayas which has not been taken into
account, and probably smounts to some hundreds of acres, Deducing the
bre culation, which yields but tle ofthe drags, from the total area given in
the table, and. making allowance for the narcotic cultivation which has been
omitted, the total area of cultivation in India for the drugs can hardly exceed

6000 acres. The toll Himalayan culation for fibre of the Punjab and
North-Western Provinces inthe region extending from the borders of Nepal
to those of Kashmie may be taken on a liberal estimate at nearly double that
of Kumaon and British Garbual, or 1,500 acres, It cama besaid hat the
segue cultivation either of the mountains or the plains is shown to be increasing.
or decreasing. In Bridsh tertory the desultary kind of cullivaion bss dither
been suppressed, a in Bengal, Assam, the Central Provinces, and Berar, or has
dissppeaced, 3s in Bombay, or is being abandoned as in Mads, the North-
Westen Provinces, and the Pur

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 CHAPTER V,

METHODS OF CULTIVATION AND MATTERS CONNECTED THEREWITH.

151. Bf descbing the culation ofthe be plas wil be proper

[4

as bon shown hat the pant which yields te rue

herp Gr othe same 55 that which produces the rarcoics. The seed is the
familar hep seed whichis give o cage bids. 1 ls occasionally ata by
th natives of India, espocilly inthe Himalayas, and an useful of is expressed
fom. The be and seeds only come incidentally wikia the scope ofthe pr
sent inqiy. The narcotic products of the plant are gus, chars, aod Bang
Prin has deserved very lly the physiological proceses by wich the cote
principle is secret in the various para ofthe plant. For he purposes of tha
Commission fs sunt o sat laily and biel what the theo arices
ae nthe simple forms in which hey frst eter the make. The defions
ih which the Commissions Tt of questions s introduced ae as follow,
“They ae borrowed fom Dr, Pin —

Gua couist of th did lowering ops of clad eal hemp plants which
have becom cuted with es ncomeqence of avi been unable seh eds ry
Chacs i the same pple to the esnses mater whch fos the active prici-
Blo when calcd separately.
Sidl, Wng, sta, or ati rs dices sacs ale to te dry ey 9

8 emp plat, wheter msl oe femal, and whether colfed oe sncldad.”

hos deans bes ben gency acpi by te wisn, tthe

re fDi 0 ht hp ro a lin Fi
oa pl
5a: Over ly th a of Ty Gin 0 seid betes te
ne Ei nd eng pa. hog he rin y
WEBER TU cr ht to fons pane
the co ich cll gi 4 th le plo bang, Te sas ii
tale cen the 58 a he og Rowan Paleo arm om te
Comps si and spate among of the fons. The Ml

oii elton lei dy

ol of Ao 3 hr 3 pi ss me ba oral oc nd
To Kh it eh fmt Joe sll wh ba nb us ron
tn eng. Inert, he dpe ti th ei. of gt
chow mat lo oro a Ste oe usted cd,
155 Then a¢ regards bhang, the witnesses often use the word to include
Toe ng bang on camino the female ower head as well as the leaves of the

—- Bower
male pln, head
andmust
thealio gree leaves
enter into it in as ell as ofthe
consequence dy. method.
the rude The
of preparing the drug, is, by dying the plants and beating out. the leave.
But the male flowers are not more narcotic than the leaves; the paint to be.
noted is the inclusion of the female Bower head in bhang. The confusion arises

from the name ofthe product bbang being used also fo th lged form in which

the hemp drugs are consumed. Ganja pounded up and made ino dink becomes
bhang, This is the vay inwhich Garbja ganjais used at Pur. In the west and
south of dia th distinction beeen the products hang 3nd gan is frequently

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 Se
60 REPORT OF THE INDIAN MEP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893:9¢. [Ch Va

lost Bhangis culivated in ind vith similar precautions to prevent he fetfzation

of th female plan a fn Bengal, and th products called nothing but hang, and is

Fuel saed for anything but concocting drink and sweetmeats, the making
ans biog imported. Bhang 1 the ancient name of the plant. I is also the
Sam ofthe form of narcotic product which was eadest discovered, for it must
‘has taken time to lear the art of soltio the female plant and 50 producing

nia. Bhang is also the name of the most simple. styl of consumption, vi, by
Souning and drinking, which must have preceded smoking. Naturally, there-
fore, bhang is a more comprehensive teem than ganja, and often includes it,
expecially where the production of garja. has not become a. recognised industry.
Inthe Madras Presidency ganfa is the more general term, so much so that
in some places the word bhang is hardly understood. This is probably due. to
the hemp plans being only known to the people as culivaed for the production
of gua.

1st Charas may no always be the puse resinous matter, It generlly con
coc esse sien lal dt 20d ther impure picked op fn the
= processof manuacture. Bat it is hardly evr cone
{founded wth gas o Whang, ts appevance that of dak gen or brown pate,
a disinct from that of bth the ther dro. In Kashie snd the Piab only
she name ga sometines applied to chars, probably becaas chars is pre
paced from the femal of ganja plant (Governor of Kashi), There i reason
To think tha in sme pata of Rajptana. th distinction betneen charas and
oa sna very silly observed, snd that th former name is occasionlly
Eien to th later dros

155. In Bengal the hemp plant is grown sll for the production of garja in
the area of regular and fiensed. culivarion. The
a cakivaton which i to be found. in insignifi-
cane quaniity all over he province, and the character of which ns been
escibed, yids for the most pat hang and not guna Bt for smoking. Ganja
of incor quality i poduced nthe Tributary States of Orissa. in considerable
Quantity. In the Tributary States of the Chota Nagpor Division ganja of
the same quality is produced, but in less quantity. The eulivated product
of Hill Tippera appears to be sill lower in the sexle as regards quality, and
ory lle in quant. 1c proposed now to describe. the skied. culivaion
ofthe Ganja Mahal, where the agricultural processes for the. growth and. pr
paration of ganja have undoubiedly boon brought to greater perfection than in
anyother pie of Indi, and, as far as formation wil alow, the more homely pra
tices proving outside tha act. Babu Hem Chander Kerr's report contains
a detailed account of he Rajshahi eulivasion ; Dr. Prin has given bi out-
ef the mod of cule ; and Mr. Price, Collector of the disict of Rajshahi,
has submitted a sketch of the eulivators business during each month of the
year. Babu Hem Chundor Keres report is the basis of th information fished
by most witnesses, Endeavour will be made to comple a succinct account from
these material.

156. Hemp is an exhausting crop, and requies a light, well-iraiced soil. It

cotmat i ue appears that there is but a limited quantity of
MAFRRRERANEY Fl inte gomd in the Gana Mabal,
and that thee a 2 tendency to abandon the autying lands and concentrate the

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Ci. ¥.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. 61

lion about Noogaon, The gaa plants reseed n 3 sed bd a msry

and planted out nto the field. The fild a selected bomen Januny and
he middle of Marc, nd mas: be one wich has in fala bas bore thing
but Tight cops, such as pulses or mustard, dring the tw previous year.
must no be overshadowed. by wee, 1 i fit plvghel to remove weeds
and subtle as thoroughly 1s the colivators’ means wil allow, In Apel and
May dhe eld i lsrally dressed with fs surface sunt fom sarounding
ands the quaniy sed depending on the qulty of the Gd. The tt ang
weeds onthe sides of the ld ar ext dug up in clods and thrown on to the
eld, the bles thos made bing led up with exth fom the ditches. The eld
is thos cleaned ots extreme boundarcs, sod he veeds ied 55 dresing
forthe land. Tn thi process a aml) bak abt rine inches highs raed
ound the ld. The rsh earth added to the Fel becomes descend in 3
wes of so, and then cow-dung manure is added and the fd vel ploughed
again. From this time tll Sepmber ploughing, allowed by harowing wilh the
Sambooladder, is cared out rom time to ine, te ble bing, 35 Ba Her
Chander Ker say, that the tne te nd 1s plovghd. th beter is he crop
Khan is made to kee the eld wel drained.

157. The deals given by Baba Hem Chonder Kerr regain tho selection

my tangy
SBURIEPT IIE vith %
the 0subject
08 ofbt thebrs pil cn
spontanons coinHo
growth

Egil ie goo nd nc Hoestnd of the

culivato is gearlly. made avaible for & nursery, aod the peopl fn rer
eke hemsies sure of ts dryness aloays mle pin of wing (hoelas rly
in which a twbsrousoned, assis vega caled mah (Cperss roland,
Ly grows. The growth of atha sin thee opinion, 3 ur sign of he nd
beng quie dey In another ghee Babu Hem Chinder Ker saps: The
sus on sed bed const of 3. plot of igh gh, sandy osm” Tht. selecion
of his plo made Tn May, snd 35 soon ne of two showers Ise all 1y
ploughed. The ploughing s repeated thie a for mcs ech nth tl August,
The object s complete. polersaton of the sa, nd i ecesay, th bamboo
Jaden adiion to he plough assed avr he od fo this parse, Manure
sno vod, andthe and must be quite re of shde of soy Kind. The sends
ste sown brosdesst on a fn day alice ploughing and the soving is loved
by barawing t cover the sed, The bed scaly dried, The following
mrks from Baba Hom Chder Ken's report. are quaed to show ein
diosa of th plan fo the sme reason da the previous serdliesracts
ere made.” Seed ae nat som on ier a ray o even 8 cldy day when in
ie spprhended, the et round ts them, Even if tas thee or or days
ster the stds have been sown, most the seeds ae dstoyed, a the cath ge
acdened nto cake fe the ri, and she germs camo fore thi vay trngh
i To such cise fresh sud has ob sow 0 asthe rey $58. vr
Ne ith gras weeded out a any ima afr the soning of te seed. They
ar lao neve inated. The ulfivalrs 20 f pion tha the growth of grass
in the seed bods is beaefical 0 the young plants, inssmuch as it protects the

. ©
ater from the action of the wind”

15. Tova the end of August or begining of Scpicbe he 6 is gai

dressed i conn, eu, sod bose sweeping,
Tome fut a week o tea days ser tis comes the day

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65 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSIO 1Sogos, [CHV

for planting out, The eld is ploughed and harowed, and made into ridges
“el smoothed 20d. besten down wit the hand,” and the sedlings are planted
out, All this is done on the one day for fer that the soil which has been so

thoroughly puveisd should get too dy.

159. ts necesary to again quote evbatin rom Babs Hem Chundes Kerrfor

p 4a the same reason as before: The number of plovgh-

eer pe NALS regulated by the nature of the ol, Har or
clayey lands, in which hemp s occasionally. grown, requiing more frequent
Plosghing than elds of oli soi or Tight, sandy loa, which form the majority
of the gua beds, The seedlings at the time of tansplstation ace from four
to five weeks 0 and from six to twelve inches high. The smaller ones are
eolcted for bighet and dre Geds, in which they are csabled to thea ou their
roots much quicker nd ease, and. grow up much faster than now felds, the
sol of wich is somewhat heavy owing 10 the existence i it of a greater
amount of moisture, which retards the growth of very tender plants.

1 ain fils within tree o four days ser the transplaacation, i proves. injuiovs
tothe young plants, the tons of which, nt hing taken any hold upon the sil
co and die aay”

160, The operations of the nest few weeks are thos described by Dr.
“A month or so alr wsnsplatation,
abou the middle of October, the felds are
carelally wesded; a forsight later, begining of November, the idges are
hoed down a fr 4 is posible whos ifring the rots of the hemp, which ve
then well manured with ibeske, or 3 mixture of cake and cow.dung, and the

idges rt over the mare, About the middie of November the plants are
trimmed by the remons of th Tove branches is helps to give the plane
pyramidal shape that cuss the flowering tops being as close together as oss
bie, obviates the formation of gana close © the ground, where t would
cern go covered with sasd and mad, and nally admits of ances course of
Plosghing and bowing with 2 narra ladder between the idges; his course
immediately follows the inning, and sitsel followed by a second. course of
menuriog with powdered cov-dung and aibeake, ale which the ridges are again
pet

161, Atsbout hi stage the detection and. removal of the male plants is
begun, An expert is seqited for the work, cithor
he professional odd o paratidar orth coivator
Himself i he bas acquired the necessary killin distinguishing the male from the

female plats, The exact difleencos by which th plats ae distinguished by

he cxperts canst be deseibed with conldence. The operation akes place before
the lowers are developed; and Babu He Chunder Ker says tat he inspections
invariably made inthe meraing so 2 to have a good ight, which shovs how fine
these iftzences must be. The poddar breaks over the plants which he decides

tobe male the cuthtor placks them out, and llth blaak spaces ith plants
from the pats o th ld wher they are et in grater umber. Then follows
the fist imigatio, whic is regulated so. to moister the ridges, but leave mo
‘water standing in the furows. The paddar's vis: may be repeated two or thee

Gnes, aod the Sed may be rdgated {rom thre to six times in the folloing few

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 C1. V.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 183394. 63

weeks. The cltvator Himself is always on the look-out to detect and remove
male plants which may have been overlooked at the regulst inspections. Between
the fist and second. imigations the ridges are hod and the fed manured
ied time,

162. Bal: Hem Chunder Kere states tat the mle plant begins to flower in

Mtr ogc od ee. Novae and the fee pln fn the begining of
wn January, and Dr. Prin adds hat fom the time the
atte flowering begins the culfivator i on the outlook for these abnormal male
Bowers on bis female plants which the paddey could not possibly have fortald!

“The gasa begin to ripen about the middle of Februse, the stite of maturity
being indicated. by a brownish sppesrance and the falling of of all the lager
leaves." The Commission visited Naogaon on the 16th February, when the
harvest vas in ful ning:

163. There ae one of two matters in which the wayaaf the Bengal culvator

rene crs same 37 diferent. om os of th pele of othe prov.

Bes faces. They talk of th genj-beaing plant a5 the
male and the polle-bearing plat as the female. Tn the Central Provinces and
he west of India the cltvtor seems o baveleams mare of the eincipls ofr
ietion in plants, and generally cals the by thei ue secs. The exstnce
SRE ofthe asia (emasculated) plant, which Babu Hem
wiser Chander Kerr calls heruaplrodie, and Dr. Poin
descrbes as * unctonally defective” ules but imocens,” and cold, a ity
‘ame imple, wit the sex to whic telly belongs” has apparently paral
at Khandwa i the Cental Provinces. The pant sft. standing st. larvet or

receted from the heap if it hus been gathered by misake. The Bengal cx
ow Bet emit dom st at docs na grow cro speclly fo seed se
Ftc done Kinda, He uss th grin that fl from
Wis ganja in the processes of manufacut, whieh ar ery wero, notwthe
tanding all the pans tht have ben taken {0 cradcat th mle plants,

164. The cultivation of hep in the Ganja Mabal is a practice thats handed

at cata to sy ow from (ahr 10 son in comaen ith so many

alo en fndustis fn this county. Beyond
the industry cannot be sid 0 be confined toa cass. Musalans very largely
preponderate among the culiators in sbout the propertan of 7 02 according
to Mr. Price. There is no evidence. that the occupation is held in cones,
a point which Dr. Prsin has discussed at pages 47 3nd 43 of bis repos. Babu
Herm Chuder Kerr enteced folly into tho details of cost of colivation and the

profits of the cultivator, He estimated the former at Re. soto Rs. Go and the
Fitter at Rs. a5 to Rs. 50 pr bighs. Thre is no equally good information of
more recent date, Ganja ranks as one of the superior crops.

165. Babu Hem Chunder Kerrnoticesafact which appears repeatedly inthe

de tags oct wha idence fom all provinces that “when the plants
— begin to ower in clusters nd the resinous matte
formed, rain spoils the aja’ The quantity and supeiority of Central Asian
chars 1 said to be due to the dryness of he climate i that region. This is a

point of considerable interest 238 possible. explaation of the nferrty of the

Sug when culivatod in the rainy sessn. Ther is 00 idence of éntvaion

| caELRe cd
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64 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. [CH. V.

in the Darjeeling district for fibre. From the evidence relating to other parts of
the Himalayas, it is improbable that such cultivation does not exist.

166. Though there is not any great amount of illicit cultivation, it will be
interesting to note the information furnished by re-

TEES Si may deaet ports and evidence as to the methods employed in it.
nn Mr. Basu, Assistant to the Director of Land Records
and Agriculture, reports that he observed signs of the spontaneous growth where
it was not plentiful being looked after with some degree of care. Talking of
Bhagalpur and Purnea, he says : “As a rule the people of these districts could not

distinguish between male and female plants, the leaves of both being used as a
bhang; but one man pointed out to me a plant which was a female, and said
that this class of plants produced the best drug. It is not uncommon to see a
few selected plants, mostly females, left on the ground ; these acquire a more
bushy appearance not unlike that of the ganja-bearing plant. All this made me
suspect that the people knew a great deal more about the bhang plant than they
were willing to avow." This would lead to the belief that the secret cultivator not

unfrequently succeeds in producing smokable ganja. An Excise Deputy Collector

describes one method by which the plant is not only concealed from view, but
which may result in effectually secluding the female plant. When the plant is
a foot high, an inverted earthen pot is placed over it supported by pegs fixed in
theground. The confined growth takes the form of a cabbage-flower (síc), and
would in all probability retain the resin in more than common quantity. A
Burmese witness has described a. similar method as being the regular practice
in the Shan States, The Registrar of Calcutta (98), enquiring from fakirs and
religious mendicants, leams that the wild plant is made to produce ganja for
smoking by lightly rolling the flower spikes of the growing plants between the
hands, thereby causing the component parts of the spike to stick together, and
preventing the access of the pollen, “This treatment, repeated several times,
converts the spikes into what is commonly called faé, which gives the matted
appearance to the article.” Witness (53) states that he has seen ganja plants
cultivated illicitly from the twigs of which ganja as good in appearance as excise
ganja can be prepared, but the flavour of it is alleged to be inferior. There is not

in the evidence, however, any general confirmation of the supposition that the
icit eultivation produces the stronger form of the drug. The matter will be
further examined in dealing with the preparation of the drugs

There are not, however, sufficient grounds for supposing that the homestead
«ultivation or the fostering of the wild plant is carried on on any extensive
scale. It is not often that either practice produces anything superior to
bhang, and where there is an unlimited quantity of good bhang growing
wild, there can be little inducement to illicit cultivation with its attendant

risks. No information has been given of occupants ever being paid for allowing
the bhang growing on their lands to be collected, and that incentive to fostering
the plant appears to be wanting. It will be seen also that where the wild plant
does not prevail, the licit consumption of ganja is comparatively small, and the
consumers are therefore few.

167. The Tributary States of Orissa after the ‘Ganja Mahal contain the most
extensive and important cultivation in the Province
mita: Makai: of Bengal. This cultivationhas never been made

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Cit. Y.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893:94. 65

the subject of detaled enquiry and epert and the formation now given in
answer to the Comission’ questions is but scanty. It appears fo be of the homer

stead sort, and limited ta few plans in each plot. The rly suggestion fered
that itis Sometimes conducted on a large scele comes from the Sub-visionl
Offer of Japur in Cuttack (5a), who saya: * I he nds be smal, the seeds sre
sown broadcast if the lands b larg, the seeds are rst sowmin a nursery plo”
Ms. Wylly, Government Agent at. Keonjbr, states that the plant is grown
in seed bedsin Apriland May and transplanted, which may be regarded 13 somo.
confirmation of the above witness. I this fact is accepted, the evidence shows
thatthe plants ae raed in three ways—either accidentally sown, sown broadest,
or transplanted. At the beginning of the rainy season—that i, in Jone July
the plants will be about a oot high, and standing in grester of less number i
plot neae the homestead. The plant takes some five or ix months to uatare fo

the time it has reached this stage. Mr. Taylor (36), an offer who has served
in Orissa since 1866, says that the plans ace hosd and. wesded, and th roots
loosened and dressed with vegetable mould or welotted cowdung. Rai Nand
Kissore Das, District Offices of Angul, sates tha th plats are watered wl
necessary. There is no evidence tha the male plants are exipated, Witness
(63) docs no spesk positively on the pint but would appear from the evi
ence of Mr. Wlly that some distinction is made in the treatment of plants
Tt in sn iwi OF GHC sx. * The male plant, he says, dove.
whl me less mearing the female is emasculated by have
ing its stem punctured or cut, nd. pices of broken tile inserted in these cuts
“That this process is in vogue is confirmed by Babe Manmohan Chakras, who
dos rot, however, make any distinction of sex with referenc to. The plantis
subjected to stil another operation, whichis mentioned by Ras Nand Kissore sad

Babu Manmohan Chakravart, without any distinction of the sex of the plant,
except that the female plant is indicated by the language used. The former
says “ atbing me then the isting of the stem for the production of gana is
done; thelattr, to preven over branching of the fower beads, hey are
roughly wvsted. © There is no more information of the treatment of the plat
G1 it pens and is gathered in December-Janvary. This appears to be the
sesson of growth notwithstanding that Babu Kad Bhushin Sen makes it
eynclronoss vith the Rajshal scaton. It cannot be comet, se he sates that
the plant grows spontancously rom the previous year's secd towards the close
ofthe rainy season, for this is contrary fo the habits ofthe hemp plan in the
plains of Northern Indi, and. the fact that the nateal conditions at the close
of the southevest monsoon do nok seem 10 be favourable to the spontaneous
germination any hind of seed.

165. The summary of theresults of the inguicy made by Mr, Grimley in 1890
Pein Sta, Cota Neg, ip the States of the Chota Nagpur Divison gives
Tit Sete m8 ged geil of the method of elfivation in that
Cegion. Unfortunately no question was directed to ascertaining the season of
growth, and the information on this point is net, thereore, decisive. Sirguja
cepors that seeds are sown or plants grow during the rainy season. This agrees
with the account from the Garbist States as was to be expected. The practice
of transplanting is mentioned fom Udsipir. Inthe answers to the question
‘whether the male plants are destroyed, the sexes ae confounded, but it is clear

; n
that the general extemal differences see recogaised. Boral reports tat those

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66 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394 (CH. V.

plants on which flowers gro are destroyed, and thos an which th leaves became
Ftetvined ave preserved. The latter description clearly indicates the clustered
spike of th female plan. Gangpur reports that the malo plants (relly female)
‘which produce fers and fit ate not destroyed, which may well imply that the
others are, It may be fered generally that the practice is not well established

orsysemateall cared out. Its probably in the empirical stage described by

De. Prin (page 12), and dived to the removal ofa plant which is useless rather
than mischievous for Bons say: No ane can distinguish which i the male or
female lant” The answers show alo that the male plant is very geneeally pre-
served fo os as hang, while the one with intertwined leaves is kept for gar

The ground i ploughed and dressed, but not apparenly seated in any. special
manner. The spliting of the stem with insertion
Motto te mip.
of a potsherd and the trising of the plants are
pracised; but it would appese from the Udaipur answer that the twisting.
merely the means of spliting the stem. It is reported from Gangpur that cross
incifons see made. inthe stem with a kf, and * something Tike opium of other

intoxicating thing is put fo it, and the ntestce is then closed up with earth
to increase the power of intoxication” It may be. concladed tha the method.
of culation does not difle from that in vogue iu the Garjat States.

169. No description is furnished of the eulivation in Fill Tipps, but well

informed witness classes i with tht of the Gaehjt
Tp States. Tus not Thely that it is more skiff or
aaborae

170, There fs no tegulc culivation'n Kh Bear, and the homestead civ

ton if here is any, camel be ifsc. from. that
of the surrounding Bish tereory.

1710 The is no regular cltisation in Assam, and th evidence gies no oe

i formation about the processes. cnployed in the il
and bill cl Mr. Anderson states that the
Mis of Lakbimpar hedgo in the wild growth; Mr. Godirey that the plat is
wedod, The. culvators named. are, besides the Mis of Laklimpur, he
Nagas of the Shiagar frome, Mr. Spicer mentions Kukis, Patnics, id a
few costes, and His evidence relates 0 the Cachar Valley. The il tes of
the province and ts fronirs may be included in th fst, an th coulis gnc

ly practically
are Th rg: podist
th sa. ar hang and vr er gis. The wo things

+73. There ave three lasses of ulivation fn ts provines—that card on

in the Himalayas for Gre and sceds with charas
25. bye-product, the recognised cultivation of hang
in Farakhabad and Hardol, and the desulory homestead cultivation which. pre-
vals 10 8 greater or lss extent everywhere in the plain caunty.

173. Te sme described by ies (9) aad nthe * Field and Garden
wien C98 of the North Wertera Provinces and Oud”
by Dui and Flle, Mr. Dharma Nand. Joshi is
Seaerent Deputy Collector, Garbwal and Hs account is probably based on
personal nay and. dhservadan and may thertore be quoted. The fields
pea uses are genealy selected for hemp because they are better manure,

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CH. V] REPORT OF THE INDIAN ENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1803:94. 67

and the el must be light. Early in June the eld i ceed of all rubbish
whichis bunt upon. 1s ploughed immedinely alee 3 god domeiall of
sain. In ie begining of Jl th sed is sovn; and this must be done on 3
ne day, forthe seed wil mt grow if sown in the wet, Chall isthe seated
over he eld to protect he seed frm the bids, In sight days the seed germine
Ste, and ice days afterwards the coop is carey hoe 20 tht the plants
ate not jored. After another foright the fcld a weeded a second timer
No othe operation is described tl September (Bade), when the plats have
grown up, and some have gun to be seed. Thos see called * mjango
or “lalango" (ccording to Doth * gul bang"), and st the femal plas,
Sone do not bes sed, and ave. called phubngo (according to Duis phat
Bhang"), and thoy are he mle plats, These ter are picked vp and ld
inthe sun for 8 few days to doy, and sr then manstacured nto fo. The bre
from the male plant superior. The ferme las have canis be growing
4p 0:3 eight of some 1 ef, of wich the appe hed sl of af and sed
Tn (Kart) November the fensle pants as cut down from the ror, 40d
sped in he sun fo wenty-fo hours ody. The chars is then got fm the
plants by robbing the heads between the ands. This description ges the
famal pant a Te rom germinstion to harvest o tle more than fou manth
Datic and Fle pt. te sowing in May, and. tis gos 3 longer i, more
ese aproschig th ped of roth bos i a even ments, in the ga
rac of Beg. The sei probably the more cornet,

£74. Duthie and Fells weite that hemp growing is estictedto the lowest
Gln of sive Caio T3556 of cultivators, being considered beneath the
san dignity of the higher cases. So much i his the
ease tha the phrase May hemp be sown thy house is aneaf the commonest
of abusive mpeecations. Mr. Disa Nand and other witeeses corroborate this
account, The principal cultivators appear tobe the Khasis or Tablas, a css
of people shove the Doms and below Rajputs ia the social see, who do mt
wes the sacred thread. I a Draliman or Rajput wishes to clfivate hemp, he
engages Khia or Downe to work for Him bt, alte th crop is taken of, he
has no prejudice agro aking chives of separating the fb from the stalks
Dr. Pain (pz 48) has teed the contempt. in which the hemp culate is
Bld to the wiginal motive of the culivaton, si, the production of ie, and
points out that the culivators of le fbees, such as swan (Crtalia), ares
lady regnded. Mr. Cockburn (34) confirm this explanation suggesting thit
the ofensvences of the operation of rating the sal s the origi of the dike.
Unfortanately Mr. Dharma Nand from direct knowledge convadicts this, which
might hav boon reasonable solution of th question; for he says that he ghar
lasso have no objection to ths operation. The origia of the prejudice is robe
ably to be sought in very early socil instutions.

“The scads ar, nest alee the fibre the important part of the products of

Himalayan cultivation. They aro eaten, and yield ol The seed of the unc
ated plan i very inferior in size, 0d is not therefore usd fo song.

175. Thereis very lie information about the methods saployed nth regular
eulivacon of bang in the disticts of Farakbabad
Thong ad ANE an sede. The crop must be grom fo fly large
plots or fields, fo tis capable of bing measured, and the Agricultural Depart
met apprcotly keeps a record of the area, The seed would seem 0 be sown ac

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66 REPORT OF THE INDIAN NEM DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [CH V.

the same season as wheat and barley, and. mixed in patches with these crops.
1 i harsesed in May ater the other crops have been taken of the ground.
There i no evidence ofthe male plant beng eradicated.

176. The homestead or desalory eolivationfor the production of ganfaseams

J to be carried on for the most pat secrely. Me,

HP Bruce of Ghasipur, referring to bis own distit of
course, states tha the cultivation is not cared on openly, and it is therefore
ffl o bin any particulars about tha th seed is sown broadeast in good
Sol and the plants afterwards moved o some enclosed place, sach as the courtyard
ofa house, and carefully tended ; and tha th female plants are used for ganja.

Regarding the practice of eradicating. the male plan, the evidence is not de.
Give, and what theres refers sometimes 10 the tending of wild growth, and
Sometimes to the more methodical calivaon. Thus Mr, Ferracd, Magistrate
and Collector of Bands, refering to the spontaneous growth on the Gumi iver,

Says tht, in spit of close police supervision, the people contin to keep some
‘lants and leaves, and prepace dogs fom them. In such cases the male and
female plants ace kept separate” He may be taling in this place of the drogs
and not the growing plant, fo he says futher that he has boca. told that “the

le plants are cut down when young 20d died, and ts leaves form hang.
‘Ganja is made from the female flower and petals when almost ripe. The plants

can grow togather unt] the period of ferlisaion.” Witness (45) his been
Told that the ale lant ar extiepated. On the other hand, the drug contractor
of Moradabad (348) had never heard of the male plan being extirpated.

177. The information garding bygone culivaron throws some ight on tho.

Ctcon gos fumes KPO OF the people and the practic i respect
oi of the removal of the male plant, Witness (61)
sates that there was 3 good desl of eulivatin formerly at Loohaicar, tall
Fatohpur, in Baabank, but it vas focidden. Witness (340), refering to
the same culvation, seems to say that was grown n tract called Mahadeva,
and this mast has yielded the gana which thee witnesses speak of us Mahadeva,
Witness (61) gives some details of the methods then employed. The seed
sed tobe sown with wheat and ocher crops, and when the pnts had tained
lle growth, the Kabiiyas, an they only, vere able to distinguish which were
ganja and which bang plans, re, female and male respectively. Tho ganja
Plants were then transplanted to some suitable spot, He mentions alo the
practi of isting the leaves (si) to make the plant produce gus.

178. 10 isnot worth while discussing the evidence of individual witnesses

cn am steps. the. 1 may be inferred from the whol that the
Py distinction between the male and fonale plants is
pretty widely known ; that wher the spancancous growth is in small and manag.
atl quand, and where plants have been sown in suitable places, o ransplant
ed nto such places, the female plants often receive special care and have the
males removed frm among; them ; and that for the more dsaliory srt of cl
tio it is not. very material whether the seed is taken from the culated or wid
growth, from ganja o from bang.

179: Thero i no information of any methods i vogee in the States of Tehri

touts Garkwal and. Rampur diferent from those of the.

mls province generlly.

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 CH. V.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. 69

150. There is more o less evidence of culation of the heinp plantall ove

Pit, the Himalayan pocion of th proinc, including the

ssa odimic. smaller Native States, The culation is in small
patches. A report from Kulu in 1880 says: * Almost every house has a small
patch near it, a long sp beside a hedge, or 2 small bed x few square yards long
(5) in area The only othe deta of cultivation furnished s that the season of

growth s from April and May to October and November, It may be siely
assumed that the method of culation doss not materially dif from that prac.
ised in Kumaon, which has been fully doscibed, Whether chara i produced
to the same stent may be open to doubt, bat the information on the pont is
defective.

181. Though ths extent of culation in the Panjab plains isnot great, the
Comin a te gs fe Gets Of the methods employed ni, which can be
wg peed from the evidence and. popes, may bo
noted. A memorandum by Hari Chand, Assistant to the Commissioner af Excise,
ates that people grow it in both harvests in the menthe of March and
November. They cut plants for use in February and Jone” The latter
mamod months appear to relate to the period within which the plant is
gathered if it is sown with tho late of abhi cps. An sceourt of the
culivationis forished in the appendix of Mr. James Wilson's evidence. as
having been given him by his Excise Assistant, Mi. Kicthee Singh. The pant
is reared for bang only, never for ganja, and chara is not cxraced. except
carly for private consumption. ‘The land is usually close to the village, sod of
the descipion called wisi, the sam as that described by Dishie and Flr,
‘when speaking of the Himalayan cotsasion, which the dally offs of the vi.
agers provide wih a pleniul supply of manure. 1t is ploughed fequently in
August and September, the seed i sown broadcast in the ate month and the
Feld is vated. The watering is repeated three or four times, and the crop is
Hocd now and then and kept clae of weeds. The crop is ready to cut i March

ard Apel. No distinction is made between male and female pasts. The whole
fs cut and dred together, andthe leave, lones, and small twig are the shaken
out and form bhang. The outtun is eight to ten maundsabighs. A Fle charas
is sometimes made by beaing the flowering tuigs ovr apiece of cloth aid on
the ground, A greyish white powder all on the cloth which is cllcted and.
died,

162, Thi account gives only ane sesonef ulation, bt ther ar witesses
om tno te me a 10 EOMGDOES the Assistant othe Commissions of

ah Exciso 1 to th plans being grown vith bth the

ary and te crop, 0d ater fragmentary nforatin’s fried othe pro.
Coes employed, Witness (69) mentions th ui of gost ad she. dung and
he advaniags of sovin four a fe seeds gether when th plant 10 be grown
among: tobacco or garden crops. This would be cad weather callivaon, He
io méntons the broudcas savin, 40d sates tha th prdac ofthe plants
own in silba ands fs more nosicaing, Wines (:6) sates distinctly
on there ar seasons fr the calla, fom Karts to Chit (Octobe
Novos t Ap May), aad Baisobh to Seen (ay to Auge); 0d be eae
ams th © excreta serpent” and decayed. wallow:
tions two curious
ot The cul on is. cared an in small pts ad ely by the keepers of
®

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Jo REFORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1895.94. [Cit V.

lakgas aod dharamsalss, especialy by Sikhs. Wiaess (74) sates that transe
‘planting s practised, and that th culvatos ar the akic and keepers of dara
Sales aad consumers generally. Witness (67) ives three seasons for cltvation,
probably the times of sowing, October-November, February-March, and Joy
agus, and sates that he plat s sometimes manored ate t ha grown a oot
ortwobigh. Withess (15) gives the season of sow; s from October to January
nd the haves time 2s March, and sates that the crop is cultivated Tike. other

Chabot cops on cha, hair, o salaba lands. The cuop is ct at night to

rere th loa of seed that would otherwise occur. But this witness has not
Seen the colivarion. Witness (56), Civ) Surgeon of hang, a native gentleman,
has made direct enquires in bis disrict. The male plant is, he says, extipated
in February and March, and the rest ave gathered in Ape the cultivators ae of
the ordinary css, but ao in the employ of the [aki consumers, for whom they
grow the dug. Witness (24), Excise Officer, state tha the seed is sown in
Noreber at the sume ime os wheat, The field is well drained, cleaned, aed

manure. The bhang seed is soaked in cow's milk and water the ight before
coving. tis sown broadcast. The crop is watered. In March-Apel the male
plant calle dra, which is small than the femule and bears a fowery head s
radiated. The female plants are cut wih the wheat in May. The eulivators
ar forthe most pt kis, Hindus and Mubammadans, and the prodacts cs bang.
and guja. Mc, Dames (5), Deputy Commissioner of Dera Ghazt Khan, states
hat the and a wel vere before soving between the months of June sad
September. The soed is sown between October and January, and the crop
gathored in March and the beginning of Apel. Frequent vaterings are required,
and the crop must be gatered in at ight, of it loses much of ts value,
Lemay be concluded that the crop ie genceally grown in the sobdi season,
though occasionally inthe monsoon; that i requires high ill, including a herd
supply of manure and gation ; that transplantation and the extirpation of the

mile plant re sometimes practised; that the estvation is for the. mest pat
cared en by consumers, of hom a very lrge proportion re fais and

ehaeters, -
183. Te evidence from the Poa Stats supplies nothing; new rearing the

Piss culation, From Bahawalpur there is corroboration

of Mr. Dames's satement that in the processes pre-
coding the sowing of the sed the land is watered.

184. The culivaton of the Khuandu tal hs been dsceibed by the Deputy
‘Commission of Kanda and the Excise Commis:
Contre.
sioner. These papers, wih th Commissions notes,
fori material for the following account.

185. The average sina of th enc n which ganja i culated fs 33 inches,

“The sols which are considered most suitable to the
Thon canton,
crop are—

Paar, or shite sil—land nea the village site wich is largely mixed
“with ashes and sweeyings fom the vilsge;

Hands ight yellow alluvium pervious to moisture;

Kali—black so veg.

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CH. V.] REPORT OF THE INDIAX HENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 18394. 71

The fst so are the bes; the last too tf the sessan happens tobe very
wet, The seed is specially cultivated in fields apat rom the guns, and in (his

the practice differs rom that of Benga, wher the seads which fal fom th ganja.
the process of preparation ae kept for sowing. The ced of Dhskalgaon, 3
ila in Indore territory, is considered the best, and. fetches dosbl the pecs of
other seed. It gives a stouter and mare branching plan than the local seed.
“The same fields ave used year alee year fo heap culivation snd it is thought
sufficient to manure heavily once ia three yesrs. Here again the practice
ies essentially from that of Bengal, where the lind wl only grow hemp
excry three years, and heavy manusing is required cach im i is sown. The
manure used in Khandwa_ consists of household rlus, con-dung, and ashes,
and is given to the and at the rate of sixten to twenty carloads per acre. The.
crop is sown abou fifteen days ater the frst good fall of th southwest monsoon,

Ge, in Jone or July. 1 the fd is not under sny cro, it is ploughed fn

Janiary or February, and in any circumstances it is thoroughly worked up in April
‘or May. The latter is the season for manuring iit ithe tur of the ld to be

mansred, and two ploughings and to spplications of the ofhar—an instrument

Which serves the purpose of 3 harrow—azo considered necesery between his ime

and the sowing. The seed i sovm cn a sunny day by means of 2 bamboo dl
(aorta), whichis used in combination wth the bahar. The seed gemioateswithio
a week, and in treaty days the plants have reached the height of about ine
inches. The spaces between the frrows are the cleaned withthe bullock hoe
Clolpa), and betes the plants in each row wich the gardening hand implement

called Hinrpi, the plans being thinnest out a the sme time, 30 hat they shall
stand sixor ine inches apart. The weeding process goes on fo a math nd
during tthe low leaveso the plant ae removed. There i no vassplatation
atany time.

186. About six wecks aftr soving the exanirtion (parable) fo eradication
5s cei mm ate Of male plants begins. The fist plant 0 be detected

Ee and uprooted the pure male called aris o hang

7a. The eulivators recogaise a varity of the male plant which thy call her,
nd this tested ie the aviv, The male lant, eth bhangra. or shes
orcasionally beses som female ers, and isthe esled dua, with the adic
on of bags or sheor according as i supposed to belong ta iter variety.
Nari of course means ote, od aduaria ulfnale. 167s to be noted at no
mistake is made about th tru sexcsaf the plant by the cuiatrs of Kanda.
So dey do they understand tho distinction that when asked the reason
for removing the male plants, 3 calivator replied by askiog what woud hap-
pen if ram were let lonse amongst a flock of enes. The culvators theme
Selves undertake this eradication, and no specials is coquied. But It is not
done very perfectly, or when ths Commission visited a ganja Sed an the oth
September mal pins in ful blossom wees discovered witout much dificuly.
In September or October the 5d begins to be irigated. I vill be noted
that the southowest monsoon has now oexly ceased, and that rains hence
forward harmful, 3s it washes off or otherwis dissipates th resin which has
began to accumulate in the female flower spikes. The crop ripens about the
‘middle of November, maturity being indicated by a browish appearance in the

foes spikes.

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73 REPORT OF THE INDIAN JEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 180394. [CH.V.

187. The Commission inspected some feds n this month, and found that
ppt wis shart those in which the crop was pure ganja contained a

wad number of plants which the cultivators called by the

same of moria, These had genecsly at the ends of the banchlts composing
the spikes one or two male blossoms. They are said to be deficient, though
not waning in esin, They are therefore regarded as inferior, but the Khandwa
ulivator does not appear o recognise the mischief that they do in the ganja
crop. He, howerer, sticbutes 10 ther 4 specially noxious character in that
hei seed variably produce plants of the same kind (moriz). They are there-
fore ruthlesdly eliminated fom the seed field, wile they are sometimes allowed
to remain, as was seen, in the ganja field and are in that case harvested with the

‘good ganja (mal). These appear o be the plants referred. to by Dr. Prain as
those. which the poddar could not possibly bave foretold,” and. which the
Bengal culivator roots out for himself ater the foddar’s visits have ceased.
They do not appeat to be, as Me, Drake-Brockman supposes, the 4 asia plant
of Bengal, but itis possible that the latter is included in them. The khasia
form ofthe plant is not recogaised by the Khandwa culivator,

188. The processes inculcvating the sad plant seer to be the same as those
above described as regards preference of sol, manus
ing, and GIth._1t may be mentioned, however, that
nigaion is mot invariably practised fo either ganja or seed crops. In the case.
of tho seed crop, plants bearing flowers of both sexes are as far as possible
iminated. The process is rational. The blameless female is the more likely to
reproduc her own kind, The evidence gives no information of peculiar methods
followed in the homestead cultivation. There is no special class of cultivators.

189. There is no formation of the methods of cultivation, if any stl

sw exits, in the Tributaey States.

190. Mr. Benson's bulletin describes n detal the methods of colivatior

the two regions where alone gana is supposed to be:

Mow, regularly cultivated inthe Madras Presidency, The

methods ifr and it i necessary to deal with them separately.

tot, Inthe Javadi Hill of the North Arcot district the cuivation s carried.

ar cisin fn ara © bY the Malayalis, These people “claim to alone

att possess the Knowledge necessary for the manufac.

ture of ganja, a practice which has been carried on, they state, in these hils
from time. immemorial” There being no considerable level areas, though the
ground isto a certain extent traced, the crop is sown in small plots. The
sil I fre, friable, and open, derived dicey from the rocks on which it rests,
thoroughly’ well drained, and appears to be fairly fete” It grows the ordinary
diy foodgrsin of the country, and the hemp sterrates with them. A heavy
dressing of cattle dung a absolutely necessary, and his is given in May or
Jone before the ain begin. When the ground has been sufficiently moistened
to allow of ploughing, itis broken up, and the ploughing is repeated threo or
fou times un July. The seed is then sown furrows, opened with the plough
thee feet apart, and covered in with the feet. The seeds. germinate in about.
week, and are allowed to grow for three weeks, when they are thinned out. In

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 ZH pre RE SS,
GuiV] aware on mi mn mise OS COHROHSL 5

LT eo SS HRN no
Wh str hs gh oo ni eb Tel
Fi ip es hee Se HO
Sie, Do os po a Sr dt wea

Senna
Cn so pe di pi le Sa by
oe a vi Pos cos om Md 7
To lms es deme bene
BSS han HB
a a pb omNo

ENE
ae T0056 eH lt
an herders of Rr ad ht She Boe

Sets
atenta mre
Te tsarrs
rises Dereon plang ya ok oer

neEE rae
wa shes: Too
eT rs,
aa SL
Tey rates

rr ee
fo allo fk ee cho od

metas
Cr er bem al ro sas se AA

193. The seed-bed is ural made an the dam of tank, and is about i feet:
ide by sity fet Tong. It is deguprith a crowbar,

reduced 103 fin th, and levelled. Tn August the

seed is scattered upon it and covered up by hand, aud the bed i handwatered
5 often as necessary forthe nest to months. When the plants are twa fet
high they ate topped off, andin a few dys they put ort mumcous side branches,

‘and sco then transplanted into the Geld. This takes place in Octobe. A month
after planting the fields aro handrecded, and about a fotoght ter 3 plough
run between the rows, and the plants are Usrsby slightly cath up. Flower.
ing begins two months alter photing ou, and. the male plants are remored:
Here, ais Bengal, the male plans ace called female, These plant ae cut down
atthe toot and thrown away, nd th process goes on ss long 5a male plants
are detected. The harvesting begius in Februaey and goes on into March.
Nathing is said of the cmplogment of profesions paratidars in cher trae,
And innsither docs rigaton appear to be practised beyond the extent above.
‘mentioned in the Kista culation.

194 Tha evidence, as faras it relates 1 th regula euivation of the rats

rep sak Momsesd ctv described above, does not add anyiling to this i

Lssome
formation. But details mare or less teresting snd
curious re furvished regarding the stray culivaon. Mr. Morgan,
Depaty Conservator of Forests, says o the suropiious coltsation in lcests that
the seed is scattered in od cate krals, and the plants thinned out to enable
them to branch, the males being extirpated. A Coddapah witess (121) states
that the. plaots are moved from 3 sood-bed and planted out over the felds,
i

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 We
74 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1833.94. [Ch V.

ate whic they are carllly ended, the bigleaves being removed, th trunks
{rind sod the plants themeles masred. Ante wines rom he same dis
he (5) mentions watering and the extirpation of the males, And yet another
4) aleges hat he best sorts af ganja are produced by plain the seed or sede
ogi nt less which the mouth of a dead dog wich bas been bucied
in sable pofon, and b sping the stem and binding up opm or arsenic
th cet. Th pracies of pling the stem and inserting posherd and of
{ising the stems. are mentioned by so many wigesss that. there canbe File
donb hey ae more a es in vogue, The statement that opium is inserted in
be stem 5 ale not uncommon; bat the rate cide that arsenic and
seafonidn.sro sa sed mast he hss with ha ean tothe ded dog 10 the
ess manu of fnls’ and pigeons’ dung, of serpent’ beads, of debris of
dead nhs, f Phychtis rust, and of watee made diy by washing fib,
snd the gang plans poscnsd by cobras, These aids to culisaion are
Some of them no gesaly known and ober vt casy pocurable,and do ot
desese much. stenton, The point to be sored is that evenin the desi
‘ony culivation of the garden, the homestead, and the field, the practice of
slang he female plant is. not uncommon, and esl i the production ofthe
Songer and ore. vase form of the maori, iz, gja. The evidence
Seems to show beyond doubt that the knowledge of tis process s very idesprad,

ending ove the whole residency fiom the il acs of Garjam to the
Wynaad. 1 may alo be mentioned as afloding fc for cuivation that fn
{he climate o the Madras Prsdoncy the plant requis but le arti vate.
og. When i hae once taken root, the rainfall sulfces for it div.
“Toe homestead colton 1s not carded an by any special class except in
so far 58 eigious devotes, Hind and Mabammaan, very commonly engage
fo and. may be sid sha he clvators se rend consunurs of th
dni.

195. There i no infarmaton abort the mode of cultivation inthe Madras

States, execpt tha from Travancore, regicding the
stay (and clandestine) cultivation by the Kandkars
or Hillmen, mendicants and Musamans. It ia ssid that the seed cither of
the imported gan. o of forall grown plante is sown thickly in loo sil. The
seedlings ave in due time. planted out foc apart. © The ced gasja grows
denser and shorter than_the other variety,” presumably the male. “It thrives
es in ci foam ce alluvial sel. Ie requizs no special mane, but it is believed
that the decomposed bodies of snakes, particularly of serpents, the most

eficacious manure. Some even g0 the lenglh of thinking that there is a special
adantage in dropping the seeds no the mouths of serpents ied snd planting
the thing whol. Excessive ain, it appears, is injurious to_ ganja. Tho plant
overs i shout ten months fom date of planting” The Hillmen are those who
engage in this cultivation most, but i does not seem to be commen. The pro
costes alveady desorbed for the Presidency in the desuliory. cultivation are
doles hose employed for similar culdvation in the other States,

196. The culdvation; it has been sen, i almost whlly confined to the Central

nem. Disison of the Bombay Presidency, and 4 few small

5 peony wa soma Native States in the Deccan and Southern Maratha.
we! County. The method of cultivation in this region
bas been described by many witness, and it proceeds on one system through

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Ci. V1 REPORT OF THE INoIAN ENP DRGCS COMMISSION, 18939k 15

out. Thereis some discrepancy as to the nature of th soil whichis most favour-
able to the crop. The preponderance of evidence is in favour of the lighter
mixed sol, and not of the richest and heaviest black soil. Mr. Ebdes, Collctor
of Ahmednagar, gives the folowing description of it: * When grown for ganja
the plant requires a rich friable soi, and land near a vilage sie is often
selected on account of the manure with which native habits supply it. In
gation being necessary in case of insufficient rin, begat land is prefered.
When the plant is grown fo seed or for the manufacture of bhang only rgation
is mot essential, and in ordinary seasons any good jirail land wil do
Itis principally in Satara that the richest lands are kid to be prefered,
but in the ganjargrowiog tract of that district they are probably not the
adhesive clay which is the consistency of the best back sas on the Deccan.
Rotation i necessary; good cops of hemp cant be got of the same and in
successive years. The field is thoroughly worked up fo some month orto
before the southwest monsoon, and is heavily manured, sometimes by folding”
sheep upon it. Tn Khandesh the seed is sown in the very commencement of
the rainy season, i. early in Jone, the uniga naishatra. Further souh ic
is put in later, si, in the Punarvasoand Pushya nakuhalvas, which corcespord
with July-August. The seed generally prefered is that from Ahmednagar,

or Thelma cs i ss Tod
i
& ST ee inion
ihe mpl
en ot. mba
Toe
Pop fog op ot er
eit Slovo ow iy sot st hh gh
LR Cinnm aT
toy dn et yh co be ig. Toros
i ey po pt hp. Tee i
ea a te hsv nm tess ve Fl
Soin es ot gf oo. To pbs pb
hk cl. Wes (1) Supt, Oe f Srey Coton
Dhciorf Louk Read ek agian ok gol lars
ie Foo Toto doings em Eos
bic pdpimran foi ga peg eg
i te oT 31 Ro, yr rr to mT pi
i ne ie him ot wir cy oo of i Gh Toe
one om so ss hs ae Ps re by ig
te hv ron tb hs i nh. To
ant po, oe eke. i. Ed, oo ois
en vamos ts pot ot freight ech

fr !
te ts spopios a msi cod by poo
Th sy a bs ad se prt so Fl. Bk
ry be dit for. Kenedy (60), Spe of Pics lnk
et sion oh Fc fa whch § ve
Ee od
ot i is
of nati
rei 0bes.
nto Poly
a he
"9. Th dsc vines sho have spied te fon fc
” Commission understand clearly enough the broad dis~
TE onbetwosn the maland fel pleat an thee

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76 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1898-94. [CH. V-

Sanctions, but the colivators seers to be very hazy’ on the subject (Mr. Ebden). To

spite of the fact that one or two of the names applied to the various undesirable
plants which the parebhat casts out show a correct understanding of the.
Feason why they are mischievous, these names without distinction are given
by two witnesses as names of diseases, and it is probable that the
plants indicated are popularly regarded as diseased plants. Yet it is dificult to
believe that there should be so wide a gulf between this ignorance and the
intelligence found in the Central Provinces among people of the same race and

occupation, and nat separated from the Bombay cukivators by any great dis-
Nance as distances goin India. The forms of the plant, noxious from the
paint of view of the ganja grower, which have received special names, are given
alow, with the explanations of the witnesses regarding thers in brief. These
explanations are evidently gathered from informants, and are not based on the
witnesses! own observations, except in the case of Mr. Ebden.

Andya (36), Andis (30),—Tndicated by the “ pin-ike white flowers" (36)

‘by organic molecules formed in the top of the plants affects plants in the bogir
ning of their growth, and lasts about a month (go).

Remerke~Apparently the simple male.

Bhongira (48), Dheture (s)—Plant examined by Mr, Ebden, who says

“ Latter nare identical wilh that of the common poisonous plant,” and pronounce:
ed mile.

Remerk—The simple male.

‘Shevarys (36), Sheora (30), Shevara (s)=One of the branches grows

Migher, and bends down witha flower like javai grain at the end of it (56). White
Sowers grow on the flower top (30). Mr. Ebden has not scen species

Renerk—A fortn of the male plant Known by the same nare at Khandwa

“Hatiye (36), Hakiis (so) —Recogsised by a yellow shoot at one of the

knots of the plant (36). Aficcts the plant by producing u yellow colour in the

tops, and lasts till the full growth of the plant (30).

“Reniark—The yellow colour ay be caused by deport of pollen:

“Kapshia (36), Kapsha (30)—Recogrised by a jarani like grain which gets

ansformed into a white or yellow flower (36). Whitens the plant (a0).

“Remark—Witness (36) describes a male blossom; witness (3o) sone sort ol

disease or the deposit of pollen.

Buudia (36), Binve (30) —Sarme description a that of Kapsha (36). The.
seed is formed in the flower bead, which afterwards produces lower (30).

Renerk—A bissexual fern probably:

ora (36), (30), Marat ().—Recognised by the yellow Mower on the top.
bfanch, which males. its appearance sometimes fifteen days before reaping of the.
‘crop, and has the effect of destroying the better quality of the ganja (36). Ap:

pests late, and causes breach (sic) of the flower spike (30). Female partly gone
toseed; 1s not exterminated; is regarded with regret, its meaning being that the.
ale bas somehow got access and partly spoiled the crop. Esamined (5).

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 —_— TE
CH. V] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 180394. 77

Ramark—Probatly the same as the meria of Khaodwa, and the female

sith abnormal male blossom of Dr. Pai,

(Chia (30). —Makes the Boner yellow, asd its to the end (30).

Remark—Much the same as Kopala,

Arainar (30), Ardhanar (5).—Fom the stock to the top of the plants
small buds are formed which give rise to white flowers (3). Not examined but
must be, 3 ts ame implics, th bisexual plant (5).

Remart—The same name, adneris, is used in Khandma fo the ordinary |

male plant with some female blossoms.

7it (5).—Examined and pronounced bivsexual the avdhanar, which Mr.

Ebéen did not examine was probably the same (5).

Remark Sounds
a shone name for the rather clumsy one which goes
before,

Ropis (5) Mentioned, but not sen by Mr. Ebden.

The fact that the plant n its sexsal amangements takes so many forms
will probably be interesting to scientific readers, and the complet ist there
fore given. And it s supplemented with such remarks a the informatio gather
dn the couse of the Commission's inquiry seems to jusily. The Commission
do no sim to have made any exact study of the subject, snd have not even
ad an opportunity of personally examining the plant and it clivation in the
Bombay Presidency. As fa 3s the cultivation is concerned, th enumeration of
these form of the plant is. of interest as strat the fact tht the externa
n of the male requires considerable practical kil, and that the existence of
the storia form, which develops it mal blossoms with such dey and caution,
is 2 special ificuly in the way of the compleze seclusion of the female, and
the production of the ines form of the drug.

The crop matures in about ivemonths, and is therloe gathered in Novem

ber or Decenber in diffrent locales according to the date of sowing. In
Bijapur the eulvaton is cared on by the ganja farmer, and he parabia seevs
fosupervisit up to harvest; and it would appear hat leurs Nis services are
required for longer riod tha they aro in Bengal, and. that he exercises a
wider contol aver the edlivation generally. As a ule ingation is nly resored
tof the rainfall i insufficient or untimely but the crops nesdly always raised
under the protection of 4 well. Afee the lowe spikes are formed on. the ganja
plants rain does damage. The crop does ot ripen til & month ar two after the
South.mest monsoon has ceased, and during. ths period irigation must often bo

requied. Witness (27) describes what must be the simple garden c

which, if it exists at all at the present day, is quite unimportant i chs Presidency.
The evidence shows a sting wasoiaity on the point that the heavy rain
ll of the bel ying immediatly o the ast of the crest of the Western Ghats
renders that part. of the county wosuitable for the caltvation of hemp. There

a strong: body of evidence that ich but light si ad only 3 moderate amount
of rain are requiced. This has an important beariog on the subjec of the spoo-

tansous growth.

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78 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893.94. [Cr Ve

199. About the culation in Gujrat the information is that loamy or

sandy sols aco suitable, and that black soil
Cutt ars not; that the crop takes six or seven months
to mature; that it can be raised citer 15.2 monsoon crop or as a coldeveather
crop that the forme yields the steonger narcotic; that the males are extipated ;
and that iigaion is ot required. There formation about the employ
ment of the arabe, and it is probable that in this cultivation for bhang.
he moderate ski pssessed by the cultivators themselves answers al purposes.
Both in the Deccan and Gujarat the cultivators are of the ordinary cl
the industey is not confined to any caste or grade among them, The cultivators
in Abmednagr ae sometimes Brains.

200. The description of the cukivaion given above applies to the Southern
Maratha Country Agency and all the Stats i the
Beater sas.
Southern and Centeal Divisions where they have any
culvation at sl. The following agencies have not any regular cultivation
Kathawsr, Catch, Palanpur, Mali Kanth, and Reva Kantha. Such cultivation
as thes i consist in the rearing of a fow plants which have often sprung. up by
accident by water-courses in gardens and in fields, generally irrigated feds,
uch as those where sugarcaneds grown. Thece is n information 8s to whether
the male plants ac eradicated, or of any peculsencthods employed in the cult
vation. The cultivators ae either consumers, often fairs and bairagis, o,f not,
ordinary hosbandmen who nurse a few plans to provide themsclyes with an
aricle that will be an acceptable present to such people, The dmg appear
tobe very rarely sold.

201. There i mo eulivation of any kind fn Aden.

208, There appear to be two methods of cotvation in Sin, as sated by

witness (§)—one by well irigaion, snd the other Ly
arial inundation Roading. In the latter case it
‘would seem that the prelininary Booding has to sufi fo the whele rawhof the
cop. The best descriptions se given by witnesses (2) and (14).

303 In cultivation by well the aren fs generally smaller than i

the other process (a). This would be cspeéted,
Thangs cme.
for the former involves a greater amount of labour.

in the preparation ofthe lad, systematic sowing in ridges, and. periodical water
ing. Mi. Giles account appaceatly describes the cllvation under wells, which
he states to be the more geersl, High th and. manung are reqived, gosts”
dung being the manu prefered. The seed is sown even as ato as the beginning
of January. I ispotinby pinches of five or six seeds at a time an Fidges. The
crop it gothered in April and May. The male plant ace rooted up and thrown.
aay as useless, When the crop is pering, some of the flower-heads ae cut off
and preserved separately. These are called. ghnndyun, and ave sid to be more
fatoxicating than the res ofthe plans. Small pieces of ghundyun, which fal of
apparently in the drying of th rest of the crop, ae caled dodo or dad, and ace
* preserved with the ghusndyun. Witness (14), in describing culdvation by period.

a iigaton and not mere Booding, states that the seed is sown broadcast;
that ater a preliminary soaking the ground has to be worked up, the seed sown,

‘and the ground again tured over and levelled in one day. Manuring, says this

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CH. Y.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS CONSISSION, 180394 79.

witness, i genecally deferred Gl the plants have. made some growth for feac
of a noxious worm which attacks the young. plants, When the seedlings have
‘appeared. two or thre inches above. ground, weeding begins, and th plants are
thinned out. When the plants are 3 foo igh, they are chssed wich mancre,
and this may be doe more than once during the period of growth, When the
crop reaches the height of about five feet, the male plants, which are dis
ingusbable by thee small pile-green flowers, are weeded out. The tessons

assigned fo this practice are that the female may have more room to grow,
‘and that the male plant is held to cause giddiness when used.

04. This witness says nothing about the separate collection of cectain of the

et itt, flower spikes, but witness (36) does: "The bg

hindi ae separated and Kept spar to be used 55
ganja" Tt may be that this account refers to selection made at the time of
‘manufacture, and not to such a selection from the sil standing crop as Mr. Giles

seems to indicate. Broadcast sowing 3ppears to be the moe common practice,

except where a few plants are grown for private consumption, In that case the

sides of watercourses appear to be favourite situation for the plant, The

evidence docs not show that the people understand tho eft of remoring the
males in increasing th section of sin in the female ower spikes. t vould
seem that the produce of the female plant i preferred for consumption, and that

themale is removed because interferes with the growth of the superior plant. Tt
in fac treated as a weed. 1 cannot, however, be doubted tht the practice of
eradicating its general. Witness (10) mentions somocuious practices intended
to enhance the maccoric quality of the drugs th ie of which hve been described
elsewhere. Some people, says his witness, make an incision in the stem of the
bhang plant and put opium into, sometimes a dead snake is buried under the
plan, or it is watered with dhatura-watr or huka-water.

205. Hindus appear to be the chic growers of bhang, whl he mjority of

Ss a andinary cultivators re Mubammadans. Mr. Giles

ER wites tha “the actual sowing of the seed, the
loughing, weeding, and bird scaring, cc, i» shvays cared out by Bania or
Hindu culivators, the Mubamnadan culivator supplying th bullocks. which
work the well and the amindar giving the land. The Basia supplies the seed,
but the manure is given in the same proportion 8 th produce i divided, ir,
one to the Dania and two-fils cach to the riya and the lander,
The lander also gives tabovi or advance fn cash to the rat” This
seems to doserbe a partnership of a Kind which probably exists in the
culvaton of other prodce in the sume country; but thee i athe evidence to
show that the Hindus prepondorate in growing this particu crop. The habit or
custom is ot, however, sufcenty well masked to be regarded aa a specil
feature of the industry.

306. The cultivation in Khaiepa is not likely to fle feom that of the rest
of Sind. There is no detailed information. about

To [
207. Tn Bers, as sewer, h padi shit dn igs per
ed black sil ft, and as to be mde ghee

pe with heavy manusing. The crop is grown in the

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 eae
So REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION 1893.94. [C. Va

southarest monsoon, sown in June, snd gathered in November. It must be

protected by a well in case of fall of timely ran. The oficial report says:
El the rains fll favourably, no figaton is required tl about October, when

the plants are maturing, when spparenly they always requice to be watered.”
The calivatin of Berse doesnot diffe materially rom that of Kinda, whence
the seed seem to be imported. There is one cious pratice wich the Com-
“mission have no: heard of seniors, The seed wich is son with the dell is a
‘mixture of Cannabis and Hibiscus camabinss, When the seedlings are a

fortaight old, the Hibizcu plats are wesded our. One witness explains this
practice as being due to the fact tbat hemp seed wil not germinate by ise,
The oficial explanation, which is probably correct, is that the heap seed is by.
his means seonomiae, th necessary space between the plants being secured at
the expense of Aiisess seed. The male plants (hangra) are picked out ales
the crop has reached ane-and-achlf fet in height, One witness (9) states that
the mais who cary onthe calfvation ae able to distinguish the sexes, and one:
ater () thatthe sevicesaf expets are required. The others are slat on the
point. Witness (14) mentions the practice of opesing th lower pac of the stem,
‘ntring opum, and binding the part up very tightly to ncrease the narcotic quality
of the drug, The same witness moves an the date of sowing to the Punarsusuand.
Pusha nakshatras, Joy-Augos, which i the sowing time in the Bombay Decean.
Witness (11) sate thet. under acive ule the plant was culated by consumers
in the yards of houses. 1¢ was watered, and. whe it had grown suficienly to
allow the sex to be discovered, the ganja smokers uprooted and threw away male

Plant, There no pica class of calivators, unless it be that the mali pre-
ponderate among them fo he reason that their vocation is cultivation by means
of well gation.

208, In Ajmere thers su 3 small amount of desultory culation by the

Brsbisins of Pusha, mals, and sadhus. The plant
may beoccasionally ended vith some care when ts
grown inthe garden ofa mall o near the hut of a sadhu bu thee Is some evid-
ence that ts generally allowed to take area itself. Me. White King's report
of 1356 says: * Evenin Pusha, however, tis grown onl quantities on
the edges of fields nd slong the banks of watee.channels,” and this seems to be
the most considerable cultivation n the province. This epor: docs not indicate
any grea cave in the culisation. The produce, according to the same report, is
mel bang. Tho evidence docs not furnish any decals whatever of he method
of cuts.

209. In Coorg the methods of desltory homestead eulivation may be em

Ployed by some low class coaics, A wins talks of
the seeds beng " sou broadcast in ri

with bar lay, and afirwards transplanted in good ich sil” but it sot clear
that his method is in vogue in Coorg. Some Hadras witnesses gave formation
ofthe same Kind.

10, There no information from Baluchistan:

a0. Me. Bridges (5) nd the ex Savbirs of Nyaungwe State (50) ar the
only witnesses who give any details of the cultivation

in Burma. The Shans and the Danu people appear

40 ear the plant forthe drug in their homestead Laod; the Kachins, Palaungs,

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Gut. VJ REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. 81

and Lavas to culivate fo been fields, Mr. Bridges is oformed thatin the former
cultivation the male plant is exterminated. The ex-Sewbua docs not know
of this practice. But he says that th stem of the plant is spt when about the
thickness of the finger and a month before maturity, anda piece of mood inserted.

A Tight extthen chatty, or more often a basket s placed. one the fower-head,
‘andallowed torest upon’, to prevent the plant growing and. make the head grow

hick. Tn onder to dothis, the omer bearing branches are guthered together and.
thrust ito the vessel, which has & mouth of aboot foot in diameter, Tis is

the regular practice in culivation for drugs. The chatty or basket is kept on the
plant for about a month. These processes are not. unknown in Inds. The
splting of the stem s frequently mentioned, but the use of the chatty in only
two provinces. No account of the Kachin culivation has ben fumisbed,

a2. A peculiar method of culation is described by the Special Ascistaot

Excise Commissioner and. the Excite Asistart

Ys Supervisor, Tumkur district: “The seeds are sown

y a the beginning of the south-west monsoon, A month ate sowing.

the seedlings ae transplanted int pits, each one fot deep, and dug at intervals of
thee fee, and well manured. The young plants ave watered daly for 2 month or
so. The stem of the plant is tuisted just above the ground, and the plant itelt

is bent horizontally to the level of the eartin order to induce the growth of side

branches and prevent the vertical growth of the plants ike a stick. Jest ater
the appearance of lossoms on the. female plants, male pasts are destroyed,
exc” Such is the later officer's description. The last sentence i rather faulty,
for the extermination of the male plant aber the female was ready to recive ts

attentions would not be of much use. Me. McDonnell describes a very simi,
but even more remarkable, method, o judge by ts resus in te sie of the plant
“When specially culivated, a circular pit to of hres feet indiameter and a foot
or sodeep is excavated, and well manured with cow. dung sod ashes. The plants
are made to form a circle round the edge of the pi, and the centre i besped tp.

ith manure a required. The siems ise fe to seven nd often teve fet igh,
each as thick as a man's wrist, and ore supported by staves secured vith
Tigatune from the aloe a, In other cases sgle plans sr raised in. esch pit,
stew is hen the thnchness of a man's arm, foc high, and a8 much in
Gameter, The stem s taken in both hands, and twisted a tho root just above.
the surface of the ground to sunt the growth. The male plant
i prafiess, and is uprooted and thrown away.” Lis by mo. means cleat to what
extent these muthods are actelly practised, nd, for the practical purpose of pro-
ducing. ganjs, the impertant operation of carly elinisatiog the male plant has
hardly suffcent prominence in thee description. Thero appears to be spice
of imagination about. them—an element. in which the subject of cultivation 35
well as much else connected with the hemp plant is by no means wasting.

213. A fairy fll description of the method of clivasien is given by the

Director of Agriultre and Commerce of the

pe Hydersbad State. The greater porion of the

cultivation appears tol in the northevest corer of the State bordericg on the
Bombay districts of Sholapur, Abmednagar, Nask, and Khaodesh. The de
sciption does not show any important departure from the. methods of the Bedish

daicts. It may be noted, however, that * fresh seed every year from some

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$5 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 180394. [CH. V.

isan: village is unavoidably necessary.” The names of “male and unhealthy

ind of plant” which mus be weeded out are—

In Tabu coatry— In dursagetad—

Kataie.
Kolapat (do'sMutisr.
oot). Aco,
Yong. Bhagin.
Boga. Mor
The lust three Aurungabad names can probably be identified with the similar
names used in Satara and Ahmednagar. It is ststed that the extirpation of
these plant ie 3 heavy tem in the labour bil The Director mentions having.
seen ganja plants grown by a faki in the compound of his hut in Warangal,
which i n the essten part of the territory, about seven to cight fet igh, and
each plan tele to sixteen feet in creunfessace, the stem near the root
even inches round. These wer a few plants only. The cultivation is not
conied to any paccslar cliss. The witnesses, bowers, lay stress on the
fact that i requires special knowledge and. ski, which are possessed by very
fom.

at. 1 theres any regolar Geld culivasion in Raputana in ress. st apart

for the crop exclusively, tis not very important, and.

Hvis the papers fomish mo information of the. methods

employed int, Some deals axe supplied of the desulory garden caltvaton. It
ia carried on by these who posess gardens, who are geneally. mali, but may be
Rublars, Kachis, Ghanchi, Sioris, oc of any other caste. Bhang is early, i
ever, grown asthe principal crop. Lis sown in the beds with poppy, tobacco,
oon, or ihe vegetables in the month of Januar or Fubruary. Sometimes i is
sown ound these beds, which tay contain in place of the crops mentioned sbove

coriander, mustacd, or jks grass. It is gathired in June, It docs ot appear

to rccice any special care, Its growls to a great exten: haphazard, and
oft springs from aocidental somings. Th practice of removing the male plant
is not found in any Sate. In some places the saline hater of the soil and.
the scontiness of water fosid the cultivation. The Comission have been
informed tht experiments to grow the plant in Brinpurs fled.

215. Mr. Gumion's memorandum contain a description of the methods of

cultvion for ganja and ced in the Indore and
Dowss States, The same field is culivated for
Bhang snd sceds in Todor, but in the Deas State the male plat is removed
from the Shang Geld. They do not materially differ from that of the Nima district
inthe Cente Provinces, and it may be doubled the climinaton of males in the
Devas bhang culation is a corcect description of the slecton wih is ade.
Ie may be noted, however, that the Indore cultivator, unlike the Khandva.
cullivator, does no tus: himself to by the sed or exterminate the male plan.
Expects are employed fo these purposes. In Mi. Gunions account mention is
made of “infeior and unhealthy plans” to bo exterminated apt from the.
removal of males, and ft would appear from this that the culdvator, o it may
be the Indore reporter, had not such clearideas of the various sexual forms of the

plant asthe Nimar cultivator was found to possess. In the Indore ultivation
‘gaps caused by faulty sowings o failure of seed to germinate are filed up with

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 -_— TZ
Ci. V.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 183394. 83

mew seed. The sol on wich the plant i growin Desa i described as dry,
stony, clvated loam." In thee States the cultivation nt camied on by amy
particular class, but it would appear that in Reva the Kachi alone undertake
the industry.

‘The Political Agent of Bhopawar gives the following description of the

desulory Kind of cultivation employed in tht pat of Cental India: * Hemp
seed is sown in poppy or maize fields. When the plant is above twoand-a.
half fet high, the main stem is split near the root and a piece of tle thrust
in. This prevents the plant rom setting seed Feely and makes the tops ft for
ganja. When particularly strong ganjais required, each hemp pants watered
once with hall a tola. of opium issolse in wate. The colivators belive that by
transplanting the young plaat nto the mouth of dead venomous sake (cobra
prefered) the gania becomes unusually strong.” The Comrisson have heard
of the extirpation of male plants i the cultivation of the Guallor State, and
the same information is furnished by Mr. Gopal Ram in the appendix to the
North-Western Provinces memorandum. The latter authority also mentions that
thecrop is imigated, and that “some cotvaters sow wheat i the ganja felds
in the months of October and November” The cultivation covers the season
from July to December.

216. No details are fumished in the State report, but thecltvaton sof very
small exten, 20d ic may be confidently assumed
thats methods ar the same as thos of the Gua
eat Divison of Bombay, with which the greater part of the Bacoda tetany is
ingled.

17. The State repost would show that there i no cltivasion fn Kashi,

aw De. Royle's * Fibrous Plants of Indi and the elt.

ences to. the hemp plan ia “Punjab Products”
nave been consulied without finding any defnice satement 0 contradict this in-
formation. In the later work both the bhang and * bre ent rom Kashi and
Ladakh to the Punjab. Exhibition are mentioned, but they may very wel have
been the produce of the wld growth. Dr. Watt cles in is Hemp or Cae.
to cultivation of the pant in Kashmir, but vithout mentioning
Dr. Royle's abstract of information at page 327 states + “All
along the Himalayas, tis i, in Nepd), in Kumaon, in Garba, and up to
the newly scquired ils of the Pusjah, at clevasions of from $000 and 4000 to
71000 fet Hemp is culivated by the hilimen.” Beyond this point westwacd bis
fosmation docs not go. There is & curious statement by the Governor of
Kashaic that" slmost all wid hemp, whl s called fof in the Porjab, and i
‘geneclly femal plants i the abovementioned tah, is usd for the preparation
of ganja locally known by name gard shang (cura charas).” The mearing is not
cle; but the preponderance of the female plants, If i fs the fact, indicates
eithec some peculiarity in the envionment of the plant thse regions or tend
ing by man.

218, The answers to the Commission's questions futished by the Nepal

Darbar would lead to the ble hat culiraion is very

uncommon, and only cared on In & desultory way

by consumess of the narcotics. Bat in Dr. Rogles
“ibrous Plants of India” wilbe fond at page.

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84 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1895.94. [Ch. V

33 a description by Mr. Hodgson ofthe cultivation for fre. He sates that

th calivation i peculiar to the northern disicts of Nepal. These districts,
“popularly called Gachar, are nevertheless the prime seas of cultre, and. there
ston the plant mansfsctured int tope or cloth, though the edit extract are
Sometimes prepared nearer to and around Katmandu Regular cultiv
for fhe is therefore confined to the northern districts. The season of soving
is from March to Apel. The season is carl, but the course of culation
is much the same 2s in Kumaon. Mr. Hodgson states that “damp soll,
‘comprising back earth ae ites for this crop.” This description does not
agree with other information on the subject. The plants fower and frit
in July, snd are in their fll growth at the begining of August. While
yet succulent and in fomer they are cut, with the exception of seme seed
Plans, which sre not to be reaped cll October. Tts the bark of the young but
Toll grown July plants which is sat tha i used fos making cloth. That of the

oldor October plans is bard and not suable for manufacture. Mr. Hodgson
ays nothing in the exact made by Dr. Royle, I there is anything to be said,
ofthe processes adopted for deseloping the narcotic in the growing plat. The
ie cultivator of Kumaon docs net apparently do anything wich this special
object, and yet bis female plant yields charas. [tis probable that the eatly
cemova of the males may have th tendency in both places.

215, The Darbar answers say nothing about te fre culivaon bot they con
ety ep. {8 S07 formation regarding he steed cli:
on for nascorics, The folloving morsel may be
Si Who i a oh Be dB ee A
and the iglsves ae plcked of, and the pan shake from eto tn ott
the dow my all of. This causes argo umber of branches and ine leaves to
be produced, and the ater, geting. twisted and. stuck together are called
Nepalese fa “The pint which produces much ced i no good that which
produces il sd is good” Some persons in the Bills pan fetes wich
ar o be had roving wld” * By siting the sem of th plant snd. nsring a
Fic of apa or cov or diveza wood. and tying up che past ith a sin. he
gia becomes somenhat mre coxcting. This done by those who. row
abot if, and is 1: the work of any pacar chice” Tho male. phnt of the
ganja old Gh female on follow, The male . intosicting
han he female. When he plan has atined 5 eight of to or ts andes hall

tec, it is Sigh tt, and sscertined whether sa malo or fms”

From es xcs my be ged hats id slings vs spor

ed and planted in suitable places, and tha every endeavor i then made 10 Gre

courage the secretion of the resin in the female called male) plants, Probably
the culieators Know the efet of exterminating the mal plat, ad follow the
practic, though tis s ot expresly stated.

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 CHAPTER VI.

PREPARATION OF THE RAW DRUGS FROM THE CULTIVATED AND WILD

30. The preparation of he fnst srt of anja is a somenit Lbarious pr

Ta cess, and reqices 901 and knowledge, For 3 fu

descipion of he preparation of fit cod, and ch
ganja in the Gana Mal, the reader i ered to Babu Hem Chunder Kw
teport. Dr. Prin has given shri account of ft. It must be remembered
that the texms fat, round, and "chur ve peculiar tothe Beogal mamacire
and exis system. The exact meaning is carly undesood onside (he prov
ince. The more pertant details ofthe processes may be bf nrced.

Bright sunny weather is essential tothe best manufacture. The coop docs
not ll come to maturiy at the same time, and. the plots mat be miplaed
wii thre or four days of maturity, of they become wales. The condcions
ave tobe born in ind in aangio forthe manfactue, ad 1 woud ek that
the plants hase sometimes to be gathered before they re fle. The plants
at cut n batches, a many a can be andied, by th avaible about snd means
in ree days. The Riasia plants ae lef standing, a, if gathered by mistake,
ae eeced n selecting (he portion of the lant 1 be vorked dp.

221. The manufacture of a. gana takes thee day, andi cad ast oa
piece of ground near he fd which as ben specially
Th macs tt i
Tevelled for he purse, and is. called the ehatr or
lata The numbes of plans handled in ech three-days” operations is usually
about ity or sist. The est day the plants sr cot nthe mos, brought to
he manufacturing ground, and spread out fn the sn tl he ateraon, They re
then cat up one by one nto length of about one or to fers. Thote having
over spike open hem sr etined, and th rst throw sway, The portions
selected sc spread ut fn the dw lo height.

“The work ofthe second day begs st noon. It consist in sera press
ng and drying the crop and geting id of usless lea snd seed. The broches
a pled by bundles of fe o tn, flower spikes var and overspping, in
Giulr besp about fou fet i diameter. The workin cad this down, mov
ing rund spon it and supporting on ander. Bundles se added from Gin (o
Gi GI he esp fs about to fee high. A mats thn paced ove the esp,
and the mn fo plac weights pon ft. Ale ball n hose of he pres the
ple is urstacked, the bundles se taken of and beaten togethe oer a mat to
Shake out seeds and les, The bap sagan bul exacly a bore he upp
Taye of te previous hesp being pt = the botzom of tis, and th processes of
wseading, resing,unstaching, snd bestn aro repeated, The bundles ace now
1d out side by side an mts snd trodden ndividoaly, che waknan holdin te
stem ends with ane fot iil he passes th ater fot dommrds vr th foe.

night. .
“The bundle re tamed and besten aginst the mat dug (hs proces. When
itis complete thy ave bee rdsced in iz, and consist of four i igs ech.
“They ar then id in slaariog postion ver & ple on the round, and Ie or the

“The tind day's work begins ia the carly warming, The vgs ar sepiatd,
and again pled in bundles inthe seme circular form as before rodden or short

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86 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1803:9¢. [CH. VI.

while and covered up. Work is tesumed at 10 AM. The heapis unstaked and
the bundles are caellly handled to remove leaf. They are then lid out in rows.
and trodden. During this process they are tumed over, and at intervals the sun
is allowed to play upon them, They ae then handled again and gently beaten,
‘and sprcad out more completely than before. Those that have reained an undue
‘quantity of leaf ave stood up in the sun. The last process is to press the twigs
‘individually with the fee in the way alccady described. The manufacture is now.
Complete. The flower spikes have been pressed into fat masses, and the
Taf and seeds have been as far as possible removed. In the larger specimens the
branches sand out fom the stem aad one another, the whole being quite
Aattened. The twigs ce gathered into bundles of two standard sizes—a certain
quanity of large twigs in the one and of smal tgs in the other. This is called
fat of chopte ganja.

a2. The manufactur of round gasjais ot completed ll the fourth day ater

ontop the lant arc cut. The plants are gathered some-
Hamtcare slushy later in the day and laid out under the open +
sy for the night. The soning is done the next morning, a great deal more of
the woody portion being ejected than in the case of flat ganja. The twigs are
Tid out in the sun til noun, when the men teturn to the chator and rolling is

begun. A horizontal bar is lashed on to uprights about fou fect from the ground,
and mats aco placed on the ground on each side of it. Bundles of twigs, cither
tied together by the stem ends or not, aceording to the skil ofthe treader, are
set out on the mats. The men range thomselves on each side of the bac, and,
holding on to it for support, proceed to rol the bundles with thei fet. One foot
i used 10 bold the bundle and the other to roll it, working down from the stems

tothe flower heads. This process goes on for about ten minutes, and during it
the bundles are taken up and shaken from time to time to get id of leaf, The
bundies are then broken up. and the twigs exposed to the sun. A second but
‘shore course of oling by foot fllows, and then the tvigs are hand-peessed,
four or five together. After this the twigs ace opened up and exposed to the.
sun again. Tomards evening the taigs are made into bundles of about one.
hundred, and placed on mats and corered up for the right.

‘The next morning the bundles ace untied and the twigs again exposed to
the sun, IF they are suficiently dry by midday, they only require 3 tle hand-
ling and rong to complete the manufacture. If they sre not dry enough, the
first course of rolling has to be cepeated, afer which the useless leases all off
with very litle manipulation. The twigs are next sorted according to length
and tied into bundles of three descrptions—short, medium, and long. In this
process. all useless twigs and sticks are eliminated. The bundles are placed in

ows under a mat which s kept down by a bamboo, and lel for the night. The
manucture is completed the next day by exposing the bundles to thesun, heads
upwards, til the afternoon, and then searching them with hands and bits of stick

Sh ocr
fall oon
on toFothe
ahrmats.
ern’ rn
for any leaves that may have remained in ther. These are shaken out, and vith

off,
525 Babu Hem Chunder Ker writes that wh he preparation of the rod
I Bot ats 57s arid at by th desler who hs bought he
ea Standing rp, much mor cares aen ta eject sick
aad ifr ower bead then when ts cldvator the manufacture. Th round

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Ci. VL] REFORT OF THE INDIA HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1895.94. 87

drug is the superior product, and contains much less useless matte than the fist,

Buti is plain tha in both cases the process of manufacture in Bengal is technical

and elaborate, and this i the point which i is desied to bring into strong elf.
Tt may be noted hat occasionally, when the weather is unfavourable, the drying is
eflcted by fire, wih th result that he gana is discolored and edueed in macket
vale.

224. Dr. Prain describes the purposes which are served by the sbore pro-
the crt maauceg ©6950: The drying proces (s) emoves the tery

pra juices of the plants, and thus not only reduces its
weght as an excisable article, but removes to 8 considerable extent the risk of
‘mould; (8) causes the comparatively inet small leaves to hive, and so makes
thes cemoral more easy. The kneading process (a) emoves more or less com
pletely the comparatively net leaves, sill further redoing the weight, The sricle
produced, being fo its bulk more active in proportion tothe sbeence of leaves,
the more thoroughly they ar removed, the better a sale does command ; (8)
it presses together the resinous parts on which the sctveprncile s most len
fully deposiced. These being rendered somewhat sticky by the presence the
resin become more orless agelatnated, and ave thus less able to ll fin transi,
nd so reduce the active power of the ganja" And he discusses these principles
with some care. The Commision would have been inclined to strate a great
part of the importance of the kaeading process to its cfc in shutting out the
cuss of ait to the interior of the ganje masses, aad 30 ending to delay thes
Geterioraton.

235. Tthas been seem that a great quantity of stk, lef, and seed, 3nd not

pm he ered gn, Ths sky vied

a file fower head, have been separated from the

or SOE co i sm Mfg ftv

proved by analysis to contain the mvcotic principle inargerquanty han ordinary
Bhang. But it cannot be ascertained that it i used as bang. The seeds are
Kept for the next year's calor, an the supesfity may find its way into the
market, The seeds are not narcotic, and they see omens este, besides
being used for the expression of cil and other purposes. The bis of flower head
are, nthe case of fat gana, picked up and pressed int the mass of the flower
heads again or burn. The ler wil probably depend on the viglnce of the
Government spaciors. Inthe casa round ga, they fom the chr” or
fragments "on wich the excise taf imposes the highest duty because that
state the drug is absolutely fee of ea and stick.

236. Bhang a recognized by the Excise Department is the dred le f the

” ‘wild plant. The drug that enters the Bengal golas is:
Ft ity no dite of hsghpe, Ne
hye, and Purses. Bu the bhang of Patna Benes, and Behari als spoken
of as being of bigh quality. The preparation consists simply in drying the leaves.
The plans ar cut in Apr the Chitra Sankranti being considered an auspicious
25 well 23 a scasonable day, but the gathering gocs on wp fo Jone and
Joy. They are aid out in the sun, and one day may be suffcent to dry them
30 35 to allow theleaves to be shaken ar beaten of. The leaves ar calcted
‘vith precautions against the mixture of dust ordi, packed n bags, and 50 cone
veyed to the local gol, and eventually to the shops, The cay flowering sage

would seem to be tht a wich the plat yilds the best hang.

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85 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [Ct V1.

From the manne of collection and manufacture, plans of both sexes and
alo some flower heads must enter into the product. I is stated by one
tne that the seed is a3 far as possible sepuated and rejected. THs is
probably correct. Another state thas * wild bang s collected by the people in
Bhagalpur, Monghyr, and Parnes districts in two forms—one consisting of died
eaves and sal stalks, and the other of the Rowering shoots this latte not to

a great extent” This sppears to referto the collection for home. consumption,
and not that by the licensed dealers forsale. The flowering shoots her referred
Toate probably the femal flower head, in which there is reason 6 suppose the
rein is occasionally secreted in mor than th uscal quantity, even when the plant
i uneulivaced.

Biv is gathered from the spontaneous growth fo home use wheres that
gronth i found, There is considerable conflict. of opinion a to. the extent of
the practice. The Commission ace inclined to accept Mr. Gupta's view that the
use of anaxed bang is general” and that, among the rural population at feast, the

consumes collec the drug for themselves whenever the plants at hand. Looking
tothe prevalence of the wid growth over a great prt. of Bengal, and the absence

of sny techicaity in the preparation cf the aw article, any other view would
reqie to be supported by strong evidence. The leat s for the most pact simply
red but Mr. Jenkins, Cllctor of Daces, report that he has been tod of a
more cosly process, Which consists in the lea being boiled in milk snd water
ates being sun-dried, and again died fr storage. This confirmed by a plead
of Dijpur, who presses to know the method of preparation of bang com the
wild plant. He says, probably confusing the sexes, that th feral plant i general.

y used, though the male may be- also, and. that “afer the leaves are dred for
some time, they are bailed in a mixture of from 10 to 25 per cont. of milk and
90 1075 percent. of watce, Ale drying the leaves once agin, they are fit or
se 25 sid or hang.” It is, howeser, certain tht this practice s uncommon,
and that simple drying is the method by which bhang is almost wiversally
prepared for keeping.

237. 1t has already been suggested tha gan can be got from the wld plant,

+ ca ome. ThE Question s important, and must be examined in

wR some detail at the risk of the discussion appearing
mentary to many readers. It ha been shown that the pants not wild in the
exact sense of the word, and fr present purposes this fact must be emphasized.
The plans not oly an od escape fom calivation, bt its tendency to revert to
the uniform characters of wild species i being constantly checked by contact
with culivaton. Is association with man frequendy supplies it wich the richest
Kinds of food and wit al vegetation this tends to the development of abnormal
characters. The generative functions may thus be affected to. the extent of
pani] or even complete destruction in individual plants or groups of plants, and
these may be of either sex, It is possible also for the female plant tobe
secluded Ina varity of other ways. The experience of cultivation justifies the
presumption that if the female plant in healthy growths prevented from fecly
develoging ts seed, is flower spike will be. highly. resinous. There appears
therefore 0 be a tong. prababity a prior that the spontansous growth quite
ntended shold often prodace a over ead which can be converted. nto ganja.
Evidence is not wanting to corroborate this conclusion, for it speaks of
‘wild anja beng collected and. smoked ; but it is impossible to pronounce posi

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 CH. VL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 185554. 8

ively with regard to any of it that the plants rom which the garja vas gather-
ed was-altogether innocent of culivation or tending.

238. The quilt of Wis evidence may be fudged from th alvin refer
doco ssc sta ©0055: leaves no dou tht many people are ble
Pe to distinguish the plans of different sexs in the
spontaneous growth, calling them by the mimes of ganja and bhang, and
recognize the more narcotic charactrof the female or gana lan, somelmes
proscving it for the purpose of smoking, The Assistant. to the Director of

Land Records and Agrculure, when enquiring regarding the spontaneous growth
in Bhagalpur and Parner, observed that a few selected plants, mosly female,
‘wee not uncommonly It nthe ground. He rept * These acquire rics
bushy appearance not unlike that of te gan being last. Al this made mo
suspect that the people knew a great dal more about the Shang plant than they
‘wer willog to vow, | was old. by several person, among them a European
gentleman who has long resided in North Bhagalpur, that bang is often used to
adultcrate ganja” Abb Chandra Mokbari sept “ Sata bag (Sivejala
bhang) ~The Rover of this ind of hang is whith it grows loxuandly, and the
plans are of a larger sce than the ordinary wild ganja plant, The flowers
resemble gana lovers. The flowers and leaves aggltnate. natural, and look
ke Sisgjata (cusir of Mair of the god Siva, from wich t dees ts
mame). Its imoxicaiog properties ae less than the Rajshah gas. The
flowers sre collected and smoked. just ike ganja. 11 grows slong with other
hop plans rather scandy. It grows. near Toke and in some parts of the
Maskganj Subdivision of the Dacca ditict? Ho states again (pag) that
bhang ia rarely smoked, snd. that enly by the lover and pores clases; that
the part of he plant wid for smoking is the i-4at (ending fovr spike),
which is dre and preserved. Sos Bashan Roy saya ale remarks which show
that ho has a very far idea of what he is talking about: “It may slo bo
supposed that hnp in its degenerated and wild condion becomes what we call
Bang or sd. 1 have myself seen that such bhang plans 1s have 3
aurant gronh big oth eaves, wich sometimes gt matted together and, i
colt before. fnflrsccnce, might to some extant serv the purpose of ani”
Witness (52) states (snr 3g) that the Nepalese prepare a crde sont of
ganja which. they call bang, and this they always smoke, and (32) gives evde
ence to the same eflec, Mr. Maguire (23), Oficating Colctor of Khulrs,
ies: A sort of ganja a prepared from the wild plant wherever grown bu,
except when prepared. from female hemp, its very weak” The Collector of
Bankura (10) pons he pesibilty of prgaring gars of vey infor quality
from the wild plant. Da Suresh Chunder Bal (6g) says: “1 think ganja
canbe prepared from that partial variety of the wid plant wich is known to
the peopl asthe ganja plant” Bhuban Mohon Sanyal of Pores (325) states:
“1 hear that ganja. cannot be prepare from the hemp plant generally growing
wild inthe dsc. 1 have, however, heard that it can be prepered from a plant
sometimes seen (though very rarely) growing wild and known a gana pant.”
These are al good witnesses, thoughthe evidence of some of them is based
and. not personal observation, 1s unlikely tht they are talking of

“nything but the hemp plant, fo it i very wel kaown in Indi general, and
“pecially in Bengal and Norther India. The descipions given by witesses G3
2nd 108 pourzay the female hemp plant very clearly. 1t appears then that & yey
3

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 15. Th methods
z
50 REIORT OF THE INDIAN EMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [CH VL.

{afer bat smokable ganja may occasionally be cbisined from the spontaneous
roth, The reat majority of witnesses nevertheless state that gana is not
Procurd rom the wld plats, and. undoubtedly wha is ordinarily. accepted as
ania cannot be 0 abtined. There s no evidence that it undergoes any process:
Sher being gathered but simple drying.

wn layed in States
sh bmsstead lianChota
of Nagpur
Bevel an
have the
rm et Bagenio he pil ter
Tributary of Orisa and

ing ganja from the homestead culivaton of Bengal, the Sub-divisional Offer of
Jongipur may be quoted, He wites: 1 base seen gana plants detected in
Blsgalpur and Jangipar, From thee wigs ganja 2s good in appearance as in
Naogaon (th paricula sub-division where ganja is coldvated under Government.
Supecvision) can be prepared, but. i is alleged that the flavour is ot so good as
those grown in Naogaon,” This culivation is of course llgal in Bris tee
tory, aad it i probable tha but lite ganja is obtained from it. No information
has been gathered 3 to any special care bing taken in the preparation of i, and.

it robable tht the usual practice is simply to dry it,

230. Inthe Teibutary State of Chota Nagpur and Orissa gaa i wid to be
ie a cong. Obie rom the wid a wel asthe culivated plants,
SR the evidence pint general to the plant being
Promaster cltisated in sl cases, There's evidence
alo that some caves taken preparing the drug (gan), and i is probe that
the same of wry similar practices prevalin oh groups of Ststes. Me. Grinley's
yey of 1890 gives some information on this subject. Siuja feport
fest leaves sce plucked avay, and fom the second leaves the garfa and bang
stom” nnd again" When the lenses grow faetsined, they arc used 1s
anja Clsipur— I is exposed othe dew dung the night, avd reseds
ante as bundled snd dred in th sun. Afr two o thrce days they become
Stor use” Gagpur—* When the plans mature they are bok off with all thee
leaves and brsnches, nd are kept weapped. up fo some days in the leaves of a

ree called Horr under sta?” Donsi—" When the plans ve ready, those that
are nertined ave cut and ded and preserved, and while stil soft se wrapped
round with the bark ofthe plata tre”

The present exidence furnishes no addition to this information fron he

(Chota Nagpur States, Dat ths District Officer of Angal in Orisa states that
“uhen the tee is ripe and the lsves assume a yellowish colour, the plots are
cut, ted into bundles, or led in mat or gy bag, aad then placed under
heavy weights for two oe hres days. Then it is taken out, exposed to dew,
eaves and sods ae shaken of, and then its dried aad tied into bundles snd
stored, This makes fiat ganja? It seems clese that by the use of the word
8 the ithe ano refering to the Rajshahi Gog, but 0 that of the country
of which he a speaking. Mr. Tapor (56), vho has ad a long. experience. of
Osa, but adits that His information on the partiula point has bee recently
acquied, says that the hemp heads ace cot on the seeds ripening in November,

“The heads ae ied in small bundles and. spriokled with lime. water, and. then
akemately buried and exposed tothe sunfor twoor three. months, when the ganja
i tforuse? He says in Hs oral examination: " The plants see buried for 4 week

at a time without anytbiog to putect them fom contact wih the earth

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Cit. VL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 163394. 91

“These processes amoust afer al to lie mor than simple drying and removal of
the coarse leaves. Its dificult to. understand what purpose is served by the
process of burying which Mr. Taylor describes and it may be doubted the de-

scriptions accurate. The resuling product isa inferior to Rsjshahi ganje. This
has been amply proved by inquiis made n past yess, in cours of which the
drugs were compaced. The leat bhang is prepared by simple dying a in Bengal
+ bug it will be sen that the weak gan of the Garhjts frgely consumed

231. The preparation of the drugs in Hill Tigpera s certainly not more cla-
borate than that ust described bat no information
Ten,
on the subject has been furrished,

aga. Theres no evidence of charts being made in Beng, though the

a cw FED iS available in plenty in the culivated plant
ronaa Fo Co Mt, see
routh, This form of the drug is not spprecised in the province, and the
‘absence of demand. no. doubt accounts for the art of manufacture not having
grown vp. Anfiitesimal amount may. be collected from the feet and hands
of the operators in the ganja manufacture, bt itis doubt i (his small supply
ated.

255. The preparation of gan and hag i cored aut by th culivtors and
Coes isd i popes 1h Srv of the hang contactors respectively.
Spied Th prepndsnc of Misimasin de enon
of gan in the Ganja Mahal has been noticed, Beyond this it cannot be sid
hat the preparation of the a drugs is the busines of any special class, loss

tbe that the Hindus from Behar and the North-Western Provinces, ben
args proportion contred hing drinkers, re those who sso most commonly
cle that drag for home consumption.

235. The ded tops of the wid hemp pant ar used to some extent forsake
ng. But thet fs noting to show tat the ticle is
prepared in any othe way an by. sale dro;
The extermination of te male plant fo connection with the id growth does
not seem to be practised her in the vlly or on the hls wiki and on tha
borders of the province. This san essential preliinay o the raraton of
th supsio orm of gan. The died tops make bhng which sy be sed
for smoking or denkng, Excise ganja is known among the consumers as
noid hag, The epcet albino Gscinating 1s neve sppied 10 the wld
product, There fs no cvidence that chars is prpared or even own fn the
province.

255. Mr. Stoker made special enguiies regarding the local production aad.
othr rrovaces. PCEPAtion of gana, and, a regards the extent of the

tnd go vm pt practice, thrall ar ivenin conde on inhi:

memorandum, Tho evidence fumishes but few
details of terest toad to. bis account, The cultivation of hemp. for the
production of ganja is not camied on openly. “Tho whole of the ganja
ofitred for public sale is imporied. At the same time it would be correct to
say that ganja is nowhere grown or mansfactred. Carell enquiry bas eiited
from several diticts that» small amount of ganja is ureptitously
“These are Mr. Stoker's words, and they exactly express the impression

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G3 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1895-94. [Cit VI.

Ife bythe evidence which the Comission have collected, No witaess has given
a deed description of the method of preparation. Mr. Stoker received areport
tthe process i voguein Ghasipur,which he says * closely resembles that employ.
din Bengal” Thi is only corroborated by two o thee witnesses 0. the extent
tat the gajais put under presswe. Specimens of ganja from Ghasipur and
Selangor wer ormarded to the Commission, and Me. Stoker's opiion is thatthe
‘Ghasipar specimen was superior to the ordinary father ganja, and. not much
fnferor to Beogal baluchar (88). The other was much the same as pathar.

236. Regarding the preparation of ganja fromthe wild growth, Mr. Stoker has
uf pe tom waa S5certained hat the produce of the female plant is
smoked inthe Kher and Bara Banki disticts, and
that ther sce dications of similar use fn other istics. The evidence

on this point is rather strong, and leads to the belief that wherever the plant is
‘common as 3 wild growth, the poorer clases of consumers make use of it for

amoking. The distinction between the male and female plants is well known,
as Mr. Stoker states; and some of the witnesses say that the plants re
operated upon by twisting the stems to present flowering. The plants so
rented must be the gan or females, though that is not expressly stated in
all cases. But witness (155) may be referred to, who states that bhang is
thenaurs plant; when itis twisted it s called gana. A Deputy Collector (46)
states that ganja can be prepared from wild female hemp plants i al the males
are uprooted rom hei nighboushood, and he s witness who does not appear
to be drasing on information be may have picked up regarding other provinces,

It has been seen in connection with the cultivation that the advantage of
isolating the females i kaowa to some persons, the knowledge having been
banded down from a time when ganja vas openly culdvated, snd it is difficult
to believe that it should be confined to a very small umber, The kis all aver
the country, who ae mentioned as the principal secret. culfivator, ar certsnly
mot ignorant on this pent, and would disseminate the knowledge. The report of
the Deputy Commissioner of Kher, quoted by Mr. Stoker, tht this at is not
mown, appears therefor to be open to doubt, o,f te, to be true oly of the
locality eeporicd upon. The subject ds probably one on which people are
cine to be recent for tho same reasons 35 acted those of whom the

Asistant to the Dieter of Land Records and Agriculture in Bengal made

bis enquiies The rearing and tending of the hemp plant in the North-Western
Provinces may not bela; but theres plenty of siden Ut he people ink
10 be so, and that would be sufficient t ake them cautious in giving informa
Gor. There is no evidence that the ganja gathered Eom tho wild plant is
prepared by any other proces than mere drying, Witness (202), riyat. of 1
Kher disier, znd (48), 3 Deputy Collector of Lucknow, sate that the ganja
plants arc gathered in November and December. ‘This would seem to. reer to
the Higher lands. The season of growth on the Tow Lands appears to be from

December to June. It may be noted that Mr. Wall, a late Commissioner of

Excise, does nok believe that ganja i produced by the wild plant, and that many
otter witnesses take the same view. The local production of ganja docs not
‘appear to have eves been so considerable at lest in recent years, 35 to. attract

the attention of Government in the Excise Department, and there is no sesson to

‘suppose that it hs increased since it vas suppressed in Oudh. The subject
therelce is any of secondary importance.

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Cu. VL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1895:94: 93

[—
237. Bhang is prepared by cutting and drying the plants, culvaed or wild,
and shaking or beating out the leaves. This done
either by the contractors themselves, or by “esi
ents of jungly tracts fo sale to licensed vendors” (55). The districts where the

culivated bhang is produced have been named. The supply of wild Shang is
drawn from various paces in the belt of wild growth below the Himalayas. The
gathering goes an from March to June. The samindars on whose lads the pant

grows appear to make some money by sling it to the contractors (24). Bhang
is sometimes dried under saw of other covering, when it tars yellow, instezd
of raining the green colour, whichit docs if dried in the sun (31, 245, 209).
The object of ths is not clear, 3
238. In these provinces eharas is prepared to smal extent fom the crops
wa EOS for bre in the Himalayas, toa less extent
Prin rom the Himalayan wid growth, and to a stl
smaller extent from the wild gronth of the plains, A very small amount may

even be prepared from the plants culated ina desutory way. The methods
of preparing charas from the ire plants are described by witness (1g). The
sujango or female plants, having becn cut in November, ar spread out to
dey for trenty-our hours, The people. then st round a the heat of the day,
and pluck off the omer heads, which see now ful of seed, discarding the cosrier
leaves, Each handiol is rubbed between the palms for about ten minutes and
thrown aside. Tn course of time a quanity of ice accumulteson he palms,
whichis seraped offand rolled ino balls. Those sre charss, Sometimes the
plans ae trodden instead of bandied, and the fet seaped._ A more uncommon
method, by which a choice Kind of chara called heh whi i obsied, s to
as the hands up the ripe plants while they sce sil sanding inthe ld, This
plan is not approved, the itness says, because It supposed to damsgo the bre,
Other withesees (at, 4) mention the practice of running throsgh the crop or
rout on deny morning, and scraping of the resin which adheres 1 the body.
Witness (248) sates that the resin, having been collected, is kneaded on hot
stones but theaceount of witness (49) tht the process of manfactur ordinarily
ceases with the making of the resin 4 scraped from the hands fo ball is prob

ably eeible,

Thereis a considerable amount of evidence and opinion that chars is pre-

paved rom vil plans. Witness (49) sates tat na. small areas an elevation of
Si000eet called Urgur in Pa Tall Pamkhands, which appears tobe pagina
of Guhl, Uh wild hemp i of superior aly. t grows nese a temple of Siva,
to which act the peopl attibute is supeirity. Chivas is made fom it by the
common process of ribbing wit the hands, and is given to fakis and pilgrims to
Kedarmath and Badsinath. Witness (332) speaks of the manufacture from. the
wild plas, and states that the leaves ate th rubbing fo aria o bang,
hich i used for drinking, “Witness (ag) deposs to the production of charas
from the wid growth inthe Babar and Terai, Witaes (105) hs seen fe made
apparently in the Almera cowry, Witoess (38) bas seen the process on the
banks of the Gogra which bounds the Nepal and Brith tetris. And s0 we
are brought down to the plans. Mr. Stoker writes that “i Gubmal 2 sub
stances produced which might be classed with dither gar or chars. Afr
the charas bas been extracted from the feaale flower, the pondeced or broken.

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 a ne ee
54 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189594. [CH VI.

Bowers are mised vith hemp seed and smoked i a illum. This seems ain to

the garda of the Punjab.”

230. The evidence from his province contains information about the manu
itis torent st actu of chara. in Nepal, Yarkand, Peshaw, and

np Kandahar, which may be noted, though it is not. all

ect evidence, The Bhutas of Nepal scatter ashes on the planis in the even

ng. In the morring they enter and valk though the crop or jungle clothed in
Taher, to which the resin adheres, This scraped of and makes a sing kind
of chars, Tt may be noted that Dr, inlets, Residency Surgeon, Katmands,
“ves erable to verity the accounts he had heard of this process, but found that in

the county 50 miles round the capital the drug was collected by rubbing the
young famering tops between the bands fu si (Watt. In Yarkand, according
To witness (63), the died plants are beaten over a cloth, and the greyish
‘ponder, which fll upon , is cllected and packed in bags, where i agglutnates
By some process, of which exposure to the sun forms part, Witness (193) has
asin charas prepared nea Peshanar and Kandahas, People go into the fields
ith esther leggings on, and the charas sticks to them, and s scraped off” The
Same witness has sem bang prepared dn great quantities at Hacdar, Lahore,
Kabul, and Kandahar.

240. Regarding the Native Sates in the North Western Provinces, there is

—— nothing to beaded to the information callcted for

EES he provines generally.

241. Though some witnesses mab mention of the smoking of Shang leaves,
theres no vidence of the preparation of the flower
re
esd citer of he uncaltvated or culated plant for

seas ganja, The smoking of the produce af th plant in any form except charas.
is evidently extremely rare, According 10 witness (59), “the word ‘ganja’ is
Somatimes applied to charas”

24a. Bhangis prepared both from the nculivsed phot and fron the small

[— quantity of eulvated plant in the ordinary vay, a,

by simple dying. Me. Drummond (3) 39s that the
fomering tops re preferred. The zamindars do ne general take any payment
fo the hang gathered from thee lids. The pant gros. from December
to Juneoly. The aun ime fo gathering appears 0 be May. No. (75) says
May or June. Lala Kesho Das, Exes Asian: Commissioner, toport that in
JoeJuly the Hemp. plan acquires poculely novioss qualities, and henceit is
during that fotight that Uhang fended to be vied 38 drugs cut” The
bang of some locale is sogeded 25 superior, suchas that of Ambota. and
Ggret, of Binbar in Kashi, and of Gurdaspur. The colivated plant may
yield soprior ality of dro bu there is not much evidence of any preference
Tort over the wid drug.

243. There is practically no evidence of charas being prepared blow the

mountains. The method of preparation followed in
As and the Hill States a that of rubbing the ower
beads between the hands and scraping off the resin accumulated an the palms or

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Ci. VL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 180394. 55

on the feet f the operation consisted in reading the plaots. The salary piece of
definite information supplied about prepacation inthe plains is give by Mr. Ki
Singh (14): “Sometimes a cultivator may want a ftle charas fo priate use,
in which case he bests the lowering wigs over piece of cloth Laid the ground,
and then collects th greyish white powder which alls. Thi regire oly tobe.
arid a litle i the su, and ts ready or we.”

244. 17 the“ Puniab Products” the masifacure of ths sort of chara called
i - garda is described. The finest qualiy is when the
emai) dustis of a reddish colour. Thi is called surki,
When it is green, ti called bhangra. The most nero is hat which adberes
0 the cloth after shaking, and hss o be scraped off or shaken of with mare
violence. This is called Hadi, In each esse the dust has to be kneaded ith
a small quantity of wate nto a cake, and then forms. charas, Its stated that
this drug is machin use. The specimens which formed the Sass of the article

‘wee none of the rom the plain districts of the Punjab, except possibly one
from Dera Ghazi Khan. They came from Lahoul, Spi, Bokhar, Yarkand,
Dera Ghazi Khan, and Kashi

245. twill be of eres quote ater desrpions of rgn manufactur.

escuravass. WEDESS (86) ba been in the bai of ving
ros Ladki fo ppose of rade, and as the leant
the Following det rom Ladakh merchants In Yard bog is culfvated
in the month af Bass in wae ands and round the ells of ther top fot
the manfacare of chars, 1t remains sanding fr seven month, and then
sesped inthe month af Kak, when the Hossor 1 ie, and then sted an the
tools of houses. I remain hes {or one month and gets died nth rene
ime. The sanindars then thrash the plants sr sepa the ager eaves
by ight within. thei hous, The small petals and flowers he lon the
round an ar reduced o powder, 1 isthe sited tric, pi n bags, and sod
othe traders. The merchants go on sarin it up unl the month of Jet
comes, when they place itn the sa, and 3 kind of olsgioss sobstance aves
out of the powder 1s then kneaded ke tobacco and. pat in bags made of
lh. The allowing thre o ou Kinds of chase ee prepared fom lis
Shek bahar, ps, nd pp. Theyscethen closed vpn esther” Me. Dlg
quoted by Dr, Wat as ving a description of he preptatin sir to he shove.
"The Deputy Commissions of Banna says tse honey s ised the povder
of the lowering tos, alte whi tho stolfs packed ether bags 2nd kept for
yescin the sun. Har Cind, Assan he Comssioes of Exes, cpa
22 1 1550 of the Yackand manufacture (hat * the esvs sv round in Decer
ber, “The Rowers Kept in bags of fe ars each Gl Jone, To bags a1 then
pat in the sm, and th Bower rubbed ith hands nd et 6 ies cl. Ts
hen pot in lather bags and hammered Gl it becomes ove Hock. The boels
so of 4 srs each” There i cei sinly fn. al thse. methods, and
hey probably give wit ai accuracy the ger onlin of th important ao
echt Yotins. Garde a bsebd hPa Pot wo pa
tobe the Kashi proprtion, The word seems to mean mary dot i 1

an 245, The memorandum on the povic: consis

=» llavalabl information regain the Push States.

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 Eee
o6 REPORT OF THE INDIAN EMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189594. [C1 VE.

247. The method of preparing Kanda ganja is described by the Deputy

Conroe Commisioner of Nima and the Excise Commission
Prouionstguie er, The harvest begin in the stor second week of
November, The lower heads, vhich the culivators call mal or produce, are
broken of with about tele inches of tig, cared in baskets o the threshing.
oor, and spread ost on it ina layer sine {0 eve inches thick. Mr. Robertson
tates that on the rt day a heavy caller is passed over them, but this etal is
net contained in Mr. Drske-Brocknmas's report. The crop. is exposed to the
defor the ight. The next day the twigs are formed into heaps, and cach
esp ie trodden to, nd when not being trodden is toed over and exposed
tothe un to dry, This goes on for fur or five days, and results in the twigs
being presed fat and deprived of a great portion o thei leaves and thoroughly

dred. The produce is then removed to the culivator's house, wher it is built
into a stack ve or sx fet high, and has heavy weights placed upon it. In
about 3 week tis packed in gonny bags and removed to the storehouse at
Khondna,

248. In owuvard appearance the Khanda ganja or pathar diffs from that
cn iis tor to tt of Bengal or baluclar is being green in colour, and.
i having a much larger quant of leaf ef int. It
docs. oot bese any comparison inthe appreciation of sriokers ith bliclar.
The ute sa vty special article, nd 0 gana wil be found to compare. vith
tin any province. Bang s ot produced fn the Cencrl Provinces. Khandwa
anni used stead for drinking purposes by the commoner sor of consumers.
Wallo-do pecple import thei bang from Cental Inds 1s, however, dilfculs
to balin that the ea! and fragments resuling from the manufatere of Kanda
gana donot pas into consumption 20 al, There is some. evidence that they do.
Tn Benge the gaa. eulivators could aflerd to theow away the leaves, for the
wild bang was to b got for nothing within a rcasonsble distance, and malo.
eter bang than he cultivated es, which was consequently of no value. Inthe
(Cental Proves the case is diffe, and. i may be doubted if the people sre
altogeher careless of the leaf a a secondary product. Thers is no evidence of
chara bing prepared. in the Cental Provinces. The gan, having passed. into
the Rhandva godows, is picked. before issue to contactors, and again picked
before issu from the tabs, 30 that about 43 per cent, only find is way into
the ret shop.

Ep Sun, Cot ren 249. The Feadtory States prepare no drugs.

250. I the Madras Presiden, especially towards the south, the name

sss bhang is applied almost exclusively to the prepand

a om a a 95k, wh ay hema om the urs ess, bot.
is generally made from the material which is known,

and sold 53 ganja. Bhang as a isin for of the raw drugs not. know
1 is even doubfl i she plane isl in the. part of the county indicated fs
called bang, It would seen that as the region of wld growth is eit behind,
the name by which the culfivated plant is known, vi ganjs, comes more into
goed we. Te il net, thelr, be necessay to mention bhang in this
chapter except where it comes into the descipion of ganja preparation. Charas
fs not manufactured at al in the Madras Presidency.

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Ct. VL] REPORT OF Tus INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893.94. 97

im Dregne en
251. Me, Brn bn gen ads of he premio of gis em

A ee is il tty
Th oad Hil the ans ra ued lt hig mrs:
in Bor, Thay 5 hi oi, he wet ops 4 arp sno
Cie 1d te ea, Th sdeiod beds we sd ot ors
oir ow mh eh yo dip no. en oy rad
and wk ous tech se sag bs bee cm 1 oto
kre, Th wating do cui te i HB ni
me ten The ran en honed oo lv od poset
The. fo ede rn Deen yt nbd mb sn
Guna wi is. Td roms Vdd yo tip
hf ho hk ht tn cer a hs oe pe
oe ms, aod ih Jt pode 3 Fh I of et
fob kt n-th pl 8 sor ae sedi 1s rept. on
rcs gus on be on ome an rd i
tt nd sda mn spaced mn hl ¥ih hr ns
oth wight. To tora 0 hs fr ht. Noth mrtg ah
iv ake of pst on, nd shed Gr, Epos So
doe om to. 0 hein poo ss oi
nd iio fo he. gt rd te edo hc fs
Sim mals hgh BG rien 5 sated 5
kgs ot ening, (hs Bone of (rig a4 tt cpt
Sema dag te sy of he dg ung ke fe 10 Be mar
ot a rd oe TE nv at ms
Ihr mp on 24 to of lt ly tod ol i rns
Wer ly cry he amg 1 sor 1 es eso ee
ie
oe Kin Brn, preg iy
pas sk sen To pl dot So ok Wi mt
AEE ek ts ts dn On hr far
{ay they wel by nl a snd le ed sn, oe hs pn:
nko els pd sh Pct bg Pi or sv
So egy th do dr Bh Sb
ei hoy ly coo ta I bn. ht he bt
Revd say od sn ok op ot oe oon 3d br
Shi. prog he sg a clematis fy
ea
Eo big kd cont Wry i aig i To rn
ts Th pres bas bo described hry by ci wnt. Thonsy
i LA ato Ste ang al oh
ule!ie ind
45 ser.
5% pel nt She emtynee
The fg ed
ms ii esl, Ont (10) bos Cth lr 5
ee ction of hic of gl, ced oo. hid
Tvs wich a 0m ot Foes red abn or a -Al
ie hy to Gd Yrs So Fe me
To ve vr cry sed wh he ds 10 pe
Os ty ed hn id no To ed pt 5 id
x

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 ic
58 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893.94. [Cit VI.

sither fn alk or cocoanut water. The quantity of ilk or cocoanut water must

be proportionate to the quantity of leaves bofled, so that the milk or cocoanut

water might be entirely sbsorbed by the leaves. They are again kept in the hot
sun for about three or four days. After they are well died, they are preserved.
in earthen vessels for se" Similac processes were mentioned in the Bengal
evidence, but. they require so. much care and time that they can barely be
common.

354. The following information seems to point to the preparation of ganja

from the spontaneous growth in Travancore. tis said
Toms
that poo ganja, or fowering ganja, is pressed together

while sill green 30 58 10 get matied, and when the mass. begins to show signs
of rotting, “itis dred in the shade and passed. of inthe market 3s hala ganja.”
Chadamsjhiedn in Senshrit—mesns tangled or braided, and ead ganja is the

mame of the imported. article. Poo gaa is the local stuf, which from the de
eripion would apes to be Fle, if at a, culivated. There is no ether inform
ion of interest from the Madras States.

255. The preparation of ganja in Bombay is described by soreral witnesses.

. Mr. Ebden's (5) description, as coming from the
pester strict of largest cultivation in the Presidency, and
being the most complete, may be quoted i—

(0) Ganji Harvesting methds dis somevlat, 1 some cases te ops re pulled
by band some they acs cut. Ison the cena urgent tops ve olected and tested
Separately as frst sot ania; te cent ops af sid ranches form second ort, and les
lle top us Ud sot ands cold hr, The ther process fo as te am all.
Cases, The tps see heaped scaring fo tae nao ros a ee quae hastsis
ache hil hs cent sles whe ss gael collected being separately heaped. The
Beas ate thea odd mer ot. Sonn manufacturer teal the rc tos SL ce some
et them dey frat for vac periods Ale trading ti ord avery and and sgn
{adden Toe proses of cng ad reading repeated at terse of thee of one Vays,
wilh loa varvions of teste in tho acrvab In same pisces it is heaped fo round
aps cult ch, snd weihted 3 op G1 midnight, and then opened ni and sired
Sud verted i dawn, whoa x on 5 out sed talon; and 20 on Ul ¢ fd
oe ready when ts pked i bg, and lef spec remand by the whole

Ths wesding orf semis prepared be sm aise. thecstisgoa wilh clay

sud codng. have ly wrod th operation of cating, a hat ce the or
wa spe mosran sll on wal ink, nd fd wndegone vo pecparaton beyond clon
ng and sping. The ganja. vas speed fn spares af cen oe vesty fect wid us
Shon sis ches tick, line of cght or tn men danced on it to the music of a om
fom. Treading Lagan nthe outer dg ofthe esp, sad was continued in spc antl
he cote was pproschel when the in [ll out one by ono a (he pace grew male
They Illwed cose on ons aber, dancing sideways ne leaded’ otatps, Th fom
tow appeared tobe ighly necessary, and kept them att.

10) Charas~Tol is ocaly byc-product which is not bovght fo scsomn, bt

peas tobe th Kaeser’ peg, who. probably prt witht 1 liad who saoke,
fey dont vant t temelves, 11 tho resinous substance tat teks to the bands of
colts cath sce when cating or packing the tops. The Laads re sow snd. then
ube together, and the ‘chase i collected a the shape of 8 pl, which fe mately
ll Git and sma and lf charas A pice about the se of a marble may pucbaps be
fe rovad of a day's work.

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 ven ndiflcently to the reuse of the testing hor
is prepared, and to the radoce of th seeded plant sad of male plas
hen the crop bas ben grow fo seed 1 the lta cas the top are id on 4 fon,
0d te aed is beaten out. wih ticks or odin out by fost The sseds ac spaced

frm he mu by mean oa in, and the nace of rks Teves, ci sled

The bhang crop in Gujarat is tured into drug by drying the plants and
shaking or beating them s0.2s to detach the leaves, fover, and fit. The
character ofthe bhang of the Bombay Presidency must be noted. When it comes
from the ganja crop, i consists very largely of pieces of the female flver head,

and isin fact, a many witnesses have described i, largely composed of what is
Known in Bengal as chur, 1 the customer asked for chur the shopkeeper would
produce what be call bhang. The preparation of the drgs is generally cared
out by the cultivators themselves, sometimes by contractors

250. The States in the Deccan which olivate ganja prepare the drugs in the

Srna un manner already described. In the Northern Agen.

cles there is but le cultivation, and thataf seatiered

plants oly. There ds no evidence that the flower heads undergo sny preparation
besides simple drying.

ae 257, The drugs are not prepared in Aden,

255. The cuivaion tan disits of Sind an in Khsipr is said to be

Suvi Ki fo the production of Bhang only, and no doubt. tht
Prince. a the principal proc but aml aunt of sup
ior ower head is torned aut which goes by the name of gland o glands
hang, snd is occuonally usd for smoking. Sr. Gis (3) ses hat wher
he crop i pening the upper orion of the plats ar cut of ad preserved
partly. Thee ar regarded asthe Gt bt" They ars dred vith th se
nd sal, an do not appr to be subjected to any special proces. The ace
Called ghd, and are racially no doubt gan The et a the cro is
id 1d fogged, and the broke sve, Bowers, ad sed form bung. A cor.
{sin amount of thi f+ vinmone fo the seed but the mcs fs sold 5 iti to
th contacter, who seen gencrlly to si tnd clean it. of sed blr rc
ingite

359. Witness (5) from the Upper Sind Frontier, while stating (hat ganja and

- charms ae not prepared in the province, gives in an

- appendix some information regarding the prepars-
tion of these drugs. elsewhere, which may be shorly noted. Ganja is prepared,
Ie says, by burying the flower heads in a pit four or five fest deep coated with

goats’ dung. The pit is filed in for Geen or twenty days, after which the
gana is taken out and sold. The consumer picks off the smokable. part,
Crushes it, heats i on a cinder, makes it into small lumps or cakes, and smokes.

tina hula, Charas is colleced by people walking to and fro though the
bhang plants with greased leather coats an, and also by gong clothed only ina
Loin cloth with thei bodies smeased with ofl The ltte process is followed, he.

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16 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. [C. VI.

sags in the Native States of India. He also meations a process resembling

that noiced in the Punjab, by which the dust made. by beating the plat is
coliscted on cloth, He sates that this” process is peculiar to Afghanistan:

fs bighy appreciated.”

460, Te stresting ls rote that tno a thes ies, Ms Gls beng

one rept the preparation of fre from the heap
Pond pon Sind, Me, Gls sys: * Sometimes, bat
very rly, the tick tlk of the plant a placed vai tort, and with est
Kibour top or tin s made from them by individual persons fr special pu
puss bot the plane i eve grown for the use of its br of a sed ony
inte (14) stats that: "The bang plan talks sre usually bused fn sat
vt for 3 fe days instead of bing soaked io wate, 2 In the css of the
ha nthe ak" The bor production sms to be vey ited in amount, bat
{tis woth sec ic because this i the anly mention of fs aceunenco bw
ihe image fn the vidence soled by the Comission,

461. The oficial memorandum gives the follwing description of the pro-
pation of gun in Bec. 11a very impest, and
the process probaly resembles closely that followed
inthe Deccan or Kbsndua: * Th smal owes branches sre sped off and put.
towards the cee ofthe plan, whichis hen prssed wih the fot. (to ttn
the heads), made up no sheaves, and stacked 3 shed. under press, the
heap bengopened and the shaves moved now ad then to present hee geting
to bo. The favs fll of when the pans ar Ged imo bundle, Thy rs
collected and called bang. The be stalks ems with tr heads in. them
On vthss (59) mentions the prpseaton by burying, which has bes mentioned
divers, Witnesses (10) and (5) say tht the crops trodden by bulocks,
which seems very improbable. Ie is clear ta. th bang locally prepued
Siaply the rss fom the manufacare of gas,

a6. There i nothing to show that the plant in Ajmer is subjected 10

anyiling more than a proces of dry 5 to produc

Shang. -
263 From Cong its stated tha he feoale plants acc cut down and
expos othe sun for day. They then cull

oe ino bundle and exposed 10th sn by day and dw

by sight fo threo days, afer which they are wrapped. up in cose cloths or
dani, and 0 pressed. Ts to be remembered that th cultivation consis

A ——
only of the surcpiious rein of pans on sual sl

m— 264. There is no information from Baluchistan.

i by bn le pce hn amg. 4 sped of

etait Es rid 1 Crd
cond of beso ns ot 6 vs oly el wp Be
like the produce of the wild plant, ¥ pas 1

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 — me OR ee
(Cit. VL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEP DRUGS CONNISSION, 1655:04. 101

566. The dtl of formation desing the preparation of gaa in My.

sae ate ited t dying fn the sun and bin ine
bundles Mr. McDowell mamerandum docs ot
give a description of the Mysve price. What h sys about the Vllors and
Cornads sumpes agree wich what has ben eat fm Ar. Ben's bili:

267. Tho Dieta of Aes and Comece gies description of he

se prpaation ofmethod
gars which does ao ier from he
pursed nthe Bombay Deccan. Bg 's
the leaf and ater liter which fas away in he masulactos of gfe.

268, Such colivation as exis in Rajputs, both regular and sated,

wn sms to be che dvccte to the producion of
. bang Jnallavar, however, spots a rodcton of
36s mand of gars, and some of th super dog apps fob here at
Ste ho. An nfs sot, called muri ges, spon of Marva, but
appears o be Tle beter than he femal Rowers of a bharg crap of she adi
ney Kind 101s tated the Jali report that he arf. produced thre is
Deve prepared by reading, ad from oe places ta the dr, hte may
be, undergos o process ut drying. One formant tats tt chars. vp
posed be prepared ciel by the Bl in Jodhpur, No ound for hs
since cn be discovced. Takis ay re the had of the pats hey have
ron in thie ands and go fle chara occasionally but even ht sec
probable as it equi great del of fone head fo make rssh quan
of chr,

60. Mr. Gurion's memorandum furvshes a account of the manufacture of

gain in Indore and Dewss, The proceses com

on i prise the same thre principal features as lahore,
oi, ding, kneading with the fet and removal of lal, They oscupy thes or
fou days. In Indore the manlactured produce i kept under pressure il ld
From the descipion of the preparation of hang in these States, i would sec,

that iis made fom a crop grown for seed. or Shang. and not fom the guna
coop. The plans aro bodily dred and threshed, and the seeds are sepuaied
rom * the crushed leaves and tender tugs, which see called binag.” [1 seems
that “no chias 3s prepred in Cental Inia except a ide. in the Bhopuwar
Agency for the parsoml use of the culivatars, of fe presents from them to

religions medians” The method of repaacon is thos dosed by the Pl

xl Agent of Bhopanar: * Chicas is prepared by rabbing ganja (sometimes mised
with arg) violently foe several huts on rough. woollen bankers, wich air
wards are scraped wich a baie. The substance thus scraped of is frst cass
Chagas. An infror Kind is then obtsned by washing th blanket with the least

possible amount of water, and then evaporating the Jud” The report of
Gopal Ram at the dose of the North-Western Provinces memaandum con-
ins no formation of special intrest regarding the preparstion of the. drugs
in Gali xcept that. relating to charas as 2 by-product of gar culivation.

14 crtin amount of chasis obtained in hs (Gwalior) State by Scraping.

of the resin which saber tothe hands in cating the gaa part, In aha
‘Anti ulsaors do no care much about the cbarss In tabs Kola, district
Narwar, 1 hea chscas ia obtained in small quansiis by (he same process as in
Kumaon and Gaeal?”
5

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 a
ios REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [CH. VI.

70. Bhang lone is prepared in the Baroda State. Its of the same Kind
‘and prepared by the same processes as are found in

om the Gujarat Division of the Bombay Presidency.

71. The Goveroor of Jamm repors that neither ganja nor charas ace made
‘there, but oly bhang. The Governor of ashi.
gives an account in which the names of the three.
drug sce confused, He says firs: * Almost al wild hemp, which is called falia
inthe Panjab and is generally female plant in he above-mentioned abs, s used
for the preparation of gan locally known by name gard bhang (chiara charas).
‘And futher on" The leaves of the hemp plant are trodden under foot, and
leaned by sieves to prepare gard bhang, and the process is continued until the
leaves axe reduced to powder and seed separated

“This describes the preparation of bhang, pure and. simple; but apparently
is article is kn by th three rames—ganja, gard Shang, or chura. charis.
And ited sppest that this isthe stuff which is occasionally smoked. Fakits
and 2 few Mubarmmadans and Pandite of the Srimagar city and towns smoke

gard Whang (churn chars). The total number of persons who

Go smoke ganja i, etc”. Another informant says: © Chasasis prepared in
the capital cities snd is termed garda,’ and he does not know if bang
is prepared, The preparation of garda is described, and fvshes with the
reduction of the material to 8 “resinous powder” The manufacture of garda
or charas by the meshod given in the © Punjab Products” is nor dose
ed by ether of the only thres formants, It is probable chat chiaras is
‘made by a further €aboration from the gard charas spoken of above, which
is practically bhang powdeced to a state of more than common fineness,
and that gan is a name borrowed from India vihout any correct ies of its
mearing beyond that i signifies the female plant, Temay be muted tht the price

of gards bhang, three pice per tol, given in the Gosernor of K: his report,
and seems to indicate that the asile is more
is very igh for simple bhang,
like chara.

275. The manner of prpaving ganja in Nepalis somewhat. peuliar. The

N Dactar ansvers report that * hen the plant in the

fe lata state, 5 cut down ad kept te dev for about
ak snd after tht cach tai sepa weapped in 8 piece of ine plantain
rk, and, being tightly ted with String, Ts pu by. Some people fen i
by resin under 3 picccaf dt (gunmy). Two or three days afer this ie
becomes Bi. for we? Tho manufacture of chara ix thos descr: * The
gavin plant exudes 5 thin gummy water. That plant in squeceed between
he palms of both hands, and the gumany substance which sticks to the hands is

scraped into a vessel, and is called charas” Nepal ganja, Mr. Stoker states,
is fnroduced in small quantity into the North-Western Provinces, Nepal
chars is, on the same authority, of superior quality, though the Darbar
answers say tha Yarkand chiras i prefered in Nepal. The Deputy Comis-
sioner of Baraic in the reper. atached to Mr. Stoker's memorandum states
that the export of charas from Nipsgani is about go mavnds, and that
some years ago a very much larger quantity was imported into British
teritory. The latter statement is conemed by evidence fom Bengal, which
shows hat Nepal chas is now almost. superseded by the drug

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Ci. VL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189594. 103

through the Punjab, Mr, Stoker reports that some of it passes into Briih
Kumaon and Garkwal.

273. twill be see from the abore detaled description tht bsog, whether
; produced by the cullivated or wld plan, is prepared
by siaple drying, The processes by which ganja is
prepared consist of pressing, drying, snd remorl of lal. The. mamfacture is
most perfect in Bengal In other provinces it i not characterized by the ame
degree of care, and one or other of the thes essential features of the manufcture

more or less neglected. Gana collected from the wild plaot and from the
hang crops of Sind, and probably alo tht yielded by stray culation, i simply
dried. There are only two methods of preparing charas which appear 0 be wed

‘when the drug is produced on say considerable sal, sts, that by rubbing. the.
Rover heads with the hands as in Koran and Neal, and that described ss bing
practised in Yarkand, which may be called the garda method, sod consists in
beatiog the plant over cloth, and manipulating the dust that s thes deosied. The
collection of the resin adhering to hands and implemen:s in the course of harvest.

ing ganjais woh remembering, forit is proved fa Gualior and Bombay, The prac.
tice of the Malwa Bll s pehaps esabished. Other methods ar urimportan,
‘and the common report that charas i colcted by men dressed In leather moving
about in the hemp crops has not been definitely located. 1 is doubt tis
devices employed anywhere in India

The results ofthe anslyses of various samples ofthe drags, wich have been

prepared a the request of the Commision, ae show in Vol 11 Append

74. Regarding he question whether hemp drugs detonate or ot by beeping,

the Comision, for reasons which will be explained
Dntnt bom rs.
later, are unable to state definitely the precise period

forwhich the drugs will etsinuafmpaied ci ll mcotic power ender odivry

conditions of storage. A large number of witnesses ha tendered evidence rela
tive tothe question whether hemp drags deteriorate or no by king. The general
tenor oftheesidences 1 the effect that he fssher th drugs, he etter. Regrd-
ing ganja, Mr. K..G. Gupta, Excise Commissioner, Reng, states that the drug is
much valued during the fest. yea less on two years—in fac, i not sold
afer the first you if new gana 5 avaiable; absoltely unslesble lc two yrs?
Twa yeaes may perhaps be signed ss the Knit during which th drug is popularly
believed to retin ts accotic propeies without any very mated implement,
‘Some witnesses, however, give a longer period. The retenion of properties
without deterioration of course very largely depends on the care exescised in
storage.

Dihang being relatively fr chespee than the other hemp ds, 30d ning to
its bing csily procurale fo the mero packing in ‘alge numberof isos,
probably not stored to the same extents ganja. Mr. Goptaappears to place he
limit for retention of properties between three and four years; and be makes sn
intersting emack o the fect that the valu of bangs a medicine is enbzaced
by age. Salig Ram, Pusjab Witness No. 85, drg contractor, stats tht freshly
cut hang produces great heat and is very intosiating, while tbe tied year is
intoxicating properties are leseacd, and t goes bad.

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 fait AL 5 a
104 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1803.94. [CH. VI.

Regarding the keeping properties of charas, he information must necessa-

Fy be inosac, asi is an imparted article, and itis practically impossible for the
res age of any particular sample to be known. From its physical propesies
charas admits of being ready adulerated, and the stckingly marked iferences
nthe physologiea value of chacas esi as determined by Dr. Evans would also
Zppear to support this view. From the various modes which appear to be adopt-
<i for the preparation of commercial charas,it must always be a drug of more
orlss uncertain composition, sad mot undeseeving of the appelation—" A foul
and crude drug, the uss of which is propery. excluded from civilized medicine,”

‘which was applied to it by the famous phacmacalogists Flckiger and Hasbur

‘Some witnesses appear to consider that chacas i perhaps more stable than ganja.

‘Gujar Mal, Panjaly Witness No. 03, drug vendor for twenty years, states that
harass very saong during the frst year; afer thatit gradually loses its seength
ail the fourth yea, when it becomes quite useless, Some witnesses ler to
he deterioration being more rapid in the plains than a ill stations. A witness
refers 0 chara produced in Bokhaca which can be kept for six years in. India
withos gong bad.

275. The causes of the deterioration of ganja and bang ae usually ascibed
to (0) damp and nator decay; (1) sasages of insects,
Cot tito
and also popularly (6) to volatliztion of the,
narcotic principle, Regarding the two first causes of deterioration, they arc
common to sl vegetable substances; but the third cas i not table because
hep resin on which the arcotc property of the drug depends is non-vlai
There is no douby, howeve, that by prolonged exposure to ai the aroma of i

drug is dissipated to a considerable extent, the aroma being due to the pres
of a voltle al. The popular view of the value of gaofais based on ts physical
appearance, and very largely also on is aroma. bt i dues nol necessaiy follow
that because the aroma has been lot, the drugis therefore weaker in narcotic
popes but it may be Jess pleasant to smoke than garja which has retained
is bouquet. The mece effusion of fue withost other disturbing fiers, such as
damp, as cause of the impairment inthe narcotic vale of the drug is + print of
Some terest, Tn medical ciecles there is 3 fly general iden thal the extract
of Ganntis die is an uncertain drug, and this is bifoved to be due (0 varia
ons in age of the proparations which hivo been proscribed. This assumption
may or may not be correct. Dr, Evans! experiments indicate tha the physiological
values of simla doses of ll alcoholic esos extracts from. various gras are
not the same, and, moreover, individual diosynceasy on the part of the patents

as infuneing the Action of the dug has perhaps ot been hays rolleted. The
alleged dimineton in peer of the deg by eflxion of tre might be ascribed ax
being relly doc to 3 slow oxidation process, and that this. might ready occur
inganjais explicable, But as regards the extract of Cannabis indi, vet oxida
on would arly occur superficially in the stratum exposed to aie. Dat there
i 50 evidence of any value to prove that gana, which has beon carefully protect.
ed from dump, and say re years old, is nat 3s active physiologically 3s the
fresh drug, The value of ganja for use has ahvays hitherto been determined
soy by its physical appearances. With evidence of mould and the cffects of
continued damp, the physical appearances ave suficient for an opinion to be
arsived a but when those signs of deterioration ave absent, mere loss of aos,

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зе (Сн. онт ое тик михи ними соз соммннох, 18да оу

тънко кан ону н пм ане ни

әта рел
кла
зебетртюе 01 .

атан ун 1а тани Уднр х ут

Каа канора ња рису рона нен нр.

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106 REPORT OF TILE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. (Cit. VI-

the form of tabled lessens deterioration by exposing a smaller surface to the

action of damp sad sir. The proposed system would sso lessen very materially
the bulk to be stored and facilitate transport. It would most ceraily prevent.
to: grea exten volatilization of the essential oil on which so much of the popu-
Jar commercial value ofthe drug depends, and it would also to a great extent
prevent the illicit drug from passing into the market,

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 CHAPTER VIL

TRADE AND MOVEMENT OF THE HEMP DRUGS.

278. Theses clfvated i the Ganja Mls inthe yar 189293 as mich

sen. grates tha in any. one of th preceding 19 years,

- being 3.540 bights (Excite Commisone’s Hemor
random), cquivslent to 1,80 ace. But the etimted asian af he erp wes
‘comparativly small, being ony 7,575 maunds, and not much abore the average
ofthe five years from 1838-39 to 1892.93, 7,307 mands (Excise Report or
189295, pge 36). For the purpose of examin the movements of he pro
duce, therefor, 1892.93 is 2 fir average yeas

279- Bengal exports ganja by land to Asse, Kuch Behar, Nepal and the

Caer North Wester Provinces, snd by dea to London,

Bris Indian ports, and plcss outside India, The
figures for 18a we
To Asean

Kuch Betar

Nepl
Nort Western
London

ih nds port
Foreign ports

Toul dem
None of these figures is in a very striking degre sboormal. The exports to
Assim snd Kuch Bebe are taken direct from the head quarters at Naogaon,
‘and the rest appaceatly from the local stores most convenient to the wade, The
balance lef for home consumption is $573 mands, which approximates
tothe asnual consumption, One of the mst noticeable pits i the information
relating 10 exports is the extraordinary shipment of 774 mands in the yess
1891-52 10 other parts than those for wich the Comission asked for informa
Gon by mam: in the statement. This export was ten times the ondinary
quantity, and no explanation s furished sbont it

280. The istry ofthe export trade to the Non-Western Provinces is

iw vu Sa enariabe. It fs setched at page 8.01 the

Eon Excise Report for 1650.03. 11 3s thers sated that

the gua trade of Rajshahi withthe North-West Provinces dtes from
the very calst period of the culation, and that the expert was very
Target he yer 1860, hen the rae of duty was frst increased, * The order
requting payment of duty a Rajshabi may be sid to bave Kile the trade of
hat dist wih the Nonh Western Province. The exports which n 1954-55
amounted to 6036 maunds, and t 450 maunds in 1861.63, lf th following.
yes to 1,014 minds, to 43 mands in 1963.6, snd cased sogetee in 1865+
70 The North Westen Provinces traders have since imparted 3. cin
mount of aaj from the gla of the Pata Division, and tis pbable that
by this amangement they save in caringe someting more than the dif.
ence between. the cust of the dug at the cenrl and local gos. Thee
verge total purchases fo th at thre years, ai, 555 maunds, re, however,

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108 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEN(P DRUGS CONMISSION, 1893-94. [CH VIL.

very fe below the quantity they used to buy in Rajshat is clear that the
North Wester Provinces have. found. other soucces of supply to meet their

281. A certain amount of ganja is imported under license from the Teibutary
States of Orissa, but the Commissioner of Excise

toprol ports that the quantity is not large, as litle

advantage bas yet been taken of the rules passed in March 1803 to legalize
he import. For the previous decade the importation had been entirely
forbidden under cders of the 21st June 188. Smuggling from the States
is, however, cared on on 4 considerable scale. This and a small amount of
lfc import oves the Nepal frontier are practically th only sources of the ganja
supply of the province besides the produce of the Ganja Mahal and such
‘material for smoking as the wild growth and ici cultivation provide, It may be
noted that in the year 1878-79 2 small amount of ganja was imported from
Bombay and the Central Provinces. The experiment has not been repeated.

85. The Excise Commissioner reports that bhang 5 not 38 a rule imported
from any other province, and no figures are furnish
Bite nt cu,
ed. Dat the Excise Commissioner, North-Western

Provinces, states that a certain amount. docs pass rom his province into Bengal,
andthere Js general corroboration of this statement n the evidence. Chara is
imported from the Punjab, Formerly, it seems Nepal charas was geneeally con-
Samed, but it never could have been largely imported, for the total import for
the year 1880-81 was loss than half a mavnd. The trade in chazas scams now
tobe steadily growing. A duty of Rs, 8 asic has been levied on tho. drug
since 1880, and the impor: is now 11 maunds,

385. The Kuch Beha State imparted 89 maunds of ganja in the year 1893+

PAIR 93. Though someschat higher than that of he threo

preceding years, the figure is nol abnormal, It
exports none ofthe heap drugs, and none ae cil produced

284. Though the Bengal Government has passed regulations under which the
drugs can be exported from the Garbjat States, and
Toe Ty Sats of Ome
though there is considerable demand for them,
there practically no liit trade. The llgal trafic is considerable, but ts
volume cannot be estimated. Witkin the States the consumers appear {o grow
their own drugs, and these is no organised trade.

85. There no trade worth mention inthe Chota Nagpur States. All the
States probably import ganja a certain extent, for
[Er ———— culivaton has been more of less restricted i al of

them; but thre is defi information to this cfcct from Seraikela and Kharsa-
wan alone. The former State has furnished statistics in the form prescribed by
the Commission showing an import of 1 maunds of ganja. It is nevertheless
probable. (hat many consumers grow their own drugs. There are no exports of
the drugs except perhaps inthe shape of very petty smuggling.

486, There i no trade in the drugs a Hil Tippera, An insignificant amount

pi ported for consumption, and teritry

‘smuggling nto British there towards
is some petty
Bengal and
Assam.

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C1. VIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. 169

287. Assam draws ge supply rom Raha. The Fors of import

are given from 187080 to 1890.95. The average
= impor a he Ft ot eee of 5s pd ms Sp
amaunds, of the nest five years 677 maunds, and of the last ve yews 750 maunds.

‘The trade therefor i growing, and the increase is doubtless connected with the
development of the tea industy in Assam and the influx of cooles atiending it.
‘The drug is ot exported. There is reason o suppose that the consumption of
Tic ganja, and therelor the impor tade; is affected by the smuggling of infeior
ganja. from the ill countries and by the existence in the valleys of the wild
growth in considerable abundance; but it is
of the extent of this interference ith the Ig

consumed. Licenses are not issued for the import of bang probably because
there is no demand for Bengal bhang, the local weed being far more than sufi-
cient fo the needs of the province. Nor is there any local trade in bhang.
Practically bhang is not recognized 3s a distinct article from ganja. There is
ery litle information about ts use.

288. The province produces for elf a large amaunt of bhang and. a very
small amoust of ganja and charas, A considerable
Naa en Prove.
quantity of bhang is neverthelss imported, and
ally th whale of the ganja and charas consumed ce from outside the
province. All thece drugs also pass out of the province, but ganja and charas
onlyto a smal extent.

289. Mr. Stoker writes that the three main localities from which ganja s m=

Guns ported are Bengal, Khandwa, and Central Indi, i,

(+) Gualior, and (2) Bundelkhand Native States,
The Derg Excise Report for 1393-93 shows that the export from Bengal to the
North-Western Provinces in the lst three. years has boen—

sgn - wey
org a op ss
155503 5.

It nearly sl brought from the golss in the Patea Division. The imports from
Khandva (Excise Memorandum) weso—

sp
i bow
Theso figures together account for an averageimpert of 3055 maunds, The total
imports of the province wers—

Mal 0
igor wo ag
sors amt aa
gps po
ot mot th double the guanty wich a dram rom Bengal and Kanda

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110 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189-94. [CH. VIL.

The Bengal drug, Bachar, is universally admitted to be of superior quality.

Mr. Stoker writes: "The appearance would indicate that it conteins more
‘of the resinous secretion ; but, so far as I know, it seems to be preferred on ac-
count ofits favour and less unpleasant after eects.” It was exported to the
North-Western Provinces in 1854-55 to the amount of 6036 maunds, and in 1861
6a of 4,250 maunds, and then the export rapidly decreased to the present avarage
snaccount of the heavy duty imposed by the Bengal Government. These figures

appear to show that the North-Western Provinces formerly drew its whole supply.
of ganja, or nearly all, frora Bengal, and that the imports of ganja given in the
statistical return are not in excess of the annual supply which the province requires.
It is advisable to draw attention to these figures because Mr. Stoker cautions
the Commission against placing too much reliance on his statis

a90. Taking the average import then at 4,774 maunds—Mr, Stoker

(Gyllerthe peieeipal sesree e CstitBates it at 4,000 t0 4,500 maunds—it must be

concluded that 2,719 maunds, or the greater part

of it, are imported from Grralior and the Bundelkhand States. “The Bundel-

khand States named by Me. Stoker are Dattia, Sampthar, Chatarpur, and.
Kadaura (Baonî), to which he would add Dholpur in the Bhartpur Agency.
He is not sure that all the ganja brought feom these States is of local
growth. Some of it, he suspects, comes from Gwalior or Khandwa origine
ally, From other sources it is ascertained that Dholpur does not grow any
gunjt. Regarding the volume of the import for the Bundelkhand States, Mr.
Stoker writes that it is inconsiderable and irregular. Gwalior must therefore

be the locality from which nearly the whole of the balance of import
mow under consideration is derived. And in this view it becomes the most
considerable source of the ganja supply of the province, larger than Khandva,
and far larger than Bengal. tis reported thata litte ganja still comes feont
Indore. tis to be noted thatin certain years the Khandwa imports have been uae

commonly large. In 1883-84 they were 2,472 maunds, in 1885:86 4,223 mund,
and in 1889-90 3,237 maunds. These figures, of course, raise the importance
of Khandwa as conapared with Gwalior, but still they do not aflcet the conclusion
that the latter provides the greater amount of ganja to the’ North-Western
Provincesat the presen day. Mr. Stoker thinks Gwalior ganja is ga ng ground,
sand that it has been favoured by the construction of ths Indi Midland Rail

a91. As regards quality, Mr. Stoker's information places Gwalior ganji on

untws sad Gwatior gaja the sae footing as the pathor of Khundws, and it

war Bil el Seles. © is kuowen by the same mame. Doth these drugs art
far cheaper than that of Bengal with its high duty, and this app ss to bea
sufficient reason for their having superseded it. In the relail trade pathar.
1
oat r} annas, While baluciiar sells at Gannas the tola. There is reson to.
eve that pothar is frequently passed off as tho better quality of dru, and.
used also for adulterating it. The form in which tho drug, is sold tn the

shops, the smokable part being pickted off the stems, renders such practices. possi
ble. The two articles are readily distinguishable on the branch. Me. Stoker has

some interesting remarks on attempts which have been made, apparently with
more or less success, to get the cultivators of Nirmar to turn ott their drug, so.
as to resemble Galuckar, The latter is consumed principally in the distticts
pfthe Gorakhpur and Benares Divisions, but a litê of it stil finds its way.
Surther west, where its. superior quality secures for it a certain, though small,

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CH. VIL) REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 183:04. 111

demand i spite ofits much bighee price. The name pathar, pathiyare, or
fathiyals way possibly be derived, Mr. Stoker thnks, from th leafy character
of the inferior dru.

2g. tis mentioned that within the lst ten years gasja has been imparted
from Holkar's Tertory, Berar, Mewar, Nasik,
mm Ae. bag 1 Keune 8d pepo ps
in the Bombay Presidency ; but lately the prosimity of Khandw and Gualir,
‘and the cheapness of the drug ther, seem to have given them & mornopely of
the business in parhar. ” The smuggling of inferior ganja from ovr the Nepal
frontier is tooinsigifcant to inteiere ith th trade, The registered exports
ars not considerable some imported ganja goes rom Babraichnto Nepal,

293. The charas used in the North Wester Province is most wholly the
produce of Yarkand and Bokhara obisined through
the Punjab. Nepal also supplies froma to 50 maunds.

The tol import is given as 2,251 maunds. This is fa in excess of any previous
record, but Mr. Stoker advises caution against placing too great reliance on
these Statistics, and states that he has only recently established a system of
registration which can be expected to give at ll accurate ress, The figure is
probably unduly enfanced by the paial egisteaton of transports within the prov-.
nce. Tn such registration the district exports must have failed to. appear, for
thetotal export of the yess is only given at 45 maunds. In the corespondence.
of 1881 the Board of Resenue estimated the consumption atorly 1,000 maunds,
and it cannot he supposed that it has doubled since that time. Mr. Stoker's

estimate of the imports, 91%, 1,100 of 1,200 maunds, may be adopted. Some
meresting information is furnished fn a leter of the Brish Joint Commissioner
of Ladakh which appears in the comespondence of 1851. That officer states
that the charas which comes ito India by the Ladakh road is produced in East
em ‘Turkestan, viz, Yarkand, Yengi Hissar, Kashgar, Kbotan, etc. This is
regarded a inferior to the ehiseas of Bokbara, wich is carried through Kabul to
Peshawar, and through Kandahar (in ordinary times) to Shikurpo in Sind. The
charas of Yen Hiss, wich is he best of the Kinds produced in Eastern
Turkestan, i frequeatly sent through Khokand to Bokhars, and thence imported
with Boklara charas, and sold under that name. The great bulk of the charas
sent hrogh Ladakh to Idi is consigned to Amvisar. Amisar is the chiel
dept of chirss, nd the North-Western Provinces supply would seem to be drawn
from that place. The traders have informed Mr. Stoker that the drug is much
es pure. than t used to be some years ago, and also much cheaper, The Shid-
Juboui o Sufsl charas from Nepal is of very superior quality, and commands
“igh a price os Rs. toad. tseems all to g0 to Lucknow, whers it s retail
dat Ra. 35 to Rs, 40 per és. The import has fallen off ina years in conse-
quence of Yarkand charas having become cheaper, but is superior quality sill
secures a market for i

204, Chars fs manufacture to the extent of abot so mands fn the

“mounain of Kanaan and Ghee from the crops
Cougs rs Cid fo fe, It is or the mont pan
cons locally bu o 6 muds pase aval tothe bands of the con
oars wo sppess that a small amount is exported to Tite. This

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 -
2 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1895.94. [Cit. VIL

isi also receives smal imports from Tiset and Nepal. Itis said that the
‘people prefer Yarkand chivas to theic own, and Mr. Stoker cannot understand.
what, except cheapness, the superiority of the latte can consist, for the home.
produce mast be fac the purer of the two, Some charas is prepared from
The wid gronth, butts doubiful fit eners the make. may, however, affect the.
ade by saifyin the wants of & contain class of consumers. There is sill another
source of chara in the province, though it is not yet drawn upon except. by the
hillen who come down to culivate in the Kumaon Terai and the Bhabar. The

wild growth of this region is made 10 yield the drug of which Mr. Stoker had
suceeded getting a specimen. The quantity made and used is quite
igiicant, and doss not appear to find its way into the market; bat the
possibilty of prepacing the drug from the wild growth of the low country is
interesting.

295. The export of charas is only 45 maunds. It probably passes into

‘Bengal and the Native Slates on the southern fron-
Expat chr
er but thee is no definite information. The figure

may not mean exports from the province, batt s reasonable to expect that there
Should bea itl trade in the dicectons indicated.

96. The imports and exports of hang ar given as 1,644 and 1,263 maunds
respectively. Tt may bo doubled if these figures
eet ant cpt thn.
have any value at all as representing the volume
of trad: over the framers of the province. The mass of the blung trade
of course cirealates within the province, and consists in providing the
locally grown drug toloeal consumers. Regarding the esternal rade, Mr. Stoker
mites: A certain amout is imported from the Pun
Jogudh, Kala, and Unblt, and some from Amicse and Hostiarpor. Newly all
ofitgocs toa fw of our aston districts, This isnot because of way Eile in the
cal sply, whichis uslimited and inexhaustible, nor because of any superiority
of the Porjab axicle, but apparently on aceouncol the rads connection of
some of the contractors with the Punjab... A Tile blang slo comes
from Bhartpur and Jeypore, and pechaps from 4 few Bundelkhand Nati States
but inthat direction we give more than we get. The amount is not consi
and scoms to be diminishing. Some of the bhang from Gonda and Dal
relly grown on the Nepal sid of the berder A certiinamount
of bhang finds its vay out of the provinces to the neighbouring dsricts of
Bengal, the Punjab, the Cental Provinces, and the Bundelkhand Stats:
It appears hat the contractors afin buy ths plant from the owners of uceuplars
of land who have collected awd stored i The purchase maney would scem
to include a price for the drug feel as wellas payment of the expenses
connected with collecting and st gi

297. There so separate information regarding the rade arangementsof the.

Rampur State. They form part of the general

hi trade of the province. The amount of the State's

imports and exports cannot appreciably aflct the course of the attr.

298. The sam remarks apply to the Hill State of Tebvi Garhwal, with the

Taio addition o the defite information that noneaf the

products of the hemp cultivation carried on in the
State passes over its frontiers ino British territory:

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 ee op Tip ER
(Ci. VIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS CONMISSION, 155594. 113

999. The comparatively unimportant subject of the bang trade may be

sii disposed af in a few wards. The mas of the bhang

consumed is collected within the prince. mostly
from the wid growth, There i a considerable import from. over the Kashmiv
frontier which, the Excise Commissioner remarks, may be. regarded as local
production, for the plants collected at no great distance from he border. There
is a smal import rom the direction of Kabul len, It has heen seen tht 4 certain

‘quantity of bhang passes out nto the North-Western Provinces. I is probable

that the bhang produced from cultivation is mostly consumed at bore, and that
very ltl of i, if any, passes on to the market, The amount shown as sold
by reall vendors approaches 4.000 minds.

300 Neary the whole of th. churasspply of Indi comes through the
Punish, The Excie Comision estimates that

Tepecel chan. in 1892-93 the total import amounted to 5060

mands; that this was an exceptional year, 20d that. in diary years its
Benen 3.000 4nd 4.000 maunds. When essing th rade of (he Nori
Westen Provinces, infomation vas quoted fom the Joint Comission, Lidaky
about the Kinds of chara which pas unde the aris of Bokhaa and Yard,
and th routes by which the twa sricles are imported ino Ind. The Joint
‘Comision, in ths case Cassin Rama, reporied othe Fiancil Come
sioner, Punjab, in August 185, o th ubjec ofthe charted. this sport
He wis: Cras s produced shi in the vicinity of Yarkand. 1 groms at
Bokura and othe places in Torkesan, bat 1 ave bea infcoed that the
Russians have probit it culvation wilhin thie dorisions, and that spies
ofthe drug are now obtained almost eninly from Yarkand tecitory. The
fest haras doe not find ite way in Ladakh, bt is expocted to Boia and
other lace” He proceeds to ir some intersting deta ofthe trade * The
reported value of the chara is cians for thi teaon hat the Yarkandis
ing thee chara to Leh, and there met Indi traders sho aks thes chaas
in exchange for piccegoads and other Tndan allée, Each pty ovevalies
is goods, hence th reputed valu of bth charss sad picce-goads, ic. s from
1011 20 per con, nxcess of the el valu” He he shows tha the rade has
a stong pico of gumling about i: 1 will be cherved at th fuctations fn
the price of chives are very great, and this fut ba ed wo of my predecessors
and myself to express opinions hostile to the fostcing of this particular branch of
our Central Asin trade on the grocnd that al chiras dealings peta rather
of tho mature of 3 ganbling ramteion than of legis (nde. The pice
xd for chivas at Leh is slost ently spective. The chara is inended
for ssl inthe Puiab, but rons but Eecoseholdecs sv permited to sll charas
there the consequence is that when merchants take thee chars to the Punjab,
hey are obliged to sell for such price a the eensehlders vil pay. The
charas cannot be kapl in Indi as it goes bad ater a year, nd it cam be
{akin back on sccoun of the cot of nape, The down. cout ese:
holder is therefor n pasion to i the price of the dog, Nevertheless large
profit are somtimes made on chara taken down for sl, 20d this the trade
Continues to. thries® These remarks appes tobe fst, though it may no be
Cone to sa tht chaas goes bed in quite so short 8 time a5 ge yer, Ther
Chars Having arved a. Leb, and avin sppaently passed sto th hands of
Toda traders, is akento the Pui by twa routes, od. Kashmie sud id Kula.
=

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114 REPORT OF THE INDIAX HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [Cit VIL.

The ganja, gard Shang, or cha charas manfacioped in Kashmie is all

consumed locally; none i¢ exported to the Panjab. (Kashmir Governor's Memo-
random). The Kashrie authorities take. precautions to ses that the Yarkind
charas passes through with bulk unbroken, and they levy duty on any that may
be sod in Srinagar. The import by this route may be. roughly stated at 500
maunds. Six or seven times as much is imported direct through Kulu to
Hoshiarpur, snd. daring the last theee years the amount has grown considerably.
The figures for the last thre years are—

Hoot ww - a0
sions: - 320
stonss wo 3032
“The fgres quoted by the Excise Commissioner fromthe Provicil Report
af eatrl ade show that the Kabul route 15 used or the import of chars,
Sutno imports weresppaenly testers in 1800-91 and 180193. Tn discussing
ho vale of these fires, the Excise Commission remarks that mo dmg a
Shown 4 coming seuss the western fant (om Sevestan) or the north
ester (rom Baar) except tht rom Kabul, whe there is undoubtedly a cer.
in amount. of impot trade with the Dera and Haar. This implies that
to the west of the Kashie rote thc ae several roads from Hisar round to
he Sind foo by which chara enters the Pua

“The figures of import and export given i the form prescribed by the Com:
mision are obviously incorrect; the same drug. must frequently have been cegis-
tered more than once. The estimated import is 5,000 maunds. The registered

consumption as shonin the statstcal tables is 1,020 and 1,026 maunds for
\fgrg3 and 189r92 respectively. But the figures seem to be merely the
iferences between the imports and éxports, and cannot be. otherwise verified.
Tt would hardly be an excessive estimate to put the amount consumed in
the province at 1,200 maunds, This leaves 3800 maunds for export, of
which, according to Mr. Stoker, the North-Western Provinces would. take
another 1,200 maunds. The balance, 2,600 mavnds, must go in waste,
and be exported to the cost of India. It must be remembered that the
imports of charas in 1892-03 were exceptionally high, being 1,000 ar 1,500
maunds sbore the normal. With this allowance the consumption by India out.
side the two northern provinces seems to come within limits which accord with
the general information regarding the hala of the people. A not insignificant
sharemust be taken by the Native States of the Punjab, wher the charas habit
fs as prevalent as amang the population of the Beish portion of the province.

301. The following merselsof information regarding the Native States under
the Punjab Government hase beea furnished. Tho

ah poe State of Nabba prohibits the sale of ganja and charas,

and only allows the sale of bhang for medicinal purposes. Faridkot imported in
the las year 40 maunds of bhang and 12 maunds of chara. Jhind hasimported on
the average of two years 105 maunds of bhang and 52 mands of chars from
Unblla 3nd. Hoshiarpur, Chamba reports that it imparts the hemp. drug from
Hoshiarpur and Amritsar, and tha the average consumption of the whole year
is sbout § maunds. There is a small import of Yarkand charas through

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(Ci. VIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 159394. 1

Bashahr. The distbation of the hemp drugs to the States would seem to be
‘subordinate incdeat of the Puja trade.

0a. The Central Provinces grow thee own ganja, consume no charas,

re as (i
Comtprvass, 304 import a tifing amount of bang.

03. Mr. Drake Brockman gives 16 maunds ss the average outurnof anacre
of gaa_culivation (Memerandom on Culivaion),

randum on Caltivation). These esimates must take account of a grea deal of

‘material that does not ind is way on 0 the books of the Khandwa dept. For
paragraph 54 of the Excise Memorandum gives figures which would put the
outurn at badly 10 mavnds. The quantity of ganja brought to stare and the
quantity exported since 1838.89 are given in that paragraph a follows.

wsssy
stig at
2
ssomgn ane
orgsweats
thors aus
Toul 1597
Avenge suze
Me. Drake-Brockman witss that only one-ith of the crop is locally con-
sumed, bu ths statement does not take account of waste, The average recoded
consumption, including tha of the Feudtory State, is shown to be 1,83 maunds.
The column headed * diffrence " represents this provincial consumpion, together
with waste. in cleaning, principally the drug consumed in the province, but lio
to. les degree that which isexported.

on Of his capo hetheNor

"7 snd Wovenof Prive
desinaion shot
the rest 150 mm,
is idested ny

Epp report of the Excise Commissioner of the year

1657 quoted at paragraph 41 of his memorandoms “The pr played by the
Rhonda. sor uo an trp for he suply of the guns dnd of these
provinces 1s gute nigiScan when compared vith ve a mat fo he com
Teience of forign. purchasers, To ft thong traders from Bhopa, Indore,
Gralior, Rum, Dba, Jodhpur, Udsipu, Reva, Penns, Bods, nd. ber
Sines a ls ave, and Teenssd vendors fo he Nath Wests Provinces
compete ith contactors fom Bert for the porches of the culatcs stock
Av that. tin he Commissioner of Excise state that the export wis between

0 and 7000 maunds, In making this clcltion, be ncldes te fur of

er S843, which eachd the xcepliogal mous of 1.30 suds,

There i reason to suppose that lle ‘business is done inthe ale of seed
from the crops grown at Khandwa for that product. Thereis information as to,

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116 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1895-94. [CH VII.

ts being used by the hemp culivators of 1yderabad, the Berats, Bombay, and
Indore. There is some smuggling of gana from the Native States on the borders
of the province, but it docs not seem to be considerable crough to materially
afc the ceased trade. Bhan is imported rom Cental India to the éxtent of
about 10 maunds for the use principally of Marvari traders. Itis difficult to
below tha the leavesof the hemp cultivated at Khandwa and the fragments
fom ganih manufacture do no: pas ito use as bhang ; but there is no evidence.
that they do. The Excise Commissioner thinks that the high maximum (20
flss) for legal possession of bhang afects the licensed import by enabling
consumers who travel to bring in the drug for themselves. Considerable
quanites” he says, “ar introduced by post also”

105. The Feadatory State and some saints administer their own excise
resi uty cmp rn. These 52 ll under engagement to buy thei gaia
oh whos vendors, Thal mot te
steady groving, and amounted in 1892-93 10 273 maunds (paragraph 6, Excise
Memorandum). Khairagach and Soncpo lon have sat reports, a they show
ha thes imports ae nein, and av now ove 20 maundscach. None of thers
apparently export any gan, though from th position of some of them on the
{foie and the presusbly superior quality of Khandva ganja ove that of
gan yielded by rer methods of culation, they. might have been cxpscted
Todosa, But the Native Sates and Madas ramindars beyond the font all
in or les gow thie own gas, and the Dew of he Soncpur State sags
hat the locally grown axicle is prefered, These may, however, be some
petty export o the Cha Nagpur States, for the Bris authorities of that divi
Son ave succeeded in rsricing calivaton in ther

396. The Excise memorandum and the statistics give no information abot

at, the imports and expor:sof ganja or the quantity pro-

duced in the Presidency. OF the other form of the
raw drugs, chara doss not appeae to be used, and bhasg i but rarely recog:
ised ss 3 distinct article from ganja, Of these, therfore, nothing need be suid
inthe presen connection.

597. Inerderta form anda ofthe extent of the afi gan its necessary
5 sm of pia. 0 bazrd 0 estimate ofthe uit of the culver
a Gon troughout the Presideney. The ren hasbeen
estimated st 359 ares of reo cutvtion, to which must be sdded the cultivar

io of the homestead and deslory Kind. The Bengal Excise Report of 1392-03,
page 56, gives the average outur per bight 2 3} mounds, or something ess
than 10 maunds an are. the Cental Provinces i sppered tobe much the
same figure. ir. Benson, when giving evidence orally, suid that. the people. of
North Arcot and Kisoa ba both told im tht he crop came aut abou 4301bs.,
or sh maunds 0 the acre, bt he had na boen able o tet the statement. Except
the fact het a igherouiturnis got in the Ganja Mahal nd. at Khands, there
is no apparent sso why. (his shoud be. regarded as an unduly low esimate,
For the reason tated, however, it may be raised to 6 masads. And it wil be

proper 10 add no maund for the fragments from the manufacture whic go to
make bang, The 350 acres of regular culvation weld at this rate, 7 maul
pe acre, yd 2,459 mands. The les systematic culivation, accompanied by.

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CH. VIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1853.94. 117

baby less KI manor, may phase csimeed to ld

maunds. The total outturn would thus be 4,450 maunds. Ee

308. Theres definite information of the following exports in 1891-93 :—

Beppe
To ys (avcsge of tre yer, Mysore sats) 5
To Bangalore sveage of seven pears, Bangalore Moworsoion) 57

Sai) 3
To Cong (verge of wo yess, Coorg Memorandums and

By ses Goverment epic)

Teal. 6s
Teaving abalane of 3774 maunds. Thee is probably sms it importation
into Hyderabad from. the Northern Sircars, though it would appear fom fhe
Hyderabad evidence to be small; and 4 cera amount of sagging not rly
into Hyderabad, but alo o Orissa, the Central Provinces, and Bots Mysacs
probably gets some legal addition to ta egitered imports, The amount ft for
consumption in the Presidency and the Native States subordinate to cam hardly
exceed 3,500 maunds. And it must be remarked that inthe case of Madras
sn, there fsa was tha in the Khandva dog 3 a 35 the Comision
can judge. The consumer, therefore, do not probably gt a luge share of this
produce for actual use than the consumes of the Cental Provinces do of the
ponion of thie produce which says st home. The export to Burma, thers
sesson to belee, s conscerable.” The Commision vere formed fn Dora
that. the drag came in considerable quantity from Pondicherry and port on the
Madras coat, Al this export would appear t be Madras ga

309. Trsvancors and Phot sppes topo th hemp rg, Tn Trae

fed, except possibly
in the wildest of the Hil tracts, and it do nat
appear that there i amy regular eavation in Pulokrts, The consumption of
0 itr Stat is aboot 7§ mand, which probably represents the verage port
1s camel that the share of the rent of the opium and Shang arm of
the Stato cediable to the hemp. de fs Rs. 000, whi the evase. of Pde
Vos Rs, 260. The Goverment of the lute Sate ees to underiake
a move direct and detailed management of is hemp exis than the for das,
‘nd probably thercloce gets a ghee rate of revenue upon ©. The consumplion
or impart of Travancore is therefore probably less than would be indicted by 3
Clculion bused on 8 compacien of th revenue of the tuo Sas. Tt may be
mated at bout 100 mands. The Stte of Banganspall is eporied to cli
Sate as aces, and produce therefrom go mands of ganja valued at Rs. 800.
The outa is impose Either the State imports & consideable amount. of
gan or 5 calvin is much moe excusive. than repored,_ Tho revenue of
The Sandor State from the fam of gan, opium, and sft is Re. 31, and there

an be no trade fn the hemp rg worth mention ;

310. The Collector of Ahmedsage states that the cutur of gaa coli

Sue, tion 5 3 salt and

7} ssson,
maunds per Satara
are wiocsses,
scedig ene
to
wi 2)
Prout amomt of gis 90°
OF two

Pats the ovtur at Gf maunds, nd. thoother at 8 mands, A fir average

w©

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 118 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. [C. VII.

of these figure is 6} mands. On the average of the last five years, the cult
Sationof the Decean and Southern Maratha County, including the Native States,

is about 1,100 acres, which at the above rate would yield 7,150 maunds of

ganja. The cultivation in the other pats of the Presidency proper is insig-
rificant, and yields only bhang. The whale of the Presidency, including Cutch,
Kathiawar, and the other Political Agencies, draws its garia supply from the
Deccan. Baroda also comes to the same market, and so do Sind and Aden.

311. The registered retail sale of the Beish districts (excluding Sind) is on
[———
Baba the five years average 2,t20 maunds. This ought to
be near the amount of actual consumption, for im

ports of gana ace compared with the passes on arial of consignments at the
disct headquarter, the taluka, or the village, and the accounts of the retail
vendors and thei stocks are inspected from time to time by the Distict and
Abkai Officers (Excise Memorandum, paragraph 8). The Commissioner of
Customs, Sal, Opium, and Abkar states also (paragraph 14, Excise Memorandum)
that the reports from all districts ae unanimous that smuggling of these drugs is
toallintents and purposes union, and he explains why it should not be worth
the peoples whi to engage in ilict practices. But unfortunately itis ound on
examiving the disrict figures tha the provincial total i got. simply by adding.
them up, and that in no less than nine distscts there is no. registered. sale
whatever in the year 183-93. Large distiet ke Dharwar and Satara are thus
imperfectly represented, and the average is falsified by the fact that in other
isticts the figures fo the full quinguennium are not brought into the account.
Theactual average consumptianis evidently very muclyin excess of ,120 maunds.
Another large addon must be made to the recorded sale on account of the
waste which accompanies the handling and distribution of the less highly
manufactured ganja found outside Bengel. With these corrections the con
sumption of British districts alone wil account for not less than 5000 mands of
the total production.

312. A few States and some of the Agencies hava sent figures of imports and
consumption which exceed total of 1,000 mun
uid lS Oy” ane State of Kathiavar is represented n iy
Tot—Jumagadh. The imporiant State of Kolhapur fs no tastes to give,
Buseda also would appear o import Deccan gan to the aunt of bout 400
maunds. The consumption of al the Native States which import Bombay gua
cannot be much les than double the amount which has been reported.

313. To British tertory the district contractors, and. sometimes the holders

of smaller farms (Excise Memaramdun, paragraph.

Tp dager of in.
8), import on their own account from the places
of production. These are all real vendors. Thre is only one merchant
in the Kolaba district who engages ‘on the wholesale business, and probably
the supglies for Sind and other places on the sea board pass through his
bands. The fapmer for the Bombay distict appears to. import for himself, It
‘would appear from the Excise meworandum that some ganja is imported from
the Central Provinces. It scems to be brought into Khandesh, but there is no

evidence that it goes beyond that district. Some may possibly go as far as
Nasik, But both in Khandesh and Nasik the culivation is almost suficient to

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(GH. VIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1803.94. 119

supply the demand of those districts. The import from the Cental Provinces
cannot be large.

314. Twill be seen from the following statement that there isa consider

Eosrin able export of ganja by sea. Something les than

one-half of the whole goes to British Indian port,
seversl of which ar probably in the Bombay Presidency, A ltl more than a
quarter finds its way to foreign Tndian ports, which woud include those of
Cutch and Kathizwar, There is not, however, any debrite information of the
Indian ports, Bish and foreign, to which the drog s cared. As mach of the
drug as is imported into the Presidency and its Native States hs, of course, been

ued in the above survey of import and consumption. About 38 per cent.
06s to Aden, Arabia, Alica, and Eutope. The export to London is very cor
siderale. There is no reason to suppose that aay of the sea export consists
of other than Bombay ganis

Euport of cai rom ports inthe Berber Presdony for 185031 t 8533:

11
vor | tomar | £4 . wa
1 Hg 1
oe dL ee
wi 2
Homer] we) of | 2 7) 2122 ee
|

wn flo lB 2 2) TL)

rs The eloto of ivy of he don of Te. rs Fotied

the Bombay Presidency is ss follos -
Pittonct ges

Consumed io Bish istics ooo

Consumed in Native Sates

Je
Expired by 0 ; os
Usaccsaned or
Tas

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130 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [Cnt VIL.

316. Bhang occupies such a positon nelation to ganja in the Bormbay Pee
dency that iis hardly posible to examine
sar
separately. In the Nother Di
calivation may yield 150 mands, which would not be more than. suficient to
Supply the local demand. The bhang produced in Baroda, a very small amount,
is mot exported. The bhang which generally passes by that name consists of
the fragments of eaves and ower head which come avay in the manufacture of
ganja. 1 figures had been complete and trustworthy, ganja and bhang might
have been pat together, and treated as one article of trade. It
appear advisable to deal this with a otal consumption of only 44 mands in
the year 1893-93, a igure which a comparison with previous years shows to be
ncamect, It dos not appear thatthe sale of bhang as a distnet ance from
ganja exceeds 150 magnds a year in the whole Presidency, cxclding Sind.
The sie is only regissred in the Northern Division and in Khandesh. Mr.
Almon states that some af the Surat bhang finds its way to Bombay, and
Ms. Campbell mentions import rom Palanpur.

347. Charasis only used in Bombay City to the extent of 7 07 § maunds a

year. Seven sérs only were sold in Poona fo the.

fe frst time in 1892.05. The drug is imported from

Anitsar and Hoshiarpur

318. The information is not complete enough to make it wofth while to

examine the individual trade of the Nati tates.
oss te
Theabove genera survey of the Presidene supplies

the broad face that all the States get. thee supply of ganja from. ¢ Bombay

culation. The States in the extzeme north of the Presidency, especially Paln-

pi, grow afte bhang for themselves, and this State may expat soncof tsoxn
growth to Bombay but it cannot be much. Some of the southern States probably
‘export part ofthe produce of the culation mentioned fn Chapter IV.

319. In Sind bhsng takes the place of frst importance: among the three
hemp drugs. Culivation for the production of this
sot
drug amounts to 363 acres on the avec of the lst
fre years. The oun calealited at something under 13 maunds an acre is
3000 mands, A hightate is adopted because the whole crop, except the actual
Sticks, gocs ino the product. The Exciso Reports of 1891-92 and 1893.03
show the sources. from which the various disdcts of Sind gt thei supplies

ofthe drugs. Al the istics, except the Upper Sind Fronti, would appear
to consume locally grown bang. The retail sale on the average of the last five
yesesis 4,539 maunds so the Joes] production does not cover the consumps
ton. But it is possible that this figure includes anspor within the province
The Upper Sind Frontier district would appear to import the drug fom the
Punjab and Khelat. The statement regarding Khelat may be doubted, for there

is very lite colivation there carding o th information furished to the Come

320. Theimport of ganja average 55 maunds, and the retail sale 22 maunds,

“ It is mostly brought through Karachi from Panvel

tag cate in the Kolaba distict of the Bombay Presidency,
where the i a wholesale business arced on i the ganja grow in the Deccan.

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(Cit. VIL] RBFORT OF THE INDIAN ENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 183394 135

‘Somelitls may be imported rom Catch but tht also isin all probity the
same ganja moving by a diffrent route. The districts of Karachi and the
Upper Sind Frontier would appea from the stats to consume none of i, and.
‘Shikacpur very ftcle; but the registration of the sale in Karachi is obviously
impedect. twas tobe expected that the districts of Upper Sind should in
respect to the consumption of ganja resemble the Punja, where the drug is
not smoked.

at. Tho average import of chara is 7o mands, and the registered. retail
sal a4 mands. Amisar seems to be the source

Sept. of supply. Though the drug is id to be brought

from Afghasistan, Yarkand, and Khorasan, there is mo information of any
direct import over the Sind Fron on the west. The Karachi Bgures of
retail sale ace again wanting, and the drug would appeat to be Tele used in
Thar and Parr. Bat the later district appears to be more addicted to
opium. The Acting Commissioner in Sind (Colonel Crawlord) suspects some
smuggling of charas aad ganja from Jasalmi though Thar and Prlar, snd
‘some lit impor: of bhang from Khaitpr nto surounding districts, Nekher
traffic appears to be at all extensive, In the last two years there has been 2
fling export of 10 maunds of ganja by sea from Karachi,

33. The Khaitpur State grows 84 aces of hang, which wold yield shout
1,000 maunds. The registered real se vas three

hn and four years ago 1,800 nd 1,500 mands; iis

entered at 276 maunds for (892-93. The figures cannot be caret. Th sates
tics giveno imports of ganja o chara, or any consumption of thse drags. Nor
is thee any record of export of bhang in the lst three years, Iti probable
that some chivas is sed, but aay well b that ganja is but rarely smoked.

333. The average area of culivation fn Beraris 60 acres, which by the

Kbandva staodard would yield someting over 500
mands of guna. The imports, wich come from
Kbsndwaand some from Khandesh, are estimated at 800 mands (Excise
Memarandum). These supplies “arc pparently suficien for the requirements of
the people who indulge in this drug.” No exports are recorded, aad its sated
that thee we none. The cultivatonin Khandesh has bocome so reduced that
it is doubifel if any garja comes from that distit now. Charas docs nat
apes to be used, nd no sae of bang distin from gar is recorded.

534. The statistics of Ajmer give oo igures of import export, reall sale,

a Very lie of the hemp drugs a produced locally,

snd tha only in the form of bang, Tt i therefore

safe to say thee is no export, The Assistant Commissioner sad Calletor of

Excise Revenue report that ganja and charas ace imported usualy from the
Punjab. This i probably true of chara, bot he Panjab produces no gar, 20d.
ths drog must come from elsewhere, Gale beng the most convenient, and
therefore the most probable source of supply.

335, Tn Coorg thre is practically no local production of the hemp drogs,

‘The average impor of ganja from the Ggures of

= two years is 74 mauads of 2 Is. cach or 1 Indian

5

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 -
123 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS CONMISSION, 1895-94. [CH. VIL.

maunds, The ascrageof registered consumption s two-thirds of this amount.

The doug imported mould seem to be grown in the Madras Presidency. Charas:
i not used, nor is bhang regarded as a distinct article from genie.

446. The information from Baluchistan docs not enable the Commission to

Bins ‘Judgeof the extent of the trade i the province. The

farms in two divisions—Bolan and Quetta-Pishin—

ferch ove Rs. 4,000 cach; but it isnot clear that these do not include the right
to sel tber intoxicating drugs besides the hemp products. There is practi-

cally no local production of the drugs. Tt would appear that the consumption of
bhang and ganja are about equal, and that of charas is twelve times as great
as either.

347. There is no legitimate trade in Burma. The smuggling which s caried

onan a considerable scale will be dealt with more

— appropratelyin connection with prohibition and excise

arrangements. A few facts may be noted in this place. It appears from the
information collected that the contraband acice is introduced from ports on the

Madras coasts, amongst which Pondicherry is prominently mentioned. The

lume of the smuggling cannot be estimated, The Financial Commissioner

de a
reports the following detections i—

Tow Toh Tom.

Ri Bes oa rus
Moulacia
abn ussmmres9
Buses wa w oe a o
Teal. boo toss

And the Assistant Collector of Customs reports for 1803.04 (1st April
to goth November) tolas 30,953, or nearly to maunds. This is probably but a
fraction ofthe total imports, The smuggling into Upper Burma from the Shan
States and Kachin Hill i probably inigaifcant in quantity.

338. The gures of import and retall sale of ganja on the five years average

ron are respectively 400 and 300 maunds, The drug is

brought principally from North Arcot. There is
ceason to think that some comes. into the northern districts from Dharwar in

the Bombay Presidency snd from the Hyderabad State. There ore no
exports, Charas is not used, and bhang is not distinct from ganja. The later
remarks apply also to Bangalore, where the average import of ganja is 57
Indian mands. This also comes from the Madras disticts. There appear
to beno exports.

329. The report of the Hyderabad State shows that * charas fs almost un
Known in the whole dominion” Bhang is a gsby a bye

re product of ganja culivation and manufacture. The

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 _
(Cit. VIL] REFORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 180304 135

cultivation extends to between goo and 400 acres, The Director of Agriculture
states that the outtur may be taken to be § or 6 maunds per acre. The total
produce of the State would then be 3bout 2,000 maunds. The memorandum

states that the local production is suficien to meet the requirements of the
‘people in ordinary seasons. It is only in sbrormal years that exports to, ar
imports rom, Bits teritery take place. The averageal these or the hast ve
‘years i 75 maunds of import 0d 10 maunds of expan,

350. The Rajputana States appear to grow most of the bhang they require,
and to import ganja and charas. The rade in charas

Alin, is mostly in the bands of traveling Kabul called

in these parts Vilayatis ; but shang and gas ar transported by th local traders

of all grades, from Marwaris in a large way of business to Tambalis (pan sellers)
and grocers. The folowing fasts about the trade in some of the States are 4e-
ported -

Kotah—A small quantity of bhang is locally produced. Gaia is imported

from Jhallawar, Gwalior, ad Tork. No chivas has been imported for some
years.

Fhallrmar.—About 140 maunds of ganja 3d 26 of bhang are sid tobe

produced locally. About go maunds of hang snd ganja are imported and. 105
maunds exported annually. The returns do not disinguish between the to.
drugs. Thereis no information about chivas.

Feypore—Ius reported that 10,000 mau of bhang are produced local,

Telosks 2s if the igure was a clerical ecor, fo th expart from the Ste is smal,
and the local consumption cannot be very enormous. This amount would
represent 1,000 aces of culivation, and the account of the collation docs
na justly the belie tha the is anything approaching that aca. Bbang of a
superior kind is imported to the amount of 64 maunds of ganja 4 maunds and
of chicas 129 maunds ace brought in fom the Porjab; 7 maunds of bhang
are exported.

Kishengarh—Ganja and bhang are locally produced to a small extent,

but they are both also imported, —the former from Malwa, and the ate rom Jey

pore. Charas i also imported. Figures are not given, There are no exports.

Bikani—Some 13 maunds of bing are produced locally, but no gaojs or

charas. Th three drugs areal imported from the Punjab, Indore, and Jespore.
The bhang, which seems to come throsgh Bhartpur, is called that, probably
the same word as fat, th same of the bhang produced in Farakhabad and
Hardoi, derived, as Mr. Stoker explain, rom a village of the name i the former
diact, Charas is of two kinds, Indor and Yarkandi; the former pame would
indicate manufacture in Indore, of which ther is no decided proof. The only

places in ental India whee thre information of any manufacture of this dug.
are Gulior and Bhopawar, The import of caras appears tobe about 16 maurds
and of ganja 4. Iti possible that this ganja s what is known in the State as
Todor charas;, for the tro droge are mixed up in the accounts, and in one place.
it fs stated that there is no import of ganja. Of bbang, 136 maunds are

imported.

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124 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. [Ci. VIL.

Keronli ~The ports are small : ganja to the extent of 10 maunds from
Gulior, bhang to the extent of 3 maunds from Jeypore, and charas in very small

quant from the town of Bharipur. A litle ganja and bhang, § maunds of
Gach, are exported. Bhung i locally produced in small quantity. The trade
appar to be cared on at a fae which is held on the Shiveats.

Alsop —The small quantity of hang which is grown locally is almost suff
cit for the wants of the State. It is supplemented by occasional import 2s
required. Ganja is neither growa nor imported. There is an annual import of 6}
mands of haras. Theres no export of any of the drugs.

Diolpur—Thers i no local production. Some 39. maunds of garja are

imparted. from Anis in Gualor, haf 2 maund of charas from Agra and
Patialy, and 34 mands of bhang fom Kanayj, Chapra, Mhow, and Kero
Exports of 16 maunds ganjs, 12 maunds bhang, and one quarter mauad charas
are shown.

Serohi—The State imports 32 maunds of gaja, but 10 bang or charas.

There ace no exports. It has beso stated in a previous chapier that there
sa cern amount of bhang and ganja produced in the State, The. temples of
Malad draw revenue in ind from the hemp drug trafic, and there is probably
a large consumption in connection with the holy places on Mount Abu.

Saisalnir—Ganja and hang sre locally produced to the. extent of 35

mausds, There is no export of import.

Soipur—Besides 3 sual local production of ganja snd bhang, the

fom dag fs mpored from Indore. and the tte fom Bhp Chars is
euplic by contractors in Ajmer, The morts ar anally 49 aunds of
Shang and 175 mand of gens and chara the exports § maunds of Bang and
one of on ad cha.

Bundi.—The local production supplies only a small amount of blang.

“The impor, especially of bang, are extraordinarily high, and would seem to
indicate that he Site is more or less of an entrepi? of the trade,
goes by to names, ndori nd Shabba, the later being probably that
from Ujjain. The figures of average annual import ars—bhang o,385 mounds,
ganja 100 maunds, and charas 25 maunds. There arc no Runes of export
tosupport. the hypothesis that the trafic passes through the Stale in large

Shalpura—Garia and Shang ave reported to be brovght from Bhilwara,

and the forme drug is called Indori ganja. These names would point to. the
country west of Indore as the place of producion. The local production of
hang is 125 mands, and both imports and exports gure at 25 maunds.

Zonk —The imports and exports are small, and the local production does not
apes to be considerable. The figures of import are ganja 10. maunds, bhang.
3 mauads, and charas les than 1 maund.

Bhartpur—The State imports abot 57 maunds of charas sad 330 maunds

of er,Baog 0d expats abou 5 mavnds of the former and tifing amount of the

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Ci. VIL] REFORT OF THE INDIAX HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1803-34. 135

31. The information about production snd trade in the Central India

Con at. Agency is far from complet.

Indore—The cultivation of the Indore State is an the average about 115
acres, which would haedly yield 1,000 maunds of ganja. Mr. Gurion patsthe
figure for ganja and bhang together at 900 maunds. There isn average import
of 15 maunds of ganja and 7 maunds of bhang, and an export of 377 mands
of ganja. The volume of transport within the Site is 452 mavnds of ganja snd

Gaal i
399 maunds of bhang.

Dewas—The yearly output in Dewas is reported to be 156 maunds of

gone and 6 maunds of bhang decived from go ares of culfvaion,

total area of 90 acres. This might yield as much 3s 3,500 mands of garje and
bhang together. These drags are Lagely exported to the. North-Western Prove
inces and the States of Rajpotasa and Central India.

Other States—There is no information as to the production in cther States

of the Agency, o the volume of thee trade in the hemp drugs.

Iidore, Gualor, and the Central Provinces appear to be the main

sources of ganja supply for the whole of Central India snd Rajputans and. the
North-Western Provinces. The evideaceand general information tend to chow
that Indore and hand are being supplanted by Gralior, though Khanéwa
sill export lcgely, As in Rajputans, so in Malwa, chars fo the most part
imported rom the Punjab by Kaba traders. Rewah is said to gets supply rom
Patna. The Indore statistics show no import of this drug. A small amount is
said 0 be made in Gualior 2s 2 bye-product of the ganja harvest, but i must
be quite nconsiderable.

338. The average ste of cukivation in th Baroda Stat is shou 11 bights

a or 6 acres, of which the cutam is 76 maunds
of Bhang, It appears tha ely in 1893 the
system of adinsteaion was alormod. sports have consequnty sessed,
24 he. nature of the satiate 1 now mately diferent from what
Sas beore th change. In the fst year of the new arde of things the
ade was probably disorganised andi will thrsfore be better to eft fo the
Bgunes of 1892-03 alone. These show an import of 214 maunds of gana and.
54 mands of bang. The etal sles of ganja in the same your were 438
Siaunds and of bhang 143 maunds. The gana would spper to have come
from th Deccan, and th bang may have ben parly supalied by Gujarat; but
tere is. no clear information an the pot, There san export of ot maunds

of gan tered gaint the Baroda Divi, but thre is. natin t show that
Root out of the State, Chars I 0 used in the Sate. [may be noted
at the ching inthe system of sdmiistation above eered to consists inthe
abhi of depbs in which imports have to be_stored, and from which
the can only b removed undee pet, snd apparaly a great increas fn
xed duties.

a3 The whl of the gana or gard bang or chara chaas which is

Rasa. ‘prepared in Kashi, about 70 maunds, is cone
fumed locally, A considerable quantity of bangs

cae way fom Jammu tothe Puja The quaniy int sscrsoabe, It

cao Ladle
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126 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-04. [CH. VIL.

‘appears to be gathered ear the Punfab frontier. The traffic ia charas from Leh
through Srinagar has bea noticed in connection with the Punjab imports, It
would. seem that the goods do not ordinarily change hands or break bulk in
Kashi,

384. The exports from Nepal into the North-West Provinces have been
noticed, Its probable that a small amount of Nepal
ow
charas stl nds its way to Calcutta. There may
be a litle smuggling of ganfa into Bengal, but it cannot be important. On
the other band, the Bengal statistics show that Nepal took in 1892.93 177
‘maunds of Bengal ganja.

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 CHAPTER VIIL

EXTENT OF USE AND THE MANNER AND FORMS IN WHICH THE HEMP
"DRUGS ARE, CONSUMED.

335. In endeavouring to measure the extent to wich the hemp drugs sto

Bag. sed, will be best to deal with themin thee simplest

Quitydisuiscs forms of gana, bhang, and charas. The excise
administration of the hemp drogs in Bengal is so systematic that the statistics
of registered sale toretil vendors may. be accepted a correct and wih regard
to ganja and charas, they wil be found to afford a. very good indication of the

actual consumption. With bhang the caseis diffrent, for most of this drug
which is consumed outside the big ces escapes excise altogether, And the
ities in which it can with any approach to ruth be said. that unexcised bhang
is not consumed ace very few.

arp aio ptt of Oa ge Son el

‘whl fh ha rg ee, and 1s ops fn a1 pt o 8 rove
Tah cs of engl pes o fos wih th bel te ste ly
Sct a of een 6 wih he hs of evn he vin Evins
D8 uric Gn be spat sent ppc in (Brn Rept or
8095: Ho consumption get in ily nd stn Myoung an
Dice it sho cosdeil inthe = Pagans, Ranger, Fibs, Topas,
Cock, Pot rd he iit of Bee a ho ahem hdd
ee appr coment in. Boa 1-10 be pane son set by
Ee he Nor Wem ron
335. 1 the quantity sold in cach division and district be compared with thee

bamma
SHEE compan
ows (thepoplin,
figuresville found are
of 1892-93 ta the Givin
taken) — ran as ob

Presidency
Baga wmTmt gen
tome
Dacca ow
; wa 10
the
@ wow ao

Bariwan a a a W wn ig
hot Nags wow me
and that the districts in which oe maund does not suffice, o barely iuffces, for

10,000 of the population are —

fri Wn tomo
Cats - Lemndte 140

Jepsigot
Duet - pt
“oaA.
[os i » ow tom

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 won ose

a oo

337. The circumstances of Calcutta are of course altogether sbrormal. It

contains 2 vast numberof coolies and day labourers,
Cmmpincl ula 30 orers in boats and on the riverside, besides:

Ee Copan ie ir, hows feast ©

large foreign popalation, many of whom, such as domestic servants, porters,

sate persons, and the followers of wealthy people, see notoriously addicted to
Fhe droge 1 ne fc or snes. Ther are also pent he iy all th
condicons which tend toluxury and excess, The evidence shows that the use of

gana by some of the well-to-do classes is by no means rare and the. probabil
5 tha with people who have acquired the taste and can afford to gratiy it
esly the indulgence is not stnted cithes to themselves or ther frends.
Calcutta, hécefore, not only contains amongst its population an unusually high
proportion of contumers, but the consumers also take considersbly more than
the average individual alorance.

55. Th dicts wh th consumption i ight coms a bin hei

Fagan pray dan ge rere

opin ot go ae of Cait, Th avo which ho dv shld

{othe nightie of alittle in viene tht the. vanes

om and swampy acs and the five popuion sc speci diced to i,
reser, Dace being rg iy, may acount fo th. igh consump.
on of the tits of Daces and Mymeningh. Th shops in Daicing,
psig, Shain, Monga, Bagel, sod Pn very pohly gn goed
Geo thi cut, beside th reconted expr, rom beyond Uc omens of
Bgl Parle a great ssn of regions mdicants and Silas. poole who
eth most dtcmined consumers of anf. In aes dicions 5 diel
To sccount for the great diffe in (he rue of consumplon, 35 shown by
he reall nde wich sd. ane snther, and n wih vty
Ppl and economic. conditions spparaly eval, Why, fo taney
The. Dine be sora, og a i dou bn he ide of discs whe
Aiko a al vege comnpion? It may be de to the sbsres of
Korg foes 3 of nile puto. But (i xpamon il nt sppy 2
Nok wich shows the smal sc in th whol pron, and sued
Beween Tipper ad Chiagons, the forme of wih the Excise Comise
Sone gain iit of hsv senso, and he lcs being. etc
xpd hi spect, The consumption of opium and Tar 1+ ao
Town Keak
359. The gues of real sale mark off large continuous tracts, which can be:
tn pi gn tee S300 grees distinguished [ross ane another by their degrees of

ARTA consumption, though it may not be easy to ao-

‘count for the difiecnces betwen them, Ths the consumption is consistently

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(Ci. VIIL] REPORT OF TUE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 169394. 129

low throughout the four hil districts of the Chota Nagpur Division, the com=
paratively high rite of Lobardaga being due in al probability 0 the fact
that Ranchi, the head-quartess of the division, has a considerable papolaton
of foreigners. Manbhum in the Chota agp Division, Bankr and Midvar
purin the Burdwan Division, and Balasore in Orissa form the skirt of the south

western ill tract, and are content wih one. maund of ganja for every 33.000
of the population. There s protadly 3 certain mount of smuggling from the
Hil States ino these. districts, but it<an hacdly be sulicien to fleet thir
character as ganja consumers in the comparison now being made, North
cast and east of Caleutta fies a huge tact of low consumption, comprising the
distiets of Noskbli, Khulna, Jessore, Nadi, Backergurge,and Fandpur.
“This fact hadly beses out the theory that residence in lowing country and
iverside life are very intimately comected with the ganja habit, In the
ts situated immediately west and northwest of Calatt, and in the
Division and in Malds, the consumption is about aveage. Furtber
wes, in the Pata Division, the consumption alls of.

340. The province might possibly be divided nto two portions 50 as to indi

rest bis comin of C326 OnSumpion above ard blow the versge. A
WHA staight fire drawn fom Manghyr on the Ganges
to Raipura on the Megon in the Noakhali distic, and temed noth and cast
at the respective ends. direct to the frontiers of the province, would mark of

broadly th partion in wich cansamption exceeds one maund to. 15000 of

the population, 1t sould include all the river population on the Ganges and
Brabmputes between the two places named. South and west of this line
there ould bs found only Calcutta, the a4-Pasganas, and Pur with consumption
exceeding the above figure.

341. The consumption of the whole province, inclading Calcutta, is ane

mand to 15,000 of the population, and excluding
Calcutta one maund. 10 14,000, This maund can

sists of the drug as issued from the local golas, while the figures of consumpiion

given by witnesses represent the quantity of the detached pices of gana 3s they
ve manipulated for usc, Allowing for the masts between the ola nd the chil,
twill Fi to put the consumption at ane maund to 16,009 of the populi

i Th Exc Colson: eps

is Rs. s0 perséedot heaves
It ranges pisrain fis
from Ra, Caleta,
tut compote LLC a Congr to shove Ra. 55
Mymensingh, or from 2b ann to mee than 6 anmas pe tos, the average
being 4 annas. Tt appears rom the evidence that uth of 3 toa. is the smallest
quay that will sfc fo one hilum, and that mre is required if mar than
fo or theca smokers have to pacako of it. That quantcy apparently affords
ome make to two persons, and the relishment seems to be generally taken
Soicn a day. For the most moderate habitual smokers, therefore, th of a toa.
may be taken a the daly allowance. Thi represents an expenditure of 3 ama
a day anda youl allowance of 33 tous Bat Ms. Gupta reports, 20d. be
omaborsted by the great bulk of the witnases, that the average allowance
Vighes than thi, lying betscen } anna and § anna pe diem. Acceping this op

nthe ly cso ode som my Spt 8 4) 2d

piped bY) oF
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130 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [Ct VIL

yeuly allowance st 5s toss, In order to fame an estimate of the total number

of consumers who are supplied by the yearly sale of excised ganja, the excess.
allowance of excessive consumers hs to be added to this gure.

343. The following very clear statement on the subject of moderate and
“excessive consumption may be quoted from the cvid-

Lupa, of wn ence of Babu Gobind Chandra Das, Deputy Magis-

trate and Collector of Malda r—

ve taken some sate os tis point. The gas shop at is tows of Engh
buses gar ath at of Ra, 20 sy | eoguied of 8 large umber of persons who
con pases. aja at this shop 3st hee daly comsumpiion of (hee drug. Alo-
ether 378 press were exaained, Of thes 247 person stated that they spent pice
{F150 day on ti dog 18 persons gave 3 ic (1 anna) as thei dy expendi on
J, whit oly 13,7, 1, 10d 1 sted 4 Consumptiontobe 3 (¢ anus), 4
sara) 5 (1 snoa), B (s suns), snd to (a sass) pic espactively. | am sue most of
thse men sndryatd thee consipion 108 very considerable exteot. Dit ooking to
1h act tat purchaser of ger ses not the nly persons who consume the drag, and that
cg number of pers who conta aaj do s at te expense of tei richer com
pasiane, {tik it le t 13 tht the majority of ganja smoker do no spend more than
Evo pi (4 sans) dey pon gaa. The rial pic of ganja fo hs istic Is abost Ra.
30,50 that two pic (§ 30a) ca fetch ma oly 1h tl of ganja This not suicent
ox moe than thes chills, 1 ik i aanot be considered ss excesive, Os. (bis
it it can be ad hs th cory of the gan smokers ave made consumers. As
eegrds occasiona cansumers, al hat an be id tt thie smberis extrnely small.
Lact i imposible fo 8 man to conse even rey rge quanty eles he fs 4
Babi] cosa ad has Regt op the bb by duly ue

This estimate of dally moderate consumption is rather higher than has

been adopted above on consideration of all the available evidence ; but the
witness's general conclusions pps to be sound. The extcemely smal proportion
of excessive consumers is comoborated by many witnesses who have devoted
care and thought to the question, though i falls below the estimate of the
bulk of those who have conented themselves with simply putting down thee
opinions in figures without discussion or comment. The witness quoted does not
make special mniion n tis place of the religious classes. He states elsewhere
(answer 20) that the number of a. special class of them in his district is about 1

in 100 souls, whichis nota small propartion. The addition of the other classes
of religious ascetics and mendicants wil give 3 considerably higher ratio, and
the district will then have a fll average proportion of these people. They have.
probably therefore entered into the enquires and calclations of the witness
‘which may be accepted as faifly representative of all classes of consumers,
including that which is notorious fr excessive use of the hemp drugs.

34. Tho excessive consumess then must be regarded as being but a small.
proponion tothe moderate—catsinly not mare han
The es mie per cnt o 18030. And his accords with reson,
wi for the bulk of the consumers of ganja are poorand
camo aff ovrindlgence in luxury which, in Bengal at a events, is pot
chesp. The yearly consumption of moderate individual bas been stited at
55 tala, and dibuio the exces mount taken by mods uss aver
the whole mb of consumes, the fndivdual allovance for 3 yea may be put
840 toa, which half se or oe-ighteth of 3 maund. By ths measure

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 ‫نا تدان و اوا نت‬
Cik: VIL] naront OF zire 1Da HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189-94. 3

the number of consumers of excised gas is easily caleated, and is shown ia

the attached statement. ۱ 7 1
E

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HEHE ‫ةا ا ت سا‬
‫ةا دفا ك‬

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3

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alalasseala [anal ecese] el saasasla] eee o] eave [a aaeeeea |e [evga [e an [ERE

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134 REPORT OF TILE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-4. [Ct VIL

345. A fac sversge consumption for the whale province, exclusive of the
‘Native States, i 5,000 maunds, and this sufices or
400200 smokers a th above allowance. The number
of smokers in the total population of 71,271,0001s thus something over one-
Ral per cet. In Coutts and the 24-Parganas together the smokers number
more than 2 per cen, of the population. In the heavy consuming districts of
Daces, Mymensingh, nd Bhagalpur they are about 1 per cent. In only 2 few
othe districts in the divisions of Rajshali, Bhagalpus, Patna, and Orissa do
they exceed one-hal per cent, Smoking is practically confined to adult males.
‘Assuming that these see one quater of the total population, the smokers do. not
number more than one man in 50 ove the whale province. The above calcu.
atin of the daily and yearly allowance does not probably ere on the side of ex-
cess, and it follows that the estimate of the wumbir of consumers is ather over
than under the mark. It to be noted that Baby Hem Chander Ker timated

the consumption pr head at 1} ss per annum, o thre times the amount here
adopted. Au the average price of gan, Rs so pe sr, the Commission's ti
mate of half a sé is equivalent a yealy expenditure of Rs. 10, and it is not
likely that the poor people, who form tha great bulk of the consumers, could
afford more than this aout,

346. The use of hang does not adit of similar survey being made, because
the wid plant grows in such quandly over a lrg
Beet cect tag.
part of the province, and passes into consumption
rely sithout the ntevencion of the Excise Department. Excised bhang is sud in
eight out of she nine divisions, the xceplon being Rajshabi but in three other
diisons—Daces, Chitsgong, and Orisi—the quantity is qui insignificant;
Inthe Bhagalpu Division the sal is probably confined to the towns of Mon-
ghyr, Bhagalpur, and Deoghar in the Sonthal Parganas, which isa religious
sort, 3nd, all GH, iti very small, There is an appreciable amount sod in
Hasaribagh and Palamaof the Chota. Nagpur Divison, which would seem to
show citherthat the hemp plant s no cultivated in the States of that Agency
to any. great exten, or that, if culvated, it is not easly sccessibe 1 the people
ofthese districts, From the evidence of diet rest those Stes, the
former of thee slernativs appears tobe the fact, Tn the Rurdnan Divison also
ther i certain sale. But Caleuta with the 24-Pargans, Pat, and Gaya are
the only places where the excised drog finds any considerable market, There is
alarge sale in Shaabad of the Patna Division. The Collector’ evidence would
show that in tis distic, which contains the important city of Arab, the hemp.
habits more than commonly prevalent. But i is probable tht, ss in the cue
of gana, thee s some export t the North Western Provinces.

347 The evidence shos that the occasional use of Bhan in the form of
i drink is almost universal with Hindus, and. hat ts
AOA tar us fs uncommon amon the inbubitnts of
Lower Bengal, but very prevalent among the people of Upper India. The habit
is accordingly found to increase tomards the frontier of the North-Western
Provinces. All that the statistics canbe held to show is tha there is no sale for

the excised drug where the wid growth is abundant. They are no guide as.
tothe comparative prevalence of the habit in various parts of the province.
‘Such deductions as can be made inthe districts where the wild growth is absent

or raze. confirm the evidenco that. the habit of bhang drinking is uncommon.

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 — eR
CH. VIIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1833-94. 133

withthe Bengalis. Under these circumstances it is not. worth wit, even in

these istics, 0 attempt to messure the prevelence of the habit with more
exactness.

345. But the evidence throws some light on the amount of individual con

i tog, SUTPIOD, and the statistics of Calcutta may prove

ro sels NE. ocreging. The average total consumption of bang
in Caleutta during th las 5 years has been go maands, which is about ane

maund to 2,000 of the population, or somewhat less than the re of ganja

consumption measure for measure, The retail rice of the drug is aboot Re, a3
orRs. per sé (memo. and witness 133), The daily allowance is very regular.
ts stated by Babu Hem Chunder Kerr that moderate use ranges from tea to
2tolas a day, and by others that & ol is th ural allowance, and that even this

small amount is sometimes made to last for two or thee days, The explanation
of this imegolaiy is probably to bo found in the fcts that he drug is cheap,
that it is not very potent, and large doses do not therfore produce unpleasaot.
consequences that the preparation of the drink is somewhat troublesome and.
Inconvenient ; 30d tha the intermittent and occasional use ss 8 cooing draught

A yearly allowance of a} sérs represents a dally use of litle over § a tol

in quantity and + amma in prico—fgures which sppexr reasonable and in
accordance with the evidence. At his rate the yearly sale of Caleutia would
Supply about 7,000 persons. These are many consumers, especially up-couriry
people, who take more than the allowance oa which this calculation is based,
Bat, on the other band, th above number must be mulled by a igh figure
ifs sought co include al who take the drug occasionally.

340. Charas is an expensive loxuey, nd ts us in Bengal i vey limited.

“The total consumption fn the cy of Cleats and
the dist of Murtidsbad is ony 11 mands,
The Excite Coma ne ports that the average price of chasis Re. 403
or double that of gunj. The dose seems 10 be about the sam as that of
i cach sme. But the drug is bed by. people of beter meses, It is
ore in all probability taken more Hera, and excess is more common.
c indisdonl cost vould there come o fae more thn double the cst of

“The dally slovance might be puta (03, costing 2 ans. The yearly
fio woud. thos Se Shout ane. sé pe head of he consumers, and. the
otal impart of 11 mands 26 irs would sufi for 466 persons, It may bo
ote that In Derg chars 1 reputed 0 be weaker than gas. 11 is posse
hat this may be re 23 the esl of decoration of the formes coring from
the Puna.

The figure relating to ganja consumed in the province for the lat 30

[—.
= years, as shown by the sales 1 rial vendors in the
various disticts, show a large decrease from tho
Sat peiod of years, The figures re as follows i—
ves
wl
whey
wis.
tgs

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134 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1895.94. [Ch VILL.

The propanions of the various kinds of gana have varied consideably

uring these period, but, afte Baving attempted to estimate the effect of these
vasations, the Commission find that the general result is the same as that above

shown, sis, that consumption bas been stationary during the last 15. years, but
{hat the average consumption bs been uch less than that of the previous 5 ears.

The increase of population, however, ducing his period must no be lost sight
of. It amounted to about 7} per cent. between 1881 and 1891, and, notwith-
standing this, there was mo increase in consumption dwing this period. In
sits where the consumption has decreased, there are witnesses who say that
the enhanced cost of ganja has reduced, and i reducing, the habit. Evidence is
not wanting however, to show that. other causes also may have been at work to

produce the result, The growing taste for liguor is one of the principal causes
mentioned. This refers to the superior clsscs. One: deposiion alone. (Patra
Dissict Board, 248) states tha the low price of country liquor has esused a
decseace inthe sal of ganja amon th inferior classes. This evidence, however,
i contrary tothe view held by the Excise Commission, who states in is memor
randum (paragraph 63) that liquor, even in Bias, is much desre than gana.
Babu Hem Chonder Kore atelbutes decrease to. the disrepute in which the
abi is held and th belief hat it fects sce baneful, An Utopian zumindar,
a Mubammadn, auributes the decrease to. the cnargement of the peoples’
‘minds by education, the action of temperance associations, the publication of
treatises and tacts which condemn the drugs, and the spread of civilization.
Inthe statements of witnesses who endeavout to explain the increase alleged
to have occured in thei own particular disrict, the Dllowing reasons. fur such
increase ave given. In exact conredicion to the evidence tht th growing ste
for liguor i reducing the consumption of ganja among. the better clsses, i is
donally sated that. the great cost of the liquor halt and its deleteri-
ous effets are making the same classes go back to gary Among tho lower
classes the asin of the pre of liquor under the conral distillery ays is so
sd tobe dict encouragement 1 ganja, It is even stated th the example
of th better classes s aa encouragement to the lowe, slough the weight of
evidence tends to shor that th forme are abandoning gar. The better wrges
eamed by the labouring classes, who are the principal consumers of gunjo i¢
sometimes hld to account for the increase, Did seasons and consequent vant
of mess have tis id, brought the cheapest imosicant nt favour. As 3 special
cause is mentioned th recent establishment ofa mew fray of wrslip of Tei
in Baste Bengal. The existence of the shops is ssid 9 be 4 divert incentive
to consumption, bt the statement of witness (202) hat the officers of Government.

make strenuous efforts topash the sal, presemably for the sake of the revenue,

was not sustained under oral examination. Some of the shove reson apylylso
to the increased consunpiion of Shang, which is far chesper than gan. And
another vey good reason is given i respect to this form of the drug, viz, the
infix of p-county workers into the mills 20d similar industies of Calcutta and
its neighborhood.

35+. The bore analysis of the evidence gives some of the reasons alleged
Boom ro ad Fdividial witnsesfoclocal increas or decrease,
and indicates the various causes which have assisted
ae interfered with the general tendency to. decresse which is manifested n the.
proviocial statistics as a whole.

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 (Ci. VIIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 180594 135

55 The statistics furnished by the Kuch Behar State sho an sveragerets]

sil of 76 maunds, which by the sundaed of the
province should supply 6000 consumers, or more.
* than 1 per cent. of the population. The consumption secms to be stationary,
though ther I a gradual deceesse of eta sale in th lst thie years.

353. There ars no means whatever of judging of the exert of wo in

| Ti Sf Se thse Site.
354. In the North Western Province al three drogs—ganf, chivss, and
eo res iAng—revery gely consumed. Bhan i usd
Them defo te evetyshers, and Sher fs no idence to show hat

aebeii he us ia mre common in oe arta he. prince

an other, f the Kutoaon Diision be excepted, Lt would appee that the
mountain the drug i nly drunk catn fnthe ors of majo by fe welt:
do peopl nthe tens st th Hol festival. But the compton i Fey in
pares spot, sch 5a Mata, the hae of the Chasbes, who sppet 1 be the
greatest and nos notorious bang deskers the hele of dis, and Berar snd
thr oly places on the Ganges. Wik regard o aja and chs, the evince
ay be divided te thre parts, Tn the western pore, consisting of the divisions
of Moen, Robikhand, aud Kumaon, goo badly vd tll. The statics
Show mo imports except at Shang, which ian the esters cat. of this
Secon of the province, The drug favo bre a chara othe eclosion of
ganja. nthe casten and southern porion, comprising the divisions of Benes,
Gorsklpur, Aldbad, and gress par of Fyzabad, ganja holds the eld, though
ot ta the exclusion of chazas, except in the disrcts bordering on Bundelkhand.
In the centr portion of the province, comprising the Aga and Lucknow Divisions

and part of the Allahabad and Fyzabad Divisions, both drugs seem to be fred
comumed.

355. Tn desing wih the trade of th provine, the figure of imports of gavja

wn Liven the statistics was accepted in ull ie of Mr,

REIT Suckers caution that it was not rela, and bis ex
mate tha the port was between 4,000: 4,500 aunds. For he preset ur.
pose the same fur, though in excess of Mr. Stoker's gure, may be taken: for
ti cessary to nc the local unexcised ganja, which no doubt cones ino use
some att. In Bengal but small lloance was rade for waste, and soce
ures of sil toetil vendors wee supplied, only the waste which tok plce
between the loral gola and the chilam had to be considered, Tn desing with
the drug in the state in which it is imported, and with aa import the
greater put of which consist of an anicle which Is kes. curflly prepared
and fa ss valuable than Bengal ganja, a much highe allowance lo waste must
bo made. Taking all things into censideradin,it i doubt if the consumption
can be fly xed at mare than 3,500 mands. The North Wesern roi ces
give no figures of retail sale to sd this calculation. The total population of the

Drovince is 47,0000c0, and one. maund of ganja therelre sufices for some
i000 persons, 1 the papulation of the divisions of Meru, Robilkhand, nd
Kumaon, whero ganja is not used, be deducted (about 13,099000), the maund.
of ganja suffices for only 10,000 persons. Judged by the Bengal sandard, this
isa high figure; but the chespncss and comparative weakness ofthe greater

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136 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. [CH. VILL.

part of the drug consumed in the North-Western Provinces may well induce a.
liberal use, and this reslt may approximate to the trth.

356. Mr. Stoker docs not accept Babu Hem Chunder Ker’ estimate of
‘average consumption per head at the high figure of
Strid comp of i.
th séts, ALG annas toa this means Rs. 45 a year,
and this i obviously quite beyond the means of the consumers of averages means,

“The individual consumption in Bengal has been estimated at alfa sér, or Rs. 10
per annum. Me. Stoker, dealing witha drog or mixed drug that costs less than
baluchar, calculates the individual consumption at one sér, and the whole supply
of 4300 maunds as sufficient for 180,000 smokers. By the Bengal standard
3500 maunds would supply 280,000 persons, seems proper to make allowance
To the cheapness of the drug and adopt the mean of the above calculations, or
230,000, This represents something less than § per cent. of the population.
Inthe cites, baluchar sells at 6 annas a tla tis cheaper in the villsges
probably because itis adulterated with pathar, which is anything from on
twelfth o one-sixth of the price of the other. If the average annual allowance
of someting less than one sé be regarded as being composed of § boluchar and
3 pathar, the cost comes to a reasonable igure.

357. With regard to charss, Mr. Stoker estimates the. individual consump

tsa the ton half a sir per annum. For Calcutta it was
put as igh as one sér, because it was regarded as a
luxury of the comparatively wealthy. But it does not hold that positon in the
North-Western Provinces. The evidence shows that it is sed by the poor more.
than by the ich. Tn many places it is actually cheaper than hour ga, and
being stonger lss oft is used ata time. It is probable hat Mr. Stoker's
estimate approsimates to the truth, and that the 1,150 maurds imported are
consumed by about 93,000 persons, The use is most common in the Meena,
Robikband, and Komaon Divisions, and decreases towards the cast of the
province; but it is found in all dsvicts, except those bordesing on Bundelkhand,
where the concumpton is tefl. The consumers ace at the _sbove figure
about one-fith per cent. of the population, and this covers an addiion for the
smal indigenous production of Kunaon.

358 Bangs not used regularly fike charasand gana. There fs reason to
tink that a Lge number of the better class of
Hindus take it in extremly hot weather, and tha

is a regular refreshment with a very lasge proportion of them in the summer,

There are no statistics of consumption; the drug can often be ad. for almost

nothing from the abundant wild growth, and is aways very cheap. The price of
hang seems 10 ange from 4 annas 10 as much as ane rupee & sérin tox, alia
bhang from Farskhabad being more expensive than commoner. kinds, while
daluckar ganja s Rs. 2010 Rs. 30, charas Rs. 73 to Rs, 25, Nepal ganja. going.
asigh as Rs. 35 and Rs. 40. st, nd pathar ganja Rs. 2} to Rs. 5

59. Inthe Tas twenty years, from 1873 t0 1593, the hemp drag. revenue of

ce rr the North-Western Provinces and Oud bas grown.

from 4 to lakhs. Theincrease in Oudh has been 195
percent, andin the North-Western Provinces So per cent. It is from the
figures of revenue, in the absence of statistics of rtal sale, that deductions have.

be made a to the ise o fall of the consumption of the drugs.

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 —_— ge TTA
“Ch. VIIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1855.54. 137

56. Mc. Stokes cones hese Suttons in som impart nae ih

Comets brea we Ching nti a6misonton of hs bo cone
ed He Shows prty consid ht he hep dt
rca ba sn when the rico ur ha bo ried, ad it rg es
hen dec the. csublhment of he nial cad of he spl Sui
sytem ar haba made mre pled and mes ches. eb Sits ft
he ose has th ame pead rom fom 17 1693 bb an va
he enbancdeneno bas beens ons Ginshed ius of Fl gs
ie imate ean betrcn quran. he hp rg secon lo
the dsresed consumpion of qos mst ave be econparied by tn eres
ed conmpionof th hemp drug, An 10 ik a seri addon ms
mde on account of an fncrss of 5 ion 1h apa i sey
ye pod. Thee nosso o dou ak ncn of carson soi
bl to thes to caves has actly vse Go ey se fo 1 res nd
poss dependent of sy check o econ fing av of (he presen pe
{em of hp Gag xcs, Th ido hows thet bang sn ose
Kit he bance cot oct, du ho Bengal duty us Somsonne.
bythe sup of a cheaper aries nd ht hats bs Seely hon hog
in ce, hash to improve communion.

361. Besides indicating the relationship between the quo and th hemp drug
habits, the figures of revenue, great though the
expansion has been, do not go far to assist in ascr-

taining whether the consumption of the hemp drugs has grown o not, Theres
the probability that the demand has increased, bringing greater profits and cone

sequently more keen competition amongst the purchsers of the farms, Bat ir.
Stoker's remarks ead to the belief tha the enhancement of the revenue as been
dee partly to improved management, resulting in the checking of clandestine
practice, or, as he describes I, the stopping of "leakage." To judge by the
instances given, losses of this sot were very considerable; and this reform, tor
gether with the prevention of smuggling and ili traf, would go fa to account
for the increase

362. Turning tothe evidence, there i ie deft tetimany of increased con

Dicey ato cs sumption, in wich iti cea that the pion is based
on actual observation. There are not inthis province
as thee are in Bengal definite statistics on which to arm an opinions to increase

or deccease, The preponderance of testimony is i favour of increasing consump.

tion, and the high price of liquor is mare frequently alleged as the cause than
anything cle. Witness (20) makes a very definite sttément on this paint.
Allied to the reason connected. with liquor is found the closing of chanda and
‘madal shops mentioned by some witnesses. Other causes given ro the acces.
sibility and cheapness of the drugs, the weakering of social and religious re
straints, facies for traveling leading to the circlation of bad habits, general
demoralisation, and the increase of poverty and the number of sadhus and mendic

cant. Its stated by some witnesses that under Mogal ale th drugs wer pro-
hibited and theic consumption suppressed by penalties such as whipping and
‘mutilation, and tht the present Tiverty bas degenerate int license. On the other

Band, the perversity which drives. peopl to do what is esrcted or probibitedis-

alleged by another a the cause of incase, Arother attributes increase to ex-
‘perience of the beneficial efecs of use o the drugs. I appears that thee s
35

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 po en i i og

2. Busth ices stall the sidof nse. Some wicesses ik

[rrr at rs consumpin saiomny, and some hat
el eno The pina ce of dese
ted tn change of bal amon. igh chine 0d the beer to-do
Ee rion of ln, The Wh cost f te rg ha, ackoding
ooo we ns cs pple to bandon he.

54 Theis sme etn st Me.

favour, gus hglateppd
Wall, by cusof Excise,
Commissioner npc
amen es Eas fi back as 1881+“ From the large propor.
{ion which charas bears to other drugs in large cies lke Allshabad snd
Bensre, and from th increase i license fees for sal of charas which is noticed

by the Bengal Government, it ia highly probable that chaas is coming into

favour, Ie is, in act, ssid that within the last few years, owing to increased
doy Yevied on buluchar gar in Lower Bengal, tho consumption of charas bas
Tugel increased cveeywhere” Chas i now even cheaper 1s compared with
Bengal ganja than it vas then, and there s some evidence that the change is
sill ging on.

65, The Revenuo Member of the Rampur Council of Regency (35) states

eh pescipus stipes ya. Jed

aT ev Not Werte rovces and nth Sstof Ramp,
Ranpur, hovers, fasted in te Robikland Div
ion, where hss apes o ood slat xls, 1s pole heros,
{tht aie ot th wan of asa in Ramer i nh tap genes,
“Th vias ais lege th. th mt af ll thins dongs 1 nc buns
hey are chap, and they aro nt foriddn by the Hinds region,

466 Theueal hedge Te Garba probsbly as proven svn

Rumson and Bish Garhwal. Toes so specs
pads Soran for the Sat, bat com th vince
af wes (45) may bo awed that chores s the
aly of th gid tht i it anv, ut possly. prea
thang a godin endeney ota vcore of al Kinds:
357. Inthe Pura hi eof ara dsppes, the eatons of fs cxistence:

being found only in the statements of occasional

I vote [ths ro placa th sche sangre:

Cn SEE i Chara and hang rove 0,5 resis a 1s nc
tent in all pats of the province. Regarding bhang,
the Excise Commissioner adits that a cersin quantity de consumed with.
out passing through the hands of the licensed vendors, but he docs not think

thats very great, because the people ofthe parts in which the plant grows.
wild are not addicted to ts use, while th real price (thee a four annss 3 dr)
0 small that it i not. woth while for a consumer to stempt to obtain 2 up
Pl elsewhere than from tho nearest licensed shop. There i, however, reason to

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 Ci. VIIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1803:94. 139

368. Taking charas first, it willbe seen that it uses most prevalent in the

Een two awe. Ludhiana. distit, and to a somenbt lss degree in

the Himalayan districts, and in and about the ities of

‘Delbi, Umblla, Amritsar, Lahore, and Peshavar, snd that generally the casern
balf of the province has decidedly more inclination to the drug than the western
ball. The measure by which the two halves of the province are differentiated
isa consumption of § ounces by 100 of population, This measure might be raised
106 ounces on account of defective registration of sle, and expressed in the
terms used for Bengalin this report as one maund to 21,500 of the population.
The rate of consumption in Ludhiana i double of this, or one maund in. 10,000,
and in the greater part of the western hai of the province is hardly more than
‘one maund to 60,000,

969. Tn the North-Western Provinces Mr, Stoker estimated the individual cone

Tia osampton of ass. sumption of charas at half a sér per annum, In the,

Punjab a somewhat higher rate might be adopted

because the drug is cheaper, the pice to consumers ranging from Rs. 4 to Rout.
per sé in this province, whi in the North-Western Provinces it was Rs, 71 to
Re.a5. If the number of consumers be taken at 60 instead of 8 to the maund,
the total number for & total consemption of 1,200 maunds will be 75,000.

“The divisions of Delhi, Julundar, and Lahore consume five times 3s much
as Rawalpindi, Peshawar, ind the Derajar, and there must therefore be 60,090
consumers in the former 1,000 in the latte. In ths comparison also th prov-
ince falls into the same halves as before, for the consumption of the districts of

Montgomery, Multan and Jhang inthe Lahore Division barely reaches 20 maunds,
‘and docs not therefore mateially affect the figures.

7. Theta clef bang ath svmge of helt vey go

stot ect ase amas. Ti vay ls costal so of
i vn cmon. in 3 1 vai of
hil goth fn any dine de eg solvation w3ch 1s id on a
She sonar Geis and he homealone to rvs
ove he prone ose em, cy Spb spy minh gt
Stam he oe ss st ds ob rd vr
Mound 0m wed wean ul of he mand 106 5500 of hp
Fe Bain Gomsions foe at ho ser tits bs
Semis coevmpion vm 8 145 a1. 150 of th popiion, she
on at snopes cr its cm wih shot un
tion af he popular; hee of he. prone conn ne
rend to Bo, conto th rts of Delt and Ladner
ome po te dso src consump,

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140 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1803794. [CH. VIIL

571. Bhang is so cheap, § oF ¢ Annas a sé, as to giv very wide latitude for
Suits of emer of ths Individual indulgence. On the other hand, a great

m= share of the consumers, perhaps the majority, are

above the class ofthe very poor, aad the dog sto great extent used with ingre-
ents which are more or les expensive. Occasional use, eth regulated by the
season, or prompted by the weather, or connected with social and religious obsery-
ances, also very common. These things make it extremely dificult to state
any estimatt of the number of consumers, though a 6gure of otal consumption
bas been arived at, Tei very doubtful if more than about hal of the total
consumption, o 3,050 maunds, is taken by regulseand habitual consumers, For
such persons, at the price given above, ovo tolas a day, o ten sérs in the year,
‘would not be a extravagant allowance. The costof this would be less than three.
rupees year nd the ingrecienta would bing the expenditure upto abo Rs. 10.
“The number of habitual consumers would thus be about 8000. This estimate of
individ! consumption accards with the evidence on the p jot. The
occasional consumers are many ines more numerous. The descripion which is
to follow of the * classes of consumers ” and ofthe social and religious customs”
connected with the useof the drugs will theow more light on the extent of the

occasional use of hang. The use as a summer dink seems to be much more
common in the northern pats of India, which are characterized by intense dry
est, than in the souchern. The dividing line might be drawn with fie accuracy
{rom the Rum of Catch to Darjeeling.

372 The satsical table nthe form prescribed by the Comission gives retsl
centre, 53s fom the year 1875176 0 18920. Butin the
Thee bese. firt. ve of these years is obvious th the figures
‘include transactions other than real sale in column 45. From 1881.83 onwards
there is steady increase in the figure for charas, interrupted only by a al in
the year 1890-91, which, Fowever, was more than made wp by the rise of the
following yea. In the year 1892.93 th figure is 6 mands less than in 1891-93.
As egards bang, the gues of the whole perod 1880-81 to 1892.93 do
not offerany definite suggestion of increase or decrease. Their regularity
might, however, tend to remove the hesitation which the Com
feel in acceping the figures fer charas as a reliable index of consumption if it
‘ere nok that bang s socheap that there can be file. templation cither to
smuggling outside the shops. or the keeping of incorrect accounts within them,
“The le of other preparations of hemp chow steady decrease. These prepara:
tions must include majum and other sweetmeats into which hemp eaters, They
arco very important, andi s not therefore varth wile to speculate whathe the
derseaseof sale means a real decrease of consumption or nt. 1 would be ccs.
sy to proceed an mere conjecture, for the evidence and Government
throw no Tight on the subject. ee

STA gr oe mis sd i
Shinn pean me of ou pa

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(Ch. VIIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94, 141

classes are giving up Bhang for liquor change of habit which has been
noticed in other provinces.

374. The steady and considerable increase which th statistic of the cone

ches, SUMPtIon of charas show inthe lat ten years i not

TE refected inthe eviderce in a very decided manor.

Its true there are some who allege increases being caused by the development
of the Central Asian trade, the fal in the price of charas, (h¢'nerease i the
‘umber of shops, the incsease of population, and the addition to the mumber
of poor and idle people. But there are many who allsge decrease ; and the
more weighty opinions are al in favour of the view that the tse is nether
increasing nor decreasing. I is true that during the last three years there
has been a great development of the trade in charas, but the excess imports
have fo the most. pst passed over the Punjab nto othr provinces and eritoies,
‘and only a portion of the increase appears from the igure to have stayed in the

province. The gures in column 45 of the statement do not appear to be

derived from accounts of actual retal sale. They are the exact diference of
columns 12 80d 16, and the explanatory note attached to the table shows that
they are got by sublracting the exports from the imports. In saying that “it is

one of the incidental advantages which we expect to derive rom the proposed
new amangements that we shall be able to register the import rade eficiently
and acquire a proper conte over i,” the Excise Commissioner sppears to admit
that the ecard of imports into the prosince is not relable even yet.
He considers the statistics of consumption fily accurate. They were dived
in 1892-03 from 2 comparison of the fmports and expos in cach dist in
order, as he ssye, to give reliable figures of the quantity reined in each district

for consumption. But whatever method was employed in 1891.09 secs lo have
een also employed n previous years, for the figures in column 45 are thovghoot

merely the difference betwees columns 12.0416. “The Commission therefore have
considrable doubt a3 to the correctness of the Sgures 1s indicating a. steady
ncrcase to consumption fo the last 13 years from 480 maunds to 1,080 mands,
This apparent increase may be due to improved methods of registration,

575: The Native States of the Punfab ll le with the exception of Bahaval-
put, in the eastern ofthe two hales into wich (he
Puts San
province is divided. in reference to ts habit of con
suming charas, Leaving Bahawlpur out of con
sideration for the present, thers is no reason (o suppose thit the States, either
those which are wholly or pay inthe Himalayas, of those which ar in the pla

flr fn any material respect from the Bish tery with which they are
intermingled in regard to ths habit. It hardly seems necessary to make any

i a i
‘ception of the State of Nabha, where the hemp drags re sid to be prohibited.
A continuous area of heavy consumption of chars s thus determined, comprising

pe BE
all those pats of the Pusjab and North-Western Provinces lying between
Labore and Shabjabaspur. As regards Bhang also, the description of the abic
im the province must be held to apply to these Sates.

smoot Tne a
mere td i Mee oo
Sri bpued dani ama

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143 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEN? DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. [Cit VIIL.

376. The figures of consumption of ganja given in paragraph 54 of

the Excise Memorandum show since 1887-88 increase in every district except

Cots pve. Hothangabad and Narsinghpur. The decrease

rp —— in these two districts is small; the increase in

several districts 3s large. There may bave been
ome increase in the habit in this period—a. pent which will be discussed later
on; but the reports and evidence leave no doubt tha the bulk of the increase in
registered. sale is due to improved administration and success in suppressing the
use of the wnexcised drug. This being the case, the figures of the last year,
1892.03, furnish better basis for a survey of the consumption throughout. the
province than do the figure of any other yeas or ofan average of yeas.

The followingtable contsins the materia statistics of 1892-05 i—

$ oie noi | Y555 | EERE 0

ar | ewe] ate]
[ems 6 ow| swe|
£d | 3000 ise
2 2B] 14000us| sel
oosw| 3vs
inns EC I
Soi | tome | sme] 3

ols n| two] wee| a

Hom
2] sontsi | am] aw] we
seo] aes| 5
sais

Hosoi wo :
Tout

i 3]
11cm oso
al ie s:
EEE
2 wwe | mo] 35] a s
Er
To [Ten | | | wa
4 (fre waiter | | ame| eam] ®
Sloe | mow] wa go] ga]
FE wooo) os) mel upse| 6
Tots a8woon | s0a| 7000 | wggeo|
oto Tasos | wot | 5s] meres] 3

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Cit. VIIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAX HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189594 143

377. Twill be seen from these figures that the area. of heaviest consumption

Fina o wie compet br 38 the group of fou istics, Blaghat, Seo, Jub-
bulpore, and Mandla; and among thee Balsghatuses
the drug at double the rate of the other three, Next in oder come the districts of

the Chhattisgarh Division, Ales thesa the othe diaricts along the northern roni-
er, Damob, Saugor, Naringhpur, and Hoshangabad, wih the sddion of Chbind-
vara. Then follow the districts on the western and southern frontiers, Nimar,
Bet and Wardha, with Nagpur and Bhandars, And far belind comes the
disict of Chanda. The frst two of the above groups consume the drug ata
Higher ate ban ane maund 10 10000 of he polation ; he lst tre at less,
apie of is apparently igh consump.
tion, because th large difference betweenit and the neighboring district of Dao
inthis respect confirms th evidence lit import given by reports and witnesses,
Nagpur is placed in the fourth group in spite of its heavy sale compared with
the other districts of the same group, because the consumption to some degree
foreign tothe disc, being connected with the troops at Kampt aod athe people
who ar attracted tothe capital of the province. The high rat of consumption
in Chiindwara, Seoni, Balaghat, and Mandla may probably be associated with
thie physical characteistics and thei very malarious climate, for they cover
th central highlands of the province—a tract of mountains and dense forest.

375. The evidence fses the dll raion of gana at about re-fourth of a
Ein o nim comp. 10a. Making allowance for the custom of smoking
aE in company, a lower rate ought probably 0 be
adopted. And, on the other hand, the comparative cheapness and inferiority
ofthe drug suggests higher allowance than was thought appropriate for the
Bengal calculations. The allowance of G4 tolas in the year, coring Rs. 5 to,
or 50 consumers 0 the maund, appears to be 2 just medion, Atthis rate
the number of consumers in the prorince would be about 6,000. A con
siderable shore of the excise ganjais used as bhang under the mame of
desi Whang. It seem to consist of the leaves and bracts, and alten perhaps
ofthe Nowers themselves, picked of the ganja stalks. A reduction has to bs
made on this account if the number of smakers oly is to be ascertained. On
the other hand, somo addition has to be. made for the use of smuggled ganja.
IC will perhaps be. sufficient to regard Go000 as the number of smokers of
gana, for the stimate docs not precend 0 exactness, This gives 4 percentage
of 6 on the population of 10,000,000.

The evidence o th pint of cress or decease of use i vey cone

a ictoye Tn fol iow al many of he wince 1s
heat of th great snd sendy eae ofthrere.
ase and registred consumption in seven or ight istics, nd thei opin 0
Tho grow o deco of the ae sr doubles acted by. 1t basen tated
hove tha the Commission stot tis cress or the most part. fo impr
© vimiaeaion, May witness hold ths view, and son. corres
Sat here a some wh hin that the extended vt f th drug as mately
consted to th. enhanced reves. The Judicial Comision, Mr, Neil,
Tan dsconed the mate ahr fly Ho bles that the we as increased

oc dn oe hy on eh
Seca (bef so formed by natives of sound and ober judg (a)

saddest Adie gl Te CL
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14 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. [Cit VIL.

twas only ht (axed gas wes sobstiuted fo untsed and icy obsined
‘oni, he great increas would have shown tall inthe ext years ate cult
ai of te gaoju being plan was placed under testicto, impos watched,
dl Wick colivation. severly pushed” (5) the increase his accused
aothatanding thet the pric of gaia. bas been raised to fe times what it
as in 1875-16: (4) 38 High a stllvhead dty as posse has been placed on
Tor, nd ganja 5 comparatively a chesp and convenient, because parable,
anda; 424 (3) the exc amangements have advertised the drug. and made
3 ‘poplar, and supplied super quality of i. These arguments inclde
ean a hat hae ben ged by other witnesses, except the ane that vith
hose who seek simula, the hemp droge havo the advantage ove iquor
at they ar no: probed by the Hind religion, But ater ll Mr. Nel,
he th vas major of th witnesses all over Indi, Sppeacs ot to. spesk from
‘sonal hsevaion of hi ui. The evidence of Colonel Dovete, Conservator
2 Forest, is important as bearing upon. the use of ganja. among the jungle
bes, He describes this 33 more common than formerly. 11s to be regretted
{hat mor information has not ben fished to explain the extraordinary
consumption in the Balaghat dist, which must have a large populcon of the
Jungle he, an, ay beaded, the gat crease of the sale fn the ot ve
Jee The comitrusionof the Bengal Nagpur Relay must have had cone
Ldcate cee te consmplion of th discs though which 1 pisses cast
F Baghat, Special enguives ar bing made by the Centr Provinces Gore
Comment garding the increased consumpion i the dist wher ts most
py
go Thre are nt wanting witnesses tose tht th use is o the dees,
and many belie tht theo is neither incress nor
pe ce ct ot decrease, The sates show (hat in ten discs
boc is cithr decrease or na very cemarkable nce in th retail sxe fn the
ast fv years But the Commision, looking tothe balance of evidence sup
posed by he tats, cannot resist the concuan that increased use accounts
in some mesure fo the general growth of the revenue and registered con.
sumption. They note that fn more than ane place the. increase of revenue is
buted in pat fo the spply of superior quay of ds. That the Khandva
dng is superar may be th ce, but there is xidence that the local prodce
fs pred in the extreme eset of he provines, and it sin these rns hat
The greatest ncaa bas cure,
581. The supply of hand gan to the Pudsory States and samindars
Fobimy Suis has stad increased during the lst ten years rom
Tre maunds to 373 (pagaph 6 of Exclas Meno.
adam). The fol furs represents consumption by 13650 smokers by he
standard wed for the calelations of the province. Ther is no cvidene 0
how tht th use hs ncrsaed a decnasd. The samindars and feudatorien
ad an ample s0ply of ganja. of local growth before th Excise Department
undertook tosupply them, and posible that the old. sautcs of supply of
acl grow ae not yet. te closed hough th evidence shows th contrary.

84. Inthe Madea Presidency the nly oc ofthe dog which sed be consi
“dered for the present purposes gun. Chars i
only very exceptionally ied, and there i no record
of the amount imparted, Bing snot a dsint arile oom anf, The uid

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 (Cit. VIIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 185594. 145

preparations, as well as the sueetmeats and electuares, sre mad from gars.
Preparations of the latter class occupy a much more prominent place in the
evidence of witnesses than they do in other pars of Indi, snd ths would sug
gest that they are in more common use.

383. The statistics furnished by the Madras Government give 67,000 sérs as

Tog sit of ce do Uh etal sale of asia for 1392-95, It has been

lg a comming orgined that these are sés of 80 tolas, and the.
registered consumption i therefore 1,675 Indian maunds. na previous chapter
it was estimated that the share of the Madras produce which stayed at home.
was 3500 mands. A considerable reduction has to be made from ths on

‘account of waste to active a the ashount which actully goes nto consumption.
The geaerl tenor of the Madras evidence must also be noted. The same.

general unfamilaity on the pat of the witnesses with the facts relating to cone
sumption which hus been found mere of less al ovr India exists in Madras also,
and perhaps to a greater degree. The return of retail sales obtained from the

shops cannot represent mor than a portion of the consumption ofthe Presidency,
for there is ample evidence. to show that the drug is rely handed about and
has been admitted in oficial reports that the consumption is mach arge than
was supposed.

384. The figures of recall sale place th ists in the ollovng ode 55
Ut pi asc of 165a00 hci rae of consomplion: Made, Kiso,
alld Tihinoply, Bellary, North Arcot, Tanjore, Mala:
bar, Visgapatam, Godavar, South Arcot, Madurs, Sale, Codpsh, Souh
‘Canars, Coimbatore, Nellore, Timevcl, Chinglepu, Ganja, Arantapa, and
Kormool (Nii mo figures famished). The evidence lsves th impossion that
the use 1 most comma in the Norchen Cicaes and gradually diminihes to the
south uni the Nilgiris ae reached, where, according to some wineses, the
percentage of consumers on the population f igh, The statics and the
evidence, theeiore, do no age; for, according to. the formes, Ganj takes
a very low place, wil some southern districts are high o th is. It appears,
oweves, fom ie evidence tat the peopl cf the noche bil tacts pel
opium, and consume ite of the heap drags. The later ae sed principally
in Vidimagram and the seaport towns. The non-consuming popalaion of the
Hil tacts would materially sfc the rie of consumption ss deduced from the
Bigs, Kiso may ove a igh position to ather the sry rela le 5
sa disc of production, and the same may be the case ith Non Arco.
Trichinopoly and Bellary ave troops and probably besvy consumption in the
ite to account lor thf ets] sles being igh. The positon of Malabar's
Justified by the evidence as to the tse in that part of the Presidency. The
Consumption of tho Ciy of Madea s probly indcsted with ee sccoacy by
th figure of stsil al. Ti lower thin that of Bombay, wich agai is ower
than that of Calta, th figures being—

J —
Bemiey
Mans Lo 5 i- Camo
a0—

Again hp dd a
os Lig 1 ie cls nd coin clic ddow
oF ontames canal be put at lots than oe ull hc
7 5 A of SE cnn a of Pity
pi

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146 REFORT OF THE INDIAX HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 18934. (Ca. VIIL,

would then come to about 72000, oF "2 pec cent. of the population. At
tention has sleady been drawn to the apparent prevalence of the use of
seemeats and otber refined preparations concocted with ganja. The occa
onal use ofthe forms of the drug must extend to a very lage share of the
population over and sbove the number of regular consumers. There are 3ls0
2 cenain number of drinkers of th Tiguid preparations.

486. The preponderance of evidence is decidedly in favour of the view that

the use of the hemp drugs i increasing. The causes

nme st doze of sgsigned for increase ace generally the same ss

ar) those mentioned ia other provinces, the high price

of igor aking 3 prominent place among. them. The Collectors, however, are
generally of opinion that the se is stationary or decreasing, When decrease
alleged, its in most eases aibuted o the resections broght about by the
excise amangements, the sing of the price of th drug, and the tation of the
umber of laces where it can be bought, The statements of witnesses Nos.
131and 155 may be consuled on this point. I has also been painted out that
say calivtion i being discouraged, thoogh i has mot been formally pro-
hibited. Thus there ace causes operating to modify theextent of vscin both
dications, and the Comission do not hin that the evidence enables them to
say which a the more potent, o to judge in any way what the actual con-
sumpiion i.

$57. The Travancore pot as been estimated at 100 mavnds, which would
be sufficient for 4000 consumers. The use appears
tobe more prevalent inthe hilly and trlarious trate,
ted to the roasation of tligious sentiment in
n with foeigaces. The infor
maton regarding the other States furnishes no facts of speci terest,

398. Ganjais used nll pais of the Bombay Presidency, large share of the
consumption of it being in the form of sxcutmeats

Bang is used inthe Bombay City and

the Northern Division. Charas is smoked in the City of Bombay only, and that in
very smal ani.

3 The figures of rest sle of ganja are wan ing in some dicts
G1 10 te su of se 30 regular in others, 0 hat ft may bo doubted
ils SE if they can Bay elim to aceuracy cen in the
they appear to be complete. Such as they ec, they make
the varios dist take approximately th following onde as regards thee cone
sumption of gavja: Dian, Bombay, Kanara, Bijspar, Nasik, Satars, Poona,
Atmedabed, Sunt, Abmednsgar, Belgaum, Broach, Sholapar, Kindesh,
Pasch Malls, Kala, and Ratnagi

390. The are no figures for Thana and Kolabs, The total of the
disc figures of retail sale taken outs far as
Tedcmbes@ pragicabls by fire years averages, with an allow.
ance made for Thana and Kolaba, comes to about 3,800 masids. The total
consumption has been catimated in a provious chapter at maunds 5,000, and.
‘wes thaoght that this was a Feral ealeulaton. Before. expressing any opision
from these figures 2 to the incdeace of consumption on the population, it wl
be as well o examine the evidence 3s to individual consumption.

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CH. VIIL] REPORT OF THB INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. 147

398. Me, Almon, Assistant Collector of Abkar in Bombay, maintains that

tomas rugs, BE MOGEALE consume of gaa spends two savas
“4 day on hie indulgence, and consumes one tole
of the drug. This represents an annual consumption of over our vs and
an expenditure of Ra. 45, and only adits of ten consumers bing supplied
by cach-maand of the drug; The average sale of 258 maunds, wih allowance
for waste, only. suffices therfore fox 3,000 of 3500 consumers. Some wie
nesses, but they are few, stat that the day allowance of & moderate consumer
is aboveone toa. The majority of witnesses put tac. Toss, The lowest limit is
reached by the Callctor of Rataagic, who gives on sixteenth ofa toa as the
average dily allowance, and reports 8000 consumersin the dist, of which the
‘average retail sles amount 74 masnds—t., more thn to consumer per maund,
The Collector of Ahmednagar hts avd at 3 mean ofthe above extremes. He
caused "a sty census to be taken throughout the isch," wich theresa that
the number of consumers ina population of 888,753 was found tobe 6134, or 65

per cont. The Ratuagin inquiies gave a perceniage not vey much higher than
the above, but by means ofa mach lower individual allowance. In Ahmednagar
the allowasce of 6,134 consumers 0 a otal real ste of 154 maunds comes 10
abot 40 consumers to the maund, or one sr pt head pe annum, or somentat
Tess than a quarter of a tla. per diem. The weight of evidence would fix the
ity slowance nearer to one-half tha ne-quirter tela. Nr. Ebden's enumera-
tion profably therefore included occasional consumers, and possbly counted, the
samo peop mre than once, The price of gana outside Bombay ranges from
three amas a pound in Satara to one. amma a tala in Khandesh. One sr of
ganja can never therfore cost mare than Rs. 5, nd the verge pice il be
within the reach of al clssss of consumers.

398. Making allowance for 8 considrsble share of the drag being used in
Mens of mepier comumen the making of drinks, sueetmeats, and. other pre.
A paratons, which are for the mast pur consumed
only occasionally, and for waste, the number of regulae consumers in Bish
rity alone cannot be less than 2500 X 50, or 75000, giving a per-
centage on the population of 46, Besdas these thre are th snl body of ro-
‘lar drinkers of the hemp drugs and the occasional consumers of othe prepara:
ions of the drug whose numbers cannot be estimated. The number of regular
consamers inthe Bombay City can hardly b less than 6000.

303. Lite rel ince can be placed on th fre of reall sl, and in he

oa oie a pm PECL dscusion they ave rly bie uilsd to

EERIE range the disvicts n he order of thet relative is
w= of consumption, and relied upon i the case of
Nednngarbecaso they were in ir accordance with th Colicto's ensasof
consumes and th experience gained in othe provinces. Tho figures of recall
ein the Dharwar dist ae etcaoxdoary. They show sady increase for
Jes pst, and be now cached pot wich by the essonble standad of
Tetvidust consumpion above adopted gives a percentage of rer four of

regular conemes on the population. This s possible; ther is no such con

option as tis many rl tact in the whole of India, The witoesses who
Shenk wih special orladge of the dist. do nt ge anthing Tk this
rscctage, an they do pt confit the evidence of the figures tat thre has
on marabl ines of consympion nthe ast louteen, yer. Tho

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148 REPORT OF THLE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-04. (Cit. VIII.

Collector of Dhar. has endeavoured to ascertain the causes of this in-

crease, and whether it is comected with the decline in the consumption
of liguor and toddy. He reports that he can trace no connection between
ihe two phenomens; that there has been a large increase in the consump
on of ganfs, which s to be attbuted to the intcoducton of the railway bring
ing witht score of ganja smokers and cates ; that the is no reasonto suppose.
that the people ofthe district have generally taken to the use of the drug, though

a uber of individuals may have contracted the habit from foreigners ; and that

there i no export ofthe drug. He attaches a statement showing that the retail
sss 182.93 amounted (1,945 maunds, an increase of more than 200 masnds
over the figures of 1891-92. It is impossible to suppose tha this huge amount
an have been consumed inthe distict, I islacger than the whole consumption
of the Central Province with is Feudatory States and zamindars, The only
sessonsble explanation i tht the greater part of it leaves the district, and enters

the surmounding foreign tereitory, Hydecabad, Mysore, and Goa. The Kanara
distict slo may possibly get its supply from the Dharwar shops. The Dharari
gunk is not unknown, a the Commission ound, in Mysore. This exaggeration
in the Dharwar figures furnishes one more reason. for distrsting those of other
distil 23 an index of the local consumption,

394 On the pint of general increase er deen a the use of anf, hee

coos bom of a. $051 ficial witnesses, xcepting the Collector

of Bijaur ke the view ha theres no percept
change, Onthe othe hand, there ace witnesses of other classes who bicrve
increase, and abuts it (0 the same ceonomic and socal cases as hve ben
noiced inher princes. Buti may be noted that the igh price of liu does
not tahe prominent place aang them, and many statements will be found to the
cic ha the hemp drags ae fing way toTqor, 1: cannot be sid tha thee
is preponderance of the viene idee way or that thre any safactory basis
for forming an opinion. The oly cases of increase which can be assumed to
have operated i the diction of crease re he ness of population and dev
velopment aways The sdl caus would seem totel bch vas, cductio,
Hoverer, being rather favourable to decree of the habit than the reverse. The
fac hat th Tower rds are addicted to Hor in the Bombay Presidency, and
ha thee caring see comparatively igh and enable. tho to indulge this prec
diction, 3 factor operating again incresc ofthe hemp habit, Rearing
hang and chars, he tendency ofthe evidence i to show that the former 3
giving way to ligue; the se of the later, practically confined to the City of
Bombay and insignificant in exten, shows po sign of cree

395. The extent of use described in the Presidency may be accepted ss

tai applicable to the Native States under the supervision

ofthe Bonay Government, There are no materisls
to enable amore exact estimate to. be formed. In the Decean and. Souther

Maratha Coustiy ganja must. be he favourite form of the drug, and in the Gujarat

‘States, Kathiawar and Cutch is o a great extent supecseded by bhang,

396. The statistics show that about 40 maunds of ganja and 4 of bhang sre

al cansumedin Aden, of which the populations 42,734.

“This gives thehigh rae of ganja consumption of one.
maurd 10 1,000 of the population. The maximum price at which the contractor

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(Ch. VIIL] REFORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 169394. 149

is allowed to sell is ono anna a tol, sod there is no minimum, The aver

age price is probably much the same as bat of the shops in the Presidency pro
per. lithe Bombay rat of go consumers to the mand be taken, the consumers
are but 5 per cent. ofthe population, or one man out of evry Sor 10. Cone
sidering the_chaacter of the population, composed to a ret exent of Indian
ops and the followers of mative regiments, the high gue is ot. sup.
ing. Theres reason to think that sevice abroad fndaces a moro heal con
sumption of the hemp drugs among naive regiments and their followers,

397. The average production of bhag in Sind and Kier is about 4,000

Sts mands. Tho sais give the average else of

pl come sisted oe Bei isc as 4,539 maunds, and this does
not include the consumption. of Karachi, for which district no gues of rtal
ile see given, The population and. circumstances of Karachi compared ith
both those of Hyderabad justify the assumpion that at less 500 maunds are
consumed inthe former. The igure of otal consumption of the province must be
asd by this amount, and by 1,000 according to the statistics fr the State of
Khacpur. Bot looking to the population of Kiaipur, ths consumption appears
excessive, and the retail sle probably includes locally produced drug sold. for
consumption in other disteict of Sind. So also t i probable that the rei
Sale ofthe Siksrpur distit, whese ther is 4 consid aren of culation,
includes the drug which has ben exported. This district has no as high figure
of population as Hyderabad, and yet is credited vich double th consumption.
Hipdersbad has but tifing avea of cultivation, and its igurs of reall sale. are
ably x fiy accurate indo of the consumption. They giv ane maund to
S30.f the population, or say Soo, allowing a few maunds for defective registration,

“This raic applied to the. whclo population of Sind. with Khairpor, sbout
3,090,000, gives total consumption of 3750 maunds, wich appresimates o the
timate of production based on the area of cultivation, The statis ona
Si years’ average show that about 650 maunds of bhang are imported, mostly
to the Sharp district. The estimated consumption 750 maands, therefor,
only falls shor of the tat supply, 4650 aud, by goo masnds, whic is ot an
extravagan: allowance fo vast.

195. The average pric of bang is abou Re. 1a sand the sveage daly
oapmatoma, | allowance 1 tol ox abot 4 és eran. A mand
wll therefore supplies about 20regular moderato consum-
ax. Dut th majority of the consumers ake the drug nly ccasionaly. These
Siad—cetanly in Upper Sad—s very ike tha f th Pais and Norther Inia
‘here the bvcaageis drunk ely i the bot sesso, and to comparatively small.
extent the cad, Tua probable that nt mors than ope-ied of the consump
tion can be credited to regular consumers, and tht css woud by this clea
tion her 1,950 20.= 5.0%. Theaccasionl consumers we very many lines
mors. nunctous, and ay nt probably amount. to between § 1nd 10 por cent
tho whole population, From this estimate the Tharand Parar disci is
excluded, where the uso of the drug is much les common hand the other
Gistots of the province ts piace being taken by opi.

359. The retail sale of charas, making an allowance of § maunds or Karachi,

eter cmemct da, PETE BEE 86 50 Biges, is about 5 maunds, The

cee import, however, averages 70 maunds. The cone
sumption may betaken to be So mands.” The average daly allowance appears.
®

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150 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. [Cit VIL

tobe about § tala, or & se per annum. There woud then be bot 3,000 charas
makers in the province, and these ao ll regular consumers. The cost a the
Sbove ates Rs. 12} panna, whichis reasonable. The distict of Shikarpur
‘mould seam to contain nearly al of the charas smokers.

a about the same as that of charas. The

i, however, the cheaper drug; the ndisidaat
Hm f arm 8 cqngumpion is probably therefore large, and the
smokers less numerous. The use is most prevalent in Karachi and. Hyderabad,
ind may be sid not to exist in Shikarpur an the Upper Sind Frontier, Thar
and Paka consumes more gan than charas, bacdly any of the later.

41. The statistics do not furnish any else index of the growth or decline

onthe ute of cither of the drugs. The evidence

pomp feats increas, except n the cass of ganja, but

sot very decidedly. The Commisioner (ir. James) bears testimony by personal
‘observation tthe inresee ofthe different classes of ascetics who principally are

addicted tothe drags. Their number by the census of 1891 vas (8504. Hes
of opinion hat th use has spread among the labouring classes, whose wages
Dave greatly risen in recent years. The addition to the population during the
ask 30 years, which amounts to oer 50 per cent, must in the ratural cours of

things have caused an cress of the total consumption.

403. The memorandum of the Hyderabad Assigned Disicts throws doubt

ee. on the figures of tetsl sie of gana contained in

colin 44.0f the staical table. They show an
average compton nthe las five years of some Sco mands, They are
iy egal, nd, but for the discredit. thon on them by the memorandum,
seem fc to be aceptod ac an index of consomption, 14s tc th the local
production nd fmpor together amount (0 1,300. muds. But the drug in
tis form contains 3 great dost of useless material, and i is probable hat wien

sold esl 1,300 mands gt reduced to Soo. This is not 30 large a proportion
of waste as ae found in the Cental Provinces, The imparted drag seems to
come from Khanden, and. it i not Fly tha the local ganja fs 3 more. fiched.

product than da: imported. 1 the consumption of Desac is to be compared

with that of the eighbouring Canal Provinces, where the figues of otal
ale represented the consumption of the cleaned drug, it certainly caanot be
taker to be mers tha Soo maunds; nd prolly tis is a high figure, Berar
the price of the dg is onefourch of what is in the Canis] Provinces. 17s
probable therfore, that the. individual allowance is very wach I
evidence pute it at § la a day, or approsimaiely = sis per anu, which
would cost Rs. 5. There would thus be 20 consumes to the mand snd 16,000
in the province, giving a percentage of 5 on the otal population, The result
snot far diflcent from that vive at in he Cental Provinces. As regards the
esol and individual cot, i appears to be reasonable, The evidence regarding
increase and decreas of wi is of tho usual contadictory character, The
statistic throw o light on the point, for they ace not correct as regards the rota

sales, ad, 0 regards the fopots, are mot in 2 stable form for the purpose.
“The preponderance of evidence sin favour of increase, bu the diteet observation

of & witness ike (51), who says that the younger men rarely smoke, must go or
‘someting. Ifthe evidenc of the majority be accepted, itis nevertheless cntaia
tht the increas is not very marked.

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(Cut. VIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEN? DRUGS COMMISSION, 189594. 158

403. The reports and evidence from Ajmere Mena furvish no statistics to
enable an estimate o be made of the extent of use of
An mn
i " the hemp drugs. There was an increase of revenue
in 1890.0x which was explained in the annual excise report to be de to come
pedition at the auction of monopely. There i no idence of any increase o de-
crease of use,

404. Tn Coorg the impor of ganja amounts to at mands and registered cone

oi sumption to 14. The populations 173055. The

etal priceis 14 annasto 1 rupee fora of 24 tol,
or approximately 3 anna per ola. Taking the minimum individus allowance at §
toa or § anna per diem, the annual individual consumption cones to go tls,
and the cost to something les than Rs. 5. This is a reasovale allowance, The
‘consumers would umber abt 1,000, o between-s and 6 per cent. ofthe popu
lation, Tes probable that the consumpt
cools nto cofiee and cardamon estates.

405. Thera is nofaformation ofthe quantity of hemp drugs consumed i sny.

part of Baluchistan, Bang and ganja sppcar to come.
rom India, ind charas and chor gaa rom Alghin-
stan as well 2s Indi. The Deputy Commissionerof Thal Chotal report that
the Bates and Pathan of that district are not addicted to the drogs; bat there

is information from other quarters that the Baluchia and Pathars generally do.
smoke. The inking of Shang would sppear to bo confined to Pathins snd
Indians. Its sid that the consumption of the drugs’s dectesing as the Indisn
‘population, which was lager when military operations mere going on, is being
fedaced. The average prices seem to be Re, 1 for bang, Rs. 20 for charas, and

Rs. 78/or ganja pes sr.

406. 1¢ Tas bec shown that the hemp drugs, or ganja alas, aes suggled
ino Burma fn considerable quasty. Bat it is
impossible to say to what extent the Indians manage

to supply their wants, or with any accurscy the price they ha to py fot the dog.
Thee doss not seem to be any use by the Burmans or people othr than the
matives of dia. The inquiries made by the Commission tend to show that the
quantity intsoduced ito the country Is increasing.

top es hal vot while to examine in deta! th statistics snd evidence re-
ating to the extent to which the hemp drugs are used

Ht. Mrsce Baas, in tho great Native States and Agencies, These te-
hi tories are surtounded and intermingled vith Bes
territoris, regarding which the question has been uly discussed, with the resalt
tha the satsics were found in most cases to be ar rom an accurate index of can

sumption, andthe evidence did ot justly very precise conclusions. More defite
cons, or equally definite, wil cetalnly not b obtsined rom the information up
pledby Native States. The extent of us in cach par of thess teriries may be
taken to resemble that in the neighbouring Bish provinces. The use of ganja
will be found to prevail aver the States of the Central India Ageacy as t dows
in the NonhWestern Provinces, Beogal, and the Cenral Provinces. The
se of hang will be more common than that of the other drags in Marwar and
the north-western parts of Rajputana, and it wil extend southwards towards
the Bombay Presidency, and eastwasds towards the States of Central India,

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 se
152 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [CH. VII.

oly mcg vith mae competion om ges. modes of chars

bomen te Secs hare wines rs the Pri aod he
Nort Wes Prove. The ent se of grin Hyderabad lb aly
241 ted by te sate of Br, the Bobey Presidency, and Mais
ers he pats of te Sie congo to hse eines, and. st
Hos capitol ie . msampion. of Myre. In thes two
Bango septa of he ev dng a pecicl dipper, bt
Ce ois o.com in Hy, Eiods conmnpio the me
tf th non prt of Boke Prsideny.
408. Tn Kashric and Nepal the wild plant forishes the whole, ora very lrge.
share of the consumption—a_fact which renders
te sd ep
useless for present purposes the figure of produce
on given in the Kashmir evidence, and of import from Bengal nto Nepal which
can be deivd from the Bengal statistics.

409. The inquiries. made in the army have dicted replies from 274

mp regiments, batteries of anilly, and specil corps

ABLES in the service of the Briish Government and
Natives States. If commanding offcrs had found it possible to fake an
accurate and complete census of the consumers of the hemp drugs among the
sepoys and other naive atached to ther corps, the result would hae been
of the greatest servi in determining the extent to which the hemp drugs see
used amang the various races and castes and the population generally. But
the cases ane fer in which th fnqiy has lciced information on the pant which
has the appearance of beng complete, 1t would therefore be misleading to
compile nd tsbule the reslis in. statistics form. Several enquiring officers
separ that thee men will ot adit the use of the hemp drugs, though it 1s ces
tain hat thy ae aken (0 some extent. And in many eases there ave special
reasons for this reticence in addition to the disrepute attaching to the habit in
native society gescraly. In some regiments the use of the drugs is directly
probed, and in others the commanding officers, though they may not. have
fone tis Length, regard the consumers with distrust. mast be the case also
that in some regiments the consumers are held in greater disrepute among thle

comrades than in others, Tnmany itis appavent that th inquiry was distastefl
tothe men, and in some that the commanding offers were ot very insistent
in presing it. Keeping in view these reasons for distrusting tho figures, i will

not be prudent to do mor than indicate a few general features of the hemp
drug babi a it presals in the mative armies.

410. There ar regiments all hee presidencies and inthe Native States

Ee in which the hemp drugs i one form or other are

= gown to be used by § per cent. of the men and fol.
lowers. Torys outof the 374 corps come under this category, and the
number evidently falls far short of the truth. In some corps the number of
consumers is far bigher than § per cent, In some corps the use, if the reports

ar tobe taken lierally, docs na exist, o is quite infinitesimal, or is practically

confined tothe followers. The consumption in these corps is no. doubt trifing.
in most cass but it is dificult to accept ic 2s fact a regards aay regiment that

patil to bang. -
the drugs ae not used at. al especialy in regiments of Sikhs, who axe extremely

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Cr. VILL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189594. 155

411. As regards the characte of the hab, the smokers as for the most

Lt rec of cess port regular smokers, and the dikers indulge

occasionally, and principally in the hot weather,
In these respects the babi resembles that of the cirl population, It is saturl
that excess shoud be comparatiely uncommon in bodies of men lvng under
suc discipine. It has been found that even in the police, wher the men have
more pecsonal sey, the use of hemp rarely birades sel

412, The habit of drinking Bhan is mare prealent inthe corps serving
nthe vorth-vestem part of Inds, but t cannot be

said that smoking is more common fn one part

than another, Charas is profemed fn the. compuarively small tract where
is cheap and easly procurale, and ganja is vied eleuhere. Smokin is
regarded a5 a protection agsinst cold, and hang drinking 13 5 relief vader
the disres of ory hot weather. The habit, therfore, vares according ss
regiments experience ifleent conditions of imate and wuld scm tht on
service the number of smokers increases. The preparation of the drink, how.
exer, kes time, and. requies certain Ingredients which on service way not be
btainable, 1 is doubtful, therfore, if hang drinking increases on sevice 55
smoking does, bt the practice of ching o eating the dro fn a simple form
may very wll take te place.

413 The Sikhs dink bhang and do not smoke; but itis reported of more

to sme, iis cute ot 000 SRD regiment thst the men do not
sp Pd use any of the drags. In one reginent they have
given up bang for the good rum which the canieen spplies. The Gor.
Khas tao prefer liquor, and. marly use the hemp droga, The hab would
seem to be. more prevalent fn the Gurkha regiments serving fn Assan than
sewers, bat uncommon even thee. The Rajputs and Pusbias seem to be
more given o the drugs than othr castes, Thre i some sites amg the
Mubammadans in some of the regiments of the north of Indi in regard to
both smoking and drinking of hemp but in Madras they pear o Rave the
ll proportion of smokers song. then.

S14 The very great majority of the replies state that the use of the
ota ies deo 47085 3 decreasing, asd among; the 38 wich take

wel the opposite view, 13 do ot refer Lo the tops,

but tothe civil popultion, Some replies alo are not very dete, There
are hardly mors than 20 oat of the 274 which can be sid to be evidence
on the side of crease. The actual facts on which increas is alleged re not
fen stated, but the commandant of a Bengal Cal regimeot finds that 25
years sgo not a man inthe regiment used the drugs, wile now some do, expe:
aly among the ater ented men. The causes of fcresse, when thy sc stated,
which is very rarely, are the chespness of the drugs as compered vith
liquor, the speody action and convenient form of chases, an the religious objec.
tion to the use of liuor. On the other hand, thee is 3 strong body of vid
ence onthe side of decrease. The cause which appears most prominently fn

Fa w
the replies i the grater demand which service makes in these days on th tine

and intelligence of the sepoy. Ho cannot spare the time to indulge In the
rage, which moves the laborious preparacion of bang sa dink, and the
‘period of alesness aod incapacity which follos an ilregulsted dose either

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154 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1393-04. (CH. VIII

as dink or smoke. And he a sid to be conscious that the habit renders 2 man

ess Bt fo th things he has to do snd learn. In many regiments the prohibie

tion is credited with having had a decided effet in reducing the practice. In
someitis id that the older men, who have the baby, arc retiring, and making.
roam for young men, who, entering the more intelectual school of soldieing, do

ot readily acquive it. This is in direct contrast with the evidence from a Ben
a) Cavaly regiment quoted above, and i is fo this reason the quotation was
made, Both opiians ae apparently based on observation, and that in favour of
deceease has a great number of adherents, while the offcer who halds the other
Stands alrcst alone. Tho point is of general terest as touching on the quality
ofthe modem recrie apart from the hemp question. The rise in the price of
drugs a alleged i some quarters as a cause of decrease, and nothers the cheap
ess of liquor, It s probable hat liquor is competing with drugs in the army
asit is doing amon the better classes of the civil population.

415. Ganja sues from the Gasja Mata) of Bengal in three forms—at,
round, and chur. Theie relative vale ait from the
vides fy that round ganas more free of eles stick and
Tea than ft gas, and chur is even more pure than round ganja. The first two
Finds sre reduced to chur or fragments 23 a necessary prcliminary 10 smoking,

but it ds possible hat & small amount of leaf always adhercs o the lumps.
of compressed flowers even when they have besa detached from the suck.
Nevertheless in this reduced form the three Kinds are practically tho same,
and many persons have no preference in regard to them. The evidence on this

pet is ne, however, unanimons, and in Calcit, the 24:

tho Burdvan and Ors Divisions round gan alone is sold, whi
consumed throughout the rst of the province, It is dosbifl i this distibution
is caused by any choles of the consumers, The explanation is publ to be
found inthe convenes and profit ofthe dealers in respect of th avaidance of
waste ind economy of camiage. The recent sudden increas in the consumpiion
of chur tends to confirm this view, for Mr, Gupta explains that it vs cased by
the discovery tha this ind was more lightly taxed in peoporion 0 the amount
of marco matte presentin it. As regards thie gona se, thorelore, these
theca Kinds of ganja do not. need to be distinguished, and the’ ramos ven ar
not curment ouside Beng. I may be suid that avery preside, province,
and almost every Native State outside Bengal, hus cers mount may
be very small —of home-grown ganja, This drug i of various quale, from the
produse of the wid pln: in certain pats to that of the sill snd regular
calvaton. There sce losal names for the drug, but tis casentaly the same
everyubere, varying fn scength and favour, Bongal ganja hd tho fist. place
public favour, In Assan i distinguished by the_cpithet mln, Only
srl quantity of i goes out of Bengal to the North-Wsteen Provinces. and the
pesinala of India, be the fame of it i cari al ver the country by the rei
gious wanders, and its name daluchr i very widely known.

r—
416. Ganj i used principally for smoking —almost wholly fo that purpose.
in Bengal where it is s0 expensive, The process of
preparing the drug for smoking, the kind of chin:
or pipe that is vied, and the manner of inhaling the smoke ace the same all.
over lodia, A small quantity of gasj, about & of a tos, is kneaded nthe.

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 —_— en
(CH. VIIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HENP DRUGS CONNISSION, 1885.04, 155

palm of the let hand with the thumb of the ight 3 few drops of water beng
poured on it from time to ime. When it cesses to parc with any ecous 13
the water, it s ready to be smoked. The illum i a bowl wth a short neck
issuing straight from the bottom of it, al made of clay; the same tht
‘commonly used for smoking tobacco. It is 15d with 3 foundationof 4 small

‘quantity of tobacco. On ths is plac the washed ganja which ha been chopped
up and another thin layer of tobacco. A five col is placed on the charged
pipe, a damp cloth is generally wrapped round the neck of t and folded to the
palm of the lft band, while the pip i grasped by the neck betwen the thu
and frst. finger. The right hand is presed, igers upwards, agains the cloth
and neck of the pipe, and. the craught is made through the space between the
thumb and fict finger of this hand. A fow shot breaths are blown and drawn.

to light up the pipe, and when this is accomplished one long desp drasght is
taken with the langs, The pipe s then handed on to 8 companion, and so gots
the round of the circle.

17. In Bengal chara s oly used by people in good circumstances, Te

Sr ura, the Pur 3nd North: Wester Proinces that
most isto be learnt about the diary method of
consuming it. 11 varies i quality and pric, and i often very much adalcrated.

Itis almost wholly used for smoking. A quantity, not larger than is uaually
put into the gia pipe, is buried or kneaded up in two or the times the
auaniy of tobacco in the form (gurak) in which t is prepared for smoking.
with the fukn, The Juke is then smoked in the ordinary way, the draught
Being ake ino the lungs. Dry tobacco may be ueed instead of the prepared
obiaceo, and the chillm instead of the fuk.

a anja alo is sommes smoked a the fats, snd other implements

er ws smi and means of smoking are mentioned. Thus in
Bombay and the Central Princes ericures oeca-
only use pipe made of sygareane in preference to the cilia. There are
ao contain de expedient in vogue amongst jungle peopl fo the smoking of
tobacco, which ae no doubt sorted to fa connection with the Ramp drag, nd
some of which appeat in tho cvidence, The pipe bow] may be consrctod n the

round, and red wad 0 commoricace with the math, A pie or ciscetc may
he made vith leaves, “Theleaf cigarette contining a misters of tobacco and hemp
Tears is spoken of in the Madras Presidency. A green branch of the Enplordi
neriftin cane readily fahioned nto a pie, snd is commonly used on emergency
nthe Saupors Fil. And in connection with the smoking of chars thee appeses
tobe custom at refigious gtherings in Upper India for religions mendicants to

sling huge chillin containing 3 sie or more of the de to 3 te so that al

omezs may parakeol i, Bling, 72, hemp leaves, or the ory inferior kinds of
gn or ganja refuse, i only smoked unde the compulsion of porery or want
ofthe better atic.

415. The above sr the simplest form in which the dogs ar smoked. But
the well-to-do are fend of favouring the pipe with
Mist ten mie,
spices. The mistur with tobaceo has the effect of

‘making the pipe burn properly and go further, and of diluting th smoke which
is inhaled; but other explanations see given of the reason for wing tobacco
with the drugs. Spices give fragrance and favour to the pipe, and possibly,
some of them, pungency. These commonly used are musk, mace, sao,

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 Ee
16 REFORT OF THE INDIAN IEF DRUGS COMNISSION, 185594. (Cr. VII.

ors, cardamom, or. (the male Rover of Pasdans adoatisinis), Tos,

Leva, ata, mone, ginger, bet, and bee aves

420. Powers] and noxious drugs are occasionally introduced into the pipe;
but this practice is confined to excessive consumers,
Mel phe dns 5908.30 among them t0 3 mere proportion only, on whom
hemp alone has ceased to produce the desired eflct of exlilaration or
stupeaction. The seeds of dhatura are by far the commonest. ingredient of
Tis cass, The next place should probably be taken by opium, and then
follow arsenic and nu vomica, acanite, and the toot of Aauker (Neri
adarum. or Thetis nerfs, the lar of which is known among the natives
2s yellow Auer), and after these may be mentioned certain substasces to
Which the consumers attribute. poisonos. or intoxicating properties, or at least
the ire of enbancing the potency of the herp. Such afe hemp secds, the
roo of the cold-weather jamard (sorghum of the Kind called ring inthe Central
Provinces and shal in Bombay), the root of fies, tho juice of the mda
(Calltrops iganten), and the skins snd poison of snakes; and, lasly, cantha-
Fides is sometimes wed for special purpose. It is sad that the jaar oot
i sometimes soaked in Higuor to increase its patency. In describing these ad-
mixtures, distinction has sot been made between chivas and. ganja smoking
because the use of the ingredients is a matter of individual caprce, and they do
not form pat of any recognized prepacation of the hemp drugs.

451. As vith smoking, so in the case of drinking, there is a common and

simple form, and also various compounds ‘more ar
Simpson 0498. {ecg labors, The simple fom is merely to pond
thedoug very fie ith litle black pepper, add water according 1
of the dis desied, and fier the decoction through a cloth,
is sometimes made with the bhang composed. almost etic of the aves of
the pla, and_somctimes, mos: commonly outside Bengal, the North-Western
Provinces, and the Poni, of the Rover heads or nixture of foeraad leaves.

ht has come away in the course of the manufacture of ganja. It goo by

different. mes in various parts of India. In Bengal it is commonly called
Shang or sid; in the North-Western Provinces bhang, sda, or flamer;
in the Panjab, Bombay, and Central Provinces bang or gluta; and in Sind
hota snd pangs according to its strength, In Madras the simplest form
of preparation seems to bo very lite used, but when it is, ft 3 probably
called bhang or subi. The Madras preparation called 7auuras of ramrasen
cers so comespond to. the ddl of Upper India, The common nas may
be taken to include all forms of beverage made from the hemp drugs, except
those which have special names of 1

Earn aan
nt repuahon KOE. le enriched, it may be, with sugar and. milk

LT Sa ep
of innocent ingredients are mentioned, viz., hemp and pappy seeds, mace, mint,

the seed of holyhock, the kernels of pistachio and chrali (Buchanania

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Ci. VILL] REPORT OF TH2 INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1899.94. 157

atl) aad, Trice, cubs, cles, and sana leaves, The ees
of fits 4nd tees are also employed i the concotio, suchas tat ofthe pome-
grasa, grape, mango, bac, coconuts, nd de (not todd).

423 The shove ingredients sr usd by ll moderate consaers scoring 0

Si oe tee tas od mes, There re others which by
SE pn their potency, their uncommonness, or their quai
ness desgued to meet the. craving of consumes wham the compounds in
ordinary use fi to say. Here sguin dhatrs takes the Gt phos, and
idence a not wanting that the seeds of his plot ae sometimes Kept in
stock by the grocers who supply dhe other grediets, ot by the sls af the
drugs. Besides datum, opium, ares, sth, acon, the leds rot,
and ed of Hack benbane ace entoned 2 big troduced ino hemp driks
A nisture of tuo or thre ofthese with the hemp drugs in oe ox two forms,

and peshaps one or two other fancifl ngrediets, goes by the cat name of
panchratas (th Sue jon), anchrangy ox pot. The name. i sppnty
applicdto ha sort of compound, 4nd sometimes sre to mae issooct. ons,
whether it is to be used for ating, dining, or smoking. The poison of copper

is somaines uid by making the decostion in 3 copper vessel o paling

coppe eins no i wile 1 eng prepared.

24, Theis sll anether css of ngredints, which sce used because they
ea are believed to have 5 cena eficincy of their
HO eer to be stmenal fn xbuacng the
pov of the hap drag. These ae the rots of gras of ie, and of jaar
the mana and roen knots of bamboo, sot, cobwebs, decayed sin, the
ic of the af (salon wor), and th rot of afb, These ac, of core, to bo
garded 1s curiosities of the subject, though the mention of th foward Toot
is rather frequent, As in the case of sling, cantharcs is vey rely ie
Goned ss aningredient.

425, The hemp drugs ar sometimes used to doce aloohlc desks. Tn

Onsite Tn Dili th se i to
the Puriab the name ftkis given to 2 concoction

be a drink called madre, which is compounded of dhatua, bhang, dlcobol, sd

opium. Th deiok i also known in the Panjab. In other quarters the hemp
drugs ace said to be smoked alte drinking ior to add to the intoxication.
The evidence of the sssociation of the hemp drugs with alcohol in these ways 5

fortunately scanty. The practice is probably rare oe it implies a recklessness in

intemperance whichis forign to the Indian character.

496. These is 3 guid preparation of gar in us in the Sholapr district

of the Bombay Presidency which seems to be
= ile koown_csewbere. 1 is called doi, and its
preparation is described by Bambay witnesses a5 and 47. The consumpe

appears to consis pincipllyof 4 groel made from omar 30d to conta a

arm of pd a tre fl fn 8
it ha to be Kept a day, when water add, and it is drunk.

427. Bang dik is kept for sale fa Kirachi, Witoess 5 from Sid says
temp dcocons somtimes 03" the refreshment ia prepared and kept in readi-

wr ne tobe supplied gratuitously for the we of visitors

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58 RBFORE op THE DIAN HENT DRUGS CONMISSON, 1893.94 (CH. VIL

a pussy soos al h gies of orb. The sams practic sd

he deen of th manages of th dhreiaia est Ad fn he
Fh. Drammord dss sol to of the same Sind 35 prev
io ag he Hind Js nh soa dict of he Pur.
8. Gara and bhang se cen ss wel ss donc Chas, i medicil
on beac, 1 very crcl comsmed
Sip frm tig bey.
herve bo nh form of soc, The simplest
fom of cao gj snd Bang 1 o pound them. 4p ih seh piss a wre
mentor nt repision of hang, and o svallay he pst the form
3 bin Tot ms sometimes compounded wilh moles or gu.
The loves of the gn las are ven shed on cccon. 1 dos
ot hovers, appear 10 5 rg acc wilh say pope any put of
Toda to coi th dg in (hs mane. Th bus ang dike wil
Got when bs ibe in piping is de. It in done on 3 jucey.
Tne ee tobe rs comm 1 st dhe pats in. th cold wear a
heh mae wh somins bo rept and Kept or we day by dy.
Tsp ore oe Furia, tr, and Bomb 5 otk or finds, nd
sn fb sd by Lepr tance,
429. Tete hover, vey considerable consompion of sets md
wih gare or bhang, or oven somtines chars,

How: They are all prepared in very much the same vay,
bec vaious names and properties depending on the proportion of the
hemp drugs and athe ingredimts tht they conan Thi bss fs sugar
and mil, snd the asec of the hemp dr sextet by the 5 of hes, and
Compornded vith thm vith ther dogs and spies or perfumes The. most
Common of them i maj, and the prraion is koma by. shat mms rom
ancendof Inds othe. othr. It is brgely wed at sors Hinds sss. 1
fe ovitony creed with aphrodisiac quan, Many prope conse hl
wl, her thought the yea oi the cold. ssn, abandon iin the hot.
in vor of thei prpssons. The ns of oie so proparans are.
pola i gener uo from the Deccan. och), puraat (Madrs), gl
Hind (Bombay shrikhand (Bombay) at (ng se), nd way thts,
Tose pepasons ae ll considered to be phic, sori o ch 1 dggee
{hat hey should perhaps bo edd mdicinl frm ber tha acti of
anny conmmpion. 1 is stated that in prepin hese mixtures copper
ves ss sometimes sed or opps os mare the process, nd dot
Tes the tsi ad eric rags menional ncomnocton wih tho prpaston of
dink sometimes ner to th

450. Hp is sometimes compounded no ces made of eam Mowe, 1

sims igo 5 hd 2 3 scsi he cooking of varions
np, dishes, those composed of meat as well as others.
Mors than one woes in more than one province. mentions this vse 36
pois to make fof tho guess, A viness from tho Pash deseies
how podered Bang is sometimes wrapped fn dhstrs leaves, the whale
enclosed ina coving of dapand baked, It sno clr whether th cooked
bance is xten or drnk. Te might be ihr. Witnesses, speaking of the
sorter art of the Bombay Presidency, sate that gram and des re some.
times charged vith hep, And in Calta the dug is occasonsly ed to
Sevrr coca,

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 CHAPTER IX.

SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS CUSTOMS.

451. Intheinstructions ssued tothe Commission by the Government India,

ference is made o the we of hemp drugs amon

Sol Cia sens hy te el a virion by

large classes ofthe peopl, and to the custom, which is believed to obai 10 3
large extent in Bengal, of offering an infusion of bhang to every guest and
member of the family on the las day ofthe Durga Puja. The Commission
were inteucted to ascertain to what extent these and simi customs prevail in
Bengal and other pats of India, and how far the use of hemp drugs forms a part

of social, or possibly religious, ceremerial or observance, Questions 3 and 33

ofthe Commission's questions were intended to elicit information on thes ola.

432. In Bengal thece ls a considerable bdy of evidence dealing with these

Bm customs, and more pacticlaly with the custom of

offering an infusion of bhang on the lst day of the

Durga Puja. Some ew witnesses, es tru, state cither that no socal of relige
us custom with wich hemp drugs ae connected exist, o tht they re unawace
of any such custom; but the great majority of the witness either given
account of them more o less ful, or allude to them briefly as maltess of common
notoriety.

433. The custom of offing an fusion of the eas ofthe hemp pint to
ever gues and member of th amily on he Bijoya
Dep Po
Dasani, or fst éay of the Durga Pf, is common
in Bengal, and may almost be si to be universal. 1 is alodd to by many of
he witness who eer o ts use an ths occasion aswell 3 on othr days of
the Durga Puja festival. But, wil ther can be no dot 3s to the existence
of the custom, ther s considerable divergence of irons to the tre ature
oti. The custom fs s a simple one. On the ut day of this grat. fonial
the male mermbse of the fail go forth o_consign the mage to the vaters,
and on thie ern the whole family ith thie gests exchange greetings
and embrace one another, During this recog a cup conaving an infec
Son of the ave of the hemp. plant is handed rod, and al we expec
1o partake thee, o st least o place i 10 the lps in token of sconce,
Sucncats containing hemp sc alo itboted. Optio is soos equally
vided 33 to whether th custo a mere social observance, or hehe it is
an essential pr of the religious ceemonial of the festival. There is difreace
of pion mong he witnesses a o whether there i ay infoncon inthe
Shotoas ending obligatory the consumpion of hemp ; but Tanti eigions
orks sanction the use, and the custom, whatever be ts origi, may sow bo
‘aid rom immemorial usage t be regarded by many peopl as pat of thei religious
sevens. From the vidnce ofthe wiassss i would appear tat thee fs
io spec direction tho Shasyas ofthe mamer in wich the drug should be
use bt from. th. references quoted it would appear that these allded to is
{bat of bangin the form of a infusion. Witnsses who can pes wih achoity
on the subject, such 2s Mabarabopadiya. Mabesn Chandra Nysyarain, Cok,
Procpalof the Government Sask. Calge, Caleta sly oligos sanction
fo the ie of bang o sddh, wile mary wkesses of bigh soci. positon, well

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160 REPORT OF THLE INDIAN HEXP DRUGS COMMISSIC 165504 [CH IX.

Scquited ith th bits of th people as, for example, Mabarja Sie Jotndea
Mota Tagore, 1.51, Mabarea Durga Charan Lav, Raja iar Mohan
Mokbari, Co, Rai Rajkumar Sevadhikri Bahadur, Ral Bahadur Kasai Lall
Dey, Ci, and bers, ses to the prevalence of the custom, is imate aor
iain vith she eliiouscevtions ofthe peopl, and the innocent bacalessncss
af the pase.

434. The custom described above and which les soll to bhang as distin
guished fom other preparations ofthe hemp pln, is

Ot om cman the mst important occasion on which bang is sed

503 part of sacl or religious ceremonies; but thre
is evidence to show thst the drug in this form is used. a¢ other festival. For
example, tthe Hal festival, whic fs observed. more geocrally in Beha than in
ater pat ofthe Lower Provinces, hang is commonly consumed. and, ccord-
ing many vitseses, at such festivals 5a the Dial, Chait Sankranti, Pous
Sukcant, Srpancham, Sivachaturdsi, Ramnavan, and indeed on occasions
af weddings and many othr family festivities. Bat, so far as the evidence
Shows, th us 01 those occasions is 2 mate of social custom observed moro
gene in some parts of the province than in others, and, although no
doubt there may be some who conse it essential to (he devotions, pac
taking but ide ofthe nurs of gral religious observance. In Odssa bang
ia rgely vied by he attendants and worshippers ac the temple of Jagamath
5 Pari and there appears alo to exis 3 custom, somewhat similis to hat of
the Durga oj in Bengal, of offing sid or bang inthe form of ssetmeats
tobe god Ganesh nich re then eaten by the. worslipers and thei fiends
and rls. Ths fx, called the Ganesh Chatur,ocers in th month
of Bhadro (August Sete)
45. 1s chiefly in conn of Siva, the Makadeo or
Costin of cus wit he great god of the Hindu inty, tha the hemp plant,
gg and more capecilly perhaps. gana, i associated.
“The hemp plant is popula belived to bave been » reat favourite of Siva, and
there is great deal of evidence befor the Comission o show that the drug
in some form o athe is now extensively used in the exercise of the religous
practices connected vith this form of worship. _ Reference to the almost universal

se of hemp druge by fais ogi, snyass, and ascetics of all asses, and more
partially of those devoted tthe worship of Siva, willbe found in the parsyraphs

of tis repost dealing with th classes of the piople who consume the drug.
These rlgious ascetics, whose regarded with great veneration by the people
at large, belive that the hemp plant is 4 special atibute of the god
Siva, and this bell is largely shared by the people. Hence the orig
of many fond epithets ascribing to guja the significance of a divine pro-
perty, and the common practic of invoking the dey in terms of adoration before

placing the lin or pipe of ganja to the lips. There is evidence to show that
on almost all occasions of the wership of this god, the hemp drugs in some form.

oc other are used by certain classes of the poop. It i established by the

evidence of Mabamabopadhya Mahesa Chanda Nyayaratna and of other
witaesses that sddhi is offered to the image of Siva at Benares, Baidynath,
Tarakesuar, and elsewhere, At the Shivati festival, 0d on almost al occasions
on which this worship is pracised, there is abundant evidence before the
Commission which shows not nly that ganja. is fired to theod and consumed

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Ci IX] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. 161

by these cases of the worshippers, but tht these customs ae so inutely cone
nected wih ae worship tht hey may be considered orm in Some sense 1
integral part fit.

456. The special form of worship by the followers of Siva, called the Tisath

or Tinnath Mela, in which the us of ganja. is con

sidered tobe essential is mentioned by many wit

nesses, and deserves more than a passing notice. A full account of tis religions
practice given by Babu Ablilas Chandra. Mukhasi will be found in Vol. [IL
Appendices of this Report, Theorign of th rice, which ts ssid sprang up first
in Eastern Bengal, appears t bo of recent dae, bout the year 1867. 1¢ peas
to be observed atl times and atl seasons by Hindus and Mubammadans
alike, the later calliogit Tinlakh Pie. When an object of special desis flfled,
or when a person recovers from iless, or a son s born, or marrage or other
ceremony is performed, the god Trinath, representing in one the Hinda tint,
i worshipped. Origially ane pice worth of gan, one pies worth of ol, and
one pice worth of betelnut was cffered to the god. But now gasa—it mey
be in large quanties—is profered, and during the incantations and the perform
ance ofthe ital itis incumbent on all present to smoke. This form of worship
i shown to have spread extensively throughout Eastern Bengal andthe Surma
Valley of Assam, and, according to one witness, it bas penetzated even to Orisa.
On the other hand, there are a few witnesces who sa that the practice is
gradual dying out.

437. Th us of hemp drugs a a rl ino vay comeced wth athodex

Mubammadsn observances, wheter socl or teh
A gov, The Muhammadan ion condemns such
practices.

435. Tn Assam, whore the se of hemp droge is but litle practised by the

sp Assames prope, there appest to be no indigenous

customs comected with the drugs. Bot. the cus.
toms prevaling in Bengal are also found in Assam. There is evidence sa to
the se of bhang or dd a2 the Durga Puja, and of ganja by the worshippers
of Siva. Tn Sylhet the Trinath form of worship appears to pressl to 8 cone
Siderable extent, With reference to this pacice, one witness (Prasanno Kumar
Das) observes that “in the Surma. Valley ganja is offered in the name of Pir
(Muhammadan sin) for the benefit of the catle”

435. Tn the North-Western Provinces, where the celebration of the Durga

Puja not so generally observed as in Bengal, a con-
Nes Wars Frc.
erable umber of witnesses (some iy inal) state
that there are no customs, eligious or socal, with which these drugs aro con-
Docted. Bu, onthe other hand, there is overwhelming evidence to establish the
most universal use by the peopl of bhang at the Hol festival, asd some evid-
“nce as to the common use of ganja by cotin classes of th followers of Siva
at thei festivals and seasons of worship. OF the witnesses who speak 10 the

Ree of ganja. ia connection with eligous observances, 2a state het it i essential

2nd ga tha it snot essential. As to whether the use of bang should bregarded
a puny socal custom or as essential to religious observance, the opivon
21 witsssea who speak on the point is about equally divided, 1 is sufficient
»

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 162 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [CH. IX.

tosaythat the cust is now a general on, and that wher the Hol festival is
bers, there the practic of consuming bhang ducing its abservance is common.
On ther occasions, such a the Diwali festival, marciages, snd family fest

{i eine tosh ta among crtsn esas th csumpion of bang

is common, Allon i alo frequently made to the habit of using bang, to
‘which fo example, the Chaubes of Mathea and Brndaban are notoriously addicted,

but how fr the habits comected with the rligioss observances at the temples
the eridace docs no justify the formation ofan opvion, A custom is mention:
€by a Kumaon witness, Dharma Nand Joshi, who sates thata class of people
called Kul, who worship spcis, mea, fsb, ic, have the Bang. plant 3 one
ofthe abject of thee worsip.

tho Tn the Pur theres evidence as to the general use of hemp by som.

— ofthe followers of Siva, und especialy of Bhang, at the

Holi, Dasehes, Dil and other festivals and onthe
occasion of mariage and othe family festivities. Among the Sikhs the use. of
Bhang as beverage appear tobe common, and to bo sesocisted vith thei reli-
gous practices, The witnesses who rele to this use by the Sikhs appear to
regard it 38 30 essential part of thle religions cies lasing the authority of the
Granth or Sikh scripture, Witness Sodhi lswar Singh, Extra sistant Come
missioner, says i=

Asfasas 1 know, Shang is pounded by the Sikhs on the Dacha day, and
tis xd binding upon every Sikh to dene i 25. sacred draught by mixing
water wih i,

Legond—Gara Gobind Singh, the tenth urn, the founder of the Si

elon was on the gadds of Baba Nanak in the time of Emperor Aura,
When the gura was a Auandgur, ahi Usa, Hoshisepur distict, engzed in
bate withthe Hill Rejs of the Sina, Kange, and th Hosirpor diticts, the
Rojas ent an elephant, whowas rained in attacking and shying he forces of the
enemy with a smord i his trunk snd. in breaking open the gies of forts, fo
attack and expire the Lobgarh for near Auadpir. “The go gave one of his
followers, Backttar Singh, some bang and a ile of pie to cat, and directed
Him to face the sad elephant. This brave man obeyed. the word of connand
of bis leader and sitacked the eleghint, wha was nosieated and Tid achicved
victories several tls before, wih the rsa hat the rin] wa overpovcred
andthe Hi Rajas defeated. The use of ban, therefor, on the Dasehrs day ia
necessary as a sacred dash. Iie customary among the Sine generally to
ink bang so tha Guru Gobind Singh his lime ssid the following pocnis
in rsise of hang: * Give me, © Saki (blr), cup of gece colour (bang),
asus required by me at the tine <f bude” (vide *Sumj Parkash, the
Sikh eigious ook).

Blang I also used on the Chanda doy, which is 3 fstval of the god
Shei Mabadess, The Sikhs consider it binding to use & on the Dasela day-
The quaniy thea taken i tos small to prove injurious.”

As Sikhs ae absolately prakibiced by thee eigen from smoking, the wie

of gan and chara in thi fom is not. pracised by them.

nique custom of dispensing Bhang at a rlgious charitable institution Is

that mentioned by wiwees Bab Kirpa Singh. The institution, 25 a ric

i!
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 — ba TTR
Ci, IX] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1855:94. 163

of old Sikh times, i annually permitted to callect without nerfzence a boat load

of bhang, which s afterwards distributed throughout the year fo the sadhus

‘and beggars ho a supported by the dharamsale.

441. The evidence as to social or religious customs in the Cental Provinces

i is somenhat discrepant, but an the whole. pants
tothe existence of customs skin to those existing,
the North-Western Provinces. The use of bhang at the Holi and Divali
festivals and at mariage and such occasions, and of ganja ar blang In
‘conection with the worship of Siva, is frequently mentioned by the wit-
nesses. A few local customs are also mentioned by some witnesses, Re-
garding a custom of the Chamar caste, the Rev. Mr. Jacob says: “At
Chand, the Chamars use garja dust in the preparation of 3 beverage called
gulabpani, which i drunk at a cecemony called dedi (the fit shaving of the
beard), when no iquor s permed” Among the Gonds, Cowssje Nusser-
wanjec Hatlidara describes the following custom as existing * In the funeral
ceremony amongst the Gonds of these provinces, kalfor fat gas is placed
ver the chest of the dead body of the Gand, and when the funeral party returns
home, a ite of the ganja is burnt in the bose of the dead person, the smoke of
wcll is supposed to reach the spit of the dead.” Anothee Stpura vitacss
Hosen Kian, mentions a custom of ofiering "a file ganja at the Citar
Debi, o calections of stones with rags ied to some tree above. They oer
either a cock or a conoanut or some ganja. Its a custom among travellers,
These Chiari Debi ae in the open, and the eavelles have a smal at the same
ime” One witness states that he has heard of the hemp plant being woslipped
in the Berar, but this is not coroborated by any of the witnesses fom these
district. Avtbe has heaed thatthe Gonds i thee il homes ave wortippers
of the plat.

443. the Nadas Presidency, where the use of hemp drugs is ess commen
than in most other provinces, many witsasses assert

Ab that there ae no customs, socil of religions, with

whic they ae connected, nd the evidenco 35 3 whole fal to establish the pr
valence of any customs 50 geneeal as those connected with the Durga Puja and
the worship of Sivan Bengal oc the Hol festival in the Nord Westen Prov.
nces. Dat thers i evidence 23 to the existence of customs of 4 less general

or widespread nature, In Ganjam, the witnesses speak to the commen use of

bang on the Mesha Sanipanti day in horouc of Siva and Anjanaysa, snd
also in he worship of Durga. Several slo allude to a custom of afcing 4 con-
fection or draught containing Bhan to the image at the temples of Harman.
AC the festival of Kam, the Indian cupid, bang is recy mado and drunk
Sccording to several wiinesses, The Rajputs or Bendis are puricolacly
fefoeed to in connection with this custom. On occasions of holidays or gala-

Gays, and at the Mohurram, & oumbe of witnesses say iti usual for Mohammae
Game 23 well a Hindus. to take bhang. 1 is also sald that various toxicants,

including ganj, ar sometimes ofiered tobe gods in worship, and then swallowed.
by those oieing them. Witness M. Sundaram yes, Deputy Tahsldar (60),
caps: Some of the lower oners make use of gan a8 an ofleing, ike cocon-
nih, plantains, liquor, shd euch other ades for certain deities, such as Mathura-
Seeran, Muniagpan, ete, according to the ow. taken by each person. This

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164 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [CH. IX.

cannot be considered as essential, but is only a practice observed in very rare

cases. Such practic is not lowed by many people, and it is not injurious”
Others allude to the ofeiog of gaa to Karupparnam, Kall, Mathuraveeran,
Muniappan, Karoaonasmars, and Aiyaswams, more parficalay in the south
of the Presidency. Mr. Asiaddin, Sahib Bahador, Deputy Collector, says:
“Neither the Moss or the Hind religion requires the use of these drugs
an religious occasions. On the other hand, i is prohibited. Nevertheless, in the
ath of biragis, such as at Tepas, and of Mubammadan saints, such as at
Nagore, Conjeersm, Arcot, and. other places, the manager of the shrine distr
utes ganja to al the fakes who assemble during the festival, In none of these
Places, religoudy speaking, ganja should bo distibuted, but, according to
Custom among the fair, ts distebuton is essential? The Rev. Me. Campbell
says that ganja is vaed in connection with the funeral esremonies observed by
conan classes, but that the use i not essential. Mr. Merriman alludes to 3
custom of ofcing snd. consuming bhang at th funeral of bhang consumers.

443. An interesting not, entitled “The Religion of Hemp,” by Mr. J. M,

Campbel, G..z., will be found in Vol. 111 Appen

Best dices Ta the Bombay Presidency the useof hemp in

connection with the worship of Siva, Mahadey or Shankar appears to be very
commen. It is refered to by many witnesses. The following description of
tis custom a8 prevalig in part of Gujrat, Kai, and probably Ahmedabad
has been fushed to the Excise Comasssoner by Mr. B, E. Madi, Deputy
Collector i—

“On the Shivwati day (he last day but one of the month of Magh),
sacred to the god Makadev or Sharla, bang wate is frely poured over the
lingam. Mabader is an ascstic, and is fond of Bhang, and on this day itis
considered tlgious duty to of him his favourite drink. From this day to
the 1th day of Ashad, on which day gods go to sleep water is kept. constantly
dripping upon the lingam of Mabadev from an easthen pot. kept above it”

Somcvhat similaraccounts varying in detal are given by many witnesses

coming from dificent parts of the province, of whom some also refer to the
hati which. ganja smokers have of invoking. the deiy befor placing the pipe
tothe lips. Others alo refer 0 hemp as required in the worship of Baldo
and to ts use at the Shing or Hol festival. The Marwaris and some other
cusses appear to use bhang at marages and other fstivides. Me. Charles,
Colectar of Belgaum, says that among Musalmans and Macahas the ganja
plant is offeced to dead relatives who used tin thee etme a the time of the
anniversaty ceremonies of thle death. There appears to be no special customol
worshipping the hemp plant sell. R. K. Kothavale, of Sataea datict, says
the hemp plant is worshipped by one sect nly, namely, by people rom Northern
India snd Nepal, while Mr. Lamb, Collector of Alibag, remarks that some of
the Kunbis who make ofeings to. tho local diviies of their fields at the
barvest season include small quanity of gana in the oferings.

44. Tn Sind the customs, both religious and social, sppea to be much the-

a same as in Bombay. In Karachi and some other

places bharg is geoerally ofiered to al comers an
occasions of mriages, panchayats, and other gathedings; and the custom of

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CH. TX] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189354. 165

freely disiboting bhang as a charity to all who care to partake is common both
at teatpls and at othr placesof resort

445: Tn Berar there is evidence as to the vse both of ganja and bhang at

si the Shiveatr and Holi festivals and at sacial gathers

ings. The hemp plant tel is not worshipped, but,
‘according to one witness, when a consumer dies, the plant a kept nes his corpse
ding the funeral ceremony.

Nowe Nar, 446. At the Holl and the Shiveat and at faily
festivities the drugs, especially bhang, are used,

447. Major Gaisfod, Deputy Commissioner, states that among. the Hindu

inn sect called Bam Bargis the consumption of bhang.

fs regarded as essential.

48. From Native States there is but Hile information regarding customs,
Nessun. either social or religious, with which these drugs are
connected. No purely local or indigencus customs
hae been brought to the nice of the Commission, but there is suficient infor.
mation to show that practices similar o those existing in Bish provinces at the
Holi and Shivrat festivals and on oceasions of family rejocings are observed
by certain classes of the peopl in many Native States.

449. The custom of worshipping the hemp plant, althoughnot so prevalent

as that of ofeing hemp to Siva and othe eis ofthe
Want of de emp sn.
Hindus, would nevertheless sppear from. the sate.
ments of the witnesses to exist to some extent i some provinces of India, The
reason why this fact is not generally known may perhaps be gathered from such

sttements 23 that of Pandit. Dharma Nand Joshi, who says tha such worships
performed in sees, There may be another cause of the denial on the par: of the
Tage majority of Hindu witnesses of any knowledge of the existence of 2 custons

af worshipping the hemp plant in thatthe educated Hinda vill not adit that he
‘worships the material abject of is adoration, but the dety 4s represented. by it,
The custom of worshipping the hemp plant, hough not confined to the Himaleyan
isrcts or the nosthern portions of India lone, where the use of the products
of the hemp plant is more genecal among the peopl, is less kaown 25 ve
go south. Sill sven fr south, in some of ch bily districts of tho Madras Presi.
dency and among the rural population, the hemp plant is looked upon with some.
Cort of veneration. Mr. J. H. Merriman (witness No. 28, Madras) says:
Know of no custom of worshipping the hemp plant, but belie it is held
a certain sor of veneration by some classes,” Mr. J. Sturrock, the Collector of
Coimbatore (witness No. 2, Madras), says : “In some few locales there is 2
Uadition of sanctity attached to the plant, but no regular worship”
The Chairman of the Conjeveram Municipal Board, Mr. E. Subramana Iyer

(witness No. 143, Madras), aye: “There is no plant to be worshipped hee,

but it Js generally used as sacrifice to some of the minor Hindu deities”
There is + passage quoted from Rudrayamal Danaland and Karnaland in
the report on the use of hemp drugs in the Baroda State, which also shows
that the worship of the bhang plant is enjoined a the Shastras. It is thus
stated: “The god Shiva says to Pariati—! Ob, goddess Part], hear he bene
Fit decived from bhaag, The worship of bhang raises one to my postion etc
®

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166 REFORT OF THE INDIA HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [CH. TX.

In Bhai Paras ts sisted that "on. the 13th moon of Chia (March
and Ap) ose who wishes to see the umber of his sons and. grandsons
essd mst worship Kare (Cupid) in the hemp plan,

450. In suring up thee conclusions 0 this chapter the Comision wold

rt. remark that chara, which sa comparatively
new aco consumption, bas ot been shown 0 bo
religous observance. As rgards Nothen India,
{he Commision ar of opinion that the ss of Shang is more or less comma
excyuber in comncton ith the social and religious customs of the peopl.
‘hs eget gars thy fd that her are conn class nl pat, except he
Puna, who us the dg in conection ith ther socal nd rlgious observances,
“The Comin ae ls of anion regard to bang hat ts oe f considered
esol in some. lous observances by 4 large section f the community,
2nd in rogard to gan tht hese who consider i essential are comparatively very
few, The Commission hase ite doab that. ntefrence withthe use of hemp
in connect wit the custom ad observance above refered to would bo regi.
ed by the consumers 35 an ncferoce vith ang cotablshd sage and a an
ncraachment spon thee cligous Foes. And his feling woul, cspecilly
{nthe cue of ban, undoubtedly bo shared o same exten by te people at ge.
Regarding Souther Indi, the same emsrks apply vith this reservation, that
the diference betwen guia nd bhang 35 mater for amoking and dik
ing respectively 5 much eo marked there, and the disncton betwen the to
{forms of th drug is much ls ely ecogeised although by the sem bang”
a gency meant the dro as usd lo drinking and by gs” the dr 31
wid for smaing.

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 CHAPTER X,

EFFECTS GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

451. There has been some dificult in obtaining deft information regard.
Frimiiog pune «th ingthe ellcts of bemp drugs. This dificulty has not

ha arisen from any unwillingness on the pir: of witnesses

to tel what they know. The Rev. Thomas Evans (Noxh-Wester Provinces
witness No. 210) has stated that * native officials (snd even barsters and lead
ex) are afcid o give evidence lst they should thereby give offence to the
Government” The Commission have had no. experience of this Kad, and a
perusal of the evidence wil show that this alleged hesitation on the par of cer
ain personsto give evidence must have been very exceptional. Witnesses are
found amang all classes, not excluding even drug vendors themselves, who hase
made strong statements against the drugs, The dficalty has isn from the
‘genera! ignorance of the subject which has no ithero attracted. special atten.
fon. One resul of the labours of the Commission has been to show how much

ignorance prevails regarding the consumption of these drugs and thei efets.
This ignorance is not confined to Eurcpeans, It extends to a large number of
naive witnesses. 111s not confined t those who ive spat. from the common
people. It extends to many whose duties see believed to bring them nto close
and constant contact wich the people. Not a few persons who were asked to
give evidence declined t do so, and others did so. somewhat seluctanly, on
the ground that they had ite or no experience of the consumption of th drigs.

To quote a novoficial witness on this pony, the Rev, George Pitendigh

(Madras witness No. 160) says: * 1 have beon'in India for nine yeas. 1 had
Hardly heard the name of ganja. 1 bad heaed it occasionally in convection with
bandymen and coachmen, aad 50 on, but had (so far as | know) seen nave of
its cffcts. 1 had heard that they were similar to opium—a narcotic ot ftoxicant,
That was all knew, 1s not tl ate © heard of the Comission that] made.

any special enquiry into the matter. Lenguiced frst of Evtopeans and respectable
tives, students and others, graduates and other men of some standing. Noone
seemed to know anyihing about it. The ordinary caste native seemed. only to
Know in a genera way that it was used by Mubammads, bairagis, losers, and
cuffans. Europeans seemed to know nothing of its use” The above is by no
means an exceptional statement, Mach the same evidence is given by officials
as well as nowoficils, and by ratives ss well 1s Buopemns, It
Rot. confine 10 ne province, but is given al over India. This stae of things
not dificult to explain. As 2 matte of fac, is not usual for those who usethe
drugs, especialy those who simak them, to do so in the presence of others.
Ttis usually only the disipated who make a practice of publicly using intoxicants.

The moderate consumer is generally known orly to those who have occasion to
in him at bis mealsor at the mes when he takes his regular dose. In this
county thre is ths additonal fac to be considered, that custom is distinctly
against smoking inthe presence of any one who i in any sense superior or ened
to respect. Thos it would be only rarely that a man would smoke inthe presence
of a neighbour who had not specially come tojoin im. As to the casual smoker
onthe sizee or elsewhere, the passec-by would probably rot kaow that he was
‘consuning hemp drugs for he smokes th drug as a rule i the same manner as bo
vould smoke tobacco, and also mised with tobacco, which to a certain extent

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 18 Aas 0 THE IDiAN HEMP DRVGS COMMISSION, 83558. (CX

conceals thesmll. On the whol, then, scaly nteligible that respectable per-
Sons should have 3 very inited knowledge of the consumption of hemp drags, and

especially of the smoking of ofa and chars, except by dissipated or excessive

Consumers. As might have been anticipated from a careful consideration of the
circumstance, the experience of 2 large number of witnesses, even of those. who

bave seen something of the use of the drugs, is found to be confined to. having.

sean pales or bostmen smoke inthe midst of hard work, or to occasionally

Seng frend indulge. Some othr witnesses have only Known the habit as
practised by such persons ss fies or by disipated persons who consume to
excess. Some have only seen the drug used when they have gone in the way
of duty, or, in pursuance of this inquiry, to shops or other places where smokers
fest, The witnesses are very few who have any extensive and accurate
acquaintance with consumption. Witnesses were specially warned 19 confine
themselves to wha they actually knew, and eflris were made, wherever the
evidence seemed to requir i, to ascertain whether they had dona so,

453. In cstimating th value of the evidence as to effects, his generally very

ec wisn, limited acquaintance with the subject on the part of

the witnesses has had to be borne constantyin mind.

thas besnneoessary to decline toaccept stronger dogmatic statements on one ids.
ot the other without taking pans to ascerin on what bass of fac and actual
experience they have been founded. This careful inquiry int the actual Lass of
statements made has been lund necessary also in consideration of tho dificcent
pots of view from wich such a question as his may be regarded. Some wit-
nesses know only the medicinal use of the drugs, ad vo prepared to say nothing.

but goodof them, being relly ignorant of thee uso xs intoxicants, They know
only the use of the drugs as remedial agents, cacllly prescribed when nwccanity
ass, or used as a domestic remedy in certain minor ales. This use
is sometimes conlouaded wit the use of the drugs 2s stimelants or foxcants,
These uss ght tbe very caretlly discriminated. There are also vitnesses
who do know the us of the drugs as intoxicants, but know aly the moderate
use. These have nothing stronger to say of the drugs than would be said of
alcohol by the man who only had sce a glass of wine ken at his own table or
a the table of a fend. Ho knows nothing of the cfects of oxcess, Others
again have only experience of excessive consumption. The molrate consume
bas nt atscted thei atenion. The. ul: wrought in estan cases by excess
as alone stead thee nice, They feel ovacds these drugs as that man feels
towards alcool whose experince has bc ily sed among he socal wrecks
olthelowes: parts of a great city. Tn viow of all his, the Commission were careful

todowhat they could aseerain the bass of the opinionsand closely tocxamine
the fate [4d before them. Siskin statements. made by somo of the most
care and inteligent witnesses 33 to the change in ther views when. (hey
became aware of the grea extent of the moderate consumption of these drugs, the

elfcts of which they had only sen in cases of deplorable excess, wil be reorted

to later on i dealing with insanity and other efits. This ignorance of the
eects of hemp drugs on the part of some able, intelligent, and. bencvaleat
men, however it may be explained with reference to. the sbove considerations,
‘must stl be regarded as indicating that the injury caused by the drugs is com
paratively teifing. It must have atizacted more attention had. evi cfiects been
at all common in comparison with the extent of consumption.

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Gi. X] REPORT OF THE INDIAN NEP DRUGS CoNNISSION, 189394. 169

453 Belo proceeding to discuss the evidence regarding th effects produced

fsck curs cop, BY 1 Gg, i ill be wel to novice brie one or

ha ™ two prdiminaty questions. One of these is the
fleet efi of the diffe forms of he drugs. Witnesses ers requested
10 compare the effects of gana and churas, and. ther a considerable body of
evidence on this subject. Inasmuch as charas is theoretically the pure resin
extracted from the hemp plant, and the Tesi i the active inciple in oll
vases of the drug, it might be expected that his would be everywhere the
strongest form in which the drug is found. But the evidence isnot all lo. (kis
ect. Charas is but file known in Bombay, Madras, Assam, and Burma
and ganja is but Tite known in the Punjab. In these five provinces, therefore,
but low witnesses institute any comparison; and though ther sre some vio
have sce th ects of thse dogs n diffcen parte of India, yet the views of
the majority of winesses from hese provinces who do insite tho com
parison must of necessity have but file weight, In the North-Western
Province, the Central Province, and Sid, where both drugs are mare or less
known, the grea jority (5 fo onc) of those who make any distinction in
strength between these two forms declare that charas is the stronger, In
Benga, on the other hand, a majority (1 to on) of those wo discriminate
rd gj as the sronger. Even fn these provinces, boven, the evidences
cant be accepted with confidence, for itis not usual for gana and chr to
i smoked by the same person. The evidence shows clearly enough that there
is no essential diffrence betesn charas and. gana, but that the former takes
in the Poa and fn pars of the North-Western Provinces the place. among
monicants which i taken by ganja in other pars of India. Theanly dierence
in regan to thei cscs apparene from the idence is that some witnesses assert

he form to be sconge than th other These ar, however, diflcences of opi

ion among the witness 33 o which the sronge. The importance of thse
ences ofoprion pebaps es mainly in the necessity fresplaiing them. There are
wo general reasons why some f he wincsses might econcouly regu chras ss
wesher ths gnje—si, (n) tha the fee of each smoke dependsan the amount
of the drug ase, and ifrence of experiences to this has adniveedly led to
Gillwenco of view regarding the droga and (3) hat the consanes of ches in
‘Bengal ars of the higher cltss, and vould naturally speak in favour of thie own

de, Ther av alo to reasons why chuas may actully compareles fvous.
“bly with ganja in Bengal than chewhere—aiz, (o) that charas ndosbtedly
etcontas by hecping, and lsosppears tobe argely adulerted for the market
and () thas the Bengal ganja, being mare highy cultivated and more carefully
prepared, esches the market beter aril han the ganja of any ther province,
There is no erence of any othe diffrence between these two forms of hemp

drugs excopt one of degree; and this difleence of degree docs not appear
tobe at ala cotsinty everywhere. The experiments conducted by Dr. Evans
20d Mr. Hoopes are coporid in Vol UI Appendiccs. They indicate that
“hates from various soutces may contain from 445 lo 1635 per cent. of
“ole in aleohol, while Beogal round gana affords 216 per cent. The
Phvdlogea valu of the seotolc extacs i oot, hewever, the same in al
vps of chara compare with thal obtained from Bengal gaa. In nly 020
Sample of chiras were the cllects produced comparable to those produced by 2
Simtle dose of the slobolic extract of the “standard” gnja. The resin
xtracod from the other samples of charas was much weaker, doses varying
“

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i70 REPORT OF THE INDIAK HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893:94 [CH X.

from csv 0 sb part of the body weight being reguired to produce certs
‘physilogias cet, while in three samples of Nepal charas doses equal 10 slo
pat ofthe body weight wee inactive. These startling figures seen to ndicae
not only natural deterioration, bat also extensive adulteration of churas.

45k The idence recorded regain the fc ofthe thee preparations of

- ji round fi, and chs) shows ley thet
mes {0 ees ici doubt he es
is notin Kind, bt nly in degre. Thor i np illccnc wht fn bid, and
he dif dor is ing. Round gos preciclly union except in
Beng Ther th gest sory ofthe wnceos say ther is 10 difrnce
vena degre beeen tou and Tt gas. Oly forty-one iseses drow any
Gticton, amd hee. ar ety equally divided. Some, indcd, thik tat the
ames in whic the round gana alld rts decor oer ht the
loa packing af the fat gos bs th same fst, The truth sccm ob
{5 th preference for an o other of hese to peprtins i pul 3 itr
of bai and vais dn flrs. ini, snd. hat thre Flo re irc
men he eft of thse pogsaions, Ths i bons ont by th experts
conducted by Dr. Pon seis prt on he cuiveion of gan submited
tothe Beal Government in 1635) and by thos of i. oop, hough thse
oss of experiments dif somewhat in esl. Dr Pin gov. the. averse
pereatages afesinesracl fom Dal ound and ft srs for he seasons 959
ogg ss say and 21g respectively, His specimens hd bee rede
he sate of chu. Mr Hooper fund chur 10 ald 2500 pic cont. of
fei xt compared with 255, 226, and ov for smal at, ae Tt, 21d
“ound ga reese.
In repost to chur the. extdonco fs wry mich divided and unc
intone Soars it goss, I ends to show tht Bengals the ony provin
where chars regrded 353 least 35 wong 3s the broken xa. The
expaation of this divensty of opions is smple. Chur is broken ganja
and gan may be broken ihr purposcly o accdemlly. Tn many. part sd
by many. wineses chee is regarded as che broken or refuse nj which
comes seared in he process of prguraion o rsp, ad AIF * evn
the post will vo buy.” A secend chs of witnesses know clue he bt
pats of the gar heads, seed. conoly rom the woody matte or ks,
and throne sconger, uk for bulk than. the ordi ancl. A. thd ct.
of wines pin ot. tht before bee smoked a must bo broken; ¢ st
Become clu boore beng used. Those insist thelr, that thre sno
eal diflrnce bene chr and othe gars, 1 ay be noted, hover, Ul
there seems good ground to bows that chur as packed at prescl detcn
rates more capil han he unbroken gos, and is those ss popu
Teast he moe ison mkt.

455. The question 1s to whether the smaling of hemp is marc njuious than

” drinking or cating the drug is of importance main

Sh. Conon ity he Sctece etn onto
charas and bhsog, The form in which the question was put by the Commission

ised two comparisons—siz, (a) between the smaking and eating or disking of
the same preparation, and (i) between. smoking one preparation aud ewing or
drinking another, But unfortnately there has boca some confusion fn the

anes, some witnesses having manifestly and. others presumably overlooked

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 X] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS CONMISSION, 189594. 171

At the same time cannot be sid that the evidence is prac

cally clear and decided. Many witnesses fel themselves unable to deal wich
the matter. A few decin to discriminate between the efiects of smoking and
those af the other modes of consumption. Well over fur hundred. witnesses,
However, institute a clear comparison. OF these there ae over a hundred medic
cal men tained more o less thoroughly according to European methods, of
‘whom four-fh regard smoking as the most injrious fom of consumption
There are over forty practitioners trained. after native methods, of whom
nearly three-fourths hold the same opinion. There ste nearly three hundred
noneedical witnesses wha are similaly divided. These figures thaw that the
decided majority of such witnesses a3 have given an opinion regard smoking
he mast inurious form of consumption, and this is found to be the case
both for ll classes of witnesses and for al provinces. ‘The msjority is less in
Bengal, being precisely two to one in each of the two classos of medic, and
rather Jess than that among the non-medical, wizesses who hase recognised
any difieence. 10 bas aso o be borne in wind that among the misory there
are some who clearly sate tha though ganja smoking may be less deleterious
than drinking o eating gan, itis more deleterious than drinking Shang. And
ther are probably others who hold tis view, though they have wot thought of
stating it.

There ane some witnesses whose experience is that dinkin bang a bait.
hich is ore Fely to #0 to excess than smoking, because more seduccive and
moro sociable, But there are many others whose experience fa preciscly the
Foverse, These ar one oF Wo witnesses who thik smoking less farmfal than
drinking hemp, because the latter form of consuy
opinion mere readily to deleterious mixtures, But. there is a gree deal of
idence to a precisdly oppose effect. There sre also some witnesses who
‘emphasise the injurious effects of the excesive us of bhang on the digestive
System. Dut the prepondersncs of opinion s that excessive smoking of charas
or ganja has sel more nlous effects on the syste,

Common experience then 32 indicted fn. the evidence of ll css of

ircsso, sons io cach that soking gn oF chars 1s mrs nuns than
bing Shang. There seems 7. feasn to decline. to accept this view. The
{oll rssons se o suport it (s) thes much esol te resin inwbat
i prop Frown 33 bang hn in gua or chars; (1) he produc of the
delcueive ilo of th resin sppesr o be capable of ding ror, pecially
if uscd to excess, snd be seid to the longs od realy sbaorbd by. the
nboiion whieh s the fvarable method of smoking. At th same tne ny
one can ead he evidence oF observ the. facts wichout realising thst. th use of

hing atl rota cried beyond moderation, may alo be distinctly juris.

456: 1n considering the effets of hemp drugs is necessary nt toforget the

admixtures ved more or less frequenly with then,

Meigre These sre discussed more fully in othe parts of the

report. There as cai of them, such as the spices wsed to render bang a
more platable dink and also_pechaps less iriatng o the digestive system,
or the slnonds used to emulsify the resinous matter in the bhang, or the

tobaceo used as the most pleasant sebicle and diluent of chars or ganja
when smoked, which need not be discussed here, Thei effects are importa,

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173 RBRORT OF THE INDIN EWP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [Cit X.

But there are certain admicures which sre ken wih the hemp drogs, at

least ostensibly, with the express purpose of icensifying the effects. Thus
opi i sometimes smoked with ganja. This is probably sheer vice, a is
pated sire to mix ntonicants, Cantharides nd mux vomiea are sometimes.
used in hang. The objec of this is apparently to prodoce aphrodisiac efects.
But mux vomica is also perhaps used thus 19.4. tonic. This drug is apparently
somaines smoked, when its efct would be. nillifed. Arsenic is similarly
used in bang, probably from 3 beiel in its prophylactic and tonic propos.
Iti also stated to be. smoked with chasss ganja. In this form i wold be
vey prisons, but the evidence seems to show that it is smoked ostenatiously
by jogs and fics and probly iis not really baled. 1c is also sometimes
sated that scence Ts occasionally smoked. All these admixtures, as wel as
ethers of more exceptional and exteaorlnaey character, appear 0 be rarely
used. More common than any of them is dhturs. [01s generally the seeds,
but occasionally dhe leaves, that see sed, This drug is used by those deauchis
or other excessive consuncrs who either cant aford suficient gana cs bhang,
orveho desi strnger form of ftoxication than ithe can supply. There is
aio some fle evidence of the occasional use by those who supply the drink of

an infusion of dlaturs to strengthen blang, perhaps sometimes. without the

Knowledge ofthe consumers. Theo is a good. deal of evidence both gansealy
of the us of this drug by excessive consuavrs and also in paca exes of the
radon formation of the dbatura habit when gan o bivang bss ld to stil.
Date is clearly mre sgangly toxicant than the hemp drugs, and there can
belle doubt that the evidence which represents 4 decidedly acre furious
may be accepted as fn accordance with act. Theres a strong populas prejudice
aginst this drug, snd itis not used by moderate smokers at all. 4 docs ak
seem lly that it would ever replace hemp drugs any nore. than it now sup.
Plements the among moderate consumes, but only among peor who daiber-
‘ely dose nosieation sad see indicted thie choice of toxicant, At the
same tine the use of Auscpunns watieus oe Hill sang of the Western
tie), ahead eferred to, docs dicate the possibilty of more general resort:
to dhaurs if ganja were rok wealble, Tho active principle of hs drug is.
closely allied 10 ht of dha in te physiological elcts, There are shia
many witnesses who believe that consumers of the hemp drugs (repeal, but
not exclusively, xcs consumers) wold take tn distur if they coud mot
obtain the drugs to which they are accustomed, and this opinion is entitled to
considecable weight.

457. Dhatara belongs o the sie mataral oder as hyoseyamus and bella
dome. The active principle of dhatue is hyoscyae
mine vith small quaatiies of atropine and hyoscine
the active prnciplo of beladona is atropine with some byoseyanine, These three

alias ace sl closely allied i thei physiologialaction. The action of atropine

basbesn uly studied, [tis umncessany, therelae, to say mote of the physiological

action ofdhstoms. Tha leaves, and in sven highe degree the seeds, form a very
povertol inoxicant; and the” delim which casas from the ve of the drug is
well knona. The cfs of dhaturs as ineoduced ints the system rough
the stomach hus ithero chiefly received. attention, but the efecs of smoking
hare lo been observed. There have, however, been hitherto no physiological
experiments to ascertain the efiects produced by the prolonged inhalation of

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GH.X] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEM? DRUGS COMMISSION, 185594. 173

dhatura smoke. The Commission requested Dr. D. D. Cunningham to condo

such experiments. His report is conned in Val. 111 Appendices. The fol
Towing extract i of meres: * The subject of experiment, ss in the case of that

on the effcts of the inhalation of the smoke of guns, vas firszed specimen
of Macacus rheaus. The weatment was initiated on the 1st June and continued
‘until 11th July, 5 that the experiment lasted for a period of sbout six weeks.
In its conduct the same inhalation apparaus was employed as in the first
experiment. At the outset the seeds of dhatars were made use of as the source

but as they appeared to be undesiably poten, leaves wee pre

sently substituted for thers, and were persistently employed. throughout the rest
ofthe experiment,

“The sympoms attending the ester were not invariably quit wniorm in
character. On some occasions indications of a cern amount of cerebral
excitement were presat for some time; bet, 38 a rule, drowsiness and gradunlly
increasing intoxication manifested. themselves fom the outset, ther alone or
associsced vith symptoms of iritaion of the respiratory apparatus as indicated
by coughing,

The animal was killed by means of prolonged administetion of cHaroform

on the morning of the 15th Joly, and a postmortem examication conducted at

once with the folloing rests =.

“The lungs were not adherent to thoraci vals, but were both deeply con-
gested almost everywhere, and especially towards thee spice
tubecculas nodules sod small cavities were present. Su phenonena were, of
aourse, very frequent in the lungs of monkeys in confinsment, but i remains pos-
sible that the gneral pulmonary congestion may have been partially duc to ini-
ation inca on the ination of the smoke, The visceral pericardium was
almost devoid of fat and was somewhat thickened and opaque, especially aver the
region of the ight suricle. The omentom and mesentery were lo vey free
fra ft. The splen appeared to be rather anemic, and was somen'at Boroid
estere. The Fer, pancreas, stomach, large and small intestines, and Kidneys
presente wo sbrormal appearances.

“On opening the craviam the dura mace was found to be somtt thickened,
and especially in the neighbourhood of the superior longitudinal snus very
conspicusesly congested. In this region, too, the membrane in the occipital
region was iol Lo the cranial walls by sof, very vascule adhesions. The pia-
mater was thickened and so highly injected throughout that the cersbl sux
face had n generally diffsed pink tint. The corebral substance was everywhere
abnormally oft and so able a to. sender any immediate removal of the mem
branes impossible without the occurrence of much destruction of the nervous
stu, Like the surface, although in rior degree, i was of a pinkish tioge
ving to abnornal accumulation of blood. ~Cendions of this ind appedred. to
be universally difised throvghout the whol of the cereal centre, the texture
of the hemispheres, of the cerebellum, and of the base ganglia being alike soft, and.
the evidences of sbrcrmal congestion universally distibuted. In sie of this,
however, the spinal cord and its membranes were to all ppearance perfectly
bealihy.

“Tn s0 far as 2 single experiment goes, he results in his case woud then
seem to show that the habitual inbalaton of the smoke of dbatus, even when
’ "

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174 REFORT oF THE TYOLAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 180554. (CH. X-

only practised fo elatvely brie period, is suficent to establish serious morbid

changes in the cerebral nervous centre, and that Jt therein diftes from the
habitual inhalation of the smoke of ganja. extending oves a much more prolonged

period, This clscy indicates the necessity of disinguishing between cases in

which gaia lone is employed from those in which a mixture of ganja and
dbatur substituted fot i as otherwise certain prejudicial efccts which are
eally de to the ue ofthe latter drug may be erroneously credied t the former

458. Turning no to the efects of hemp drugs, it. seems expedient to tke
up fst thee medicinal use, This is not confined to
thee use as preserbed by physicians, but extends
sho to. thei use as popular or domestic remedial agents. Out of a total
of 155 Euvopean and Native witnesses before the Commission, lie less
than twoshinds cefer to the uso of hemp drugs by. the Vedanti and Yanan
school of ative physicians and native doctors generally, while the est afford
no inforzation on the subject or reply in the negative, About onc.sixth of
the former refer specially to the use of ganja, onctid to bang, and the
reminder state that both forms f the drug. ae prescribed, several of the vite
esses in the North-Western Provinces and Panjab pardicfarising chiras as a
remedial sgent. 1 he number of witnesses who speak of this use in each prov.

ince may be taken as approximately indicating its extnt, then it would appease
that the medicinal ue i well known throughout Indi

459. Belorealloding to the use of hemp drugs by native phy fans in the pre.

Act em, sent day, the Commission consider that i wil peraps
be of interest to give brief résumé of the mdicinal

preperis aseigned te hemp by some the ancient writes. Ml, Georz A. Grir-
Son, 1.0, formed the Comision that basing scared trough sl the Sst
nd Hind books accesible, be found the es eatin of fons asa medicinein

he work of Sugruts, writen before the cighth century A. Bl

ed witha number of other drugs 25 an anipHlegmatie. Tn the same work Me.
Gerson pints out tat sys 5 mentioned 2 remedy for estar accampried
by diamhee, ands an ngrdentin a prescription fr fever sesing from an exc<ss of
bile and phlcem, In theso two passes, however, se prbably an carve
of hnriaki, he yellow mymobolan, and des wot mean hemp; aud Dr, Harde
informed Mr. Grierson that in the aides wiedica works the word ring is
explained by commentators 33 ww myrabolan. The sc of
hang between the ith ad velfh cnet is frequealy eatin dictionarics,
and the names used would seem to show that its ws 2s an intosicant wis then

nom, In the Rajanighant of Narahart Pandit, A. 1300, the fect of hmp.

on man are described as cxetant, heating, astngent it destroys phlegm, expels
Butlence, induces costivenss, sharpens the memory, nd excites appetite. In
the Camgadharssamlits, 8 medical wrk, the dat of which is unknown, but hich
must have Seen compiled during the Mubammadan period of Indian history,
bhang is specially menfoned 1s an excitant, In the DI
"Rogues Congress” A.. 1500, the llloving passage occurs: * Ganj, which is
soparifc and coset derangements of the bums, which produces a healthy.
appetite, sharpens the wits, and acts 2s an aphrodisiac” In the Bhavapeakaga,
iten bast AD. 1600, bang is described 2s being “ antiphegmatc, pungent,
astingens, digestive, easy of digestion, and bile-afecting, and creases infatual

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 ep BORE SHY
Cit. X.] REPORT OF TUE INDIAN HEM? DRUGS COMMISSION, 1805:34. 175

tion, itoricarion, the power of the voice, and the digestive faculty” Tn the
Rajaralabhs, 2 materia medica of eather later date, ganja is described a5
“Indias food,” is acid, produces infatuation, and destroy leprosy, 1 "creates
energy, the mental powers, and internal het, corects eegalaritis of the phlegm
atic humou, and is an elie vie"

Inthe Makhean-el-Adviya, hemp seads ace ssid to be “a compound of

opposite qualities, cold and dey i the third dee, ce stimulant. sad sadative,
imparting at fist a gene revving heat, and then a considerable religerant
effect” The quiliies of the plant are stunt and sedative, “The
eaves make a good snuff for deteging the brs; th juice of the leaves applied
to the head sa wash removes dandrufiand vermin; drops of the fice thrown
o the ear slay pain and descoy worms and insects, It checks dishes, is
useful in gonorthcza, restrain the seminal secretions, and is direc The bark ha
a simila eect. The powder is recommended a an external application to fresh
wounds aad sores, and fo causing_granlatons; a poulice of the balled roots
‘and leaves for discusing inflammations nd cure of erysipelss, and for allying
neulgc pains. The died leaves, bruised and spread an 3 castor les, cure
ydsocel and swelled testes” Rumphias in the Hecbaciam Amboinense, A.
1695, state that the Muhammadans in Hs neghbourhood frequently sought for
the male plant ron bis garden to give to persons afited with virlent gonorrhoza
or wih asthma, and the affection which is populaly csled stitches in the side”
He also adds that the powdered leaves check dares, ae stomachic cue the
malady named pitas, and moderate excessive secretion of bile. He mentions the
use of hemp smoke 53 an enema in strangulated hernia, and of the leaves as
an antidote in poisoning by orpmert.

60. Theuscol emp drugs by nai physicians, as evidenced empl of

dmv tte witnesses escivd by the Commission, may be cone
sidered unde two main heads—(a) 5 specifics ine
treatment of disases, and (8) in their general therapeu plications while
fee wes of the droga which do not all within these divisions are alo occasion.
Sly mentioned. It is hardly nocesary to premise tha the ue of hemp drs
by lakins, etc is wholly empirical the. drugs being used apparently haghazard
or the most diverse dscsses, Ti intresting, howeser, to note that whl the
droge appear now to be frequently used or precisely the same parposes and nthe
Same mmr 2s vas recommended centuries ogo, many vies of thes dregs by
ive doctors se in accord with heir application fn modern Evropea therapeu
Kes, Grandi nied must be looked upon 3 one of th most important drugs of
Indian Materia Medica

In connection with the pharmacy of the dro, the preparations of the hemp

plant usd by native doctors sre bhang, ganja and sometimes charas: the ss
Zppear to be very racy used, Bhangls geneally prescibed as a cold infusion
regard from the powdered and welitursed leaves, of as 8 confection or
£ iks specially inthe treatment of nervous deity to al thse prepara
ions large number of other ingredients usualy cater, The admixture of
Sacchi matter with hang is popularly supposed to ender i more potent

it, Bigs io ida sl splitinin fm of por

2 sometimes the Gnely-ponderd leaves ar vied 5.3 soul. When gana an
sce fo Avion ot rg wo sm med ih bcins

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176 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [CH X.

when ganja is used for local fumigation, the sme fiom the unmixed drug is
ployed. Thess tuo drugs appe to be rarely used for internal administration.
Occasionally an oil prepared with ganja and other ingredients is used 2s 3
robeacict, The exprossed ll rom th seeds s also used for a similar pucpose.

461. In iscusing he disease trated, we may take first diseases of th ner

‘vous system. Witnesses refer to the use of the drugs

in the treatment of “brain fever,” camps, convul-

sions of children, headache hysteria, nearalga, sciatica, and tecanus. lo certain of
convulsions of children, neuralgia, and tetanus, the se of hemp.

preparation hs lao ben advocated by European practitioners, The late Sir W.

B. O'Shaughnessy, of Calcits, appeacs to have been the fs to use hemp resia in
tetanus, He found that in many cases it effectually amested the progres of the

iscase bit nthe ands of others equally good resol were not alvays obtained.
O'Shaughnessy explains tis by the fact tht he use of hempis so universal
among the lover classe, that i is only In those patents who are nos hai
uted to it that beneficial effets ae ely to ensue when the drug is administer.
ed medicinally, The treatment of tetanus by the inhalaion of guna smoke
has sho been recommended. Tn the class of specific infectious diseases, hemp
drugs are sted to be used in hydrophobi, age, remittent. fever, choler, "to
ler burning symptoms in phikisi” dysentery, eryspelas, snd gonorehea,
O'Shaughnessy more than 50 yeas ago used hemp. resin with more or less
success in hydrophatia and cholera. In the treatment of dysoncery the resin bas
been fovnd of much value by many European doctors, and excelent results
have been obtained with i. Ln addon to the medicinal use of the drug for
the westment of cholera. during epidemics, hemp drags appese ocessionally tobe

sed as propylatis, snd fo simla purpose. the wo of the drags is com.

mended in lua areas to counteract the effects of bad air and water” ln
both casos hemp drags probably act as indirect prophylactis, simulating the
nervous system and alluying depression, thus serving much the same purpose 3s
the popular use of alcoholic beerages by the lovee classes in European counties
during a prevalence of epidencs. But, an the ober hand, it must bo emennbered
that when ganja is smd 38 3 prophylactic is lays mixed with tobsceo, and
yields members of the aromatic series of hydrocarbons, the lower membors
af which ar known possess both autiseplc and antipyretic powers. In the
treatment of diseases of th respiratory organs, hemp drugs ave sated to bi wed

in bay-foer, asthma, bronchitis and coughs, intalation of ganja smoke beng

the soa mode of exhibiting the dog, Pounded bing leaves aro sated to
be sometimes vied a a suff in cata and disease of the nose. and head”
Insevera diseases ofthe organs of digestion hemp drugs are prescribed, fits:
Tene, dsrhee, dyspepsia, ples, and prolapsus nibeing thechict, Bhan has slo
been prescribed to check salvation. In disease of the urinary organs bmp pre
partion are used in dist, impotency,srictue, spesmtorehes, hydeocele,
incontinence of wine and svelings of the testicles. In orchitis a warm bhang
poutis applied on warm ig es s recommended to be bandaged over th testi
cls, and in hydrocele a simi police i spread on a castorcil eal, In impo-
tency and nervous dlity th drug i doubtless used an account of ifs supposed
aphrodisiac poner. Hemp drugs are aso stated to be prescribed in discase of
the beat, bran, spleen, i theamatim, gost, and delium tremens, and they are
als used the treatment of scabies, guinea-worm, and bails. An oil prepared

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from bhang and other ingredients is prescribed in wie aproy, and hang smok-
ing i sated to be used against the poisons of fish and scorpions.

46. To connection wi the therapeutics of hemp drugs, one of the common:

est uses i for the liefof pai, the drugs beingused

hepsi ier ol pool dps Tha bog

polices are frsquently mentioned 33 soothing loca application 1
puts; and poulices are used foe inflamed piles and. over the seat of pai in ver

and bowel diseases, and to check infammation and eysipeas, Furvgation with
the smoke from buriog ganja or bhang is also sed ‘as local sedative in
ples. A small gmt of charas is placed in a carious tooth to relieve tooth:
ache. And he use of the drags i also efrred to for th elf of protracted
about eins, dysmenorrhea, pi in the stomach, cramps, and. neuralgia. One
witness stats tht hemp drugs are used a a substitute fo opium. In cases of
citeumcision the drugs ar used a5 ansthetcs and a witess mentions hat naive
doctors an raze occasions subsiate gana for chloroform in operations. The ts
tur of Ganabis bas been used 25 3 local anastheti in extracting teeth (Bedsh
Journal of Dental Science).

463. Tn asthma sod bronchi inhalation of ganja smoke appests to be very

Pusey waive frequently prescribed; whi, on the other hand,
Asadbendt there evidence which tends to indicate that both
ficions may be. induced by cares or ganja smokin ndlged 5s 3 bi.
“The inhalation of goja. snake may vey possibly 6 ac 14 plmoary
sev, diminishing the secon of mo, and ser lng contiuance
5 an ant esaing mucus socteion, and gig ie to a hori
bronchi, In condeing dhe therepete cto of gna and chaas smoke
in thee afcon it must be remenieed hat the drugs a 55 a oe
smoked sdnixd wih tabtce fom 3 chill, nd th smoke nll to he
longs in slr manne 33 sometimes i cgi smoking, In ga snaking,
hewere, tho mpirstory ac is a rece snd mor prloed, rg velame of
smoke string the ngathanin gest smoking. In smokin rd obceo
he conpoiin of the smoke il vay sccoding to 1h. amount of si
sdmited daring combustion, oidtion bing. tho more erect fn cig than
in pipe smoking. In smcking abacc rom a ips, pyrdine is oe of the chil
omic bos produced. Tn smoking 5 mitre of gan or shtss and aka
co, seomatc. hyocarons us so be formed» pyridine ed thers rom
{ht tobacco, and aromatic hydrocarbons also rom ch hep og, hough
present we av no in pasion tonite the precise pata of the yor:
ons aford by te dy dalation. The bass pyridine hic i od fn ire
smoke possesses the power, according to Germain Sée (Comptes Rend. Ac.
Science, 1856) of dinirishing the ef aciviy of he respiratory ce, snd ey
us ck 2. plonry sedative and, scoring to Lander Brut, toil
tion of the vapour of pyridine bas been used in asthma with beneficial effect.

Tobacco smokin hs lo been recommended in th ester of sth.

Irespcive, three, of the products sfonéd by thohemp dru, he tobsico
mole may bo thes of valu n both bronchi aud asthma. Bt on cantinncd
mokin, whether of gu o of ay ate sbsance, does ress nthe de-
postion of nly divided carbonaceous matter the sg es, the presence
of athe ating substances nth soe imately cases oclriation of he.
i

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 118 GEPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1803.94 (CH. X.

bronchial mscous meomare, lading 10 increased secretion, and resuling in the

condition whichis described 3 chronic bronchitis in ganja smokers. Whether true
sath can be induced by banp drug smoking the Commision considee pen to
much doubt. Tt appears to them bighy probable that the drugs ae smoked inthe
irtinstance fo the eff of that Giseas. On the athe and, Ii wel known that
frequen sathmtic sures resulin craphysema ofthe lungsand attendant bronchi
tis and possibly mst cases of hemp drug bronchitis are associated with empbyse-
ma, induced pay by the stan mechanically tho on the lungs smoking, and
partly asa result the chronic bronchitis. So that in considering the ficlogy
of associated ash and bronchitis i ganja smokers, they are fnlined to. the
view hat in the vast majricy of cases the drug is not th cause, In many of the

satemets of witoesses reguding alleged experience thers i 0 sadsactory vid

nce of even the coexistence of these diseases ith the hab: of using hemp
drugs. Aod hen tha coexistence is reasonably established, thre is olin no
ood ground for accepting the relation of cause and effect. The drugs my hive
been used in many cases owing to the popular nation that thy alleviate these

disses, At the samo time ther is some evidence that the drugs may cso
bronchi o bronchial cata as above described. There is 0 satisfclory vide
ence that they ever cause asthma.

464. The dist action of bhang is mentioned in connection with the

kid ‘weatment of gonorchea. The dios which is pops.

lady supposed to be induced by adistation of
an‘fusen of bbng sf accord wih Dr. Russel's experiments (Bengal witness
No. 105) which are appended to bis paper. In these experiments Dr,
Rossel found. that th leaves both from mare and immvare plans, whether
fresh or dy, and used as 8 dink or smoked with tobacco, produced duress bt
Dr. Rasiell does not appear to have nticed diuresis following the smoking of
ganja. Thess experiments were made in 1885. Subscguendy some suprle-
meaty experiments were conducted by Dr. Russel, which see embod in Dr.
Prins Report on the Caltvation 30d use of gan” In the pricis of
i experiment, Dr. Resell states: The only marked eect was desi from
inking infusions of fresh (sot died) leaves and sme.” In is eral examination
before the Commission, Dr. Russel repeated that the died eaves lod no
mated divi effect. The tursis was the most marked. ofect of the fresh
leaves. The diferenc the action of tho fresh and dry eaves is no. doubt due,

as suggested by Dr Russel the escape of a vlad principle, this volute

principe being, no doubt, a volatl ofl. Many volatle ols are well known to
posses dete properties. 11s to the presence of the valatle ail of juniper
that that wellknown domestic drt gin aves it propertis, The higher the
temperate at. which the leaves are did, the smaller would be the amount of

ctaned essential oi; but the pactcal point Js the dsiablenes of using oly
fresh leaves when the diuretic effec of the drug is required. The flowering tops
are known to contin volte oi, and the diuresis wich follows the exhibition
of the extract which is prepared fom gaa bus been. specially noted by Prof,
C. H. Wood. The volatile oil present i. the flowers is probably a mixture of
tow and high bling pint cls in preparing th extract the low baling paint ofl
escape, the peculiar odous of the fished. extract biog due 1 the retention
‘more oss of the igh bling pent fraction, Some ness elr to the fbr.
fnge properties of heap droga; and itis stated that bang used 3s 8 rok cuts

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 Cr. X.] REPORT OF THE NDIA HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1898-94. 1H9.

short the cold stage in fever. There appears to be but little doubt that when
Mhangis used by natives in fever, the bene§t acorues on account of its diuretic

action, and not because it possesses any real fobrifoge properties, Its not
known to possess the hatter.

465. The tonic, digestive, stimulant, antispasmodic, astringent, and alterative

effects ofthe drugs are mentioned by some witnesses.

1t is probably on account of the supposed hamosta-
tie fleet that powdered charqs is used as an application to cuts to check bleed-

ing and induce healing, and possibly the use of the drugs in menorhagin is
based on similar reasoning. Ia this connection, however, its interesting to note.

that Dr. R. LL, Dey, a. medical officer of the Eastern Bengal State Railay, in
1866 reported the successful treatment of a number of cases of obstinate
mencrrhagia with tincture of Indian bemp and liquid extract of ergot, although
‘he could obtain no benefit from the use of ergot administered with sulphuric and ,
gallic acids and other hemostatics, The use of the drug as an ecbolic is also
mentioned. According to Sllé and Maisch (National Dispensatory), there is
evidence to show that Cannabis appears capable, directly or indirectly, of causing.
uterine contraction, as in many cases of uterine hemorrhage, and it is also ssid.

to cause contraction in the pregnant uterus vith as much energy as ergot, but
with less persistent action. Some witnesses refer to the purgative action; it is
quite possible tbat a chill of ganja may act in the same vay as the morning
pipe does with many Europeans.

466. The use of the drug in cases of Impotency ls, no doubt, based on its
supposed aphrodisiac elects. The experiments of
Prof. Wood indicate that the drug does not possess
Le power; and Lauder Brunton remacks (" Textbook of Pharmacy,

and Pharmacology"): “ Cainabis indica has been regarded.

as an aphrodisiac, but the trials of it made in this country seen to show that it
does not, itself at least, have any such action, and merely induces a condition of

partial delirium in which Basterns may possibly have visions ofa sexsal ature, and

indeed thoy try to give a sexualdirection to the mental disturbance which the Cw

abis produces by mixing with it musk, ambergris, or eantharides." O'Shaugh.

nessy, on the other hand, speaks of the drug acting on the" generative apparatus,

and in experiments, which he tried on some of his pupils, he states that, “ with
searecly any exception, great aphrodisia was experienced" from adwinistration of

the extract. Physiologically the active principle of herp drugs has, so far as is
Kaown, no aphrodisiac power whatever; and, as a matter of fact, they are used

sy ascetics in this country with the ostensible object of destroying sexa appe-
tite. But taken as a stimulant to assist in the execution of a specif purpose,
ts indirect eficct is perfectly intelligible. Like alcohol it gives strength and
free course to the predominant desires of the animal nature. This effect wil be.

Considered more fully later, Meanwhile it is enough to say that the alleged.
aphrodisiac action seems Lo bo merely theindirect effect of the drug as a stimulant.
“This efiect explains the use of these drugs in the houses of prostitutes, regarding.
which there is a. good deal of evidence, just as alcohol in one form or another is
used in similar houses in Europe.

The following are some of the minor cases to which ganja is applied. Occa
sionally the drug is burnt as a disinfectant and used in eu of catbolic acid. 1t

is also applied to sores for healing, and ganja ash is used to stop ulceration, By

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if REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEME DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893:94. (Ct. X.

singers the drugs ave used to clear the throat; and they ave also alleged to
possess vermicide properties

467. Regarding the uee of emp dogs in th trestment of ctle seas, out
ofa taal of 1,103 witness, one bal ive no infor
cute dome.
tion and of he rest rather avr one all speak to
of bang sone, whi the remainder speak gocealy of the use of both
ganja sndbiang. A fow witnesses speskaly of th use ganja, bt hat s maf
Ty where bangs sot valle, This us of the drugs i in idence in ll prove
ines though naturally to a Jes exten in Bombay and Madras than levers,
iad Test of all in Burma. Among the discass for which hemp drugs re
prscbed in sative veterinary practice fo cal, horses, sheep, and occasionally
leghaots may be mentaned coc, bonchcomplints, darehes, sping, con
ipa, con-pos, oot and mut diseases, bool sas, preumonis, afcions
of the theo, colds and conghs, Quins, and sinderpet, Ga is used to
extract worms in fotsee diseases of cattle and to remove intestinal worus,
Sadi ho buat to infect shcplods, A very common uc of the drugs 5
toni to produce condo, to make oxen let of fo, to eve figue, and
{oie saying power, Blangis sometimes used to focease the flow of milk
in coms, and ho to spel them when they chs to be lcd. The drugs
cccasioaly given to mares shonly before being covered, snd it also sd
ter ddivery, Bang mixed vith sl is given to cate 3s preventive against
purging to which they ar generally subject com feding an the your; shoots
of gate spouting during the xy pact of the monsoon. Hemp dogs. when
usd for cal disease ae wally administered an, but says adv with othr
ingredients, spice, st or gr. Occasionslly bhang is fst conked in x metal
pot, then mice with gor, when animals et it readily, a it is locod. down the
throat mixed with alt.

These of hemp drugs othe rtm of cles spears ob nly

equally prevent throughout Northern India, Mr. Drberg, Excise Commis:
ner, Assam, nis ol evidence bore the Comission 5
fein tha the Crelas No. 23 of 1553 was necessary. 1 thik
on slfcien: formation, | never push forward, | have never seen the
fused fo cae nor hve | bard of fs being wed, except when the
ste is thus pleaded in cxcuse.” The Commission, while recognising
aesessty of the popular us of the hemp droga fn vecinay practic, do nol
find inthe evidence say exon fo hiking that. the practic fs more common
in Assim thi elsewhec in the north of India.

“The Comision ave ssidall at ts ncssry to sy reding he scl

the alleviation of human suffering and discase.
This to be carefully distinguished from the poplar vs of the drugs by the
diay consumer, which i now proposed to discus. 1s tru hat there ae
pins wher he to uses can hardly be separated by a bard andfat ne, The
medical use seems to merge sometimes into the popular se, where the drugs
a1 used, ostensibly at least, fo purposes akin to medical, The popula mpres
sion f the drugs seo must be fuced by thei ves in medicine,

488. Ts uatusal that the people generally should associate certain beneficial

ember 70 wih the use of hemp drug, and that hs

recogeiion should tend to encourage, and. should be
ged usificaton of, their moderate use, A+ the same time t i necessary to

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Ch. X] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, i803:94. 181

‘onside the popular use and its effects part from the medicinal us. A drug may
be a useful medicine, but a bad thing to allow nto the market fel for geoeral
‘consumption. The evidence regarding the poplar use as now to be considered.
Thee ace only about ity witoesses who assert that ro benefit. whatever can be

derived by consumers fom the moderate use of any form of these rugs. The

vast majoriy assrt tha in some on or other of ther forms they may preduce
atleast temporaly beneficial fects. Many even of those who egard the use of
the drugs as on the whole baneul adit such temporay benefits, It is to be
noted, however, that, with the very rast exceptions, the evidence pants fo he
use of the drugs by males only. Women would theceors appe her not to
rogue o to be denied the benefits ascribed to the drugs,

460. Among the beneficial cfcts atiriboted to the drags s thei fect as
a food accessory or digestive, This fect is more
Fostscumy seein, geneaally atcbuted to bhang than 0 the ther tro
forms. Bat there ae a large number of witnesses

who atibute it lo to the smoking of ganja. The * coding and relrshing ”

“cup of bhang taken by the well-to-do, especially i the hot weather, to stimulate

ther oergies and to create an appetite for food is Frequently in evidence. There
would seem to be avery geneeal ue of bung in moderstion 333. stimulant and.
digestive by the middle classes, espeiallyio advancing year. Some of the most
neligent and enecprising classes of the commrity are among those who thus
ue bhang. This use is generally spoken of without any. marked condemnation,

andoften even with approval; for i i the practice of the respectable classes,
But aftr al there seems quite equally good ground for beiving that the chi
Lum of ganja. taken by the Iabourig man after bis food wich the abject of ally.
J eatiness sod assisting digestion fs io more harmful; snd. there are many
witaeszes hose evidence isin this sense. The use of bhang in the one cae i
sometimes compel to the glass of vine taken at meals by 3 moderte
consumer of alcohol, and the use of ganja inthe other cui to the labour.
ng man's glass of beer of even to his pipe of tobacco. It fs possible
alo that the cfcts of hemp droga in this respect may be o 3 cersin
extent. comparable ith those of tea. In conection wih the most recent
experiments on the subfect, the action of tea is thes described by Dr.
‘Edvard Smith It increas the ssimiation of food both of the fsh snd heat
forming kind, and ith abundance of ood must promote nuit, whilst inthe
absence of suficent food it increases the waste of the body." 11 there is any.

ing in this comparison, Dr. Smiths remarks regarding tex may throw some.
ight on the statements frequently found in the evidence regarding the necessity
for suficien or nouishing food to prevent nj to the constuton. fom the
prolonged use of hemp dogs.

om Th al hr di i on iL i expesyre or to alleviate fatigue very argelyinevid-

ToC ny Here is gana especlly which is co
od with thes benchicilefects. For gasja i ax mare extensively usd than
hang by the lsbouiog classes. The late is mainly used by persons like the
Chankes of Math, who sre very fequeotly refed to, and profesional
wrestiers. Gyannast, wrestlers and musicians, palki-beaers snd partes, divers
and postal runners, ae examples of the classes who us he hemp crugs 0 occa

ons of pel Src ton Fiber sd hoses, sgh livers

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182 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 169594. [Cit. X.

working in tanks, dhobis sod might watchmen, meodicants and plgims, are
Tamed 3s among those who se them under severe exposure. All classes of
Tabourrs, especialy such as blacksmiths, ness, and cools, are said more or
Jess gently to use the digs 35 2 male in moderation to alleviate fatigue. In
he connection a reference to Dr, Cunringhan's experiment. descibed in Vol,

I Agpendics sterestiog.

471. There s also a lage body of evidence showing that hemp drugs, both
‘a smoked and as drunk, are used as a febeifuge or

pri preventive the diseases common in malarius tracts

ar ain from the use of bad water. Tis is the justification alleged for the
abical us ofthese dge in cectain localities, Here, of course, the experience
ofthe witnesses is more limited ; but the evidence is very considecabl. Labourers

in malrous tracts and cultivators of wet and marshy lands, jungle ties, and
those who have to work or reside’ jungle tracts, are among. those who are said

to use the drugs fo these purposes. 1t impossible slo to shu the eyes to the
evidence which ften comes up unexpectedly, shoving that respectable and intelli
gen penple going on duty to such tracts, and sepoys sent on foreign service of
garisoning comparatively uohesthy discs, often take to these drugs for these
purposes.

473. Ther ace few other cect of a enehicl charcter which se eee
Oe 40 by cera witness, Toy we, bomever, of a
o lee mpontan chasse and les generally contr
Pied tan those which have bern heady considered, This the drugs are
Sad to be ed sometimes to prevent noni and to relieve sme, 50 the
Conner of schol somelige take 4 right cip before gong to bed”
a lass of vie wha hs of hevy heart. Th droge are sd to be chosing
in thei oct, and to be priced by many on this account, An intresting
laste of his may prkap be found inthe poplar befel existing in many
pcs hat hese dru rote sgn choles. and. other epidemic diseases,
ne. veyitcligent wines, who ha sen much of hi ue, explain it doe
to the Himdstng and iigiing mater of the drugs. Tho drugs ae ssid to
be und to produce concentration f atenion not erly_by fake but ak
by sich tadomen as fonclirs dog ver fine work. They are 3d to be
wkd by. the. po and on occasion by thers to alliate unger When uff
en foo no. otal. The alleged occasoal we i hs way by sepa,
Who for sn reson camat devote a salient amount of (i py 10 procuring
food, neesing, One cs (Os. E. 1. Evden, Collector of Abmednaga)
hs ers his am ld on good shorty that ive soldiers who are
gum sway hele py copy the ganja pipe ssa cheap sbstiue for food
niin fond again’ Wan of my frm over cases might ed t he seme
gece; and the dence hows that the. practic fs no confined. to pays:
tis cpeily found among wandering mndicnts, and no doubt exists mong
tte cases, The pacice canto rent fn pirmanent advantage, bt he
emporay refs i ot to be ovedoched.

473. These ae ew witnesses who stigutise all such allegations of bee-

fil vests a5 mere excuses. made for a vicious

indulgence. As some opm consumers stole al

‘manne of good effets to opm, quor drinkers to sleohol, and tobacco smokers
otahaco, so do consumers of hemp atte these beneficial eects to this

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CH. X] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1855.04. 185

favousite drug. Tis, no doubt, truethat there is & tendency to ind excuse foran

nnecessasy indulgence. But the medicinal uscs of these drugs lend at least
some. measure of support to. the popular belie among consumers that same
beneficial effcts do follow fom the moderate use. There are one or two
witnesses who assert that tho use of these drugs, fr from being a protection
against malaria, makes the consumer more abe toits influence, This may be
true of the excessive use, which may injure the consittion and predispose to
noxious influences. There is, however, no sofiient graund for beleing that its
true of the moderate use. Other witnesses assert tha the eff in allevistig
fatigue is merely temporary, and resus in the end in greater exhaustion. So
far as the moderate se is concerned, this view wauld appear to be mainly theoreti.
cal; fo, as has been already punted out, thre are very few witnesses who even

profes fo have any experience of evi ects rsuling from moderate consumption.
There are also a number of witnesses who attribute these good eects to bhang.
only, while some fmt them to the occasional use of the drugs. These statements

may perhaps be taken for practical purposes together, The occasional vie of
ganja or charas must be rare compared. with the occasional use of hang; for
the smoking habic is more dificult to acquire, and there ae therefore few who.

can with comfort indulge in it only occasionally.

The truth seems to be that while, no doubt, these drugs sre more commonly
consumed merely as stimulants than fom any clearly defined idea of hel bene-
ical results, yt they are popularly believed to hve (i moderately used) some.
such beneficial results as have been above described. Moderate consumers
believe thi, and would fel sense of deprivationif they were unable to obtsin
what they regard as a beneficial simulans, This deprivation would be more
felt among the poorer classes than among the wealbcr, whose tastes lead them
to more expensive luxuries. 1s the poorer people and the laboring classes
who as & ule us these drugs for the purposes indicated. They are admittedly
203 rule moderate consumers. They do not seem to exceed in the use of hemp
so frequently as in the vse of fguor.- Those who seem, according 0 the state
ments of many witnesses, relly to deci nobeacit but only harm from the use
of these drugs are those who, leading sedentary or dle fives, take the drugs
rom a mesly vicious desie of nervous exctement, and have a strong tendency to

[——
474. The fac th certain beneficial cts ree from the mete eva
der cetain circumstances sn, borer, ecesarly
inconsistent ih the view. (hat even he moderate

us fs on the whol jrons, Witnesses wee threo nied fo cose

seprtely the quesion if the moderate vse of these drugs s on th whele
harmless, Abo ight handed snd fly witnste (ia, conidembly mors
han trosbids of the whole) record. thir opinion Of thse, over iy
decace tht the models vee cannot bo rgarted 5» barns soply on
the ground that ts apt to develop oto excess. The remioder (bout ight
ndred) anes the question lsly inthe sfrmasv o note fo cach of
he forma of the drags ith which thy are sequined. Ney thre bodied

ses dl Vi chars, drug.

1d 10%
spinin 2
the or toSid,oeandaint
Pusah, td
he Nori

ou Weer Princes a ogsion eng i is

dicen Iti these province that chars is best known, nd clesbere

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184 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189304. [CH. X.

tho drug is probably weaker from detecoraton. So that opinion a these prov-
ines is probably etiled to more weight than elsewhere. On. the whole, then,
thes is apparently a more unfavourable opiion of charas than of the othr forms
of bemp drugs.

425. Tn regard 0 gar, opinion sat seven fv i favour ofthe mde

a use beng harmless, In every province, except

hia he North Westen Provinces and Sid, the majority

ake this view, Tn Sind the dr know 0 but fw esses, and a large po.
porn of these fm Flo discrminate between the moderte and excessive use.
To the Noth-Westemn Provinces he drug i wel known, and th wiaescs ar
Ried 2 thes to two against th dog —almost, indeed, in the same rao as in
egar to cha, Hire, hover, carll extn of the papers shows that
ie anh of the wisn agaist gaia have not discrmated btneen
he moderate and excsve us. In othe provinces the maory belcve tho
maderat use of ganja to be harass, In Bengal, where the drug 1s best known,

Sad most carey culate, his jority i abst wo {0 0c. :

476. Bhang is regarded with more general avour than other preparations of
hemp. The witnesses who declare it_bariss are

Be neatly as three to one. as compared with those who

think otherwise. This majority found in prety nearly this ration all provinces.

“This may, therefore, be accepted as the prevailing opinion.

477. Theres a large number of witnesses who ether do not know enough,

Stet ton ordo not feel strongly enough, regarding the fects
to say anyibing about them. There is also a large
proportion ofthe other witnesses who declare the moderate use of the drugs to be
Rarwess. Finally, thre is maniesly 3 tendency in many of the witnesses against

the drug to bas thei unfsvoscable opinion on thie experience of excessive con-
sumption, Tn view of all this, thérs can be lie doubt that there is 3
very large amount of moderate consumption of all these drugs, the evil
efits of which sre inappreciable, even if (his modecate consumption is
not quite haemless. There is a good deal of justification of the failure of many
winesses to discriminate between moderate and excessive consumption.
“That which is moderate and larmlss to 000 man may be foo much for
another. And the moderse habit may undoubtedly develop into excess in same.
cases where excess might not have been looked for, 1 is so with all intoxicants
but moderation and excess ought. to be distinguished. And on the whole the
‘wight of evidence is to the ect that moderation in the ve of hemp drugs it not

injurious.

478. The great majority of the witnesses are of opinion thatthe hab of con
suming these drugs is cally formed. As a cule these

witnesses speak from experience of consumption

‘among the upper and middle clisses, Theres no doubt that there are some
difficaltes in the way of a lad learning the habit apast from the deterrent
opinion (where it exists) of parents or of society. It is necessay to know
bow to prepsce the drug, though mas of the methods of preparation when
lemme. ae siogle enosgh. This fact together with the force of example,
explain the very general statement that the habit is acquired in the com

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 Cit. X] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 155394. 185

pany of smokers. The Brstffects produced in the novice by the drug, espe.
cially if smoked, ace also far from pleasant, and must tend to make the
habit somewhat difficult to acquire, The first cfects of bhang need not be une
pleasant f the consumer is careful to begin with very small doses, But ts ober
wise with herp smeking. To prodce any cect, the smoke ha fo be take into
the lings by strong inhalation. The effec of this i often unpleasnt and cise
tressing, especially to those who are no accustomed to smoke tobacco in this
particular vay. 1 is doubt), however, whether thes fst effects ve ever more
deterrent in character than those which European lads experience on thee fst
‘acquaintance with tobacco, nd t cannot be said that they present any real
ifiuly in the say of those who from. any motive desi to consume these
drugs. Once thes nial dificult ace past, th halt ie cally formed. As in
the case of every other ntoxicant, consumption tends to become habital,

479: The prety general belief is tha the habit s not easily broken off when

Segara, ‘once formed ; but the dificulty is ot belied to be

50 great asin the ease of ither slcohal or opium,

It is apparenly greater than in the case of tobacco. Tho experience of
ou lls seems clay to confiem the general opinion that the opium habit takes
a much stronger Hold than the ganja habit, and that no inorous physical fects
follow the compulsory coscation of the latter. Bat ven the moderate. habitual
consumer looks for the efect which he associates with the drag, ad finds it 3
considerable ofr: 0 give up the habit —an effort which demands considerable
strength of mind in cases where the necessity for abandoning the habit may
hase arisen, In case of habitual excess the difficulty is grey increased.
“The weakness of mind at once displayed and intensified by thi excess renders
it sometimes impossible to givo up the habic without restcint, But even in
eases of oscessive consumpion, the difficulty sppears to be less with ganja thin
with aeokol or oun.

480, Tis a gonral bell that thee is a tendsney fo the moderte habit to
develop into the excessive, This bf based on
Motemlensnd xe pono] view that such 4 tendency must exist
more or less in the case of al intoxicants, 0 the fact that a th system becomes
accustomed. 10 the use of a drug a rer doso appears o be required (0 produce
the same ffct, nd on the wndoubid fact that there are some excessive. cone
suners who had begun ad continued for some time the use of tess drugs fn
moderation. 1¢ is, however, matter of ordinaey experience that in the caso of
a modurate consume of alcoho, for example, who i in normal health, he efcet
‘which he wishes to produce by bis moderate use is regularly produced by the
same dose without any necessity for increasing And the fact tht there is
comparatively so ilo of excess in the vs of hemp drugs, and that 30 many cone
suers, especialy of bhang among the middle classes an of ganja among work
people, retin their moderate babi and. regularly have thee accustomed
dose tice or rico a day, seems to show that this tendency is certiny not
stronger in thei case, Wh ual differences in ssength of mind most
always lead to difecence in results, and hereditary mental instability is i certsin
cases factor which must oot bo overlooked, th fact seams generally to be that
excess is found (as in the case of alcohl) to be. mainly confined to idle and
dissipated persons, 20d. to be often due to the force of example and foolish
emulation in bad company. The man who takes these drugs regularly 23. food
“

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165 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1803-04. [Cit X.

accesso, or 30 3 sfmulant in bard work, does not seem to be prone to

excess, Apparently also the tendency is much less tomards that occasional
excase which in the case of alcohol so frequently becomes habitual. The
king man, for example, does no seem to have the same tempation to 4
debauch with ganja 38 with seobol.

481. Another question of some interest tht has arisen fn connection vith
the hemp drug hi, whether moderate cr excessive,
Tat. gh quesion whether it fs heredary. No cvid:
coc of the smallest vag it forthcoming to how thas. Ther re, 10
ou, witnesses who state hs 3a thei bel: but the basi of that beef is
merely the undoubied fct that in many cases the son of ganja smokers sho
themselves smoke gars. Ths fac is suffciedy splined in the frst nance
by the rivers tendency of sons to mate thi fathers, 10 fas also to be
born fn mind th it san Schnowledged fact that the neurotic dithesis which

i brea fequenly exbils fall i a tendency to indulge i stimulants.

The weakness which may have ld the father to indulgence in ganja may be
inbated bythe san, nd produce in im the same tendency to use ths dro;
bi. there sp sch evidence 1s vould justly the apoio that the indulgence
ite bereary.

452. In proceeding to deal more ively with the cfecs induced by the
Porto stmt, BOSS 32 of the drogs, the Commision cone
re “ide i dedibl to prface the general alysis
af information obtained from ordinary winssses by a risus of the known
Physiologica action of the drugs 38 decried by competent observers, The
adie experiments of lich we possess any record were fnstiueed on anc
mals by Si Wilf D. O'Shaughoessy. Ten grins of Nepalese chacas were given
to 8 middling sized dog nhl an hos he dog was spd and sleepy, dosing at
interval, stati up, wagging is ls extrnely contented and te ood greed.
iy, On beng called to, be staggered fo and ro, and His ce assumed 2 ook of
ater and belle dankness. These symptoms sted two hours snd then gra
duly pus avay, nds hous th dog was pftly wel ancl. Insnother
experiment ten sin of lcohalic extract of gaa wer given in very suall
og, In itn minutes he was intosesed fn bl 3 ho head great diuly
of movment sn hose ho hd ot all power aver the binder exseiios wich
err if, bt flies sensi 00 nt see to be pied, nd the
helo vas url. He readily acknowl cl by an tmp sc op.
Toor howe he war ite wll. O'Shivghnesy conducted experimen on
caminoross 1 wll 1 griivocos sins d ond ts he formes ly
ind sped xtc he intoxicating once of the dg, wile the
xpercced. bt tied elects fom ay dose admired. Ax Aral of sevish
xperinens on pups at the Modes College, Cale, O'Shasghocesy ob-
serves The rl of sve ws ha i 3 smal doses 3 £ of a grin the
pu was ocrcsed i nes and frequency the sufce ofthe ody gloved the
pps became extort vivid dss crowded tho brn sud equity
cca and, with seedy any exception, great sphrodv vas experienced
Laude Brunton sate: ls chil fc i on the bin, nd fs of tweed
nature; i exces form of delim aod ballocinations, uly followed by dcp
tcp. Small dos gv se to dlum with hallucinations geaerly of 5 gay
character causing much meinen, accomparicd bya rest inclination. to us

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 le Se i nal
Cit. X] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEXP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189594. 187

cular movement. The naturs of the hallucinations depends greatly on the charac
ter of the individual and people seem to be abl to determine thei mature 35

the case of opium. The dreams produced by Indian hemp in ihabitants of

civilized people of Western nations they are ot sexu sud arealtenof 3 dsgrees
able nature, During hs stage of bllciation th person may sondect hsll
rationally, and newer cleady any question put to hn. The drug produces in
some persons curious Ios of sens of space and tim, Thi sage s genelly
followed by deep seep. The sensory nerves ae benumbed, and hee i reqcon
ogling and_purial swsihesi. Tho pul is ditd. Respiation may bo
cither quickensd or slowed. The action onthe pul is vey uneeii. Unally
tis at fist quicken, then slowed, sometimes vie srs.” The tempor
tises or sinks according as the drug produces museolr movement or see,
“The urine is increased. The processes of digestion ar less sre by Comets
indica than by opium, and the ales efects of piu (savin, hendachy etc) are
ot produced” Dr. Russel (Bengal witness No. 105), in bis re fished 0 Dy
Pisin, gives the follwing cet of “doses pushed o produces decided eft
“Mental effects appearin fom thes to fv minates extlaration and excitement
of a pleasing mature: the subject talkative and merry, Laughs and gesisltens
Plays on imaginary musical ntrameots and sings; converse ih imaginary pr.
sons illusions and delusions, usually of a plessing ature objective of these
su responsive to excel impression and uggesions racy quacrlome or
combaive. Then ensues condiion o repose and quiet. contemplation with cd
tae and immobile pup Then drowsiness and restless see in from two fo
hice hours, sting several hours: on waking, dulnss, heaviness, profound depres.
sion, and fry ling for many hours. Physica cts in sage of oxi
rion conjunctiva reddened, pupil immobile; venovs trgescencs of face
and hd respiration ness f requency by thse or fot pe minut tem
poate raised ro degres or mores kin dry; 2 gene condition. of fee
excitement, vasela tension, increased pulse, qichened by ten beats o mre pec
minut, ard, fr, mcs. A te geo rescion and drowsiness, skin cod,
rg, ple; tempurature subormal (07° Fahe) pls sow, sft, compressible, very
ine; espratons essned in frequency and. shallow; copious diss
These experiment eer o the dogs bhang ed ga smoked an dak 0 ne
fusion (sie he deal of certain of Dr, Russ exponents sed 1885
and appended otis exience). Dr. Pin is report onthe calvaton snd va of
gj eer to some experiments made cts with alcool cxacsol gan, and
Dr. Evans, Offciing Chomical Examine, Beng) a the suggestion of the Con
sion, ls nated ees of experiment om cat. th thse observers eer
tothe idieynerasy exhibited as to cfcts in the animals under experiment.
Dr. Evans remarks "ha: some cas nde the infaonce of the dug wee prose
to scp, and others to th development of th phenomena scribed tothe itr
ance of the sensory-motor apparatus that he same. dose relive 10 ths body
‘wight would in somo animal indice disturbance ofthe sensory-motor richan
am, and in others varying degre of narcoism. Apart, boweves, fom ind

dual idiosynerasy, the quasi of the dos was found to ply a important part
loin determining the characte ofthe ects produced by the dg. For in
cotain animal who he csi doses had ben ecogeised us prone to develop
sensory-motor distnbance. without marked sleep oF marcos, an increased

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 sc Sie
165 REPORT OF THE INDIAX HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189594. [Ch. X.

dose, if suficintly Inge, cold be relied on to produce slp docp enough to

nas of preven the development of sensory-motor distusbance, withthe excep-
{ion of the rocking movements" Dr. Bovll (Bengal witness No. 10g) describes
he fect of woking gan in Gigaettes, and Assistant Surgeon J. E. Bosarro
{Sind witness No. 50) gives notes in which bo compares the effects of drinking
bbang and smoking ganja and charas.

485. The allowing interesting account of an experiment on th efects of the

1. estan eto on Systematic lation of the smoke of ganja conduct

«RSE ed by
Commissions Dr, from
extracted DD. Cunningham at Appendices).
bis report (Vol. IIL the request of the
The growth
of the habit, tho uneasiness arising from privacon, the symploms of the
{atosiation, specily th appearance of optical delusion, he absnce of appre-
bl indieation of cerebral excitement, and the fostertcn appearances, sso
most erating estures of the reper. So fat 45 one cxpernent can be
Seeeped 2 eablhing anything, nd subject also to the more carell histo
ogi enquiry to be conducted href, this experiment gives additonal evid-
en of the absence of marti chinges in the brain and of ise changes
gene under the actin of hemp dogs even vhn used fn exces. At hesame
Sime the. general fetes of the experiment as indicated above are on the whole
comparable wich the effect of the hump dg on he human consume as cstab-
Tahed In the evidence seconded by the Commission. The remarks of De.
Cuvingham rogading the diminution of sppette sccomparied by local
sceumiations of fat as indicating th dination acti of te naval pro-
cosa of tissu waste onder th influence of ganja. theow ght on the evidence
of wineses who ascribe beneficial effets to this drug in cases of sever
‘xeon without uficient or stable ood. Dr. Cunringham wites

“Nature of the animal employed, Maca rhesus, weighing 16 1b

“The first inhalation was ad cs an th 78 Novem 1803 and

ie sta te 18 Jl 5h ht fo cpm conde avs moe an
iis moh, Dung 1 peiod one hunted and Shyam seins were
Sdnisied. During ts grse pa of the ped th. adrian wero
Teped loos ay, sv am Soop, bt dun Meh hy wer repiod
elon shame das, 0d dng Ap amd My nly tir reve
ving to the foc a at. ht rm he imal ws afi fo 3. 0 bok
rdmged sack of dnt. Dung th cube an of ths core of he
pein the. sel spn died the smth ity rostod
inaction ot he ain Shamber, was rele whe ts sk bn 0
te ad ok uly seed fo ren i Sern by BOGE he
ice 5 the spy ub, him. wen on hove and he cpa ok
fs smgens, He afin gradaly dimishd, md vrs skicy replaced
by ost sive or th etmer. Ho th edly nerd he chamber
eid any tempt to renin Ki fom brs be ad ad ll doe, wes
Seis. nd sat day an Wh he rst vs amid, and, om
ecsions nih i mange to make Hs scape om Hs age, shoved n
ent dec 1 ne th camber on Ks cm scent.

“The symptoms aitending the process of ibalaton were not invariably of

precisely uniform character, As a rule they came on quiely and insensibly, and

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 TTT ees
i

C1] RBFORT ov TH tou NEMS DRS Counssio, 0394, 185

const scl cesing drovses lading oto qt dep, Dun

{he core of cont the coun sd yl hess beck comin
bly congested bo tim, of ou, have been mel dopendis on Ses
iiion ment an ti conc wk te smcle, Whe emer So hs
chamber, cr pf cp ad supers snl vis evenly totes
To any cases he was capable of ig. up whe spporing Mn by
mans of raping he br f Hie ce, an), when os prosody set on
vey indy on ha logs. On bin oduct io i. exe, mt see
uel, ihr ot nc o afr sh doy, a dows nd dt uly some
time. On avin fro such. Sep, 5 wt 2 i hos ces where eo a
nt interven, be nos waa homed sympios woh appre cts
ha he wes oe sem ime. the bet of api] dons Ho. ged shot
attnily in dveeions. n wich nting hich seemed hey 1 ech a
oroity vas presen, and. carellysruinzd he for of Hy cage fo tects
hich 0 nec. Soc symp. oni To pest fo conden
ime afer al thor indication of ncriaion had oappese conning 0
marlon themes in go a les age dug oo ee come oho
Tae portion of sey dy on ich th vetoes, bd bn siosed a te
orig

“On a certain number of occasions, however, the symptoms did not follow
this normal course. On these. the onset of signs of drowsiness was greatly
delayed, and had hardly begun to show self ere the animal was suddenly seized
wih violent general convulsions, and immediately thereafer became. profoundly
unconscious. The symptoms on the tecovery of consciousness in no wey differ
ed from those in cases where the cadics anes had followed the normal course.

No satisfactory explanation of the occurreace of such. exceptional phenomena

could be amived at, and it must temin uncertain whether they ar to be regard:

ed as the consequence of corain. temporary subjective peculiarities on the part

of the anima or of variations in the quality of the drug.

“ln no instance was there any aprecble indication of th eslopment of

any crcl excitement ths, dung the adic of he do af
intoiaton bad hen fully snablihed. The normal symptom wre tose of
Sle droves and Tos of wll pont companied y opi dds, tise
Charting tho siptoal wes of tomporay sbrral acy of te spl
cond and basal ging vhich may vey probably hve ben dependent ond
ion th hry power of hs Nght cheb sees.
“Th gener bess ofthe imal smsned excel ing thes couse
of the expan sae fo a prod dung th mane of Ap nd May, in hich
2 sulle from dyn ymploms. The accuren of thes, borer, cine
Rothe in any wy demily soi to es f ted 5 ey of riqunk
occurence among monkeys in sonncment. apr om any spec] eset
The any permanent appreciable fet realing fm the beaten meted
Self Th fo of ety, considerable iain sprt for fd, ich
etn shrly fr th iain of he exposing, sad Shafer reosined
pests trosghost i ne core.
“At the desire of the Hemp Drugs Commission, the experiment was bought.
a clos og the Gy {olowing my soa to Clot o ht 100 f uy 18h

Be std yee pnd inn of si, od

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 mee ed
150 REFORT OF THE INDIAN MEME DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394 [CH. X.

patton, amino vas conde imma it hd occured, Tho

ae ve los nl 5 cas kde pectin oes
ores pied he bd lol amination of he co
ie va ga a tet 8. mart of ow or, bt. of
oe welt wrk 50 hs. en Impose 10 cry it nk nd st
eo wha te Gora fo mse iin
vm Spurn of a te. irs gran rg be, over, en
he ns of Ssh mg ens
Set
Bess of postmortem. ssaination of the enimal—The body weighed
131s. 7 oe indicating 3 loss i weight of bs 9 oz. during the ight months of
treatment. Thi, or at all evens the whale of this, loss is certainly not fidly
‘Gediable tthe treatment, seing tht for 3 considerable period not long before
he clos of the experiment th ania bad been subject to an attack of dysentery,
‘which alone would have been sufficent o occasion considerable Ios of weight.

40a Taying the body open, the phesomenen which a once attracted atten
tion, as unlike any ondary presen in those of caged monkeys, was. the great
“mount of fat accumulated. in the omentum, the mesentery, and the viscerl and

puetal percardiom. This was spaclly notewarthy in connection with the

markedly diminished ingestion of food whieh had characterised the subject of the

experiment during the grester pat oft course, and with he coincident consider
able seduction in body weight which had occured. The body geserally appeared
be fay. well nouished, and 3 considerable amount of subcutaneous fat vas
preset.

The ens were qui xcptonly bth fo caged mak, ther

fh bin i th Tse drs aberen fo he tha wills te Ik one
Seng spat porch hey, ad he ht miny Sow ow aches
Ge emg ch Unde re snc of he oe acd cone
Wied hg ig bation ich phon of ir men, oe
Ra vo th ot heed ening vera of the ree of vee
mon of a i. Wh, west, hse wre 1 re ay do
min omc com pr, ian ry coe
Ee iy secondo i th amen (sca, mk Trin a ope queion
th te log cami of hs Gs ho bom od oo.
“The iver, spleen, and pancress appeared to be perfectly norml, save tat,
asin the case of the cariae muscle, a sight excess of intersial fat made its
appearance under the inflence of oswie acid. The kidneys, the stomach, the
acge and small intestines, and the corebro-sginal nervous centres wero all
apparently petty healhy.

“The oly peculae fetirs in the body then which coud fn any way be
rationally regarded as connected with the treatment to which the animal bad
‘een exposed were the excessive accumulation of fat in thetissue of the omentum,
pertoneam, and pericardium, an the tendency to the establishment of a similar

‘accumulation in the cardiag muscle, the lve, the pancreas, and the spleen.

Bat th only persistent symptom attending the treatment during Te vas

a considerable diminution in appetite fo food, 50 tha, in so fa as the results of

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Git. X] REPORT OF THR INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1954. 130

a single experiment afford any ground fo inference, it would sppesc that the
most important effect of the habitual employment o

ganja to give ise to diminution in the normal processes of isa

such a degree that local accumulations of at are able to occur even inspite of
the coincident and similarly originating diminution in th ingestion of ood. The
dimioution in activity of the normal. processes of tissue waste tends, on the one.

hand, to give ise to decseased ingestion of food, nd, on the other, to local
accumulation of fa in spit of this But ifthe babfual practice of inblations of
the dro realy do produce such efects, it is clear that, in place of eg Rural,
it may he positively beneficial to people who are obliged to undergo exertions
without haviog the means of procuring a diet fully adapted to make good the
amount of tissue waste normally associated with them, As has been already
pointed out its necessary to exercise extreme caution incoming to any defte
conclusions from the experiment, first, because i is an ealted ane, and, secon,
because the post-mortem examination has not yet been histologically completed
but the evidence which. bas afforded is in fa as it goes, rather in favour
of the use of the drug under certain conditions than adverse to i

484. Tn considering the effects induced by drinking bhang and smoking

ts forms of th dng an. hares gan, it must be remenbered tht the

dm Bo same active principle i present in all. The effects,

therefore induced by any one of the three drugs must necessacly depend
upon the content of active principle, which is smallest i the case of bhang,
and, theoretically at least, largest in chara, weight for weight. Practically
iti impossible to compare with anything approaching to accuracy the physiolo-
gical effects of the three drugs, because at present no define active. prin.
Giple has been isolated. The alcoholic or other extcact from bhaog, ganja,
and chars are neither chemically sila in composition nos physiologically equiva:
Ten, wight for weight, inthe effects they induce; and it is only possible, therefore,

to approximately compare the physilogical fice of gan, chars, and bang.

inter 55, When, in addon to these inital difficulties, the disturbing factors,
cial and individual idiosyncrasy and habit, com into operation, the question of
tho immediate efecs of the drug becomes 4 most compl problem to deal with
scientfially or indeed even to generalize on in the broadest seas of the term.
And, mercover, though the same active principe is originally present in all
thre of the digs, yo when ciher ganjaor chara is smoked, he active principle,
no sing volatile, must undergo decomposition, new products being evolved,
‘Suit, therefor, there can be no comparison boween the physiologic fcc of
the drag when introduced into the stomach as bhang and the products of the
destaueive distillation of ganja o charas when smoked and inhaled. And a
wit on hemp drugs aptly remarks: “The action of hemp on man is ovarots
that when we read the several descriptions given, difleing so widely, we mould
scarcely suppose wo were considering the same agent”

453. Judging from the replies of several witness, the immediate effct of

Temdits ccs. the moderate use of any of the hemp drugs on the
babitual consumer i refreshing and stimulating, and
alleviates fatigue, giving rise to pleasurable sensations all over the nervous
system, 30 that the consumer s “at peace with evesybody "io a grand waking
dream, He i abl to concentate bis thoughts on onc subject + it afcds him

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193 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1895.94. (CH. X.

pleasure, vigour, ready wit, capacity for hard work, and sharpness for bus
Ress; it has a quising effect on the nervous system, and removes reslesncss
“od induces fogetfulaess of mental troubles; all sors of grotesque ideas rapidly
pass through the mind, with a tendency to talk it brightens the ces, and,
Tike a good cigar, gives content; the man fels fll, sings songs, and tells good
storia; i causes beavery in the brave and cowardice in the. timid, and, like
alcohl binge out the real character of the man. In young men it may give tise
to sensual thought, and aphrodisiac efiects are mentioned. Some witnesses,
on the cantar sate that the drugs not refeshing, and that the consumer is
sometimes slespy and somedimes talkative; of there is tendency to talk: the.
conjunciva become suffused and red, and the moisture dies in the throat and ips;

the man becomes peevish, stoped, sees double; and occasionally it may fcause
vomiting, Regarding the question of intoxication, witnesses speal of exhilaration
and slighly disey sensation; a ie incoxicaion, ut no stupefacton; a fling of
; aide heaviness in the eyes,

sight narcotic efcts, of stupor more o les complete. Others say that the fist
eflectis exciting, then soothing while same describe the cfc 3s those of
intoxiation of varying degrees, fom moderate to dead drunk. According fo
cetan witnesses, th intoxication of hemp drags difles from the alcoholic in
that only those unaccustomed to the drug are fected, or tht intoxication is not
much marked in od consumers. Some witnesses state that the drugs allay
hunger thers tht these fies oly result from excessive use; wile others deny.
the power of the dro to ally hunger under al condidons apparently. Similac
contradictory statements are made in connection with the alleged power of the
dg to crate appetite. On thi poi, however, it may be of interest to note
that O'Shaughnessy, 3s a ren of observation, records the fact that hemp
dmg in smal doso possess an extraordinary power of stimulating the digestive
organs: "the appelite became extraordinary” is the remark he makes
describing the symptoms induced in certain of his students by the administration
of § grain doses ofthe resin. A Sind witness, No. 16, says: “It. sharpens the
appetite and in this respect the action of the drug is cers 30d to be depend
ellon” These are the immediate ects mentioned in the evidence, No doubt

come of them would ony result from an woaccustomed of excessive dose,

486 In connecdon withthe period doing which the effects last, itis very ifi-

octet 1031 st any general conclusions, as so much.

hs depends on individual diosyncrssy, on habit dosage,
sod on the manner in which the drug is exhibited. According to Dr. Russells
experiments, the mental effects appear in from thee to five minutes, and
the dromsingss nd restless scp may last several hours in cases in which the drug.
as pushed o produce decided cffcts. Assistant. Surgeon J. E. Bocareo gives
een minute 2 th period at which intoxication commences alte ganja smolin
in the case of chara, with the rst pull at the chum, In the case of gana, the

fers Last from Half to one hour or much longer, and in charas from fifteen to

fventy minutes. Wich bhang the symptoms may set in from twenty. to thirty

minutes, o may be much delayed; and, according to Assistant Surgeon Bocarro,

may last on an average two hours, a, according to a Bombay medical witness
(No. 91) si to twelve hours. According to Dr, Russell's Aseam experiments, the
efcts of two drachms of bing drunk as goon came on slowly and disappesred
nthe hours, With a solution of the esi i alcoho, thirty drops of the tincture

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CH. X] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 183554. 193

are stated to have induced slight exctement within half minute lstiog for afew
seconds. In iften minutes feeling something allied tothe arly stage of
cation came on. Three grains of extract gave ise to no symptoms for ane hour

(Wfedical Times and Gaslte, 1852). Speaking generally, however, smoking

produces far quicker efecs than the exhibition of the drug. by the stomach, a5

in the latte case in India the resin in bhang is associated vith a large amount
of inert insoluble matter, and absorption is thereby delayed; but with pure
resin, admifsteed ia a finely divided state, absorption from the stomach aay
occur with great rapidity.

457 Various re are given regarding the after efects induced by the
Anes drugs. A very common answer to tis question
that no immediate aftr effects are induced. Others

say that “scarcely” any afer effects follow the moderate we. Dr. Crombie
(Bengal witness No. 104) says: I have not seen any aftr effects in these cases,
and have spent days in company with native boatsen habitually using ganja in
moderation” Another witness sates (Sind No. 20): “With bhang. none of
any importance. Ganja and charas, especially the latter, give rise to dull
frontal headache, singing in the ears, weakened mental power, much. hist,
impair the appetite, constipate the bowels, and concentrate the wine” Other
witnesses describe the after fect as laziness and logo, stupor, drowsiness,
melancholy, weakness, axity of the body, diincination to doznything exhasstion,
depression, pan in the body, headache, giddiness, and guaving at the stomach,
nauseous taste in the stomach, and (hist, O'Shaughnessy gives a succinct
account of the after effects of bhang and charas, In the cas of hang, "te n-
tosication fasts about three Hours, when sleep supervenes 0 nausea of sickness
of stomach succeeds, no av the bovels at al affected: nest day there s slight
giddiness and vascularity of the eyes, but no other symptoms worth recording” In
the case ganja, “heaviness, laziness, and agreeable severies ensue, bt the person
an be easily roused, snd is ble to discharge routine occupation, sich 23 pulling
the punkab, wating t table, ee” The Commission consider it vey probabl that
im rsgard to healer efcts of the moderate use of these drugs, Ue evil after
effects described by some witnesses are really due to the excessive use, nd that
witnesses have not always discriminated between th efits of the modecate
and excsssve use of th druge.

Replis to the question whethee the want of sbsequent gratcaton pro-

duces any longing or uneasiness ave answered by some witnesses in the negative

‘2 regards moderate consunners others say that # lle longing or even uneasi-
Rossi experienced for vant of gratification, There appear tobe no valid reasons
‘why the want of graieation of even a moderate habit should not cause unease
nest in some cases, and a. sensation of longing in many: tis cetiny the
casei the majority of habitoal moderate tobacco smokers, in wham the want of
an accustomed smoke certainly does produce “longing,” and which may even
amount to "uneasiness ” in some instances. In no case, however, a the longing
or uneasinees experienced by users of hemp drugs or want of subsequent gratif
cation comparable to the cravings of an opium smokes or eter, Ths mater
as, However, already been discussed in dealing with th formation ofthe babi.
©

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194° REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1853.94. [CH. X.

485. Ther se fom any css of the commuey some members of which
ls whe se dp 1200015 hemp drags some fom. There ar
WS BE cbection tothe vas of toca by Mab
mada snd these er sso ti casas ar oxthodow minding in thse
ouge. Many of the Findus who se both onthe snd respectable consider it
Conta to thi rion to digs fn hes or any other ica, though
nay of he se cl ls bein ht hey may, at est occasoaly 3 feats,
ihe bang, Orthodox Sikh do ot. smoke, and threes regard aria and
Chara as probe, ough they dont ss the same refs bjciont drnk-
ing Bhan, These se lstcadon of ses which generally abstain, Members
vo of hse ssa, however, found srion he consumers of thse drugs, Tt
may 1d probably with seiety ha here sn a of thecommnty ht dogs
fo 10 some extent putas of these drug. At he sme time consumption in
he mn conned to paris class, Gens o caras i ciel ved by
1) elon persons, uch ss Fis 4nd wandering endian, sadhos snd
panahs, th followers of Tah, and the ets; () the owe classes of both
Hindus snd Mohammadsns, sich x0 siz and colvatos, shermen and bot.
men, pleas and day ours, scpogs nd ight watchmen, wrestlers snd
ees, Chaar 1nd Domes, and. athens of th. Tower orders; (5) domestic
Scant of oll ids, capil those who, a sycs, dors, of dhobi, ave
specially ting wrk a doy (4) borgoe of ifeen races, such 2s St
Goad, and many more; (5) wadesmen, Kayaseh, snd others of the lovee
midds chess, These sr among the classe specisly mentioned by tosses
as smoking erp drugs. Among the spp dass his bait i genelly
Tegard 2 exceplions 1d ndcsting 3 pec tendency to dispaton, but
oso mong these Toner clsses, Bung fs abo used lo some. exient by
These css, bt fs moe geal sed by the mere esposiabe middle snd
upper csi Aman thse who i specially mentioned 33 habiealy us
Kare Marva, Bais, and Jones, sharp, ieligent, and sucesso trades:
mn. Bhang sls ceusonally sed moe or ks gonraly by practically
Gees o cesta fet days snd st Ges of soil eng. Like al nonce
xcyehr, te drugs as usd n moderation, bak mre equ o excess, by
acon and disp persons of all chasis, Excep, however, inthe 6350
of relion menicants, he we by all the. hss nad show is generally
made, Excess exception
450. From what hs bon sad sbove till be expected that. there would bo

Sas yn pig i ny wines whose opinion regarding hee of

- hess drug 2 stimulants vould not be fvourble.
“The very gen orto wioeses fn al provinces doce tht this ve of hs
dings raced ih dimpproval bythe prope genely. This dsspproralrste
an see grounds, Ie depends pany on the dase wing the drs, Many
rss pont ot that ga he chespet ntoxcant, and it is picpally
ck by the owe lsc, wil bog mor ued by the sper ses, Thy
ste ha it on ts account ht ac smoking is regarded with much
more geal dolavour than bang dking. As one wiess pits out,
he feng nsomeviat aki to tht whic somo Englishmen who do ot gen.
clyGispprove of malts hav egading .* volgar tat for gi On he
he had, th vs of go by religions psn is not tus genmaly ssgpove,

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 CH. X.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 169394. 195

Many witnesses share the view which one witness tersely expresses th
“Sanyasis are respected by the people ; low caste people arent respected.”
‘There is no doubs that by far the greater part of the commenity abstain from

‘any disapproval, and i fact ave even steongly in favour, of the use of these drags

by regions person, although that use s so often excestive. Mi. Monro (Bengal
witness No. 206), however, records an instance of his having persuaded
the people among whom he was working to dissociate ganja and holies
50 that “a sanyasi was laughed out of she. town when I convicted him of habic
tually. consuming ganja.”

“The disapproval of the use of hemp drugs by classes other than these rei
gious classes i, as has been already indicated, based also on religious objection
intoxicants sill held by many, both Hindus and Mobammadans. There canbe.
no doubl that this orthodox objection influences the public expression of opin
by many who have ceased themselves to she this religious sentiment. It is a
respectable thing to denounce intoxicants; aad it sometimes requires an effort for
a witness 0 speak favourably or apologerically of intoxicants, especialy of those
‘which ace used by the lower orders, Another ground fo this expression. of dis
approval by so asge a majority of the witnesses is the fact that so many of them
have seen nothing but the cessive use. I eanot be Loo careflly remembered
that the moderate use docs no obtrude sel, zed that much of the evidence given
eforcthe Comission deals in truth only ith excess. Thus we fod a large num
ber ofwitneses lustrating the popula disapproval of the drug by pointing out
hat garjei or“ Bhangi” the names given tothe consumers of garja or bhang)
isa term of great proach. They point out that it means “one who acts as if he
bad lost all senso,” an uneelable and despicable character, Other witnesses
‘explain that these tcms correspond to the English word * crurkard,” and that the

moderate use sno, sofas ther experience goes, regarded with contempt at al,
Akin tots s the natural desire expressed by soveal witnesses to assis the young.
in esisting the temptations of bad comparians by establishing in their minds a
‘whelesome antipathy to itosicans of al kinds, excessive indulgence fa which is
followed by disastrous results, especially to the young,

490. this conection well 0 nics the refecences mde to lehol.

nos 128 only 3 minority of the ineses who compare

Prete leo adh rs. Bo ang utd

of thee witnsses 5 majory of bout three o on decre aloha 0 be more
injurious than heap raga. In every province the majority of the vinesses who
‘ml hs compat hed the view sbove expressed. Ths majry includes
experienced fftrs of Goren, Thus Clan Hutchins, Comision of
Tahoe Panis ioses No. 4), sya: So ras fics ve come to my notice
ho lets of fgor are initcly wor thin chose of droga” Ms. ]. , Thar.
Son, Collect of Alababad. (NorthWesern Provinces wines No. 2), gave
evidence to te following ect emembe no cas rom which ca deduce
he henry hat the wo te drugais in any wey connected wih aime th nto
Lay, from ny om person) experince, | cannot say th same reguring alcohol

cn ng
Spur of county”
(Bengal iy saya:
wtess No. 4), Ne 1 Tone,
hav neverComision of
had pecsons pon
EE vara th icant go ets vest
more. case. a ex afta fom lobol than ro hemp hav coe before me”

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 -
196 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 169354. LOH. X.

And Colonel Bowie, Commissioner in the Central Provinces (witness No. 2),
Saya: #1 cancall to mind great many cases which | lave had to deal vith as
Magistrate and sa & Sessions Judge, in which seious hurt and homicide have
bess caused by persons under the influence of aleobol, but nota single case of
crime of any Kind which bad been committed under the influence of bhang oc

ganja" Representative offcers fom other provinces right be quoted, such as

Sir. Vidal or Mr, Campbel, CE, in Bombay, o Mr. H. E. M. James, Commis-
sionerin Sind, The Rev. Mr. Lafamme (Madas witness No. 153), who took

much paisa in collecting information, tence inthe same sense. It is,

bowestr, inthe nother provinces tht ther is mst experience of these drugs
The any ofice of standing in Upper India who holds the contrary views Mr. T.
Stoker, Excite Commissioner, North-Western Provinces (witness No. 6), who
Says: “Tpat these drugs sbove liquor and opiam in thei injorious tendenci
Insaying tis, be ifr, however, both from his predecessor, Mr. R. Wall (witness.
No. 292), who held the fice fo eleven yeas, and from the Hon'ble. A. Cadell
(witness No. 1), who is the Member ofthe Board of Revenue in charge of
Excise,

The opinion that alcohol is moreinjurous than hemp drugs i alo expressed
by leading Native gentlemen i these provinces, such as Maharaja Bahadur Sir
Jotindea Mohan Tagore, Kc. (Bengal witness No. 163), Munshi News!
Kishore (North-Western Provinces witness No. 231), Babu P. C. Chatiesi
Judge, Chief Court (Punjab witness No. 76), and the Hon'ble Gangadhar
Mado Chinavis (Central Provinces witness No. 46). The fist of these only
need be quoted. He says: The ue of the aforesaid indigenous drugs appears
to me to be preferable to the use of ardent spirits and wines now rapidly re-

Placing them to the great injury of the moral and matesial well-being of our
people. Prohibition, | fear, wold lead many to take to the use of ardent liquors,
and tis, in my humble opinion, would be replacing one. evil by anather of sill

reser magitade,” These views ave held by the great majosity of the mative
ithesses who make the camparison between hemp drugs and alcohol ; and there
really no witoess of authority on the other side.

isl pon of mf. ness sho abe is compon

[

dt a echo id stot sn Sn ma hk
ol laf Sot erste no sin, TH op cm ho
ahead wanda ig hale bein
row i had i so 8 te is Sly ns oh ke
Tie i Sem oh cos it Ses gt hn i
eh song to dig oh. Sonera Come Coos
Gs rsh SS ning os ty. Som ar:
fom ik eh deni mo A000 bale 1 proc tue
Conga hog an Prva, 1 hr rt nly oh ae. comma
Se my hoon a a mien ht ead
Fo bo mot, i pent ko en 1 i
Goi iat tn nd mt Soh
hl cre ma md my nay me 0 septs. Taos
oe te of ho oman, of Sek et Sone cis
we i oid mote he cof Bip, My on
eli et ht sm Hoo ct Scho eos so.

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 (CH. XJ REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 185594 19]

A native who takes to guoris lost, As regards the excessive use, Twnld
still place alcohol fis. 1 regard i as most deeteious The ony other
‘medical an who need be quoted is Dr. H. M. Clack, a wellknown Medical
Missionary i the Punjab (witness No. 46), who says: As regards charas, |
think there can be no such thing as moderate ue, if we mean such use as wil

not leave any permanent bad efect on the systom. In whatever quantity it is
sed, itis bound to be deleterious, 1 should ssy that in this country slohal docs
more harm than charss.” These views ae supported by distinguished mative
medical mea Tike Rai Babadur anny Lal Dey, 1.2. (Beogal witness No. 113),
and others.

is not within the province of the Comission o come 0 any deft find-
ing on ths evidence 35 to the comparative fects of alcohol and hemp.
drugs. Th effects of alcohol wero not within the scope of the inquiry. As
as akeady been stated, i is only minority of the witness who make the com
parson. It was nt asked for in the Commission's questions, and has only been
incidentally made by certain witnesses. The Comission have not et called
onto test the coreectness of the views of the witnesses on this pant, as this
could only have been done by a fll inquiry nto the efects of liqua.
But it is Imporian to observe the existence of these views, In this con.
nection it is interesting to. notice the existence in certin parts of the
county of a belief among ignorant persons that “the stack on hemp drugs
as due 10 a desie to foster Euwopean liquor” (se the evidence of Mr.
William Alan, Assistant Collector, Abkari Degactment in the town of Bombay,
witness No. 38); o, 2s another withess puts i, the agitation is stsbuted to
them whore anxious to encourage the spread of alcohol, ic, the pcsons who
import nd manufacture Tiguor” (V. K. Joglkar, Bombay witness No. 110).
The existence of such misapprehensions can ony be explained by the difficulty
fel in accounting for an agitation agains these drugs alone. The Rev. Me.
Lalani (Madras witness No. 153) sae: * Many ae surprised to bear that the
Gosernment 1s concemed about a pracice which i canfned 0 30 small 3
portion of the people as is ganja and bhang, and is not concerned zbout the
widespread, rapidly increasing, and much more injurious babe of sleobolc drink,
from which much greater ham rosult. | have been six yesss in the county,
and engaged in silage work during four years. Belore entering on these
quires 1 0d not know the hemp drags vce in use ameng the people, and had
only met with them in the temples” One witness of much experience (Khan
Babadur Kadie Dad Kia, C12, Sind witoess No. 4) says: AL clases of
the peopl, from the most influential spicual leader to the lowest beggar, will
any that. the Driih Government, while not interfering ot prohibiting the use of
alcool in thei ows eouote, are stopping them bere from the us of Iss inoxica-
ng drugs, which they have been using [rom tine immemorial and yhich is also
religiously respected.”

491. Among the ancient physicians the ev effects of the drug are thas
« refered to by the author of the Makhian-el-Adwiga:
ge 220 4 Lp erwards the sedative efcts beg to preside, the
spit sink, the vison darkens and weakens, and madsess, melancholy, feschul
dopey, and. such like distempers are the sequel, whie the seminal
Secreions dry up.” Aludiog toi ‘popular ue, the thor dvels on theeentual
©

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168 REPORT OF THE INDIA HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893:94. [CH X.

ert consequences of the indulgence + * Weakess of the digestive organs fst

casucs followed by Batlency, indigestion, swellings of the limbs and face,
change of complesen, diminition of sexual vigour, Ios of teeth, heaviness,
comardice, depraved and wicked. ideas, ete” Iban Bear was the fst to
cecord its tendency to produce mental derangement, and he even states that it

occasionally proves fatal. Takied dia-Ahmad, commonly known as Maki, who.

number of etises upon Egypt inthe 14th century, states that in 7%
very seve adinances were passed in Egypt against the se of the drug;
the famous garden in the valle of Dijonena was rooted up, aod. all those con
victed of th use of the drugs were subjected to the extraction of ther teeth

but in 799 Hija the custom re-established itself with more than origina
vigour, Miz states: "As its consequence, general corruption of sent
acats and mannecs ensued, modesty dissppeared, every base and evil passion
was openly indulged in, and nobility of external form alone remained to
these nfanated beings.” Rumphius alludes doubtingly to the alleged. aphro-
diac powers of the drug, and states that the kind of mental excitement it pro

duces depends upon the temperament of the consumer, O'Shavghnessy in Vis

intrduction to cetan expeciments with hemp rugs remarks: * As to tho evil
sequel so unanimorely del on by all witers, these did not appear to us so
‘mmerous, so immediate, or so formidable as many which may be clealy traced

to oveindulgence in other povectl simulants or mrcotis, iz. alcohol,

opium, or tobacco.” O'Shasghnessy also refers to nsaity occasioned by con.
tinued hemp ncbraton a follows : * Before quitting this subject, iis desiable
to notice the singular form of insanity which the incautious. use of hemp
preparations often occasions, especially among young men who try i for the fist
ime, Several such cases have presoned themselves to our notice. They arc
as pecalse 3s the *delum tremens” which succeeds the prolonged abuse of
ritaous Tiquors, but are quite distinct. from any other species of madness
ith which we are acquained. The state is at once recognized by the stiinge
alancing gait ofthe patient, a constant robbing of th hands, perpetual giggling,

and a propensity to caress and chafe the feet of all bystanders of whatever
fuk, The eyes wear an expression of cunning and meriment which can
scardy be mistaken. In a ew cases the patients ro violent; in many. highly
aphrodisiac in all that we hae seen voraciouly hungry. “There is no increased
heat ar frequency of circulation or any appearance of inflammation or conges-
tion, and the skin and general functions are in a natural state. A blister to
the nape of the eck, leeches to. the temples, end muscating doses. of tartar
emetic with saline purgatives have capidly dispeled the symptoms in al the
cases we have met wih, and have restored the patients o perfect health”
“This descipion of what O'Shasghnesy considered hemp drug insanity is of
considerable interest. [6 is clear from bis account that the symploms
were of short duration, almost typical, snd that under treatment recovery
was pid. Such cases as those described by O'Shanghnessy are probably
similar tothe class of cases which have occasionally come befor the Come
mission 33 having occured while vader observation of the cartifying medical
offcer, and which on reachiog the ssylum wero sane. They were probably
more of the characte of intovicatin than of insanity. The curious point, how-
ever, in connection with O'Shasghoessy's account of hemp dro insanity is the
shsence of al information ss to cases of longer duration, such as the class of

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 CH. X.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1898:04. 199

cases now met with in asylams and stibated to hemp drugs, And this
‘omission is al the more striking because O'Shaughnessy had devoted. special
attention to the subject of hemp drugs, and indeed was the fist to draw the

attention of Eatopean practitioners to the value of the drug 2 8 remedial agent;

and itis hardly possible that if in is day any large number of persons insane
from the alleged ui of the drug had been admitted nto asylums, he woud have
been ignorant of the fact and omitted to notes it in bis account of the cicts
ofthe drug.

492. The action taken in Turkey, Egypt, Greece, nd Tinidad nthe dvection

emai, Of he prohibition of the use of hemp. ds will be

Blin cer tied ass (de Crater XIV), The Come

sion have not before them material to enable them to judge of the statements
regarding the eFects of he drugs in these counties which formed the basis of

the action taken, The note drava up in 180 by the Sanitary Board of Greece,
on which the action in that country was based, contains a statement of the

fics of the drugs as alleged to have been ascertained (s) by scientific inguiy
India and other “warm countries” by experts, mang whom O'Shasghnessy
specially mentioned, and (5) from statistics of the Indian (sad. especially the
Bengal) lunatic asylums. But thee is nothing given in orginal of th views of
any of the experts named. The views of O'Shaughnessy and the fadian asylum
statistics ae already before the Commission. They have theclore no new
material in this note. They are compelled threo to set it aside, For the
samo reason they find themselves unable to armive at any opiton in regard to
the recent. controversy between Dr, Ireland and * Pycamid™ fn the British
Medical Journal rogardiog the ficts of the droga in Tendad and Egyp.
They pass on, theseore, o the evidence avaible i this county.

93 In order oascetain the alleged noxious physical, mental, or mors efcts

‘which ae popularly befeved o be induced by use

lini Sof hemp drugs, the Commission considered it de-

sirable in Faning the questions 0 these pints to
clearly discriminate betwen the moderate and excessive use, The replies show,
howeve, that in very many instances the witnesses have failed ths to difren
tate between the two uses ofthe drug. This may be partly due to the some.
what inheseat dificalty in disceiminaing a to carelessness on the part of per-
sons who conducted the inquiies. The evidence, moreove, befor tho Corns
sion clearly demansiates tha any departues from the normal in heal, as
ated with the mere mention of the hemp drug. habit is in most cases suicent
for cause” and " efect.

vow sco fs dias of th

In analysing th replies given to question No. 45, which dsl withthe

rug, the Commision bene thoght it expedient to

incite fst the view taken bythe medica ioesses, and then to consider the tener

of the evidence given by all witness, including medical. In considering the

‘media rides, ie wiassse have bon divided into tee classe—(o) upeice
medical offers, including ssistant surgeons ; () hospital assist clase; (0
atv. practitioners who hav no. bee rind in Medical Coleges, and vio
practise according to. native methods, In estimating the value which should be

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305 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [CH X.

atnched to the exdence tendered by each of thse lasses, the Comission con
der i necesary to pont out th
ean access ina fr better postion to judge nteligenly of th effects of
he dongs than the the to lac but the superior medical ficer class com-
pices bth Baropen doctors ad assistant surgeons, The former ass—in ll
but exceptional instances —lo no es newly 30 much of the common of general
dispensay practice asthe assent surgeon. Though at headquarters hey isc.
be dispense as roar ss possible, an sss some of th patients and assist in
prsring they are the the *supecinendents of th dispensaries” nd occupy
Several a poson more ores of consultants” to the assistant surgeons,
Nhoscualy condoct dispensary practice, nd who diag s th ordinary diseases
ind esc fo then I heeloce sppears to the Comission no. unlikely
{at the views of mot Butopean medica afer may bave been based on less
Git contac wich the peopl, and may hao even ben somtimes derived more
rls fram tho sistant surgeons, thee immedi subordinates. The hospital
Stans 23. clas ae much infor to sistant surgeons in medical ing
204" gene ineligence, but they possess one advantage ovr he sssstant
argeon. From the inferior sail posto they havea. mer inmate know
edge perhaps cf the hab ofthe. persons who frequent dispenscics, and who
conte the cls to which hemp-drog conser belong. The naive pract-
ate probably be sll mos fala knowledge of th habits ofthe peop
Duttheabaenceof systematic alning ends them practically incompetent fo orm
aus coma of cause” snd eft” and thei dc of he noious cfcts
of th drag ar doubles rely coloured by the popular and commen. vies an
he bic

495. Tn respect the evil efects—physical, mental, and moral scribed to

omni tn piri the abil se of these drugs, ther is one feature
trp ds that must sire any one vho reads the evidence
hat i, the large number of witnesses who dorot nsweraal the questions (No.
45 31d No. 45) regarding evil fects, Among: Europeans over encrhall of the
itnsies and among Natives sbout one-third sbetain rom answering: This must
be dae in large measure o the fact thatthe ofcts have no abiruded themscl
on absevaton. Tis is what is stad over and oct again by wicesscs of the
greatest expeience. Of those who do answer, about one-half of the Europeans.
and one of the Native witnesses ascribe no evil efcts at all tothe moderate

use of gas and chars. Those withesses who specially mention Lang; do so,
as: ule to except i from thee satement regarding the evil effects alleged to
seule from hemp drugs generally. These are ot, however, very numerous. tis
unnecessary o do mae than take up the evidence regarding hemp drugs gener
aly. About one-half ofthe Europesn witnesses and. two-thinds of the Native
‘itgeses who answer a al the question regarding the alleged vl ffcts of the
modecse use do s0 in the afirmative, But of these about one-half of both

alse do not discimiate between the moderato and excessive use. They
answer generally concersing the use of the drugs without drawing the line
betwen moderation and excess. The number of witnesses who really give
evidence to the efit that the moderate use of these drugs causes jury
hereon es than those who distinely afm that they do not, and forms but a
sual action of he whole body of witnesses. The evidence regarding the evil

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 _—
CX] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1895

elects of the excessive use is much stronger, The number of witnesses who
are able to. give information is indeed much smaller than. might have been
expected, and certainly indicates that the evil of excessive consompton 1 not.
widespread. But of those who do speak of the efects of excessive consumption,
the very large majority state that they are evil. There are vey fow exceptional

witnesses who allege that the excessive use does no harm. This is prcialy
what might have been expected. The excessive ute of any intoxcint canmor
be other than esl, and in the great major of cases of exces the ex must be
manifest,

496. The impressions which the evidence raves an the mind are these. The

rae et cuce f e €6 Fesulls rom the use of the drugs, whether

wea’ moderate or excessive, have nat Hitherto abirded
themselves an observation. The nly manner in which they have really tract
od attention is i respect to asylum statics, Apart from thi, the majority of
‘ithesses have nt sce the ffcts at al, aod know nothing sbout them. Of the
minority, a few witnesses only have had thei attention dwn to the efcts be.

fore this inquiry began; the test knew nothing of them unt] they began to
sescch them out on receipt of the questions issued by the Commission. Some
of these witnesses il to remennber that in going to poi places, such as shops or
shrines where smokers congregate to ascertain the eect, they have taken

{is fo icv bono he modest and sxssie wt. The idence

fie representation of th gener elects of the di a0 wold. be the
iden men rearing th genrl cect of slob who Jig of thse
fe sll from what they sue pu hoses in England, Fath, a rest
ea of the widncs is bis upon casual absersaton of vey fen cas of
acu consumer, The numberof cases sen by 8 ines 80. Te to few
form an adequat: bss for dein pion fatapt toss. Yet the
but few eres vio have sen snd aie this sess for cuion in he
exrsion of opion Aga, hes at 31 nck aly fw member, bt 0 3
rule vey adequacy observe. Thre ae very fo of the indeed hich bre
ec kn th wise in any vey timatly x for ay lengh of time,
Occasion, ly cas is menioed of relate or perso eqaintunce wbo as
been souly njrd by ences, But 85 i tbe cases medned ave hen
eves of wandering mendient, devotees a tomples o tanger nthe st
Cain obevedin hoped ot he pages, o in clean of oil wicks
rnght tober fo the wiesse inspection, r (nthe csoof medical iss)
odor pants vho ba come asl lor rel nd. hose Har sown,
Cleary these sc no cass on which ster. conclusions cn be bud. It
mint he mpossble to sy with anything ke certity whet fst rom song
ho phy] mena), and moa stares of th cue se oe to creymsances 0d
Canes antecedent ts o dependent of the hep dng bb, and what (12)
“may be ressably scrbed, and in what dee, o at babi

497. The real of tis ba been to make much of the evidence vague and
nomen tog, UPSSSactory. It has been deemed necessary, here
HE EE fre to make an efor to sft and test the evidence,
1t can hardly be considered necessary to question the view thal. excesive cone
5

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 ip DRUGS Cosnaission, 189394. [Cn X.

of these drags indicates snd. intensities mental and moral weakness,

oi mt also bo tended fn all but excepionl consiatons with some vile
hyical infty. Tn regard to the moderate us, on the other hand, it would be
he won 0 seep ilu clear evidence the view hat physical, mental, and
motel injury resuled. In the absence of all physiological evidence of fisue.
changes beng produced by these drugs, as they ace prods by alcobel, it must
be presumed, ul th cont appear, that th modecste we docs not cause
nj in any bat the most exceptional case. General experience warrants the
admision that even the moderate use of such drugs may cause injry in excep-

owl cases oviog to idiosyneracy of peculia diathesis, But-as a rule, practic

cally without exception, the presumprion mst be against inary fom the moder-
Steuse, Tes necessary then to weigh the evidence zarfuly 1038 to ascertain
both whether thre any ground fo beeing that the moderate use is attended.
by ev relat al, aod alo what the particular resus are. which unde. any
chreumatances follow the use of the drugs.

458. Leaving out of account fo the present the question of th connection of

the drags with insasity, thre ie no evidence. of any
si dni ight regucdng mental and moral injcy from the
modecse use of the drugs, Vague statements are made by a small minority of

he witnesses regarding the stupidity or moral eakoess of consumers whom they

have me. But alter makog allowance fo the fact tht these observations have
ofen been of excessive consumes, and fo the lower mental and moral tone
found georally among the lowes orders to which th consumers, o a all events
the smokers of emp drugs, almost exclusiely belong, theo s lle lft in the
evidence an which o bse aay opinion, The statements, ton, ae of results of
indefinite character and difficult o gauge or account fo even vith careful observa
Yan ofthe whole history of case whichis never posible in the nstances adduced.

Similarly in tegacd to physical nr, ther aro considerable mnber of vague

satements made regarding “impairment of constitution,” deity, emaciatin,
and thes physical results of sn nde character. These se largely accounted
for by the mecs fact that i is the poorer classes who ordinarily use these dogs.
“The pacr culiator or day laborer, vho works had and. has nothing but
a bare suffciency of the necessaries of Jie, cannot bo expected to bo eck.
Witsesea who have spoken of the use of hemp as making men thin and ill
roarshed looking have sdited that ther experience i based only on what they
Have sen of the pan, and that aworg te poor theres no. specially marked
appearance of ths ind among the consumers of hemp, A similar fallcy is
noticed by seven witness. They point out that the drugs, wich are more
asd in alriows and unheaihy tacts than elsewhere are credited vith the
evil effects which oslt from the malarous and unheslthy condions, As a
mater of sc, the moderate consumer in such localities cannot, they say, be
ditingshed fom the non-consumer, Then, again, 3 great del of the vogue
evidence regarding th gencal injury to the constitution alleged to result from
the use of hemp drugs is based on what the witness kor: of fairs and wander-
ing mendicants who consume the drugs. 1tis surpising to ind. witnesses who
Bare had years of experince, whose work has brought thee into close contact.
with th ordinary Ife of the pele, testing that they have never seen the
digs vaed except by religous mendicant; or known any of the effects of the

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Ci. X] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1895:94. 203

drugs except 2s shown n these classes, The mendican, if be is ascetic, is

naturally of a very space and even emaciated appearance. The use by such
‘mendicants is bette known to the. community gencelly thin the use by any
other class. The mendicant pushes himself to the root wherene he gocs, and
Be aso hesitation in asking for precisely the thing he wass a the fine. His
se of hemp i therefore known 10 ll who meet Him. The fe he leads—3 wander

ing, Bomeles lie of exposure and selfimposed privation and wrest —makes him

2s 4 rule thin and iserable in appearance, This appearance of the man, an une
Known stsanger, once scen perhaps as ho passes theough the vilage on is round
of Tada, and never seen again, is often associated in the mind of the witness

with the use of hemp and rot wih the [fe that realy produces it. Alomance.
must alo be made fo the large proportion of case of excess whch must have
been found among. the comparatively few cases observed by the witnesses,
The religious mendicant, for example, uses herp dogs very frequently to
excess 1 and. his is the class which has Hitherto attacted most the attention
of the witnesses. As to the cases seen since the Commissions questions
drew autenton (0 the sibject, it must be bome in mind that they are
of necessity chiely case of excess. A Civl Surgeon ssks a naive practitioner
to shov him cases of the cicts of hemp drugs, and the later selects
broken down consumer from among His patients and produces him. The Civil
Surgeon forgets that he has never himself n years of experience seen the efcts
of the drugs; be forgets that unless the consumption af hemp is most exceptional,

or his friend's practice exceedingly small, itis any to b expected that there
Should be consumers among his paints; and he accepts the case 35 3n lusira.
on ofthe ll fects of the drugs, A Collector asks 2 subordinate to collet the
consumers in 4 town or village, and the subordinate ges together the social
wecks from among the consumers of the drags. No ene woud willingly join
such a pany fo inspection except disipated and degraded persons. Yet the Cole
lector, without remembering tis, and without eqirng how many of these social
wreck ar alo consumers of alcohol and other intosicants or ace addicted to
other vices, thinks he has got hold of something tangible to enable lim to judge

of the effets of he drugs. Simady the missionary, anxious to asst fn ths

inguin, goes tothe drug shop and: sees the habitual excessive consumer at his pipe.
Pehaps he finds bi len, miserable. man, hosgh indeed some witnesses of
hie clase have evidently been agrecably surprised at what they have seen. The
witness is, however, led as a role to aserbe. anything of misery or evil hat he

sacs to the drug about which he is terested. without considering tht he rows
nothing of the history a circumatances of the men whorn he thus meets lot the
fst ime, Such mistakes are not. confined to European witnesses, Native wit
nesses of al clases have similarly searched out cases of evil ell aserbed to
hemp drugs, have obtained assistance in collecting them, have vised the places
‘where consumption to. excess is practised, and have ofen given what they have
earned in ths asty foquicy as the undoubied and. inevitable fics of the uso of

the drugs. The mere fact that they had no information to give without making in
fry and that the effets of the drugs had never attracted thei atieaion before fa

ives, shoold bave waroed them ofthe necessity for cauionin generalising.
from the limited experience they had thus specially to acquire. The dificeley,
not impossibility, of judging under the circumstances in almost any case whether

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dog REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEN DRUGS COMMISSION, 183594, (CH. X,

the condilans served were de o such general causes as poverty or malaria or

0'uch special causes as vicious or disoute habits o even ise, quite apart fom
emp dgs, has been ton alten forgotten. And tho evidences vague and welche.
Oa he whale, thea, it sees best devote attention to clea and. definite issues,
and to discuss under physical effets the alleged causation of specific diseases
Ike dysentery, bronchi, and. ssthma which are frequently mentioned; under
mental eflects the alleged causation of insanity; and. under moral effects, the
allsged connection between hemp drugs and crime.

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 CHAPTER XI.
ErpRCTS— PHYSICAL

499: Tn regan o these define physical rel, the aly idence to yhich
“much welght can be tached ithe evidence of the

Seal =
Hotes es on medical vitosse. From thi vin 528 appr.
mm Sh SSS nites of haewtion they are th. oy Winesss
led ive lb evidence. It i propose t exsist medi vd

S00, In Beagal + commissioned medica officers were exsined on the

Baa. fc of the moderste ue of the droga. Scgeon-

LietenantColnel Russel (sites No. 15), 20
years in civl ploy in Bengal and Assam, a wioess whose evidence has egpenty
sen quoted by the Commission, stated that the use of the drug does nt cavse
bronchi, dysentery, or asihima, and tha screly any other noions ects sre
induced. *Surgoon-iewensot Colonel Rusk Lal Dut (sess No, 07), an
fice of ovr 20 years experience, sated: * Very moderate smoking of gue. or
charas or moderate drinking of siddi in infusion do not produce ny appreciable
fect... tt hese moderate cases sr seldom lang ved. Thee sn thes
slow and inidions undermining process going on in thie digestive, epiratary,
and nevous systems, which predispose hem to seul diseases and ct thei vet
short” Surgean-Liutenant Colonel Price (vitness No. 108), of a1 year sence,
wh had frequently come across consemers of hemp drags, wes are to answer
the question regarding ects. Surgeon-Capiso Prin (witoess No. 11) stated:
“41 do not believe that the habisal moderate use of any f these drugs produces

say novious efects—physical, mental, or moral. 1 think that perhaps the use
of bang docsinjre the digestion and. impai ppetite cen when sed moder
Iy, but {am convinced that i nthe causes dysentery, bronchi of sath.”
Surgeon-Major Cob (witness No. 110) stated tht the. dros dd nor cause
sath, bronchi, or dysentery; snd in croxamioaton ho sted: hase
no experience that the excssse use of the dug prodces dysentery and
boxelcomplints.” Surgeon-Licuenant Colonel Flood Murry (witness No.
103), ve years i mila service and ineteen yeaes in civil employ, quoed the
opinion of a pandit whom he consulted regarding the ll fects of the dros.
In cross-examination he sated: “The general statement as contained. fn my
itt answer is 2 statement made to me by this kaki and adr to whors 1
apple fo informacion. My own expedite i 10 wey corroborate it” Sur
geon-Liatenat. Colonel Boil (witness No. 105), of a1 yar sevice, sated that
the habitual moderate us of bang docs nt produce any ill eects, ad fn many
css tht of gavj s equaly harmless. He added “know of no cae where i
has caused bronchi, dyseiey, or asthma, but 1 have noted bowseess of the
vee probably due to some laryngeal ration among gas smokers.” Surgeene
Lieotenant Cole Crombie (winess No. 104), of over 20 years sevice, is nat
amare of an ill fects bein produced by th moderate use ofthe drugs; but be
28d: “16 any wee produced, the use wad no ange be modert, bt exces.
sie? In cross<xaninaton Dr. Crombie stated | bave had no experience of
any diseases acibutable to ganja. My experience has been chief fn Eastsma
Benga, where gana is largely consumed.”
5

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266 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1899-94. [CH XI.

Twenty-three. assistant surgeons were examined. Assistant Surgeon

Devendraath Roy (witness No 123), of over 20 years’ service, and who
has had service in Rajputana, the North-Wêstern Provinces, Behar, and Ben:
gal, where hemp drugs are used by a large portion of the people, is of
Gpinion that those who smoke ganja not more than twice or thrice a day do
mot sufier in general health; bhang does not impair the digestion, whereas
ganj does. “ Those of my patients,” he remarks, "who admitted having
Been habitual ganja smokers suffered from dyseatery or diarrhasa, but they have
been exposed to conditions which produce these ailments. Hence I do not draw
any conclusion as to ganja. being a. primary cause of those diseases.” Assist:
ant Surgeon Preonath Bose (witness No. 122), Teacher of Materia Medica and
Pharmacy in the Dacca Medieal School, clearly has no personal knowledge of
the efiects, as he remarked: “ Evidence on these pointsis conficting. Some of
the consumers maintain, others deny, that evil eects are produced. "Another
teacher atthe same school (itness No. 21) stated : “ Evidence on those points is
conficting. The general consensus of opinion is that the habitual moderate use
of bhang and ganja does not impair the constitution.” Assistant Surgeon
Sooriee Narain Singh, of 28 years’ service, now Teacher of Materia Medica, Patna.
Medical School (witness No. a$), stated that “habitusl moderate consumers.
of hang, ganja, or charas do not appazently suffer from any injurious eects.”
Assistant Surgeon Narendra Nath Gupta (witness No. 120) as Deputy Superintené
nto Vaccination and as a Deputy Sanitary Commissioner and as Civil Medical
Ofcerhas had considerable opportunities for noting the efiects of the drugs. His
pinion is that the moderate use of ganja and bhang does not produce any noxious.

fleets. Durga Dass Lahiri, L.M.8. (witness No, 132),a private medical practitioner,
said: “I have not seen any vil results mentioned when taken moderately, but itis
very dificult to keepto moderation.” Assistant Surgeon Taraprosanna Roy (ui
ness No. 116) is Chemical Examiner to the Government of Bengal. He stated that
the habitual moderate use of thethree drugs is not known to produce any noxious

fleets. Assistant Surgeon Bosonto Kumar Seri (witness No. 119) has had service
n ganja producing districts. He stated that the use of ganja and bhang produces
noxious effects, and “generally produce dysentery, asthwa, and bronchitis" The
crosscexarmination of this witness is of interest. “I have seen more than one person,

about half a dozen, in my village.........suflering from dysentery, bronchitis, and

asthma who were also ganja smokers. Tiley were all excessive saakers. These
eflects do not follow the moderate, but the excessive, use. 1t is a mistake to have.

put them under the moderate use......... The fact that they were ganja smokers led.

metê believe that these effects were due to ganja... have no reeallection of ever
esting any case of dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma caused by ganja. These eases
arethebasisgf myrenarks. 1do not remember any case of dysentery, bronchitis, or
asthma in a ganja smoker which I attributed to any other cause, In other words,

when saw ganja smokers suflering rom these diseases, attributed them to ganj
This was teenty years ago, before 1 was a medical student.” Pyari Sankar Dass
Gupta, LAL.S. (witness No 134), is a private medical practitioner, Secretary to the
Bogra Medical Society of ten erbers, and a member of a terperance associa
tion founded by the late Keshub Chunder Seu. The witness is pledyed against
theuse of all intoxicants. This witness submitted three papers to the Commission
which seem to illustrate the development of tradition into opinion. In one paper
he witness states: “ The smokers of ganja often sufler from hoarseness of voice

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CH. XL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 159394. 307

produced by the coninalinbalasion of es, gvog ise to sores, bon

cli, and carbonaceous phiss........It. bis Tong. been tradition ur
couniry that the ganja-Hors aways dof dysentery, the nestines gradually
slouging away." Ta his second paper the witaes sss: “Gara soles gen
aly dco bloody dysentery, sath. and. phtiss, and emoptysis” And bis
Task paper he saya: “It produces bloody dysentry and. chest diseases, ood
sping bronchi, athn, nd phe” Kaas hind Bos, 1.5, (vise
Nou1gg), is private medica practioner Calatta with an extensive eacice
He sites that no ll effects se produced by the moderate us, an ht instead of
caving bron, dysentery, o asthma, i devs these fection. Theos,
homser, states fis al examination :* My expccace fs ot to any lrg extent
what ase gatbeced fn my practic, but rahe what | have lar fommolers”
Asia: Surgeon Abbas Khan (vines No. 124) fs another Teacher fn te Pana
Medica Schl. He tats the hata moderate us of ay of the drgs does not
produce noious ct, but that charss and ger caue dysentery, bones and
sha if he consumers av no wel ed. Witkcses No. 136 snd 198 consider
Bato I efcts ae produced. Assistant Surgeon Upendes Nath Sen (ness
No 118) states that bronchitis ad asthma re common complaints of ara smoke
ers. Madbab Keisha Dass, Lat. (vitoess No. 158), & private praciioner in
Jct, consider that smoking may cause dysentery, ons, of seh. Ase
sistant Surgeon Durga Nath Chakravat (wioess No. 150) considers tht “garia
Causes dsentey aftr a long rn." Annods Prasanna. Ghatak, 13. (vitnes Nox
148), private medial practioner, considers ht digesivecomplais se caused
‘when good ood is no procure. Rahul Das Ghosh, Lav. (ioess No. 4g),
‘private pracione in Caleta, had spparenly seen nol eft cussed by the
drug. Th remsining vitoeses i his class clsrly led to disciminate between
the moderate and excessive use, and thei evidence has not been considered.

Three hospital assistants were exanined. One gave no reply regarding

moderate ve. The oer sated: “The habitual moderate use of ganja or hares
does no produce any noxious cfccts—physial, mental, or moral but the use of
ganja impairs the constitution n some Way oF Gor... and hs tendency
Towards bronchitis and astma.” Winess No. 145 5 3 vernacular cus bospial
assistant, bet not mown Government employ. Accrdingo this witness, moderate
use of ganja leads to excessive se. “Tho habital moderate consumes, 23
ell as the excessive consumes, sufi in things ad become nao... No
intorcant can be take in moderation except vhen administered medicnly?

Fifteen ative practidoners were examined. Bijoya Ratna Sen (witness No.
151, abi practising in Clu, considers tha the biel mods se of
a or chars, bt not id, may som cases caus bronchi, dysentery, of
Sethma. Witness No. 15, also of Calta, ivs the sme reply couched in
the sane koguage. With No. 136, of Natore, fn the Rajha dit and
itess No. 155, of Calctt, both consider the moderate wo harnless, Biya
Mohan (vines No. 154), a abi, sats: “nowt caves dysentery, aod Len
eve owing to ts beating power can caus bonchis and asthma Kedsres.
var Acharya (ioe No. 137) emake: "Thos gaa smokers who aot com.
‘mand abundant wholesome food suf from dyseaery, but it is dificult to deer
nine bof is dueto gajaor to mproper ood. A3toasthns, hav not ses
ny typical ca orgiating fom gaa smoking. Tino hat a chronic cataal
Condition of the i psages with cectain amount of spas th misfortune of

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 ER a mr ee
208 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893.94. [CH. XI.

many old ganja smokers. 1 know a fend who suffered from chronic bronchitis,
and in whom asthmatic fits were induced by attempts to smoke ganja” The
itnes refers alo to another case in which a habitual ganja smoker had an asth-
matic atack “which subsided on breaking of the habit and reappeared on
resuming it” This witness lays stress on personal idiosyncrasy as modliying.
the fects of the drugs, and on the importance of a det rch in fat. Witness.
No. 155, nother kabia}, states that, while noill effects are produced, occasionally
it causes dysentery, bronchitis and asthma. Witness No. 128, also 3 labir,
sates that, according 0 the Aurveda Shastra, smoking these drugs causes bronchi
tis and asthina, and in bis opinion * even the moderate use of any of these drugs,

not aceording tothe rules of Shastra, is injorous in Its effets” This witness
docs not appear to have any personal knowledge of ll efiects, but to base his
views on the teachings of the Shasteas, Witness No. 139 states : # Certainly they.

produce noxious efiects on the moral and physical constitution but as the
witness silent a tothe efecs of excessive use, probably he has not discriminated
between the two uses of the drugs, Witness No. 157, a vaid, considers that even
the habitual moderate use of these drugs produces noxious eficts. This is the
‘pundit who was consulted by Dr. Flood Murray (vitess No. 103), and who pro-
duced two cases of hemp drug asthma and weakened heart for Dr. Murray's
nspecton. These seem to have been the only cases in any way connected with
hemp drugs that he had. Witness No. 146 is a zamindar and medical practi
toner, and doss not reply as to effects. Witness No. 147 studied two and a hall
years at the Calcutta Medica College, but took no degree. He states that no
noxious effects are produced without giving details

Three commissioned and three uncoveaanted medical offices were

a examined fn Assam. Surgeon Major Macnamara

(witness No. 20) has been for thiteen yearsameng.
people who make use of hemp products to a greater of less degree. He is Civil
Surgeon of Tespus, and has ha opportrites of bserving the eects of the drug
on ten garden cool. Regarding the cet caused by the moderate sel the
drgs, the witness remarked can’ defi moderation no more than | canin the
case of alcohol, The lit is reached when any il ciets are apparent when the
mic crosed, The constitution simpaired and digestion is njrcd.. Dysentery,
bronchitis, and asthma find an easier victim.’ On cross-cxaminalon, the wi
ness stated: In regard to che cfcts of the drug, | mean what | have seen in
people takiog the drugs justas | know th ficcs of alcohol 1 have never seena
‘man actually taking ganja, although have ried o gt people todo so.” Surgeon
Major H. C. Bane has had 14 years service, out of which fee years have been
passed a a Civil Surgeon in Assam. This office considers that bronchids,
asthma, and dysentery ax not produced by the moderate se of the drugs. Dr.
Macleod (witness No. 23) stated that bronchitis, asthma, and dysentery are
caused, but fas to answer he question regarding results of excessive use; and
there is every probability that he failed to discriminate between the moderate and

excessive use. Surgeon-Major Mullane (witness No. 19), out of newly 17 years
sevice, has spent 13 years the plain districts the Assam Valley. Regarding
fects he remarked : “Among. natives there is a widespread belief that the
‘mortality amoog gar consumers from bowel complaints a heavy.” He fall to
answer the question regarding results of excessive use; and from the nature of
bis reply quoted ti ar to assume that he has no personal knowledge regarding

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Cit. XL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 185394. 200

fects of cither the moderate or excessive use of the drugs. Dr. Partidge
(itness No. 22 is an officer of 26 years service, and stated that he has never

en the evil effects of the drug except in cases undee observation for sanity ;
he eects apart fom that have never atiracted my atention.

Three assistant surgeons were examined. Witness No.

se has not, baie, much to do with bronchitis, dysentery, or asthma” Witness
No. 26 considers that ganja smoking cases asthma. snd broachids” but he
dows not appear to discriminate between the moderate and excessive se, Wi
ness No. go states that the drug * does not cause dysentery, bronchi
asthma ; rather moderate ganja smaking allays hard breathing in asthma”

Tio hospital assistants wees examined. Witness No. 27, ale stating in bis
paper thatin long. standing cases the use of the drug is certain to cause bron.
hii, asthma, and dysentery, admitted in his cross-examinaton: * Iti 0 use my
making any statement, because [have no cxpecince of the fics of ganja,
and in fact know nothing about it” Witness No. 8 considers that the. dro
‘causes bronchi, asthma, and dysentery ; but he fal to answer the question
garing results of excessive use, and is fie to assume tha he bas not discrimi
ted between the moderate and excessive ut,

Only one native practitioner vas examined (witness No. 31), who considered.
that bronchi, asthma, and dysentery were caused by the moderate use; but from
his written statement is obious. that he failed to discriminate between the
moderate and excessive use.

$02. In the North-Western Provinces ineten commissioned snd two sacar

[rt —— enanicd medical offers were cxamined. Surgeon

Major Tuohy (wines No. 8), of thieen yeas”
sevice, stated 1am unable to nswer thse question rom prsoal observation
The consumers of the drugs hive assured mo hat they cavsono left sf aay
ind when taken is moderation. One man only ssid tit bronchi and. asthma
were caused." Witnesses No. 75 and 89 rated that mo ill fet es induced by
the moderate us. Dr. Harding (witness No. g2) ins paper ascribed broneis
and ssthma to he moderate us, but on coss-examination admitted. tht “tho
moderate uso of these drugs docs not in my opinion cause any inury or lead
to any banell result.” Surgeon-Captsin Roberts (witness No. or) promises His
wien sutement by. remarking that unl this enquiry | knew absolately
noting about the hemp. plant, it use or abuse, save few grains of information
acquiced by an student of materia medica in 8 medical school” Dr. Roberts
has fad 53 years’ sevice in Indi; fo one year he toured through towns. and
villages ofthe North-Western Provinces and Oudh, and fo nel two yeas he
has acted as a Civil Surgeon, and fo the reminder of is sevice he vas
charge of native regiments. Dr. Roberts remarked: * So fae 33 the foregoing
opportunites soved to press my powers of aeration, abcliely mo qutsian
athe vse, and stil Iss ofthe abuse, of hemp droga by the people of Idi bas
arisen in my mind pio to_ ths inguy. hose who most scongly
aves th ill fects of hemp dal (hen quesioned for define fact) in generale
tes, suggesting a dyscrasi, loss of functional power, impotence, chronic
hesmatisn, pallor, and atrophy, and all thse resus ar precisely what Lam led
expect fom mail. and plc cachesia? Swrgeow Major F.C. Chat
(vitae No.5) has had a Hiclong experienc of Inia from Phas to Burma.
ss

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to REPORT OF THE INDIAN KEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1803-94 [CH. XI.

Ho stated that nol fics from the moderate use ace known to im. Surgeon-
Lieutenant-Colonel B. O'Brien {itness Noo), of over 20 years’ service, stated
that no impairment of the constitution i produced it gives great rele in dysen-
try” He added: * In boththe Agra and Benares Lunatic Asylums iis thought
by the oficils tha asthma is more prevalent amongst th insane who indulge in
ganja. 1 cond ind no evidence tosubstantiate this idea. Dosing my 20 years”
Atendance at dispensaries in these provinces, I have never met a patient who
alleged that he was suffering from the efects of the use, moderate o otherwise,
of hemp drugs” Surgecn Major Cade (witess No. 61) of over
stated that the habitual modersce us of bhang docs not act
way any mor than the habitual moderate use of alcohol. Surgeon-Major W.
Deane (witness Ne. 88), of 13 years service ten of which have been spe i the
North-Western Provinces and onein Burma, has ro personal observation regard
nll cect to of, The greater part of is information has been dried fram an
assistant surgeon. Surgeon-Licutenant- Colonel A.J. Wikocks (vitoess No. 76),
of ave 50 years service, has no personal knowledge of fects ensuing fron
moderste uss, *Onthe contrary, ts an excellent drag the treatment of dysen-
tery Sargeon-Lieacenant-Colonel Moriarty (witness No. 7), of ver 20 yeas’
sence, sated on cross-esaminaion: “1 have been led to understand that it
was paslicy of chiras smoking (0 tend to cause asthma. Thave
never personaly seen any cas of asthma or bronchidis which 1 could attribute
to charas” Witness No. g3 made no atempt to discriminate between the
moderate and excessive use of the drugs. Brigade-Surgean-Lieutenant-Colonel
W.R. Hooper (witacss No. 74), of 33 years sevice, of which go years have been
spent in ciel employ, remarked that no ll elects ae induced in a helthy subject
by the moderate use ofthe drugs bu, on th contrary, he considers that in some
cases of aathma and chronic bronchitis smoking gania or charas may be
beneficial Cros-cxamined 38 to the bsis of Hs remarks, Dr. Hooper stated:
“3 remacks bout the absence of i results from the moderate use of the
drugs on a heslthy subject are bused on enquiry made from natives both
seceny snd formedy. | have not seen asthma or bronchi due to
Smoking gave. | have no experience of such smoking 5s & remedy
for those diseases” Sorgeon-Captain Morwcd (witvess No. 99), of 6}
yess orice, who has had no opportunity of obisning information about
hemp drugs, sated that il ficts are probably not induced if good food
be procure. * May perhaps cause cough Surgeon-Liatenant.Calonel
G. Hall (wintess No. 78), of ove 20 years service and hig jl experiance,
cons hat 20 il elect wre caved by moder we.” Sgen-Captain
Weir (witness No. 64) stated that chicas snd gan
hang dots nt see to do 20: gana and chara both cause iffculy i breathe
ing, bang doe not. The witass doo ot touch upon th efctsof excessive use,
and may be presumed to have made no distinction between moderation and excess.

Sargeon-Capain C. Mactaggars (witness No. 85) stated that in moderate doses

it does not appesr to have any effect in producing diseases; the witness
bases bis opinion on what h had eared from prisoners who had been consumers
of hemp drugs. before coming int jl under his. charge. Surgeon-Major E.
Mic (sitness No.83) has been in the Jail Department for a umber of years,
baths had no special opportunities for obainng information. He stated: “Itis
a common opinion thal smoking ganja or charas is a frequent cause of bronchitis
and asthma.” The witaes doc not deal with th osu of the excessive se. of

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Cit. XL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1693:94. 11

the drugs, and may be presumed not to have discHiminated. Surgeon-Liestenant-

Colonel Holmes (witness No. 77) is slso a Superintendent of a central jal. He
‘stated Those who habitually smoke ganja oe charas suffer from chest afections;
vid also 10 cause dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma” The witness does
not distinguish between moderate and excessive use; and the basis of hisinforma-
ton is * from secing effects on prisoners and others, and from enquiies made of

the various offcials and medical subordinates” Surgeon-Msjor G. Emerson (vit

ness No. 86) has had sixteen years service, seven of which have been in civil
employ. He remarked : "1 have never scen dysentery caused by it, but there is
no doubt that bronchi and asthma. are 0a great extent due to the use of
charas and ganja" On cross-examination, the witness said: My opinion in
regard to moderate use of ganja and. charas is that evil offcts might be pro-
duced in cerain cases even by moderate use, bot 53 3 ule 10%. ] shonld
not be prepared to atsibate to the moderate use of these. drugs any furber evil
elects than to the moderate use of tobacco, 1 should like to tranter my
remarks now to answer No. 46, which deals with the excessive use.”

Tuenty-four assistant surgeons were examined. Witness No. top stated;

have had to treat afew cases of chronic bronchitis and asthma in which
charts smoking was the alleged cause. Charas smokers cosgh very much” On
cross-examination the witness said: [may say that 1 did not make enquiry 33 to
‘whether the bronchitis or asthma was really du to charas, and 25 2 fact_people
suffering from these complaints often take to chara for eliel” Witness No. 105
stated: Smoking causes bronchitis and asthina, but drinking (shang) does nor,
and is beneficial in dysentery.” On oral examination the witness sated: * The
smoking of ganja and charas caused asthma and bronchitis within my own observa.

on. 1 have found these diseases very prevalent among those who sme the
drugs to excess, The maderate use will bring about the same rest i time, but
1 have no personal experience of this. is nota fact that ganja smoking is a
domestic remedy against asthma and bronchitis, but dbatura is so used” The
witness then referred to to cases of asthma. which he aributes to the drug.
“Both these cases began withthe moderate use which developed into the exessise
Defoe theefecs Lave described came on. | have no experience of the moderate
so causing sach serous resuls, but | thine i probable it could if Jong contins-
ad" Witness No. 06 doss not mention any diseases a resulting from the modes
ato we. S. P. Roy (witness No. 120) is an MB. of the Calcutta Use
versity and not in Government employ ; he is Musicipal Analyst, Aflabad, His
evidence i to the folloving effect: * Cases of chronic bronchitis and bronchial
asthma snd dysentecy are too numerous to be cited. It is a papular notin, and
1 believe well founded in Benga, that the habitual ganja smokers suffer from
bronchitis and die ultimately from bloody stocls” On cross-csanination. the
witness stated: 1 have never seen any ganja smokers of ong standing who do
not suffer from bronchitis and bronchial asthma, and in making this statement
I dot confine it to my profesional observation. 1 have rot noticed that
dysentery is 32 commanly connected with the hemp drugs. 1 have heard of
ganja being smoked for the refef of asthma, and T have tried the extract of Ga-
mabis indica fort without good results.” Assistant Surgeon Subban’ Ali (vitness
No. 96) is an MRCS. and LRCP. of London, and stated that ganja and.
charas cause bronchitis and asthma. Witness No. 10g states: “Ganja and
chacas very often produce asthma and bronchitis and sometives dysentery, but ane.

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 CR a me se SE yy
13 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [CH. XI.

hia day would not dose? Asistant Surgeon Har Lal (viness No. 10g)
cee bwesn the moderato us of bang and ger and chars.” Bang the
oes conders ds mo caus Gysatry, bronchi, or asthma; gna and chara
Tope the contain oly and cave bronchitis and asthma. Tsan Chandar
Rap. (nes No. 137), 3 private practioner. He stated" Insome pes-
Som mode se does nt. produce noxious fects Bt in cota prsos, spe
ly {ross wh ae predisposed or whose prior cgans are lady ween,
oa ave thie diese organs impaive, dysentery, bronchi, o asthma being
rosea Winco No 107 considers hat, provided good food be chainabl, the
ade se doa not cause ahs. oc bronchitis. Witness No 101 said. that
peer no cose, but bronchi sed sh may sl from habia vse of
‘rand chara. Wiess No. op sated. that all these diseases are produced.
{ines No. 100, the other hand, made x diameciclly opposite stamens,
aie tat none of these dienes se produced. Manohar Pershad Tewari (it.
nes Noi 140) ws formed in Government sec, but i now 3 private practioner
forth ash igh year. He consider that the sc of any f thes dogs, xcept
Vian, does cause dysentery, bronchi, and sath, On rs examination, the
wines tated | hava fo or ve, or at mst to, paints year who came
Stee men my private practice who ce in the habit of using intoxicants. OF
Los, thai to ight, 5 consumes of hemp drags. Th ober consumers
of hemp drugs fered to mre. suffing from dares, dysentery, dysppsis
onc, asthma, and hemoptysis. 1 auibated thee to the hemp. drugs,
Ther peopl wee al haa consumers, and they themselves sid that they
ers consumes, and tat thy coud not get enough of the drug, and that made
hemo thy vere ndlging excess snd had not suet moweshment, i,
ichlood, which required nthe co of a consumer. These ie reson hy
Tonsldeat these disses re du othe drug. Tn al cscs of the above.
netioned dices, whe th conpmpion of tess drs was, discovered, the
ses was agned to thse dogs nother causes, th pevilnco of mls
evra discoverable. Thre wreno doubt othe consamers of hemp drugs
who came before me beyond the aversge of igh 4 yar, but | cannot say how
nn, no enqisy was made shout thee hai, at hud thing to do with thir
Gordes? Witness No. 97 consider that whl the moder wo. of bang
produces na nexous eft, ho use of chass and ganja doce in the ong ron,
Wines No. 112 state th drugs do no cause bronchi, stn, or yscatry.
Assistant. Surgeon Man Mohan Dea (vines No. 04) hss been in Govern
ment sic for 16 ars be hs served in Bengal, Madras, and. th North Western
Princes, He stated that tho habitual moderate use of bing cas 10 vious
fits, “The moderato use of ches nd gan hs some juris cles.
Dat to effect of har and gon sppese tobe exaggerated. In fact, Uy 10
ll due to exessiv dose of he droge. There ar bndreds aman Khar, Malas,
and thes lomerclsse, nd even among th Higher cass, who wih a bliual
ads dos of chars r ganja. hosp thei het wel and five a lon Hf, and it
ae ot aft thir marslor mental condition. Butts dificult fora ani o chara
Smoker to kep within moderate its. In most casa, sy about three-fourths
ofthe smokers wil goto exces, and then all he vl eft wil follow.” On cross
examination, he tess admitted ta is atement regarding thre fourths of te
modest consumers going on to excess was a exaggeration and sid + should
now ca ha the proportion of consumers who go fo xcess is sbout ane fourth”
‘Witness No. 95 considers that habitual moderate consumers who can afford

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C1. XL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMM sion, 18oyos. 213

nourishing food seldom sufle fem anyll fects. Witness No. 111 stated that the.
habitual use of gan or charas does not cause bronchids, asthma, or dysentery,
but cures these diseases. Witness No. 106 gave no information of effects induced.
by the excessive use; with regard to the moderate use, he stated the cfiects are
“rot much marked,” and that bronchitis and asthma might be caused alte long
‘se, Nobin Chandra Miter (witness No. 148) s retired asistant surgeon. He
stated that dung a period extending over thirty years he has treated thousands
of persons habitally addicted to the use of the drugs, and has bad ample oppor.
tunity of observing the cfect. He is of opinion tha the habitual moderate use,
‘provided good rich food be procurable, does not induce any physical effects for

along time. The ulimate eects of prolonged use of bhan, though moderate,
weaken the nervous system and occasionally gives rise to palpitation of the
heart. Gara under the same conditions he has known to have caused bronchitis
and dysentery. Witness No. 108 has had over 23 years! experience, nd has never
seen any nosious fits induced by the moderate use of any of the drugs.
Assistant Surgeon Munna Lal (witness No. 123), who has bad twenty years”
experience, and witnesses Nos. 110 and 103 give similar evidence.

Bight hospital assistants vers examined, Jamal Khan, witness No. 113, is
one of the old class of vernacular hospital assistants, He considers that. daily
use of the drugs in moderate quantity induces noiots effets, On ral examine
ation he stated * Out of one hundred ganja smokers who come sick to the disper

sary, Lfind that seventy-five have cleonic. bronekitis of dysentery and twenty
five ave some mental disorder,” Witness No. 121 is described 33 2 pensioner,
native doctor, and health offer, Aligarh, and gave evidence to the follow
ing effets “10 is not injurious to the constitution otherwise than by causing

hinsess.. the time of thee use the man suflers from asthma
and branckiti ; afte laving their use, he suffers from diarhaca and dysentery.”
Witness No. 11 cansiders that noll fleets are induced. Witness No. 118, 2 1
tired hospice assistant, considers that charas and ganja lone produce bronchitis
and asthin, snd Liang docs not; none produce dysentery.” Winess No. 11g,
another rerved hospital assistant, replies to the qeston in precisely the same.
angusge and to the same efcet, Witcest No. 115 states the drugs do nos cause
dysentery, but bronchi and asthna rest from continued use. Witnesses Nos.
116 .and 117 sate that charas and ganja cause bronchi and asthma the later
css states his not awace whether dysentery is produced of net,

Fily-two native practitioners were exaavined, of whom 26 ale to disceni-

nate between the moderate and excessive use of the drugs. The eplce are not
further considered. Three gave no reply. Witness No. 133, of over 15 yews!
experince, considers that no ill fects arc induced. Witness No. 14 speaks oly
of bhang, and considers that it does not injure the constitution; he is silent,
however, 3s to any alleged physical ill effects. Witoess No.
and considers that ganja and charas produce bronchi and asthma.
ness No. 126, a private medical practioner, gives similar evidence. Witness
No. 164, a bakim, stated that bhang causes mo injury, but the moderate use of
ganja and charas causes bronchics, asthma, and dysentery. Witness No.
a hakim, remacked: “Injures soul and body, impairs semen, and impairs
digestion no doubt” Witness No. 167, a bakin, considers hat use causes
aysentery, bronchi, and asthma. Witness No. 132, a vad, considers that ganja.
s

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214 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. [Ci XI.

and charss produce asthma. Witness No. 13,2 private medical practitioner,
considers the drugs injurious o the bowels and lags. On cross-cxamination he
stated * There would be no harm 0 speak of if man continued to be 2 moder-
ate consumes of ganja or charas. But | think it difficult to keep the habit
within bounds.” Witness No. 136 stated: “Unless used as a digestive causes
asthma, deafness, and thinoess.” Witness No. 137 stated that ganja and charas
{among other evils) cause “asthe to those who are weak! Bhang has no
injurious eects unless taken in great excess. Witness No. 170, 2 native physi
cian, stated that * habitual consumers do not feel any physics, mental or moral
injy. They neither feel pain nor ever have cough” Witness No. t71 con-
sider that bang produces no noxious cles, but hat ganja and charas cause
dysentery, bronchi, or asthma. Witness No. 172 states that ganja or chacas
may cause dysentery snd asthma; bang is less harmful. No reply is given
to the question dealing with excess which is apparently not distinguished
from the moderate use. Witness No. 143 considers hat charas and ganja
produce “various diseases” Witncss No. 146 does not deal vith the moder-
ate wie. Witness No. vg7 considers that bhang and charas are both infor
ous.“ Bhang impiirs the appetite in the end and. chara causes bronchitis
and asthma” Witness No. 173, a bakim of twenty years’ experience, replied
that "ganja often brings on bronchitis and asthma, snd charas produc in-
fammation of the stomach and fiver, None of them, however, has been found to

cause dyseniery” Witness No. 149. considers thal broaclitis and asthma are
produced. Witness No. 151 stated that gana produces Leanchits and sthma,
ut no dysentery. Witness No. 153 sted that the se of charas and ganja causes
cough and asthma. Witness No. 153 stated that ganja and charas give ie to
a numer of discases, "cspacilly to complaints of the stomach, gs, ba
bowel, ete” Wisess No. 174 considers that the use of ganja and charas causes.
bronchitis ard asthe. Witness No. 160 stated tha, in addition to bronchi and
ast, dysentery i also cussed, Witaess No, 158 considers bing to be
tess but th charas asd ganja asso dysentery, bronchitis, nd asthuns, Witness
No. 159, 2 vaid, stated that ganja and charas weaken the heart, dey. the consti
tution, 3nd create lung diseases.”

503, 1 the Pena, Surgeon ham, witness No. 5, of

over 12 years’ service, stated that charas and ganja
emoked case. chest afectons, but not dysentery
Surgeon Major Denys, witocss No. g4, sated that * chivas smokers, even in
moderation, are generally emaviated and i poor health and are depraved crea
tares both mentally and physically. This is not the case with moderate cone
sumers of hang as fa as have been able to gather.” The witness docs. not
mention any conection. between the use of the drugs and chest actions or
dysentery.

Ofthe assistant surgeon sad qualified private practioner class eight were
examined. Witness No. 48 is an LMS. and a private praciioner, He stated
that" charas and ganja aways bring on bronchitis and asthma if very huge
quantities are smoked. brings on dysentery also.” A perusal of this evidence
indicates tht the witness es mixed up the cece induced by moderate and exces-
sive usc of the drugs. Assistant Surgeon Jai Singh (witness No. 47) considers
that the use ofthe drugs doesnot seem to cause bronchitis, asthma, or dysentery,

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 Tew
CH. XL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS CONMISSION, 180304. 315

‘ut rather cues them. Witness No. 39, also an assistant surgeon, stated that the
use of bhang is probably quite free from nosous fects, but sbuse of charas
brings on bronchitis and asthroa. Assistant Surgeon Rahim Khan (witness Nov
37) is Superintendent, Medical School, Lahore, and has had 33 years' residence
in the Punjab, and has been connected withthe out-patient department, Medical
College Hospital, for hat period. He stated: “There are no bad fie cicts
from bhang, but even the moderate use of charas brings on chest actions.”
‘Cross-examined as tothe meaning the witness atached to moderale, he replied.
“8 call tenor twelve chillums, costing one of two annas, in the 24 hours moderate

use. 1 know of no more moderate use than that. | know of no case of a man using
only ones to chilfuns a day. | would calla man taking one o to amas’ worth
a day a clarasi’ Its clear that this itness knows nothing of the moderate
use. Assistant Surgeon Mehr Chand (vitness No. 40) stated that the
moderate use of bhang. produces no nosious effects, while chara, if even
used moderately, bings on bronchitis and asthora, general itaton of the rer
piratory organs, indigestion, and dysentery. On cross examination the witness
sad: As to dysentery, 52% 2 case of & man who said he was & charas smoker,
and took an excessive dose, and i brought on dysentery. [ had doubt a5 to this
ing the cause. But 1 hink charas may injoe the digestion and. predispose to
diarhcea or dysentery. Lhave not enough of cases to be able to say tha the drug
realy produces dysentery. Laman certain. But have had one or two allegations
a to this beng the cause, and © bad nother auc. | aught to say athe may
produce” than i dacs produce dysentery.” Assistant Surgeon Bhagwan Dass
{witness No. 36) is Civil Surgeon of Jhang, and has newly 25} years service,
Ho stated that chars of ganja smoking caused indigestion snd diamhea and
chronic bronchiis. On oral examination the witness stated: My personal
experience of the effets of the drugs is based on my dispensicy practice sone.
In my soci or domestie Te 1 have no knowledge of moderate or excessive

consumers.. Uhave seen fiveor six cases of chronic bronchitis in

people addicted to hemp drugs. 1 cannot say that it was due to hemp drugs
sold. 1 have alo seen several (say about twenty) cases of indigestion and
thea, But here again 1 cannot say that they were sally due to hemp drugs,
but simply that the patients were consumers. These are all the diseases |
have seen atsbutable to hemp drogs. have never seen a case of dysentery or
asthma which | atributed to hemp drugs, though | have scen both in consumers,
iy revs for ust attributing these disersss 0 hep ws that oe pple ales
Sur rom these dinses equally” Witness No. 41 did not aseebe any. ll
effets to bhang, bt stated tha bronchitis and asthma are often met with in
consumers of chars. Witness No. 38 doss not discriminate between the modes-
ate and excessive use.

Tie hospital assistants we examined. Wises No. 42 considers that

chases smoking causes ashma. Wine No. 43 considers that nox fects
ar induced by moderate ws of the drug. Hospal Asians Kar Baht
Citas No. 41, of 25 year servic, cansigrs that moderte we f the droga to
Som extent produce noxious fic and added #1 hav no sen single case
Fdpsntry case by he practice: of course cases of coh and ashes

Seven ative practitioners were examined, of whom tres failed to discimi-

nate between moderate and excessive use. Witaess No. 51 stated that charas

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216. REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEME DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893.94. [Cit XI.

causes asthma snd bronchi, but not dysentery. Witness No. ga stated that
chies of course, causes los of appetite and bronchitis and asthma.” Witness
No. sg. merely sated: *The mischie is done by charas and ganja" Hakim
(Ghulam Nabi, of Lalore (sitaess No. 54), of twenty years experience, stated
have not ound even 4 single person ding the last twenty years who com
plained of hese drugs. There ace more fakise outside the Mochi Gate, Lahore,
hain any othe part of the city which ae reserved fo the consumption of such
drugs and 53 the resores o these aks generally come to me fo treatment,
nd 2 none of them bas during the last twenty years complained to me of having.

Sulleed from any disease in consequence of using bhang or charas, it shows.

hat the moderate use of thee drugs is harmless.”

So In the Central Provinces thee commissioned offcers, one Honaraty So

pi, E200 Major, nd two seniors
coe 0 Nl hae afer ae of bong sere nd con
siderable experience. One, aa officer of forty years servic, dd not discriminate
betwen the cfcts induced by modecate and excessive use of the dg, and bis
replies to questions dealing with the moderate use are consequently valueless.
One witness sated that the moderate use of ganja 30d bhang does sot orinacly
produce any novious fects, but that ganja sometimes causes chronic catarh. A
second witness stated tha mo eilefccts ac induced; then added that broncfitis
and asthma saa be caused by ganja smoking, but not dysentery. Surgeon- Major
Quayle witness No. 37), who had resided fou years na distict where the drug is

extensively cultivated nd where i is easly pocurable in the adjoining Native

States, liege that ho had no evidence that the moderate us of the drug produces

any. moxous cffscts—physical, mental, or moral. Surgaon-Liceceant Colonel

McKay (witness No 6), aftr twenty years! service nthe country, gies o reply.
tothe Comision questions dealing wih the fcc of moderate or excessive
use of the drugs. BrigadoSurgeon-Liewtenynt-Colonel Gatley, aftr 25 yeses'
service 23.2 Civil Surgeon inthe Cental Provinces, stated + 1 donot think the
moderate use produces sn of thes ill cects”

One assistant surgeon vas examined In the Central Provinces, a mas of 32

yeses sseies, wha was of pion that, while the moderate uso of bhang
mot cause bronchids, dysentery, or asthin, these remate eft might be
by guia

One hospital assistant who vas examined stated on crost-ckamination

#Thave never seen an ash, bronchi, or dysentery case ising [rom ganja,”
Another pensionel hospital assistant was of opinion that the moderate use of
ja, chars, snd bhang docs produce noxious physical, mental, Aad moral
bronchitis, and asthma; hang making a person
‘nasal fa, affcing te winay system, and causing bronchoccle and hydocee.
One suid was examined, 55 years of age, who had known hundreds of ganja
amokers, and had never known a casein which t did any haem, He had himself

been a steady ganja smoker for chity years, consuming si to cight chills
daly.

505: In Madras twenty commissioned and uncovenanted. offers of whom

i“ leven ether fafled to reply or id not disccimnate
betmeen the efects of moderate and excessive ue, were

examined. Surgeon-Major King (witness No. 85), ninsteen yoars® sevice, sixteen

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Cit. XL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 185394. 217

of which bave been spent in civil employ, sated that i the habital moderate
smoker bonchis is reguéot. Cros-examned 110 th basi his observation of
the geveral fics induced by the drags, he stated: “hase known the moderate
use io cs of sepoys and on private Servant... Besides the above dict abe
servations, | have derived general impressions... My general impression is bised
upon the fact that persons alleged Lo have ben ganja smokers have preseted hese
characteristics, but 1 hav not specially inquired ito the truth of he allegation
at they were gaa. smokers. They wee poised ov a ncorots ganja smokers.
14d no discriminate i these cases between the moderate and excessive we

because 1 was not called upon 5 do sa" Surgeon-Major O'Hara (witness

No. 03) sated that apparently nil eects are caused, and that he has po'aforme
ation regarding specif aflections alleged to be induced by the drugs. Sur.
geon-Major Sturmer (vicncss No. 09), of nearly ineteen yews' sevice, said
regarding dicts of moderate us: * In te, believe, it Iads to mental and
‘moral degradation” Cross-examined 1s to the basis of His informatio, the wi
ness sid: have never been into the gestion of ganja. | have ever seen
scarcely, My fst sentence (he one. quoted abo) is based on what & garja
smoker sad. He sad: It is.2 bad thing. | shoud like to leave it of, but
Teamot! 1 have really no experience a to the eects of cther moderate or
excessive use.” Susgeon-Mjor W. . Thomas (witness No. 6), teen years
service oly three of which have been passed in civil employ, sated that users of
the eoga suf rom dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma. On coss.cxaminaton the
witness said: "1 had to treat thee cases of ganja poisoning. These men
drank liquor nd inde in ganja Tn all these case there was congestion of
the lungs presen... These ave the any thee cases in which the evil fects
ofthe drug have come dicey under my sodce. The symptoms fn al three
‘cases wer the same, and for that essen © concluded the pulmrary afcction to
be the result of the drug. | have learnt. from eniry from medical subordinates
and peopl in ilages that dysentery, bronchids, and asthma rest fom the
dog, 1 have no personal experince on th poi.” Surgeon-Lisaterant- Colonel
Hyde (vitncss No. 86) stated tha, so faras he knew, no il fects wee caused.
Surgeon-Major Lancaster (vtness No. go), trey years sevice inetcenaf which
have been pased in irl employ, in his oral examination said: 1 have had
no opportunity of noting the effects of the moderate se of hemp droga; they
have not come before me." Surgeon Major Pemberton (witness No.8), of teen
years service, and in civil employ continuously since 1885, stated tha el fects
re induced, but asthma elev, and bronchitis and dysentery are not caved.
‘Sungeon-3ijor N. Chatter. wins No. 88), of nesly seventeen years service,
neary alin military employ, stated * It does not produce any patclr disease
excepta pecuin cough, th rest of a kind of chronic bronchial catah On
cross. examination the witness said - I cama in the cas of any soy atibute
thimness or conghto gana, fo I cannot be. certain. 1 have 0 proof.
What I have said in my written answer about thinness and cough 1s my
impression bt 1 cond mot asst t bout ay particular case.” rl Apothecary
A. Well (witness No. tog) has abou rine years servic. Hostaed that bronchi
asthma, and dysentery ace ot caused by the drugs, but relieved by them, Dr. K.J.

Naida (witness No. 106) sated that no ill fects ae caused. Surgeon-Ceptain
C. Feamside (vitnees No. o7) considers tht th drugs “mpc th constitaton,
causing weskocss of the limbs and other tisues, and hence the drug hes
5

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 16 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION Boss [CH XI.

to be taken o keep up the toncof these issues. It causes indigeston'n many.

No formation is given about any specific. affections being induced. Surgeon
Major-General DeFabeck. (witness No. 85) was Surgeon-General with the
‘Government of Madras. He had sarved in Madras and Burma siace 1857. On
onl examination th witness stated: "My experiences that it i very aro
thing to meet with any case fn ich the heap drug bas caused evil efects on
the heath ofthe population. Apa from. insanity, no evil effets have been
brought to my notice

Seven apothecaries and private practitioners were examined. Civil Apothecary

“T. 1. Chesyan (stness No. Toa), of nine year’ service, stated: “1: causes bron
chia and asthma”; and he alsorelrtd to ther evil fects. On cross-cxamination
the witness wid regarding efcts “All the statements made here ze based
exclusively on hearsay. 7 fase sof seen any of thes il fects myself is my
1 do mot know of any case of illness tht has come. before me

og duc to hemp drugs” Civil Apothecary K. Vasudeva Rao

(vtness No. 101). six years service, tated, under the question relating tocicts,
tha he was onc called to see a bavagi who was 2 habitual smoker of opium
and ganja, and tha be was 2 ghostly skeleton of bones covered with skin. No
other physical eficcts are mentioned. On oral examination the wiacss said
“Tai not test the brag; only saw him once and, apart fom is
omn statement tht he was an habivual smoker of opium and gan, 1 lesent
nothing whatever of bis history. 1 cannot, therefore, judge whether his cond
tion ws due to athe causes than the Habis he confessed to" Cirl Apothecary
Mohammad Asada (fess No 10g) tated hat the drugs cassed bronchi and
ther vil effects. Cross-examined, he sid that he had tested cases of asthma,
bronchi, and th Fike which have resid from prolonged us of the drugs, but
he could not recall any such cases.” Civil Apothecary G. A. Vellones (witness No.

103) gave a negative reply. regarding causation of specific diseases. Assistant

Surgeon Sadan (vitness No. 07) stated that * consumers say nooxious fects
are produced so lang as suficient food is supplied,” Civil Apothecary N. H.
Daniel (witness No. 105) considered. that evil fects were induce, including
dysentey and bronchitis.

Thiceen hospital assistants were examined. Witness No. 119, 1 pensianed

hospital assistant, consdecs that the. habitual modest use never produces any
bad efects, a causes dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma. Witnesses No. 108 and
109 alsogavea reply in the negative regarding specific diseases. Witness No, 111,
of 2 years’ experince, considers that the habitual consumer generally exceeds
moderation; no specific diseases ate mentioned as being caused by moderate use.
Witness No. 113 stated tha, while bang does not produc any noxious evil efocts,

smoking ganja does. Witness No. 114 stated: “It produces noxionsefccts.” Wit
ess No. 115, of thirteen years” service, on the othe hand, stated: *1 have not
observed any noxious fects” Witness No. 116, of foureen years” sevice, con
sider that, wih the exception of a "kind of hoarse cough in ganja smokers,” no
ious fects are produced by the use of bhang or ganja. The remaining wit.
nesses either failed to reply or were nok examined on the efcets induced by
moderate use.

Six native praciioners were examined. Witnesses Nos. 121 and. 12g stated
that the babitual moderate use of ganja or bhang does not produce any noxious

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 CH. XL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. 219

fects, Witness No. 135 stated 1 “It mpais the constitution by making the man
lean ; increases digestion, 20d removes dysentery and cought” Witness No. 12g
stated: * The use of these drugs. produces moral fies, physical and mental,
only to those people who are accustomed to i, and not in any way disintive.”
No. 125 stated: “No doubt i produces novious effets, Inthe long rn hey were
subjected to branchids, and their eyes became dark gradually? This witness
fail to answer the question dealing with excessive use, and has not apparently
discriminated between the tno uses of the drug, The remaining witocsses failed
toreply.

506. Thirteen commissioned medical offers were examined in Bombay, of

Beaber. ‘whom three vere exasined aly regarding asylampro-

cedure in relation to insanity. Of the remaining ten,
Surgeon Liewteoant-Colonel McConaghy (witness No. 69) is an offeer of
neadly 25 years service, Blteen of which have been passed in the Civl
Department. He stated that the moderate use of bhiog or ganja does
not impaic the constitution in any way. Surgeon-Major Kirikar (witness
No. 73) has served over sixteen years, eleven of which have been in civil
employ. He stated: “1 have no seen nor have | heard from any reliable source
of dysentery, asthma, of bronchitis being traced to the use of hemp in modera.

ton, European physicians use it for the cure of dysentery Surgeon-Major

Boyd (witness No. 67), of about seventeen years service, of which thres-and-
half years have been in miliary employ, stated: “Neither have 1 known any cases

whereit caused dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma.” Surgeon-Major Parakh (wit.

ness No. 66) docs not refer to specific diseases being induced. In Hs papse he
furs to homicidal insanity ” being due to the moderate us, but in His oral xa.
mination he stated that probably he had in mind cases de to excessive use, and
His reply should be taken 38 refering to the excessive wre. Sorgeon-Lieutensots
Colonel Bactholomeusz (witness No. 68), of over tenty years’ servis, stated:
have not seen suficient mamber of cases to enable me to give adefinite pion;
‘and he docs not desl with excessive vse. Brigade-Surgeon-Liewtenant-Calonel |.
‘Armott (vines No. 65), of about twenty-five years! service eplies to the question
dealing vith effects of moderate use by entering the ward“ yes fou times without
explanation; and he docs not answer the question which treats of excesise use.
Brigade-Surgeon-Licutenant-Colonel G. A. Maconachie (witness No. 64), of about
twenty-five years’ servic, stated that he knows otbing about the subject, Surgeon
(Colonel D. Hughes (vitness Noi), of twenty-seven years serve, of which fourteen
were in altary employ, is Principal Medical Offices in Bombay, Deesa and Aden
disicts. He stated: "1 think the smoking of charas causes asthma and bronchi,
as T well remember cases of these diseases nthe 24th Bombay Infantry which were

ascribed by the hospital assistant and the meas comeades to charas smoking, snd
‘which recovered in hospital quicker than cases de to ordinary causes” On cross-
examination the witness ssid: 1 remembes that when the yearly inspection for

‘pension took place... a number of men, of service only just long eaough to earn

‘pension, came up suffering from bronchitis and asthma. They were generally wesk
2nd broken down in appearance, bu this may have been caused by voluntary starva-

Son Tt was explained to me that they owed ths loess to charas smoking.
1d no centiy in any cas tha th iinss of 2 ran who was granted pension was
di to charas, Lam bound to state that an applicant's disease was not gga

vated by vi or intemperance, but todk 80 notice of the use f the drug in

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450 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, Soy94. [Cn XI.

any of these cases, bcass id no attach euficient importance to the tse

ons md 10 me, nd ant sure ht they me core Ths evidence, est.
2 he tw, the nly basi of he opinion sow expressed. Surgeon: Majo.
Genel Tumbul (witness No 6g), of 53 yess serie, Surgeon Genera with
th Goveament of Bomb, sated: 1 hav no perioral experience of the
ects of the hemp rugs on the people? Surgeon Mor D.C. Davidson
{sno No. 71) stated: So a a 1 can eam the moderate vse of ganja in
mln doc nok appeas to be ithe physically or mentally injurious, gene.
ly spesing”
Eleven offers belonging to the assistant surgeon and qua ed private prac:

ines cass werosamined. Witte No.6 sated 1 think ie docs rot ces
dysentery, bronchi, or asthma” Wiaess No 0 sated 1: docs produce
by cogh eventing in. rane or asthma, br it dos nt se to produce
very, nf 2s y xpednce goes” Wines No. gives a gato reply
{oct being, caus by moderst use Witness No. 79 sated 1 base
ot nated ay ir disease. to esl from occasions] or moderate we of ganja
or bang nan form.” The discus eee to was geal ansply, nd death
from he so of msm, Wins No. 77 state tht no i fcts sre produced.
Wines No. 78 sted that he has had no opportunity for observing oft.
Witness No. 6a sated that frou clcts ae produced. “1 is 3 popu belek
among: the ges smokers hat 2 ong continued habit produces dass and
psn, ues tess eis re counteracted by an abundant supply of whlesoma
{and with especialy a esl sllwance of ghee and oxber oleginaus mater
My expence sports the shave made statement” Witness No 8 tated that
ao cts are produced, Witness No. 51 stated tht th use docs not. cause
onc or dysentery, Wiscss No. stated It causa dysentery and other
derangements of th bases but. th. wines als 0 iscrimnat between. the
cts of the moderate and cxceshve se, lima Jon Mahomed, Lvs,
(ines No. 96), sisted "My case of chronic deh and dysnicy, a9
well chronic branch snd sth, are seen in the who use gama” The
tos, however, dos ot answer he question dealing vith reat of xcess
oy and dos nt derma bus th two ses ofthe dg:
Seven witnesses of the hospital assistant class were examined. Witness,
No. 83,of nearly 30 yeses standing, tated: “1 have not suficient information ta
answer tis question.” Witness No. 84 does not discriminate between the moder
ate and excessive use ofthe drugs. Witness No. 85 sated | do not thik that
babital moderate use of any of these drugs produces any noxious effcts.”
Hospital Assistant Sudashio Waman (No. 56), of twelve years” servic, stated that
the habitual moderate use of the drug in certain constitutions produces noxious
effects, causes bronchitis and asthma, but not dysentery. On cross-cxamination
the witness stated The constitutions affected. injuriousy by the moderate use.
of hemp drugs are nervous and weak constitutions. In small quantities the drugs.
would do no harm to a healthy person.” Witness No, 7 stated that ganja
causes bronchitis and occasionally asthma. Witness No. 88 stated that no il
fects are caused. Hospital Assistant Pusan Singh (vitness No. 8) has had
nearly 35 years’ service in the Medical Department. He sited: “It causes.
chronic bronchids and asthma, but cures dysentery.”

Bight witnesses of the unqualified native practioner class were examined.

‘Witness No. 111 is a druggist and chemist, and. stated that no il effcts are.

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GH. XL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEM? DRUGS COMMISSION, 1895:04. 221

produced. Witnesses Nos, 68nd 99, vadyas, gave similar evidence to the last
witacss. Witness No. 100, also a vaidya, stated no ill fects ace caused by the
moderate use of bang

by modesate vse of ganja. Witness No. ga is described as a medics, practioner

of 27 year” experience, and does no think that nodous efecs are produced.
‘Witness No. 03, alo a medical practioner, tated: " They do not canta dysene
tecy, bronchi, or asthma, but, on the contrary, do good to these isesest”
Witness No. o4 does not reply. Witness No. 05, also a medical practitioner,
stated “1 have not met with any cases in which the habitual moderate se of
Bang has produced any noxious efcts, but © believe the
habitual moderate use of ganja and charas doss produce some navious cist
physically, mentally, nd mrally”

507. Tees commissioned officers were examined in Sind. Brigade: Surgoon-

a Lieatenant-Colone J. F. Keith (witness No. 16) bas
had twenty-five years’ service, of which 14 have been

passed in Sind nd 15} io civil employ. He stated hata general negative may be
given tothe quesdons dealing with noxious eects from maderste use. Surgeon.
Major Corkery (witness No. 17) sated that the moderate use of these drags does
not produce any mediate noxious ficts; but if bhang fs indlged in for a
considerable period, it mpain the constitution nd produces emsciation, * At frst
tacts as a digestive, but afterwards impais giving vise to asthma and bron.
chi, but not dysentery.” Brigade-Surgeon-Liewenant- Colonel Bainbridge
(witness No. 15) has acted as Civil Surgeon fo 26 yesrs, He stated: #1 have
no evidence, but 1 should say. that the habicoal modecale use of any of these
drug is harnfel”

Four affcers of the assistant surgeon class and one medical offer of
health were examined. Witness No. 1 stated that no il efcts ae produced,
Dr. S. M. Kaka (witness No. 34) is medical office of health at Karachi, and has

practised there since 1584. The witness stated + “ The habitual moderate use
of ganja and charas acts injoriously upon the constitution physically, mentally,
and morally” In cross-examination he stated: It is dificult to draw
definite Tne between moderate and excessivouse. They mesg nto one another,”
‘Witness No. 19. stated: * I am of opinion that moderate use of subs does ot
produce any nosious efects—physical, mental, or moral” And Surgeon J. E.
Boca (witness No. 20) sated I cannot say this of bung, but charss and
ane, oven in moderate doses, tend to weaken the bodily frame.

Rs regands causing the diseases mentioned, 1 have vat a singe caso on record
to warmant such 2 conclusion so far 25 bhang is concerned, bat seveaal of my.
cases indicat that the continued use of charas and ganja do caise dysentery
and bronchi, 1 have no History regarding asthma.” Witmess No, at stated
tha he Biel mode se of thedugadoss not cass dyes; bronchi,
or asthma.

In Sind two Bosptal assistants and no private practitioners were examined.

Witness No 23 stated mo ll fects sre caused, Witoess No. 23 stated that the
se "causes bronchitis and shotaess of breath.”

$68. Eight commissioned offers were examined in Burma. Surgeon-Major

Thomas (ritmess No. 42) stated that o ileffcts
mere produced: by moderate doses,” Surgeon Major

Dat res Noo) bi bd 17 sevice sey he shold

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332 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893.04. [CH XI.

stated + It neither causes dysentery nor asthma, but it produces cough.” Surgeon-

‘Major P. W. Dalzell (vitness No. 41) stated + “1 am not aware that it_causes
cither dysentery, bronchi, or asthma.” SorgeoneLieutenant- Colonel Mukerji
{tne No. go) has 26 years'service, and stated +" have seen several habitual
moderate smokers who did not sufe at al either physically, mentally, or morally.

Others have injured thee constitutions by use of ganja and charas” Surgeoa-
Capain Castor (witness No. 44) stated: * Not so far as | know. Causes
oss of appetite” The remaining witnesses do not reply. to the ques

Three assistant surgecns were examined, Witness No, 46 stated : * Habitual

moderate use has appacenty no noxious efect” Assistant Surgeon Moonshi
(witness No. 45) has 31 years’ sevice and stated: [have known habitual
moderate consumers of these drugs to enjoy robust health” According to. the.
withes, the drugs do not cause bronchitis, asthma, of dyseatery “on the contrary,

asthmatic people often resort tot to allay their suferngs. Immoderate use.
causes gascointestinal irtation.” The third witness was not examined regarding
effects of moderate use,

One hospital assistant vas examined (witness No. 48), who stated: “The.
moderate use docs not cause dysentery and bronchitis.” No private praciioners
were exanined.

509. Five commissioned and two wncovenated offers were examined fn the

Tv smaller province, six in Berar, and one in Ajmere.

pe Sorgeon-Major Swain (witness No. 18) has had 17
yer’ sevice, He tated 1: dos no cause dysentery, Gras, rome, or
Satna’ SurgeonMsior Roe (witness No. 19) stated» “It f si to ante
onc snd ath, but nt dysentery.” Dr. 0, W. Jres (witness No. 21)
toed: Th moderate use of gan or bang sn no wy dessa to th cone
Samers on the contrary it s bengal. 1 give is 35 my experience and 2s the
xperience of men who. ae nthe habit of ving ganja in moderation for periods
Saying fam 10 to 12 yews.” Surgeon.Captain Morrison (witness No. 22)
aed: *Esenually evil fct re caused. Gan sig as cavsed ath,”
De. W. T. Montgomery (witness No. 35) stated that even the Fabia! deat
use of these drugs alec th physique, mind, and morals of the consumer.
“The witness doe not. rely to the question dosing with lfc of excessive
us, and. has probably relly not discrminated bene th two uses of the drugs,
"The Ajmer witness docs not spl.

Two offices of the assistant surgeon class were examined. One stated
(witness No. go) that the constitution is weakened and debilitated, and that
smoking produces coogh and asthma in some cases, The other witness does
not reply.

Four officers of the hospital asistan. class were examined. Witness No.
a7 sated: “Yes; it does to some extent produce noxious effects, the excessive use

causing bronchi, asehma, and dysentery.” Witness No. 8 stated it produces

bronchitis. Witness No. 34 stated that fst noill effects are caused, but gra-
dually the dose has to be increased, withthe result that “dysentery, bronchitis,
theutitism, Toss of memory, epistaxis, softening of bra, ec. se in, and the.
person becomes o sick that he finds his Ife a burden’. Witness
No. ag stated: Chronic broackitis is caused. by ganja smoking, 1 have not
seen dysentery or asthma result from ganja or bhang.”

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CH. XL] REFORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. 223

510. The medical evidence which has thus been anlysed very clearly indi
5 catesin the opisionaf the Comission tht when the
ST CSME basi of the opinions 3 to the alleged xl ces of
the moderate use of the drugs is subjected to careul examination the grounds
on which the allegations are founded prove to be in the highest degree
defective, A large number of medical witnsses of al lasses ssc dysentery,
bronchitis, and asthma tothe moderate se of the drugs. An equally representa.
tive number give a diametically opposite opinion. The most striking featur of
tho medical evidences perhaps th large number ofpactionss of ong expeience
who have seen 10 cvidence of any connection between hemp. drogs and disease,
and when witnesses who speak o thes ill effects rom the moderste use are
cross-examined, it 1s found that (a) thee opivions are based on popular
idess onthe subject; (4) they have not discriminated between the eects of
moderate and excessive we of the drugs; (0) thy ave accepted the diseases
2s being induced by hemp drugs because the patents confessed to the
habits and (d) the fact has been overlooked that the smaling of hemp drugs
a recogrized 45 8 remedial agent in asthma and bronchi. A few witnesses
incidentally refer to personal idiosyncrasy as perhaps being a factor in render
ing some consuners of he drugs Ie tolerant nd more Table to be afscted by
them even when used in moderate quantity, This view the Commision ai pre-
pared to scoept but fo the vast majority of consumers, the Commission consider
ha the evidence shows the moderate use of gan o harss not o be appreiably
harmial ile the case of moderate hang drinking the evidence shovs the habit
to be quite hamless. As in long-coninued and excessive cigar smoking
considerable bronchial tation and chro catarhal laryngitis may be induced,
50, too, may a sila condition be caused by excesive ganja or ches smokin
and tothe eilogy of bronchial atarh and ssthmain gana smokers the Commis.
Son have already refered, The diet connectonalieged between dysentery and
he sel hemp drugs the Commission consider to be wholly without an founda
tom. Tn the case of bhang there s nothing i the physilogical acto ofthe rag
which coud in any way set p an acute inflammation of the large intestine
Fesalling in wlcration. On the contrary, its wel known that hemp resin is 3
valuable remedial agent in dysentery. As regards ganja. or chara smoking
inducing dysentery, even sssuming that te products of he destrctve dilition
of the drugs diectly reached the intestines there is evidence that thos products
‘hen condensed and injected nto a cal’ stomach, fale to induce ay inflammatory
process. The connection, therefore, between hemp drug smoking and dysentery
apps even remoter than fo the case of bhang drinking and that disease, and
amo be accepted by any sivich of the imagination as even a possible dict
cause of dysentery.

11. Hitherto the Commission ave only considered the direct acon of hemp
drugs when used in moderation in inducing certin
ml ff xc ped conditions, but theis indivet action when
taken in excess mut slo be briefly considered. First, as regards the indirect
action of Bhang in inducing bronchi, Dr. Pran may be quoted. He wite
Hee 2s in so mach clso sssociated with hemp some misunderstanding bas

arisen among Ntives and Europeans alike, and i has been supposed that the.
Qe of hemp causes the bronchis. As a matter of fact, cases of his
“ronchiti’ cold weather cough woud seem to be rather less conmen among

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454 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [CH. XI.

dd tgplrs than among other pecpl ofthe same cass. What docs happen
fa that digestion is impaied, the dil consumption of such dose of narcotic
overburden the alimentary and cininating systems, the man's appetite goes,
and the food he takes is no properly absorbed. The symptoms mentioned are
th sigs of this indigestion, and th impaired vitality which. renders the system
unable to throw of an liness is it results” With lowered vitality due to any
cause it ust be cbvious that an individual is more lable to be aflected by
vishudes of westher and bad sanitary surroundings than a person in normal
healt; and t may be accepted that excesive consumption of any inoxicant does
tend to lower ialty. Excessive consumers of the drug are. therciore probably
more lable to bowelafection. As regards the indirect fects of the drug when
smoked, it is Hel that the excesive consumers also commit excesses of other
Kinds ile th excessive smoking alo tends to diminish the appete: the money
‘whic should be spe fo the parpose of procuring wholesome and nutitows food—

which a large number of witness state to be essential if evil effects are to be

warded offs used for obtaining the drugs. Its not surprising that under such
conditions th excessive. consumer should be. more ible to bowelaflctons,
diaz, or dysentery han a non-consumcr,

A few witnesses bave referred to sudden death following a prolonged pull at

a ganja or chaas chiffam. In th cases which the Commission have attempted to
Sit, the cave of death has not bee satisfactory explained. There ar, howerer,
disased condiions in which sudden death is not uncommon, and in the cases
refered to autopsies do not appear to have been conducted. The Commission
consider, However, hat a very prolonged pull at a hillam might possibly cause
spasm of the glous, producing asphysi, or the products of the destructive
disilltion ofthe resin ight cause paralysis of the respiratory centre cx of the
beset. Alleged cases of this kind sre very ow indeed, and they have fot been
carlully exsined. They need not detain the Commision futher, Leaving.
the physical efcts, the Commission now proceed to discuss the mental fects
of the drugs a shown inthe alleged causation of insanity

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 CHAPTER XII,

ERFECTS—MENTAL.

St. The Commission have attached considerable importance to the

inguiey regarding the connection between nsasity and.
hemp drugs because thisis the pact of the subject of
‘which most bas been heard i the past, There bas been undoubiedly a popular
pression that hemp drugs. do cau insanity. There ar not a fo whossses

who deny this—who sy that they have. never seen & consumer of the droge
insane, and do’ not believe that the drugs ever produce sanity. But the much
more. common impression fs that, at all events f used to excess, the hlnp drugs
may, and ofcen do, produc insanity. Some few witnesses, generalising fom a
most limited cxperience, go o far a to say that insanity is the eviable rest
ofthe use of the drugs. There exists undoubtedly popular pression which has
come down rom many generations that thre i some connection etwecn hemp
drugs and iosasity. Besides this popular impression, ther has been great prow
minence given to asylum statics as aforing some tangible ground for ulging
of the eects of hemp drugs. Over and over again the statistics of Indian
‘asyloms have been referred to in oficial documents of scientific treatises not oly

in this county, but alo in other counties where the use of thes drugs has
demanded attention. Other alleged cits of the drugs have atracted bt ide
artention compared wih thie alleged convection with nsaity.

sts Tho ppt on.feTis sfc ose veyofdiffcy

undoubtadly mtr ie cl
to docde
Plena the cause of many a any case. Andit cannot
be expected tht the popular view o the caus n any paral case. shold bo
sccepod 1s accurate. Theto may be goed ground fo the poplar opin ther
insaty is caused by hemp dogs. Tht qucaion may be dlened for the preset.
But thero can be 1 dou Ut nan partilar case hs view of casio must
be acceptod wich caution. To aseran the te cause requis Corugh kno:
lodge of the history of the patent and 3 siete. capicky for udgiog of that
sory. The snscintifc or popl mind rushes at. conclusions, and tural

son tof
Causes more he
casly com
spparettha
totheTo mon
casual cn he oberes
and unscietife swe oy
an 4 ig
pre
sping cate ud ve. The foes sas 1 he ec np of tne and
{atari mor ready asocsted wth it. Simla, ny physical cases mare
asl apparent a such sn observer thn 3 orl cavse wold be. Th forme fs
eae he surface, and any physical fact. that seems posible aus s mtr
sceoped. Again, an ntoicant wos tually be moe esl accpied than
thr physi cass, bocae some of is eects 3a see nando lear very
Sle to the symptom. of say, Thi fo, perhaps, specil he cas wih
ii an cessive dose produces Intoxication, Ts frst fet is the
aviation of the tellect,” and the metal symptoms of hep dr ntoxica.
tionare vry sine to those of osaiy. Such physical symptoms ss te casal
onve woud ne rs es macked perhaps the case of gar then wih sec
ah wl he menial conditions ate tht tang misture of ppseat cleat
el i dagen of ought whch ound n iy, bot mt
Sealy in sabe foseation. Its only paul tha dogs the ioscan. of
a

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26 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. (Ch. XII.

hit sn 0 prod chpmtoms shoo bed acetd by th pops

25 2 cause of insanity.

“This popular idea hasbeen greatly stzengehened by the atiude taken up by

Asylum Superintendents. They have koown nothing of the effcts of the drugs at

although the consumption so extensive, except that cases of insanity have been
brought to them atrbuted with apparent authriy t hemp drugs. They have
geocralised fom this limited and one-sided experince. They have concluded ihat
hemp drogs produce insanity in every case, rin the great majority of he cases, of

consumption, They have had no dea that nthe vast majority of cases this result
docsno fll the use. They ave accordingly wihout suficien inquiry assisted
by the statistics they have supplied and by the opiions they have expressed
in stereotyping the popula opinion and giving it authority and permanence.
All tis mass of popula and medical opinion demanded careful examination.
The Commission hav set themselves to take evidence from lay witnesses and
toil as fa as possible the cases mentioned 50 a to ascertain the basis of
the popula view. They hase also examined. medical men af all classes 35 to
cases of the alleged comection between hemp drugs and insanity which have
come before them in thee practice, and have cross-examined. them carshully in
regard to these cases so 2s to see whether the grounds for the opinion formed in

each case are adequate. Finally, they have very careluly considered the
asylum statistics, and specially enguiced nto large number of asylum casos.
has became apparent in the course of the inquiry that no satisfactory. conclu-
sion can be based on the individual cases reported by witnesses. As a rule, it
is made manifest at once by cross-examination that the history of the patient
has not formed the subject of careful inquey; that the opinion is based on most

inadequate data; and that ude or no importance has been attached 10 the
question of causation. The Commision hase therefore been compeled to fall
back on the asylums, This course seems cleady expedient on tno grounds—
fil, that the asylum statistics and asylum experience have formed the
principal bass of th opirion which calls for examinason; and, secondly, that the
asylum cases must form the best material for ariving a4 a conclusion, In i
general efcts the evidence of witnesses should not be ignored but it iimpussic
ble to sey precisely what wlght ought to be attached tit in regard o particule
cts; and the main basi of any final conclusion must be the material supplied
by the asylums wich the Comission now go on to consider.

St4. The facies which exstin England for acquiring something lke aces

Bic of twin seme te Knowledge of th cause ofnsnity in any pace

ticular case: may be confidently regarded as much
restr than those in India, Yet every work on insanity contains comments
on the dificaty of ariving at the truth and the uasatisactory vatwre of
many of the statements recorded. The most important subject of inquiry i this
connection is the History of the lunatics family, so 3s to discover what (f any)

hereditary predisposition to insanity there may exist. Regarding thi, Dr.

Blandlord says (“Insanity and its Treatment”): Statistis on this subject
are valueless. One author attbates 10 pe cent. of case tothis cause another
no less than go. This arises from ack: of information on the pact of some
fiends and the willl concealment of others, and also because some statisticians

sel for insanity only, taking no account of ther neuroses, such as epilepsy

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Cu. XIL] RaroR oF THE 18 HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1895:94. 337

or paralysis. 11 we make the attempt, we shal soon fod bor difficult it is to

get an accurate account of the health of the father or mother and grand
father and grandmother of any ane patient” On the wider subject of causa
tion generally, Dr. Hack Tuke (Dictionary of Psychological Medicine; article
“Satis of insanity”) says: “As the Lunacy Commissioners adopt cassfica-
tion ofthe causes of insanity which is fay workable, and have collected together
a large number of rewms from English assur, it is descable to give the
results here fo what they are worth. As is well known, th entries mado by the
fends of patiens in the statutory statement ace” tremely uolsble, and
constaotly confound cause and effect. The Commissioners state tht they have
not relied upon these, but upon stazements ecified by the medical ofcers of the
asylum?

515. This be the case in England, how much mores necessary in India to

[rr exercise caution in receving statistics a tothe causes

of insanity, to examine careloly the sous from which

they come, and orely oly on those which have been carefully tested. The Come

Ge ining the statistics of the unatic asylums soon found that they could
fot be regarded astrustworthy. They first of all enquired ino a number of cases

inthe Dullnda Asylum (Calcuta), and ascertained generally the practice regard
to recording the cause in the asylum registers, nd the character of the inquiry
on which that record was based. Wh they learned there led them to distrust
the asylum statistics. They determined to make a carfal nguiy ito all cases
attributed to hemp drugs in one year, and to endeavour thu to ascerain how
far the satstes were reasonably corect, and, posible, also 0 arive at. some
conclusion as to whether hemp drugs Have any real conmccron with insanity.
They fved on the year 1892. They considered t for obvious reasons expedient
to take the same year all over India; and this was the last year for which
complete statistics existed when they began thei inquiry, AY the same time
these satstics had been completed and printed before the proposal to have
any inguicy into the efiects of ganja had bee made, The Commision decided
to take up each of these cases of 1892 separately, and to. inquire 33 fully ss
possi nto is History.

Hitherto any opinion regarding the connection between hemp drugs and
nsanity which has professed to have any sod basis at al, or to_be mor than
a vague impression, has been based on the figures contained in the anual
Statement No. VIL sppended to the Asylum Reports. It is necessary to cone
dec how far these figures supply any reasonable basis fo & scientific opinion
on the question

The figures contained in that statement are compiled from the cates as
to cause made in the asylam registers. The great majority of the Superitend-
ents of Asylums Dave cleaty stated that these entries ace based on the der
Serptive rolls sent with the lunatics, They have not considered it necessary to
‘enquie how fa the descriptive rolls are likely to give trustworthy information
regarding cause bow or by what agency tht information is collected, oc by
hom itis supplied. It bas been soficient that it is sent to thew officially, and
That they have no opportunites of testing it. They have thereore accepted
i. If the papers have been manifestly incomplete, they have been sent back
to the Magistrate for compleion. The practically universal rule bas been to

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223 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. (CH. XII.

accept the cause entered. in the descdptive roll and anly to make enquiries in
the asylum when no cause bad been entered. It cannot be said that even this
pracice his been carefully and acewately observed. The copying of the
entris i lef to subordinates who sometimes use their own discretion, Thus

Dr. MeConaghy, Superintendent of the Poona Asylum, says: “The register is

lledup by the assistant at the ime of the lunatc’s admission. According to
my idea of asylum practoe, the entries must be in accordance with Form C. 1f
the cause is entered 2s unknown, it must be so shown in the register. Noalter

tion would be made without the permission of the Magistrate.” Yet of the six
cases ascribed to hemp drugs in 1892, ther vas not one sespect to which the
en in the register corresponded. with tha of the desriptve rll 3s to cause,
and. there was nothing on record t explain the discrepancy in any case, Simi.
lary, Dr. Macnamara, Superintendent of the Tezpur Asylum, says + * The cause
is entered fn the general register from the police statement, ie, fom the
descritivoroll. We have nothing whatever to do with It. Itis tered by the
Oversee in charge of the Asylum, and ought to corcespond with the entry of the

descrptiveroll” As a matter of fact, eleven of the thirteen cases for 1892

showed entries regarding cause which Gd not correspond with the descriptive
rolls; and of these 11, 1o less than 10 were made, no: by the Overseer, but by
His subordinse, the jemadar, Besides such errors as these, there are. crrors
ing from carelessness in the mere copying of the register entries from year
toyear. These dere thee importance fom the fact that they must. have been
disconezed had any attention been rally given in the asylums to. this matter of
causation... A sking example may bo given fom among the old cases in the
Rangoon Asylum. Moog Min Thay was admited on agth June 1871. There
has been no improvement in his mental state. There are no papers in his case
except an order from the Magistrate to receive the man * supposed to be in.
sane” The original entry in the case book shows cause as predisposing
disease of the bran, exciting drinks, and smokes opium” and it shows the
duration as * probably from birth" 1 also shows that the man was cplepli
There is no mention of ganja. The register for 1833 (the is to show causation)
shows “alleged duration” as “congenital” and "alleged cause” as * drink
and opium smoking.” The entry “congenital” is continued until 1893, when
itis replaced by a “Dal” under the “Not given” of a previous case. In 1886
the "cause similarly undergoes undesigned alteration. The word" drink is
replaced by * ganja” and in 1988 the reference to “ opium i finally dropped.
The case thus became a ganja case, and has been shown 5s such ever since.

Theseall may be instances of exceptional carelessness, but as a general mle

it cannot be sad that these entries have been made with care. Superintendents
base not attached much importance tothem. It has been left to. subordinates

to dots work and that work asa rule has ot been carefully supervised. Speale
ing. generally, however, Superintendents have desized that the entries in the

register regarding cause should correspond ith those in the descriptive rolls ;
and they have believed that ther subordinates were making the entries on this
principle.

Some few Superintendents have professed a diferent method, and have

assumed some responsiblity for the entries 1s to the cause of insanity in their
registes. There are, however, only three Superintendents who held this offce in
1892 who. profess to have been to any appreciable extent independent of the

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(Ci. XIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1895:94. 139.

police statements or descriptive tolls. ‘The frst of theses Brigade Surgeon.

Lieutenant Colonel Hooper, who says tht bis” practice has nit ben to enter the
cause at once, but 0 wai ui diagnosis of the case has been made. Then, if
the supposed cause, 25 shown in the Magistate's statement, is not inconsistent
‘with the diagnosis of the insarity, or wih the information received from fiends
who may have come, or with statements made by the mah himself i he recovers

sufficiently, that cause is entered i the register” The part played by diagaosis
inthe determination of cause is, howerer, somewhat visionary; for Dr. Hooper
says that there are no symptoms peculia to hemp dg insanity excep perhaps.
more speedy recovery, and that an accurate history is “ shadutely essential;
itis the only means by which you can amive ata diagnosis” As to the sate
ments of friends, Dr. Hooper seems to think tha fends visit patients io the
majority of cases. 11 ths is soi Lucknow, his experience difles from that of
Superintendents elsewhere. It is possible, bower, that he may be mistaken,
for it appears that enquiries from fiends are“ no ordinal” made by him, bat
by the Depaty Superintendent. The sutements of lunatics also spear from
hisevidence rarely to affect the entries. There is one pant on which Dr. Hooper
specially insists, is, that any fact established regarding heredity would exclude
the ganja theory. Turning to the cass for 1893, it is found that there was one.
in which the lunatics brother was insane, and another where 3 direct an-
costo was fnsane; but mio notice was taken of these facts in determining cause,

and the cases were entered 2s due to hemp drugs. It also appears that in 14
‘out of the 17 cases shown as due to hemp drugs, this causes entered in accord

ance either with the entey in the papers regarding cause, or with that regarding
the lonatic’s habits, Of the remaining thee cases, thera i in one an alleged
statement by the lunatics brother (sfervards denied) In another the lunatic
recogrizes bhang and makes contradictory statements 2s tots use” In the
third, thee i the statement of the lunatic Himself while sil insae.

“The second Superintendent who states that he adopts exception practice

is Brigade-Surgeon-Licutenant-Colonel Keith of Hyderabad (Sid), who says
that" the only ground, so far as 1 can remember, on which 1 would enter cause
would be information of friends or the statement of the insane afer be bad
recovered bis wits” Its striking that ofthe 13 cases set down to hemp drugs.
fn 1803, the cause as enteed inthe register corresponds in 10 cases with that
tered inthe papers sent with the anati. In the other three cases no bass for
Ue entry of cause is given at all Inone case the Superintendent tod the
members of the Comission who visited the asylum that the entey was based on

a statement made by the fathe ; this th father now denies, In the other tro
Gases, mo such explanation was given by Dr. Keith to the members of the Com
mies bu that officer now says (probably on the authority of some subordinate)
that thes two lunatics used toask forthe drug in the asylum. No record of any.

such fact vas found in the register. The Comission are arable in view of all
What bas been ascertained of these cases to attach much weight 10 these.
statements.

The thd exceptional case is that of Surgeon-Major Dobie of Madras.

Ta bis letter of aoth October 1893 (side Vol. Il Appendices) Dr. Dobie sd:
“tam responsive. for the entry of the cause as ganja inthe frst 14 cases [of
1863). Ta no case have | entered it a5 3 cause without such evidence as led me.
Ed

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 330 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [CH XIL.

toa reasonable beef tha it vas so" But in bis evidence before the Cornmis-

sion an aand Janaary 1594, this officer stated: My reasonable belief as to

cause was based on readin the papers and seeing whether they shoved a probable
case of ins, 20d on enguicy from the una 1 fel very lito
conféence in the diagnos | have made ascribing these cases 10 hemp drogs.”

$16. Thersiaclealy novald groundin the practice of these thee Superintend-

Si we er on he de ent for modifying the general statement based on the.

rp frank admission of the great majority of the Supeine

tendents that the entries regarding cause th register, and therefore the figures
in samual Statement No. VII, have been based wholly on the descriptive rll o
Similar papers received with the lunatics. This practice has, no doubt, become.
established owing othe following considerations. Asalready stated, many Super-
endents have recogrized these papers as practically the oly material they had
fo determining cause, They bave not had adequate opportunites for making.
enquiics themesives. They have had a general impression tht the informa.
on supplied by Magistrates or police vas as good asthe Government. required
for stadtical purposes, and they have accepted it accordingly. As a rile
they have regarded this question of cause 25 one of ile ono practical import.
ance, The Government prescribed Statement. VII, and pressed to have the
colunns filled up; and ss a rule the orders were cared out in this somewhat
mechanical vay. Surgeon: Major Careuthers, Superintendent at Calicut, per-
Taps puts this view in the strongest terms when he says: * My positon as
Supsintendent of the Lunatic Asylum requires me to take charge of insanes
when they are sent in, nd. rein them unt they are fit for discharge. 1am
Simply Keeper and incidentally medical attendant, and not responsible foe any
atemente and certificates received with the patient so long as they see in
order,” The ssme view is, hover, a clearly expressed by Drigade-Sugeon-
Vieutenaat-Coland! Hooper when he says + 1 do not consider that the ques-
tion of cause i one which affects the treatment of cases. My inqufies there-
fore ino cause are of statistical, not a pracical, character, The reslc will not
afiect my weatment of the case.” Even {0 an officer who sees that the know-
edge of the csuse may help him i the treatment of the case, responsibly for
the accuracy of the returns is avery minor matter. Surgeon-Lieutemnt-
Colonel Leagingel (Vizagapatam), for cxample, says: “ The poi, of course,
is ciel ane of personal interes: 0 me in the treatment of the case. An en
was made (in the paca case under discussion) on the papers, 1 omitted
tosler the regiser Its clear then hat the medical officers in charge of
asylum have not et that they have been in any way responsible for the acca
racy of the figures contained fn anuwal Statement VI regarding causation of
insanity; and that these figures derive no valu from the fact that the statement

bears the signature of a medical man; for ther valu practically depends entirely
on the characte of the inquiry in which the information contained in the do.
scripive rll was io each case calected.

$17. This inquiry is very unequal in its charset The lanatic, before
for 3 time under the
Goreme dep BE observation
S10 the sium,
of the Civil Surgeon. The later has to
cert to the man's insanity and to the facts which have led to that conclusion.
Sometimes the Civil Surgeon Bls up the descriptive rol 2s well a the medical
certificate. But the more genera practice is that he confines his attention to

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 Cit XIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1855:94. 231

the medical certificate, leaving the descriptive voll, which contains all that is

Known of the lunatic’s History, to be filed up by the Magistrate or the pli,

Where it is the practice fo the Civil Surgeon to fill up the descriptive ral, the
entry regarding cause is mado by him ot under bis orders. Even in tht case,
howe, be is generally compelled to accept the statements of the police The
majority of the lunatics sent up ace wanderers who have no frends. Friends,
‘even when there are any, ace averse to appear lst they should be called en 10
contibute tothe support of the lunatic.” The following statements may be
taken as typical of the usual experience of Civil Surgeons in this respect: As
Civil Surgeon, 1 got the formation rom fiends or from the pace. Very
often 1 had cases where no fiends came. In such case | trated to the police
oc wherever | could get my information” (Sugeon-Major Boyd, Colaba).
“The information 1 give in Form C is generally very incomplete, 23 I ave nly
the lunatic to ge it from (Surgeon-Major Burks, Poors). “The fiends very
rarely attend. As a ul, then, | am left ently to the ststement or form seceied

and to the police” (Surgeon-Major Emerson, Barely). Thus, even vhere the
Giri Surgeon signs the descriptive oll, he bases bis entries therein as a ule on
information supplied by the police. The more general practice is therefore also
the more coreet, to hav. the descriptive roll formlly fled in by the plice and
signed by a Police offcer or Magistrate, as the palice supply the information.
“The inquiry into the history of the case is no an inquiry conducted by prov
fessional man from the persons likely to know most about the lunatic. The
formation consists often merely of the guesses of police officers 3s fo the
History and habits of endless and homeless wanderer; and in other cases,
where a local inquiry is possible, it is generally mads by a subordinate police
officer.

1 am aware” says the Surgeon.General of the Bombay Presidency, that

Inquires in these cases are generally conducted by a subordinste officer of
police” Surgeon Captain Walsh, of the Calcutta Asylum, says: “The de-
scepiie coll ace filled up as a rule by a Native Police Inspector on the nforma-
fon of 4 native policeman” Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colanel Boril, of Patns,
goes further. He says: “The statements in the descriptive rolls regarding.
Cause wre 15 3 rule not very reliable, © cannot say what grade of police
records them. But I think the information is ofen in small villages brought
by chaukidars.” SurgeoreLicutenant-Colonel Crombie, Superintendent, Genersl
Hospital, Calcutta, says: “The inguicy is madeby the police. I have myself
cen an fnqucy goiog on in which a constable was filling in the papers from the

statment of the lunatic himself, the man being at the time insane. This may
be exceptional, but [hae seen it. In any case | distrust this descriptive ral”
These are some typical statements regarding the agency which, as a rl, collects
the information on which the ssylom statistics 28 to cause ave based. Some-
times, as at head-quarters, the inquiring police officer may be #n Inspscto
bu, 58 8 rule, he is very subordinate. It is impossible to hare te cheerkl
optimism of Surgeon Lieutenant. Colonel O'Brien, of Benares, who. says that
hen ganja is asigned, the man was probably 2 notorious ganja smoker,
The inquiry may be conducted by a chaprass, et be might be right fn that
It would be absard to accept without great distrst the statements, especially
as to the cause of insanity, compiled by such an agency as has been described.

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‘253 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [Ci. XII.

“Ths discus of the descriptive cols intensified when the source of the
informations considered. 1 the police think it worth while, or find it possible
and coment to make anythin, ofthe mature of an inge, they ad. that
hey have to be satisfied wih the very poorest material, Sometimes, a shown
hore, the statement ofthe lunatic Hise whl sel insane ht recorded,
not oly aa to bistory and abit, but a1 even 2 o the cause of he insanity,
Often, 3s in the cise of guden cools in Assan oe wandering mendiants al
ove Inia, the statements of mere casal acquaintances who know fle of
tho hamid habits and nating of His past history or of that of his family.
Even when fiends ae found rom whom inquiry can be made, they ae generally

of the most ignorant and wineligent type. tis fom the classes of such a
{ype that ost of the inmate of our asplams ace taken. Ts very rae indeed
od on of the igher and moe nteligent classe, The ignorant and unede
ted persons who ase a chil eplepsy to ba having ecient touched
he pind ston that repress th vilage god wil playing unde the sacred
ee, or 3 Bt of sanity to he stack nd pesssson of 8 ht or vilage ghost,
ho kw nahin of cast, excep in the ost orlisey fle of home oF
agialaral He, beyond the mere association of coincidence, who belcre in no
eave which they do no se xcept choral, hose powers of absrvtion ste
ite wnexrisd and undeveloped such persons must fo, mo promis.
5 matecal evn or the most patent and mlligatenqiers to work an, The
nfornaion leaned fom them by such agency 13 bas been above described
must bo ofthe mot incomplete and upstsacory character, ta ot supis-
og that mrs cause of aity, being ch es pilpable than physical couse,
Sho sometizes be veloked, A much more spring fact the ignoring
of many physical caves. Dr. Wis, thn Supecntcndt of the Dacca Asylum,
gave a remarkable sation of this in bis report for 1873: is 8 curious
Crcurstance that fn Bengal msi is never taced to Hows on tho hesd,
which in Europes not neque cause, Thi the more surpesng, as there
ae few race, | believe, who 9 commonly hase marks of bows on ther heads
25 Bengalis Out of 190 males inthe asylum on 13¢ January last 5 (or 30 pr
cot had mre o les extensive scar oe cut of Gantsions on the bd,
Tn considerable proporion the blow must have ba ao severe 3a to have
caved violent concussion of the brn. Yel in the records of thi asylum there
ino nstance of nsaoty tiboted to ths cave”
ly, the disuse of the descriptive roll must be futher inensiicd by
the consideration of the eessre brought to ber on subordimates to supply
information 2 to cave, An lszation ofthis may be fond aa early as 1565
i the Reson ofthe Gorernment of Bengal an the Asam Reperts or 1365.
“And skin lation of th effec of this presse i ound fn the Dulods
Ryle fo the ollwing ye (1865), in which the case several cases
dating rom the year 1557 and onwards was ler from * unknown” to * gana
sookidg” Th same pest is sill nought to bea en those. response fox
the ene of cause. Srgeon- Major-General Turubll, te head of the Me
Departacit in Boabay, says: “There isa column fn Statement VII headed
Unknow" which is intended fr the entry of casesin which the cause bas nat
Sen ascrsind with reasonable accuracy. 1 hs eclamn was rgely vied,
should thik it would be a mater of consi on the person on whom the re.
sponsibiy fo foqiy rests” This demand for much information where litle

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 ‘Ch. XIL] REPORT OF THLE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1805-94 233

information i vaiabl, and his insistence on ascribing a cause where ressonable

presumption 55 to cause is so arly possible, have had a poweral influence
rendering the statistics untrustworthy. The same tendency is seen at wor
other provinces. In Madras the efcst of the remark in paragraph 3 of the
Government Resolution on the Lunatic Asylum Report for 1890 stignatiing
the Calicut Asylum as * the worst in respect to the average of unknown. causes

and of the Surgeon General's Circular No, 12, dated 36th September 180
issued in consequence), is clearly in evidence, In Bengal, Surgeon-Lisotensnt-
Colonel Meadows, of Berhampur, says: “We assign. cause 100 often auricles
itis insisted on; and we are constrained to enter cause before it has boon
‘propey ascertained.” Surgeon-Major Baker, of Rangoon, sys * | thin that
offices are under the impression that it looks 2s if they were not sealus if they
domot find a cause” BrigaderSurgeon-Licstenant- Colonel Gafvey, of bbl.
pore, says: thik that there is a tendency to assign causes too readily" and
he intimates his concurrence ia a strong protest made by Surgeon-ajr- Gene
xl Rice when Civil Surgeon of Jubbulpore in 1880 agains this tendency. To
Assam, Mr. Driberg, Commission of Excise, says: * If a man (policeman) docs
not enter cause, know by experienc that the Distict Superintendent of Police
gets a slp teling him to send a more experienced man, or fine this man for
cardlessncss.” The remarks made in 1980 by Dr. Rice, now Surgeon General
with the Government of Indi, in reference to an unfavourable comment nthe
Chef Commissioner's review of the report for 1879, may be quoted: “1 think
tis of doubtful value,” he std, "to set down everything tod in this way as
i i were reasonably true. 17 these retums ae ever {0 bo made use of, it would
be. better 0 assign only such alleged causes as have some pretensions to being
correc, omiting altogether those which are nothing more than mere canjctures,
Even if a great number go unclassified, i is better so than that doubt causes
should be assigned.”

$18, There on class of cases whic ses a rst ight oder fom the
tse a. 1,0 sc in hic lis charged ih rime
wT fiom hase been acquited on the ground of insanity,
Surgeon Moor Mckay, of Nagpor, say In cima es te cas is ner
1y take rom the julgent of the Court Ths sateen is apprenly 100
song. Tho Comision hav hd to examine the. records and apes fn the
oes of many criminal naa, In tho majcky of ces te Judge found
to be content wich the evidence of the Gil Surges ast he ck of msn,
and to consider it smnecesary 10 make any iy 40 to cause. In mh
Sass th. formato sent tothe. asylum suthortes Js precisely of the same
Characters thet frrished in normal cases, 1 vey rae deed ha ay
idence 2s 0 cause apps n th evidence tendered a Cort, ands ore
ve for the Jodgs o dices the caus, For all practical pipes, he remarks
Shore mad fering the wnirusivorty character of be formation upped
othe Supeinantnts, od of the asylum stisics 3a cave based Geen,
apy toa chess of cases. ;
$15. Although these satistcs have been discussed. seriously fom year to

Gah year, they have not been much used as the bis of
Dumka etait asses of ganja administration. except fn the
case of Borma. In this case the Comission’ ound. that the measures taken

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234 REPORT OF THLE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 185394. [Cat XII.

in Burma wer ostensibly based on the una asylum returns which were quot.

by more than one Chief Commissioner, special reference being. made to

the figures for the Dacea Asylom. This special reference to this asylum and
the ct that i is sted in the most important. ganja-consumivg tract in
India were among the fexsons why the Commission summoned Surgeon.
Liestenan. Colonel Crombie (Bengal witness No. 104) 35 a winess; for
head been seven years Superimendent of that dsylum. Before the Opium
Conmission slo, and in sn teresting discussion on opium published 56 a
Supplement 0 the Judian Medical Gazette of July 1893, Dr. Crombie had
incidentally spoken strongly of the evil effects of hemp drugs as seen In his

soplm experience, Tho Commission hoped therefore tha Dr, Crombie might
be found to have devoted special atention to Kis sylom wo, and to be able to

speak wih exceptional autheicy. He informed the Commission in His writen

evidence that “nes ity per cent. of the inmates of lunatic asylums in
Benga are persons who have been ganja. smokers, and in 3 vey large pro-
portianof these 1 bolleve gafa to be the actual and immediste cause of heir
sity. Tul though Lam not prepared to say. that the moderate use of ganja
is never the cause of insanity, i is most frequently the result of long excessive

se, snd expecially of cccasional debsuches with the drag. It has the samo
wldonshp to insanity in India that slcohol has in Europe, and may be the
aac of force maniac) exclement of short duration (sin delim. tsmens)
rol a chronic cherfl mania which is tho chasacteisic insanity of Indian
Ssylams. It hus ot he same tendency to lead to dements, the result of tisus
changes inthe bri, 1 leahol has. Like alcoho, i will expecially kad to ine
ani in persons of deficient. sllcontol who take 10 the drug as
mental trouble. Bash forms of ganja insanity, the acute and cl

iguisiable by the syaptoms. (Seo septate memorandom)

These views, which ars ssted in geste del in separate memorandun,

arebased eniely on bis cxpaience 5s Supecitendent of th Daces Aegan sud
25 vitor other asylums for Dr. Crombie says: * In my practic outside of
lunatic ssphums my_expecincs is conned to very few cases, only two. or three
inthe whole course of my service, of ganja intoxication brought to hospi”
The Commission were anxious to seutsin haw foe hese siews might bo
regseded 1s ving. sutborty. They accordingly examioed the rgistors ud
case books of the Dacen Asylum for al the years during which Dr. Crombie
had buen Superintendent, and paosed. is reports, They were wrsble to Gnd
in those recon any ground for thinking thar Dr. Crombic's practice
rom the of othr Aslam Superinendents, ar gave im special opportuni
Knowledge. They took the registers for hese yeas an als the papers fo all
the hemp drug cases of 1887 (Ds, Crombie's ast year at Dace) to Coats
to discos the with Dr, Crombie. That discussion is contained n the record
of is oral evidence.

First 35 to procedure, Dr. Crombie told the Comission that the de.
scripive rll is by no means trustworthy,” but tha © subsequent discoveries”
‘wer ade inthe asylum by exaination of fiends or of the unatc on recovery
and by other means, and that he nies. in the asylum books would be altered
accordingly. “This” he sid, "was my practice The Commission bad found
Bo trace of ihs*praciice in the asylum records; and they showed Dr.

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 IP cS alien
(Ci. XIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEN? DRUGS COMMISSION, 180594. 235

(Crombie the registers and asked him to point out any such alterations. He thea
withdrew bis statement, and accepted 4s accurate the statement of Rames
(Chandra Sib, Overseer of the Dacca Asylum, who. has made the ents in the
registers and compiled Statement No. VII ever since 1880. His statement fs
“The cause is entered in the register (rom the dSScrptve. tll son,
Cause is never entered in the register from enquiry made ales te padent’s
admission. 1 know of no_case of his beng done, The ency made st the sop
ofthe page would never be alesed. But if any enquiry which I might mate
shoved cause not hitherto known, his fact woud be entesed in the itary of
the case. 1 remember such cases, and | might be sble to pant them out,
But that entry in the history of the case would not shee the cause 3s shown, fn

Statement VII of the annual report. That statement i led up only from the
entes made in the descriptive roll 25 copied ino aur register” Dr, Crombie
procedure then difiered in no respect from the most. mechacal and intel

gent record of causation in any asylum in Inds, for fl was Ife ently 39
clerical work to a subordinate. And the only statistics on which Dr, Cronk
bases His views regarding insanity test on the descriptive. sols of which fo
steongly declares his istrust

Secondly in regard to Dr. Crombics attention o the special matter of causa

ton of insaity, it appears tht “there was mo. discusion of cause ih any
anal repost wien by him rom Dacca, nor any formal discussion in wring:
Lik other Supesntendents, he seems not have felt hat his ty requied spesil
attention to this subject.

Thindy, the Camnision discussed with Dr. Crombie the cases of 188;
and. the ests of tis discusion of them are recorded in bis orl examine:
ion, They afd clear proof of the fet that even a. cael] xaninaton of the
papers recived ith the hate on thee admission would Have presented
fi out of the foroen cass bln corded as hemp drug cass (vis, the ir
fourth, enh, hitch, and probably als the tosh), and wold have ed to
two. more beng recorded 5s mixed doubt cases (si, the second and fue,

ont). The istry in the asylum should. have prevented the ih case being
retsned asa gona caso for the tre cause (peripheral atin) was. clearly
established, and insanity was cured on removal of that cause, 1 should aso
have led to the rejection of the eighth case, or ass o i being rcoréed as 4
mixed case, Thus nie out of the fouricen hemp drag case of 189 at Dacca
arc found to have besn crroneouly entered 3s auch. Thc remain ly fre
trac hemp dg cass. De. Crombio soy: "Taking my whole asylum exper
ence 1 thik tht this may probably bo accepted 35 Fil representative of
the rs stat of the case” The total admissions in 1897 to th Dacca Asylum
were 55. Of these Dr. Crombie now accepts only § (or & pet cent) as de (0
hemp druge And h sate tht this may be accepted a fay representative of
the eal stat of the case, o fa a bi experince enable him to jugs.

Fatrthly, 1510 Ds. Crombie's conclusions. As thee wees fey-fve admis

sions tothe asylum in 1837, the number of cases (fe) which may reasonably
be attributed to ganja toms out to be only wine pec cea. As Dr. Crome says
that the * chronic cheerful mania” which he describes is cnly found in a por-

tion (or, a bis separate memorandum shows, ia a minority) of the admissions,

and as he admits that i "may be due in part to Giflcence of character” and
nat to the drug, there docs not seem to be much, if any, ground for associating

this chairomasia vith hemp. And i view of the small proportion of re hemp

Lusi
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 i
236 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189594. [OH. XIL.

dru cases and the large popartion (neady 2 to 1) of rt io the cases accept
‘and recerded as hemp drug cases in Dr. Combis time too much
ight should not be attached to his views regarding the clinical features
of bemp drug foanity. The reals of a caefol analysis and examination of bis
cases comesponds on the while petty accurately with the examination of the
‘Cases of 1893 for ll India made by the Commission, Looking back at his work.
in Dacca fiom Nis present. pint of view, Dr. Crombie seems fo have thought
hat be had had some experience of special value, but the impression appears
‘on cxamination to be due to. mistake of memory. Theres practically nothing
that difeceniaes bis experience or the practice of the Dacca Asylom from
that of other Superintendents and other asylums in India.

Soo. 1 may ell see extcsadinay tht statistics based on such absolutely
mo a a EStvrhy teal should bv een suboiied
SREY er yee he asp repos. 1 is extn
diay, and canst cay be uly used, The following comideaions
Sree to’ cra extent to explain this exrsodivry fact. In the fist place,
25s painted cut by several Superintendents, hese oficers did not know iat
Sead of polis or what Kind of agoncy was employed in the iquiy. They.
Selene. that they were bound to accep, and. josfied in acceping, without
question what came to then ith an appesrnce of oficl authority. In the
Second pace, al the Superintendent, except thee in the towns of Madras aad
Borba, hav the alam work fn addin to ober medical duces. They
ve ound themseloes abl to dete. that. amount. of dime and care to th

aslom mck which wold enable the to speak 35 experts or to supply infor.
maton of any eal vale, Sore ofthe beat a the have sad 0 the bers
of the Comission who visited the asylum. tht they constantly found theme
‘elves shonfnating the alam work to duties which appeared mers pressing.
ind mre importa, In the third place, 26 steady painted au, they have
been so press to ine static normatin that they have oft done 10.
Vithou considering whether i coud be regarded as scentfcaly or even tessone
Sy accurate, Tn the fourth place, most of the Superitendant, though thy
bud long practised. medicine in his country, had ever seen any of the afects
of hep drugs. except thei alged eet in producing insanity dn the cases
tied in the papers 0 the drugs. Several Speritendents speak ceady of
{bis igromncoof tho fects of th drugs. The remarks of the may be quid
lly iceting, Srgom iota Cloel Lenginges) (Via
opstan) say: 1 shoud myself have put down gars 3s the caus of insanity
nny cusebre examined the fiends if they merely ssid the man used
gant. snd col ge moter caus, 2s 1 didnot discrminte between the
cxceve and moderate we, 1 shold go much more carefully into he
mater sow, since | hav in the course of the present inry learned 50
mach more shout the se of the drugs” Surgeon: Major Cob, of Dacca
Gays: Ast dhe elects of gar geerly, 1 should say that unch 1 began
stady the question ith a view to give erdeace before. the Commission, al
hough | ad vag notion thet gas smoking vas prevalent mong. th ower
clases in Bengal, 1 bad no iden that th practice was a common as | have
sine found i to be!” Surgeon-Major Willeacks, of Age, says: * Onlnadly
it hs ben the practic to emer hep drugs 2 the cans of van
has been shown that the patient used thee drugs. | cannot say precy
‘why tis is the practice. It has come down 2s the tradional practice, As
mtr of ac, al ecenly looked on thes drugs 55 very poisons. As 1

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(Cit. XIL].REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 159394. 237

Bave already ssid, my ordinary medica practice did nt bring me nto contact
with them at all. © only came nto contact with them in the asylum. 1had no
dea that they wero used so extensively as | find on enguiey to be the cas, 1 have
made enquiry inconnection with the stention drawn to the matter rectly.”

These are some of the explanations which may be afeed for the subais-
sin by Superintendents of such statistics vear by year, Funher, though such
evidence as that of Surgeon-MajorGeoeral DeFabeck of Madrae shows mast
cleady how lie knowledge some heads of the Medical Department have had
of the untrustworthy character of the stasis, it doss not show ths mere
clearly than does the mere fact that year afta year these statics have
been seriously discussed. alle by these officers snd by the Goveroments under
whom they sere.

S31. The Commision were forced tothe conclasion tha thee vas notrust-
Furr topdin ie yaa WORRY basis for a satisfactory and. ressonably
ELE EY crt pion on the comedian beeen hemp
drugs and insanity in the asylum statistics appended to the anmal reports.
They fel thar they must conduct for themselves as full and seseching an
inquiry as was posible witkio tbe time at thee disposl ino the history of
a considerable number of cases. As aleady stated, they selected as the sbject
of thei inquiry al the cases admitted nto all the asylums in Indi fn 1893
and ascribed to hemp drogs. They took up each of these cases separately in
the asylum, and ascertained what information was abiaiable in regard o t fom

perusal of the orginal papers and the asylum registers, and also by enquiry fom

the Superintendent and Asylum officials, Having recorded al such. informa-

1, they asked the Superintendent of each asylum to conduct furber oquiey
into cach case and repr nally on i, and they requested Local Govemmencs
to dices the Magistates and Civil Surgeons of districts to wich the patients
belong to give the Superintendent al necessary assistance, The Comission
added: “In view of the importance of ths branch of the nguiy it is sug
gested tha, wherever this possible, a caret local inquiry should. be con.
ducted by a trustwothy and experianced Magistrate, in consaltation with the
Civil Surgeon, to ascertain the past personal and amily history of the patient,
and any circumstances likly o throw Tight on the cause of his insanity. The
record of this inquiry should in each case be submited to the Commission
through the Superintendent of the asylom in which the patient was treated to
enable im to_ submit the report above mentioned.” All his information, bh
that coleced in the asylums and that collected in these further inquires, is
recorded in Vol. 11 Appendices, Only the final report ofthe Superintendents
printed, unless it is inaccurate or incomplete of unless thre is saying of
tert in the records which he has not noticed, In these cases notes contain

ng the points omitted or fnsccurately sated, or extracts fom. the rcords,

are appended to bis seport. Breed to these papers is a statement of the
Accson. of the Commision on all of the cases, showing very brie for
each why it has been accepted or rejected. In & few cases the rests of

the inquiries ar unsatisfactory ; for it has been impossible occasionally to get

any further information; snd occasionally the inquiry, even though ease, has
‘of been conducted. with suficient care and ineligeaco. On the whole, how.

ever, the result a the collection ofa body of information about these selected
cases fa supeior to anything heseofore availble,
&®

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 &

[. — 1
i

ars I I
LE
ots | a] oa s[ a 0
sures] of wl sla] os
Conk. I
an ore wl» sa] we] ws] ow
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| won|
Pama] salawll ow]
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ow]
tne | w| wl af | 4] ow) w]e
Ta S| ws | ww] wm
Po al ul of af of ow
Te wl w]e HE Im
Comme [Js sl oof wf | of sw] os
aren wage wl al als] als] ew] we
Tt wll af sss] eel ew
sr. sof wf al ol oo wl ow] ow
ons od |Vsgepan sf io i
Ta ws| wl | | 7] wl nw
co. wl owl sl oaf a] | wf ow
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Bona | sl ww
rotons [isu |G | w| | we] |

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(Cut. XIL] RBFORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 199394. 209

Out of 1,344 admissions to the asylums of Brisih India during 1653, thee

at shown tobe ony 98 cases (a 73 per cent) in which the was of hemp drugs
may be reasonably regarded a a factor in causing the nsaiy. If the “mixed”
cases in which the hep drugs have only been accepted 3s one of several
possible causes wre omted, the percentage falls to 45. It must be
Bome in mind, however, that these were 4 per cen. of he admissions for 1893
in which the caus of sanity was shown as * unknown.” Among these un.
Kiown ” cases ther may, no doubt, have been som in which hemp drugs may,
as in the accepted cases, hae played some par in causing nsarty. [1 had
been posse to ascertain she history of these unknown cass, & night have
Been found tha there ws i & considerable umber of them a history of he use

of hemp drugs, and. perhaps hatin some of them these drugs bad played some
part at least. in causing the insanity. It might appear at frst sight to be more

Core to take the percentage, not on the tral admissions into the slam, but
an the * known” cases among these admissions. The total number of known”
cases (i, case in which the cause was supposed to be. known) among the
adnissions for 1892 was 775. This would give a pccentagef hemp drug cases
3126. But the Commission donot se their way to accept this method of cil
culon as accurate. Fo thy conide that both experience and the whol ise
tory of tis nqiey have show tht ther is ile dificuy in ascrining the
existence of the ganja habit among persons suchas ar sat 0 the asylums, and
20 that thee a no hesication in ascrting insanity to that bakit, They ane
therefore of pian that it ssf to presume th in the gest marty of the
“unknown " cases no ganja habit did exis, and that they would be futher from

th truth in teling the prceniage at 126 tan a 73,

572. On the ober hand, it woud be fa from accurate to say that it has

been ascerained that the insanity wasn al thse 98

Nis cn
cases duc solely to bemp drugs. In the fist place,

there ace 37 of them (or nearly 38 per cen) in which theres a clest History of
some other cause. The causes which are shown thus to have possibly cooper.
ated with hep drugs in inducing insanity (vith the number of causes for

Hedi 4 one
each) a as follow om

solace a bad is and Tor

[a P| wea
7 and buicas loses. 1 Land opie

Sun and ml 3 | ade

Syphilis ' w andopium
Data 3 ' sad
Soulescess: epepy a
and vicosshibts
$23, Only afew remarks need be made regarding these “mixed” cass. So

pi ar as the ingle have. establish the rel facts

regarding these case, thers a seven nto which

heredity enters a a predisposing fa ctor. Tho number of cass atubuted to

heredity thoughout. India in 1892 was St, or 58 per cen. of the admis
sions (1,344). These seren cases may perhaps be added to ths number, giving
«teal of $8, or 43 per cent. In England the percentage of cases atic
buted to bcediy is 190 for males and 234 for females. These percentages
are based on statistics for ten years, dealiog with 136478 patients (ide

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340 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189594. [CH XII,

Hack Toke's Dictionary of Paychalogicsl Medicine; article “Suatistis of ln

sity"). The author of tis arice points ou tha “he reluctance of the
Telaives of patients to give information on his paofal point. leaves the propar-
Gon undoubtedly far too Tow.” In view of this, it cannot be denied that the

influcoce of heredity is In India practically neglected. The importance of

ing due weight to this factor becomes the more manifest when its considered
that a cause which in a normally healthy brain would produce no effet is suff

dint to overthrow the mental equiliriom of a person with hereditary predis-

postin.

$4 Thers sce cightosnof thee mixed cases which alcohol bs been ascer
tained to be 3 possible factor. In view of the cone
Not
nection. betreen alcohol and insaity a estabished
in Europe, and in view of the clea evidence that bran lesions are diretly caused

by alcohol, there seems certainly not less reason for asribing these cases fo
cohol thin to hemp drugs. The English statistics show percentages of 198
and 72 of cases 2s due to alcohol for males and females respectively. The
‘Commission se of opinion tht such igh. percentages cannot be expected in
Indi fo, although the action of alcohol is more injurious in the tropics, he
peopl of this county ae generally much more abstemious. The percentage of
cases strbuted to sleobal fn each province in 1892 is given below, and. for
purposes of comparison the percentage of the accepted hemp drug cases (in
cluding the mixed” cases) is so shown i— .

I
Pos, Ts | TIRE | si,

Bow | ow] we
hon 6 & 156
CoP J so
Pais sl wel wl
Nort Western Pines om wl we

wads « a wm
Bm ew wa] mo] wm
Tou EE
The figures i regard to alcool canna be acceped as quite safactory,
Becaus they have no been tested. But the tendeccy of the fc 15 they
stand is to show that nthe provioes where hemp drugs ae the less sed,
cool is the mre freqently aged ss th cave of asanty, ad vis ers.
Tes pose cite ha the furs to 8 cern extent rflct the fats, of
‘mely tat those who bave fo account fo insaity turn ost easly to itor
Cnt, an cam hat noice wich mos edly cears o then,

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Ci. XIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 185504 24¢

535: There are three “mised ” cases in which hata has been ascertained
tobe a possible cause of insanity. In view of the
facts that dhatura is 3 more potent ntoscant than.

the hemp drugs and produces furious delirium, and that Dr. Cunninghants
experiments appear to indicate clearly that grave cerebral lesions are very early
produced by dhatura and are not produced by gan, it woud probably be sler
to accept these cases as due to dhatura and not to hemp drugs. The Commis
sion have, however, accepted them as " mixed” cases. It is unnecessary to
‘make any special remarks on the mixed" cases in which causes other than
heredity, alcohol, and dhatura appear to contribute to the insanity.

$26. Even in regard to the remaining 61 cases, it must be bome in mind

that it is imposible to sky tht the use of hemp
Cumbntabm 0 gus vas in all the sole cavie of nsasty, or
indeed any par ofthe cause. The following considerations combine to demand
caution and reserve in pronouncing an opiion on this point,

Fisly, thre ae twelve cases in which it as been found imposible to

abstain any farther formation by cal nqiy. In thee cases wea trav bck
nthe orignal papers snd. the solu isary. Besides thes, there sr en
mor cases in which the patents arc beggars and foreign labours abot whose
pet icy no satisactory formation obtainable, Thus thee remain aly
59 of these 1 case about wich anyting ke a saafctory nuiy has bee
posible, Further, a grea majority of thse ates come fro te ower eders
oF edivators and aboure, from whom information of any vlus fs very fiat
To cba a to other than the most sppscnt causes. The facto the existence
of the hemp babi is cay enough to ace, but tht is the cans, ar on. of
he caves of th nat, or that i even preceded. the insanity, Is much moe
ict to establish.

Secondly, the method of inquiry has not been satisfactory in regard to all
the cases referred for local inquicy. Tn regard to the great majority, the instuc-

ons sued by the Commission as to the agency by which this futher nquicy
Should be conducted have been cared out. But in some, it wil be observed,
even ths further inquiry has been let to the police. Then again there se cases,
Such 2s those ofthe Hyderabad (Sind) Asylum, in which the Superintendent has
necessarily been the principal agent intheinguicy, and has, perhaps, not ensur-
aly, but cers fortunately, evinced a strong tendency to. defend the old
Soylum enti regarding cause. The secis of questions framed by the Civil
Surgeon of Deli. for use in the furtber inquiy also lustrates a tendency to
assume that the cases were hep drug cases, and thos to iit the scope of the

Thqiry has proved tis i seveal cases, Thee is strong probably tat bad
information been complete, it would have been established in many more cases. It

possible in such case o say deftly to what form of excess insanity may be

mainly due, Further, t 8 an accepted and established fac that imemperanee of

any ind may sometimes be not the cause of nsasity, but an carly manifestation.

ment ay. Dr. Cony Norman (Hack Toes Dir of Pycho-

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442 820K OF TE TAN ENP DRUGS COROISSON, 18554 (CH. XI.

Togial Medics; article * Maria) says The patient also induges nntoicans.
with very unde or monte feedom, and thereby precipitates the course and
Zggravates the symptoms of is disease” One or two cases have been rejected
bythe Comision on the ground tha the evidence merely showed that the habit
of use of hemp began at the same time 1s the ment] aberration, or even later.

There may have been otber case i which this would have been shown had the
information been complet. is possible therefore that more complete informa
on ight hve shown in some cases, no only that other causes contributed to
the insanity, but also that hemp drugs had. nothing whateve to do vith
indocing i.

These and similar considerations already indicated demand. cavtion in the

expression of sny judgment 25 to the causation of insanity in this county. 16
in England opinion, based on inqufies such as are there possible, has 10 be
tated vith caution, his much mor necessary bre. In many of the cases in
‘wich the hemp drug hit has been established, it is impossible to fee! cerain
fo view of th defective characte of the information that the drugs have been
the sole cause, o perhaps indeed a cause at all, of the insanity. The Com-
mission have, howerer elt themselves justified in accepting these 8 cases of the
year 1892 3s reasonably atributable in whale or in par, to the use of hemp.
Auge. These are the best case they have’ ben able within the time at the
disposal 0 obtain, OF these 98 cases, 07 were males and one female, 82 being
Hindus and 16 Mabammadans.

537. In the sspum retums thes cases were classed according to the fol
ede Toving types" i—Tesic insanity, 39; mania, 43;
a dementin 3; wie or ce he
patents had ecorcred peor to admission, nd 6d ot exit symptoms of mental
Sheri wiilein the asylum. The Commission tink it wel to point ut that
though in these instances symptoms of insaity vere never observed by the
‘Asylum Superintendents, yet the cases were retuned in the annual reports as
case of asic insanity, and thus helped to augment the aml returns (Ststerent
Vi)=a fact which vey singly excaplifes the purly. mechanical mane in
‘which these returns have Kitherta ben comple.

558 Theoccapations, cic. of these 93 cases may bo tabulated as lollws,

They have been abstracted fom the descriptive
oui.
ol” a from formation supplied on subsequent
inguis atthe instance of the Commission, The Camason aot however,

Begg ‘
vouch fo the accuracy af thes returns. In ane stance an insane of th lowes

Gali . .
Fic Puta .
dase, described 552 * saminda,” proved to be a schockbay, the son of a
mutacin 5 munis cout.

Sepecpec
.Teer
Sr Tab
a Eli
otSome.
os n::
Late
Sarat emadac

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(Cit. XIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189594 243

529. The follwing table shows the relative Tiablty to insanity at diferent

L887 ot io nm at 366 he emp drugs cass, This oman has

been compiled solely from the * descriptive roll” ad
in vey many instances thea ges entered are doubtless only rough guesses. At
all times it is dificult to- ascertain the true age of x ative of the lower clases,

and in the case of wandering insanes, beggars, etc. the determination of age
must necessarily be exact and a mere approximation

Age from 151030 years, 10 case, 4 fs of a second asc.

Womwas yo 3 oepristack
boom moa a a
wow wa 1.
woe ow 6 ew
a EE ED
FE
wombs a 5a ta a
bosBs waa a.
A J on Few wan ow
Age eskaons x .
“Total 3 caer 3 tances of spac,

530. The data for ascertaining the duration of insanity are either unreliable

or notprocerableinll esses for the periods during

Pris om yc the insanes were at large, and itis oly with
the duration of residence in asylums that the Commision can give sny accurate
deals. The duration of the insanity before admission ino the asylum for
the 53 cases for which information is recorded is shown in the [ollowing
table —

Duta di iii

Ove month aad der

Not exceeding 3 mits

Not exceeding 6 montis

Not exceeding 12 mons

Not exceeding 18 months

yen

syne
sym -

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44 REPORT OF TH INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMSISSION, 1893-94. [Cnt. XII.

Out of the 8 accepted case; 10 wre not sane on adrission ino asylums, 29
Wete not cared, and 9 died. ducing residence. Regarding the cases described
2 ot cured it ecessary to explain that the expression is to be taken anly
ltively for the period ducing which the patients were under observation by the

Comision, and which a8 a general rule would be under two years.” The
duration of residence in asylums of the So patients discharged during the peiod

mentioned may be tabulated as follows —

Ages of patients.

Notociog| 6
Soa
Neosatog| oo | 5] 6] 2].
mia
Notgssetiog| wo | wo | 1]
oat
Netosred | 2

“These figures would appeae to indicate hat the largest member of discharges,
8 per cen, occurred after rsidencs no exceeding six months in the ssylums,
and of th rejected cases 19 par cent. wore discharged ale a similar residence,
Alte a ssidence of ovr ix and na exceeding lve months, 16 per cent of the
‘accepted cases (making a tts of pe cen. forthe whole year) were discharged,
and 10 pa cen, {utotal of 9) of the rejected.” De. Walsh (Bengal witness No.
112), na supplement to bis ite evidence, mick Th average period under
treatment inthe asylum at Dell of 55 cases discharged cured during five years
(1888.93) vaied from 3 to 10 months, and many of these were kept under
Gbservation fo some time afer they had been pronounced sane. OF the 108
cases admited, more than haf recovered vey quicly, and this points to some
cause easly removable”

For the purpose of compaison, the duration of residence a ssylums of the

eect cases of 893 i given n the folowing table, This table. contains only
121 cases, because of the 14 rected cases, two wees not cases of 16a at all,

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 —_— Te
(CH. XI] REPOKT OF TH INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 180394. 345

and one was ejected because it has been entered a second time on the stste-
menti—

Pp or Jie

Ea
Not exci

i
om
Not exceeding 6

ai
Not exceeding 12

Net excdiog 15
mai
Netcured

Died

531 The proportion of recoveries cleulted an the 03 accepted cases vould

amount to Gi'a pec cent, or, deducting from both
eprint ecm
sides the 10. patents who were not insane on ad-
mission to S68 per cont. Calelated in the sume. mane, the percentage of
recoveries of the rejected eases vould be 3477 and 354.

532: Calealated on the accepted case, the morality amounted to gt per

cent. Tan single case, however, was the death doe
Sora iecly to the mental condiin. The martality in
the rejected cases amounted 10 1273 ps cent. on the total admissions, There
ene fact which vitacs the figures in connection with morality in asylums—
thats, the_practie which exists at all events inthe Tespur Asylum, Assam,
of wraslering dying patients to the * Moribund Ward” of the Charitable
Dispensary for medica treatment,

535. The Commission would promis the analyse of the symptoms presented
by the accoped cases by remarking that the infor

ype. ation availabe is exuemely mesgre, As a ils

the nsgham records sil to afford fol clinical bistoty of tho condiion of the
patients on frst admission, and the subsequent entries in the asylum case
books ar slo frequently lacking in useful information. In one atin no case
book speared to have been kept up in 1892. The medical cerifcaes on
‘which the patents are admisted nto the asylums usualy contain only suficient
evidence of the mental state to support an opinion as to the mere (ct of insanity,

“The descripiv rolls ae the only source in the vast majority of caso from which
the rode of incidence and duration of attack, th habits, and the. personal and
family history of the patients can be ascertained. The valusto be placed on
certain entries in the descriptive rol has already been fully discussed, They
‘ave been shown to be atrustworthy, and theres so reason to. suppese that
other entries are more accurate os elable.
a

iad
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246 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893.94. [Cit XIL.

In 17 out of 08 cases only is information recorded as to the mature of the

onset of the symptoms; in cight it may be described * sudden;” in six 25

gradual” or * slow”; and in three as "insidious? As a rule no detailed in-
formation is ascensinable regarding the nature of the premoritory symptoms
or thee duration. Headache” has been mentioned, bat beyond that there ace
fo clinical symptoms. Sometimes alteration. in habit is alluded. to, but more
frequently atention has firs been drawn to the mental condiion by some
insane, violent, or destructive act which has led to the Individual being seat
to medical officer for observation. Regarding the sate of the general bodly
health on adssion into asylums, in 35 cases it is described as * good,” in
30a" in 8 indiferen, ing “weak?” or “very weak, "and
nthe remaining cases noinformation i recorded. As. rule no records are kept
ofthe form or measurements of the head, general physical features are not
recorded, and. thecmometrical observations do not usually appear to be made.
The facil expression is as a role nox described, and in three instances
only is it refered to as “vacant.” The appearance of a” ganja ware” on
the palm is mentioned by ons Superintendent. The gait is as a rule
not described. Abnormalities or signs of disease of the sexual organs are not
usually mentioned. The condiion of the circulatory and respiatory systems
aronot 35 a le recorded. Under the digestive system it may be mentioned
hatin ffteen cases food was refused, necessitating forcible feeding. No informa
ion as a rule is avaiable regarding the glandula system, state of the skin, or
chacacter of tho urine, Under the muscular system tremar ” has been, referred
to and “muscolae twitchings lke chorea.” Dut such features as power of
grasp” of hands or, eacton to electric stimulus ae not mentioned. Under the
nervous system—sght, heating, taste, and smell—no systematic observations
appess tobe recorded in only one asylum vas there any
sate of the pupils; in one asylum redness of the conjonctiva was meni
andin one asylum the eyes sre described as red." The conditions of nervous
sensi, bypermsthosia sad anesthesia, do not appear to have received
ion; snd in one asylum ony ae reflex phenomena mentioned.

Regarding mental symptoms, In Gty-si cases incoherence of language fs

mentioned, in seven wncommunicativeacs, in seven slentness, in nine talkative
ness, neve matting, and fn eeaty-owo abusiveness or obscaity of ngage;
in four cases the patents wees excited,” in three soaring, in twenty-four noisy,
in tule restless, and in thiy-one sleepless. Tn seven tases ther were symp.
toms of“ exaltation” i hiteen quarelsomeness, in twenty-nine destructiveness,
weaty-fir were homicidal, twelve suicidal frequently the same case. exhibited
both tendencies —and thirty-six violent In twelve eases there was Iughter, i
two dancing, in one absurd postures, and fourteen were cither sad, crying, of
mousing. Forty-six wee dirty or lth in thie habit, twenty-one wee indecent,
in twenty-four there were delusions, and in four case the patients are described.
as" childish,

“The alteration in symptoms fo the asylum was in some cases very rapid,
50 rapid in some stances as to be almost immediate. In others the progress
towards snity vas slower in some there were relapses, ith occasional outbursts
af violence ; while others from beiog violent and abusive. became melancholic or
quiet and silly, or drifted ino a condition of dement

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 — ee
CH. XIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1853.94. 247

S34. The cause of death in the nine fatal cases vas as follows: One

Fonsi rt. geneal debiliy, one chalens, two dysentery, one

leprosy, one hear disease, one diarchs, one dropay
and old age, and one no cause assigned. In five of these cases no pst-murden
examination appears to have been made in th four fn which 2 was conducted,
the condition of the bra isnot specially noted in three, wile one case—death
rom cholera—the following note s made . * Weight 45 or; bath membranes snd.

substance of braincongested, and lateral ventricles contained a very small quantity

of lid. Brin substance fim." As to theresult of os marten examinations in
alleged ganja case, therefore the evidence i purely negative 2s to any even
coarse bran changes being present. [& may be remsed, however, that as a rule
‘when autopsies have been conducted io asylums, it hasbeen solely with th object
of ascertaining the cause of death and not for purposes of pathological research,
In most cases the brain docs not appear to have been examined, and, when it
has. been examined, the information recorded is so meagre snd supericial as to
be valueless,

535+ Reviewing the mode of incidence so far as t can be ascertained, the

type, general symploms, and duration of cases in
Te tn cl lat bis bn heed 0 hav
been overthrown by the us of hemp drugs, the question ass ae there soy symp-
toms pathegnomoric of the condition generally known 3s hemp drug insanity, and
on what does the evidence ret thatthe use of thee drugs may induce menial aber
tion? “The evidence obtained by the Camnission appears o indicate hat inthe
cases of allogod hemp drag insanity hich find thee way ino asylans, there are no

typical features i the premanitory symptoms and to pathogsomonie symptoms

rode of incidence, the premoniory symptoms, and the symptoms of the insane
State se practically the same in cases in which thes drugs have neve be ssed
asin intinces in ich th mental cquipoie his been sceepred ss being dsrbed
by ths employment. The typ of hemp drg insity fs mans though he
subsequent ister of few cases there apps to be divergence fom th type.
“The mania may be seu o choc, The majorly of medical asses who ave
studied the subfcet ae lady of pion tht there i noting ypc fn th
Symptomatology of temp drug mia to disinguih ft (rm mari doe to other
Causes Dut 30 the same ine several expres an oinon ths the symptos ar.
of shorter duration in hemp dro mania than in mana due to othr cause.
Besides this prety generally accepted view that short dation is 2 disgnosic
mal of Ben dog ns, oe o bv wiceses ar fnclind o think hat thee
ar arr characte symptoms. Dr. Cobh (Beagal witness No. 110) in bs
oral evidence states: "Thee s otbig very typical inthe symptoms, but. sil
Sania insanity bas points of diction rom othe kinds of nay, Tt is very
Temparary. Confinemen of th patient ith removal ofthe exciting cause ge
cally ings abou apd cue, Deliiom is a prominent fstr, There weather
‘goerlfsture whichis diffu to put nt words, and which experience lone
Can teach....One tecogizss gana insanity foitvely, Al the symptoms
have dessibed may be presct axbes Kinds of sanity, but ne fds by the
combination of them.” Dr. Crombie (Beagal witness No. 104) inthe sppendix
to bis wien cridence sates. “Lefer tothe peculiar characters of this fora

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248 REPORT OF THE ISDIAN HEMP DRUGS CONNISSION, 163394. [CH. XII.

of toxic insanity by which it can be recognized just, or nearly as readily, as those

of defen tremens disogish alcoholic intoxication, To enable me to do 50
clearly, Is necessary to distinguish between acute ganja intoxication due to 3
single debauch or to continuous excessive useof i in what might be caled a bout
of gina. drunkenness, and the fits of its continued immoderate use over
a lengthened period of ime. Acute ganja intoxication s marked by the extreme
vehemence of the maria. To ts mental, moral, and muscolsc manilestations, it
‘bears no resemblance to alcoholic intoxication whatever. The maniac is cxched

inevery be. His aspect infuriated, bis eye glares and is tense and glistening,
while at the same time the conjunctiva is red and injected. He shouts, vociler-
ates, sings, walks quickly up and down or round his cel, and shakes the door out

ofits fastenings. 1 abet, he is violent and aggressive, and may run ask, In
other cases the meatal disturbance is less marked, bot the demesnour is excited,
and he suddenly seizes some weapon, and slays one or mors of the people in lis

neighbourhood without apparent reason. Tho attack is of short duration, being.

limited to afew days. Then there is perect recovery, and the patent is oblivious
of things which tok place during the period of intoxicator he insanity
produced by the long-continued immoderate use of ganja has alo features of its
own. The patients are hilarious, attudinise, and av ful of the senso of well
being they are asa ule goodnatoed and. trustworthy, and recover in 3 large
proportion cases under confrement and deprivation of the drag, Thess cases
chancteize Indian asylums. by the lacge umber of happy amusing lunatics
they contin. They ve hamerer, very subject to relapses even afer lengthened
periods of freedom from symptoms.”

The alleged shortee duration of hemp drug ess is to some extent. ome
out by the statistics obined by comparing the accepted and rejected cases for
1892. Tn the accepted eases (93), alte deducting the ten patients who were
not fnsane on adnission, the porcentage of recoveries has amounted to 565 per
cont. ofthe total admissions, while of the rejected cases only 524 per cent. of
the duissions have recovered. The Commision consider, however, that too
much stess should no be placed upon rapidity of recovery 5s 8 diagnostic sign
in attempting to difeentiste betwen hemp drag and ordinary mania, I is
well recognized that as nul ordinary uncomplicated cases of mania rapidly
focover. Moreover, bewing in mind that hitherto hemp drug casos fave. been
accepted as such as a ue on untrustworthy. evidence, nd that. consequently
many of the cases on which Superintendents of Asylums hae based an opinion
23 0 the relative capidiy of cure of hemp. drug and ordinary mania wero not
actualy tosic cass, “ragdity of recovery” can only be sccepted. tentatively
as means of discrimination. It is scarely neccsry o observ that this so
called “disgrosiic mark” has not been used in diagnosing hemp drug insanity in
the asylums, as i has been shown that diagnosis was made: on the admission of
the patient and not after bis recovery.

In connection with the alleged greater recoverabiliy of cases of hemp drug.

mania, t maybe of terest to quote statistics of cases in an English asylum,
Inthe West Riding Asylum the percentage of recoesies in acute and simple
mania were respectively G's and 61 per cent, while F and 119 per cent
were relieved and 11°9:30d 16 per cent, formed a chronic residue, Taking all
‘maniacal forms i the same asylum (including the simple, acute, hysteri chronic,

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 —_— WORTH
Cit. XIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEN? DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893.94. 349

delusional, recureent, and puerperal, the recoverios mounted to 53 percent,

14 per cent. were relieved, and 20% per cen, formed 3 chronic remainder, Oba
ously, homers, these figures are ot strictly comparable with the statistics of
the hemp drugs and jected cases with which the Commission have been deal
ing, because the Indian cases hase only been a limited period under observation
under two years—wlile the West Riding Asylum statistics rele to periods. of
several years,

In considering the * peculiar characters” of hemp drug insanity as alluded

to by Dr. Crombie, the Commission have to recall attention to the eroncous
characte of the statistics which form the bass of that offer’ conclusions, and also

to pont out that generally all the features of the amuts form as described by
Dr. Crombie are comparable with the symptoms of transitory mania and the
‘symptoms of the chronic form ith those usually found i cases of mars uncon
nected with the uso of hemp drugs. Indeed, Oto Von Schwataer's description of
transcery mania in the Dictionary of Psychological Medicine might be retd in
Jiew of Dr. Crombic's “peculiar character” of the symptoms. The principal
Characteristic of transitory mata Js the spontancous and ungoverable intense.
excitement produced. by the cerebeal itaton and the morbidly exaggerated
motor impulse, which, however, does not consist, a i other and milder forms of

frenzy, of 3 more or less harmless xeslessnes, but in a vild parosysm with

a blind desir of destruction. The excitement extends with great inensity
xe the whol of the motor sphere 50 that not single muscles, but the whole
muscular system, i under its inca. All the wild motor discharges are with
out any purpose and object Every idea is at once expressed
ther by words or by inarticulate cries, screams, and shouts. lively
and sparling eyes, which protrude from the obits, redness of the conjunctiva,
threatening or staring look .. As rapidly and suddenly as the
attack comes, o suddenly it also disappears. Another abnormally of transitory
mania is that is duration may be very much protracted, ther bing cases in which
the attack laced several days oo... Recalecton generally reaches 33 far
as the. moment of outbreak, and perhaps includes darkness before the eyes, cic,
but then completely censes”” The description of some of the symptoms usually
found in cases of mani, as given by W. Bevan Lewis, is also fuily comparable
with Dr. Crombie's ccount of the special features presented by cases of insancy
produced by the long-continued immodecate us of ganja. “The excitant wel
of fein andthe torrent of disconnected ideas may expres themselves fn continu
ous gareulty, in noisy chattering, fn threatening 20d abusive tone, in laughter,
singin, or loud shouting with corresponding pantomime and almost cesseless
activity, o the feeling of unusual freedom and energy may find rele in destruc.
ve tendencies, smashing of glas, breaking of famiture, esing of clothing, or,
pehaps, in violent aggressiveness.” In fogard to these lunatics being very
‘Sbjct to relapses” it may be remarked. that ths also is recognized 21 3 com.
mon feature in ordinary cases of mania.

536. Summing up the evdeace ss to the presence of pathognomonic symp:

+f eins pt. fomsin cases of hemp drug insaity the Com
gem bg oy. consider that, with the exception perbaps of the
shorter duration of such cases when compared with cases of ordinary maria, there

reno sympoms by wich th cas of th mental condo can bo delsind: 5s

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 ee
250 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-04. [Cit XII.

The determination of cause depends wholly upon history. The Commission

aso consider it. not improbable tha there axe no typical bain lesons peculiar
Xo hemp drug insanity, though definite lesions ace doubtless preseat in chronic.
case, as they ae in cases due to other causes.

noe te question cls, on i he rds rss ht he

ge ey bs el hin Comin. waldo he ling
rh ost ay be coniied ands tuo Besos) pop)
mine Th pep ht ho hedge may doce sity
eco et my oa, nd. Bt 39 rs ah
on it toto to ppl 4s WH Have brn Baie
eo cme eshte, Wh. sca wines he mee vio te
Sr mein i of ay btn hn Bo sem Ya
ae mi sie tala es of mic vis vy
aes ine th Comin, oly ot Sie 1 J rr
et pon oft a and hh i Ft toe bran,
ai Wi vot nas
en eon gb lof cn if ms:
olin 5 ho 2 i] pee of ny
ho ot mit Soe i ia ating vo IS Son
sa es Te tin st Col Sg, fo
ce hams ed vem Blatt sca
Fag og ty Sak dy rai. The curl nq YER as rm
net a To whe by fe tad na
eon BA Tn demote oe ot hs mode
ei Vi Sop Sg wit et hens wera 8
A Sto sd vi hos Eom she hs hy ih
fi rebpiriies wml ine gd
a etn be Fae ss es hh, coy wink
re Da king thn sept uc 1 5 wh hve mise of
Ee eh Te rg bt Io cad sin
Tsay ht ing a vn 1) to hemp geo sca
ots of co min mt on ed 4 aly
TS eet act ak wong gs ms
Bs
“Th acon of emp csi, th ative princi ofall forms ofthe drug, when
ake arly, has Gomed the subject of scurste experiments] abiceaiony
nd th physigel scion of the. dru. on he hun sbjct znd sri
Til well known. When, however, the products of the dsruciv diselion
ithe resin ar ald, in gin. ming th pres physlogal fects
induced havent iter been so fa 2 the Commision vo awa, 2 lay
staid. Dr. Rusts experiments (Benga ines No.1) already quoted are,
{on Crminin sndrind, the nly ons nud on as withany Benson
lo scenic acaracy On th thr hand Assan Sorgon Basa (Sod wt
acs No. 20) ad thers ee from carl] staal obeeations to he goer
phyicogicl cect induced by ming pani and chase, With th. stick
of citing the physiological fc of the produc ofthe destructive dita
{in of hemp resin, Dr. B.D. Cannngharm, £1. Profesor of Phys,
Bedi College, Cele, tthe request of the Comision, Kindly ondetooko

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CH. XIL] REPORT OF THE 1 IAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1853:94. 251

sues of experiments on monkeys. A fll accouat of the experiment with ganja

i given in paragraph 483. Dr. Cunningham reports on nakedvege inspection that
“the cerebrospinal nervous centres were all pparently perfectly helthy The
results of the Histological exsannation are not. before tho Commission, bt it is
hoped that they will be received in time to be included i the appendix. So far
as the information from al soucces before the Commission is concerned, thee is
no evidenct of any brain lesions being directly caused by hemp drags, a they
hase been found to be caused by alcohol and dhatura; and theres evidence that
the corse brain lesions produced by alcohol and. dbatura ace not produced by
hemp drugs.

537. The precise physiological effects induced by the inhalation of the

products ofthe desteuctive distliton of hemp resin
CIE 40 thos arising from the exhibition ofthe resi by
the stomach are probably not identical, but fn both cases there is ample evidence
that the use ofthe drug in either form may irs cause cerebral simulation, snd
then depress. the functional activity of the brain. Frangois Franck and Pires
experiments (Arch. de Physiol, 1883), quoted by Lauder Brunton, indicate
that in the case of dogs the excitability of the brain is increased by the
administration of Cannabis, a purified form of ‘hemp resin, so that the tendency
to epileptic convulsions is greatly increased, and may be induced by very much
tighter stimuli than usual. Alcohol is 2 typical cerebral stimulaot, and. any
drag which, Tike alcohol, increases the functional activity of the brs, may,
ke alcohol, give rise to what is technically known as “an intoxication The
effect of alcohol may result in three principal sets of symptoms, which are
adicably so tocth by Legean (Dictionary of Psychological Medicie).

(a) Taken in large amounts, in short time it produces acute symptoms,

which are immediate but temporary —inlosication or drunken.

(4) Alcohol if taken ofccn and in great quanties, o Ifthe drunkenness

is nearly continuous, or if the individuals are not very srong fn
bran, accumulates in the organism without being a any time
completely eliminated, and gives rss to acute symptoms of longer
duction than mere intoxicaton—delirium frases.

(©) Alcohol regularly or irregularly introduced into the system for a

Tong time in doses even short of producing immediate symptoms
is known to produce. general disorders and progressive lesions,
characterized by weakening of the faculfies and premature
dementia, the ensemble of the symptoms constving chronic
aleshaion,

The analogues of these chief efects of slcohol may. also be traced in the
symptoms induced by bewp drugs, in which we have—

(a) The condition of tore or less delum with hallcinations and

‘merriment as occuring in & person who ba taken what i to im 3

lage dose of the drug, the symptoms being only temporary—

Remp drug intoxication.

(6) The condition of wid feney, with symptoms of transitory wasia

occuring in a person who has systematically indulged Lugely
fa the drugs—hemp drug delirium.

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25 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HENP DRUGS COMMISS! 189304 [CHL XIL

(9 Case in which the drug has been used for 3 considerable period, and
then given ise to mania of shorter oc longer duration, of cases
which the symptoms of hemp drag deiium do not completely
ubsid, but past on nto 3 state of mana usually cursble, snd
thus indicating. the probable. abience of anatomical lesions—
emp drag mani.

The evidence, though by no means clear and daciive, i perhaps suficient

to justly th presumpion of 4n analogy such a is above indicated; end. cases
‘hich have come before the Commission have seemed to divide themselves into

thee three classes At the same me it must be pointed out tha the sharp line

of demarcation in symptoms which separates alohalic intoxication rom delium.

eens doss no separate the intoxication and delum produced by hemp drugs.
Father in regard to what has been said about hemp drug mani, it may be noted

haiti not improbable, though it has not been established by evidence that
prlanged sbuse of the drgs may give rise in some cases to defite bran lesions
Tesuling in progressive weakening of al the faculties leading to dementia.

538. Hemp drugs have been assed among the poisons ofthe mind,” and it

cin of pin RY bef intrest, as theowing a good deslof ight on

ER So LPG lesb and exlining the diferent modes
which itosictions ” may give ise o altered mental sate, 0 allude briefly
tothe manner in which mental poisons ar presumed 0 act. M. Legrain in Hack
Tues Dictionay of Peychologosl Medicine, defies mental poisons as nclucing.
all substance, watever may be thei origin and. are which are capable of
exercising masked action on the telletual processes, ether by disordering
them orby suspending them completely for a moment ar longer. He then gocs on
todescrie thei action at Jngth na pasage which may be summarized 35 ellos.
Poisons of the mind act primary to 2 greater ar lss extent on the cere] cel,

Almostall substances troduced nto the organism modify the cerebral processes,
his being dus o th delicacy ofthe organization of the nervous system, which,

ke all complcsted charm, i extemely valerable, The bes 5s the termi

us of ll sensation, snd as the regultor of even the most minute. collar
functions, bas to bear the brunt of attacks, even the slightest, directed aginst

th vital equim, and has also to react in ander to o-etablish his cli:
rium. In every intoxication, in addon to the cerebral r-action due to the ffct
of the poson acl, thee are other reactions requiring 5% many reflexes fo the
dclence of the body, and closely comecied with the impressions which
the sensoiom receives, of modifications of nation, or of changes which
take lace in other orgs under the influence of the poison. These rer
actions sre the symploms common to every imoxication. The curebral
reactions which take place wader the more diet infasnce of the toe sube
since re of tro kinds—they may be difised general, and undefined, snd
expuesed by vague symptoms, indicating lesion of the ben 8s 3 whale, of they
are well-defined, ls, and loeaized, indicating tht the poison affects one special
centeof the bs to th exclusion of all others. Special derangements may also
occur in addon to those of the brain. In spite of the great dssmilaity of
the substances which are capable of producing cerebral intoxication, there arc
oeventheless cota clsial features common £0 all, We might even say that
there we no fotellctual disorders more pathognomonic of one poison than of
another. The afi insaity produced by toxic substances is nothing but the

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(Cr. XIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1803-04. 253

of he cercbrum, whichis aested i cs fll and regular funcsion, and his

coming ino play of the cellar cements under the inlcace of an extemal snd

abnormal exciton wich is diferent fom the wal stimulation As akeady

pooted ut, this excitation may afect one par ofthe brain more han nother
Hence th apparent fleece in the symp, which may al vay is difeent
individual, although thoy are under the infueace of the same poses. The texte
substance doesnot dd any new elemento thos which he nora possesses
and herein lie the gest iference between th sspecadded insanity and the os
which the brs produces self between toxic derangement and pigehoss, All or
nearly ll igh noxieations rom whatever caus, ar characterised by crs
gener yaptoms—(1) excitation of the organ of thought; 3) tescaion; and
incoherence of ideas and actions. In organic derasgemen hres a qualiative
denionl aheration in tov derangement thre is only a functions dsrbance,
ind 2 qunsicative modification of psychical expression. The speci symptoms
re of nite variety, and hi vacation of th special phenamens depends upon
wo factors—(s) the localization a th tox fiers in a special cl grou in th
rain; and 3) on individu r-acuon. Nervous snd predisposed persons appr to
be more easy afcted han normal subjects, Certain tose substances, ach as
sleshol and morph, ec, dono produce th smo fects all individual, mle of
female, under all ltdes. A lrge nme of sbstancs produce crea fect,
but rarely in consequence of sensi individual dispositions. Among abrers
who handle casbon dilpide ar anne, some only presen. menial isrders:
Theindividual factor ich its diosyncrasis plage her, 3a everywhere, a
potent gar. There are other factors too, whic hae 1 be. considere, the. dev
gre of education, reason, locality, dog, and mode of preprsincl the drg, ll
of which may modify the sympoms. Thus the hallucinations of te Western
peopl under the nfacnce of ashsh re not entical with th voluptuous dreams of
the Orientals. The simplentelectul disorders rodseed by various pions sr of
two Kinda—(s) th condition of excitement, sad (2) the condo of deptesion
but these tro conditions do not exclude each ther, Thus the cae of hemp
rug, depression or narcosis usally folly the ial excitement. ln addiionto
tho ovicatin and general disturbance of he mind, mental poisons produce iso
insane candids of mens! disorder. But these conditions are ininsdly con
nected with he general disturbance of the mind. The individual vasiions ate
here very numerous, the same poison producing diferent fects nto indicus,
The insane conditions have been clssed into several groops—(1) maniacal or
incoherent type i the most frequen, the decangement being absoely general:
(2) alcoholic type, maniacal condiion of depressive, pina, and {ighthl
form; (3) maniacs type of expansive form, ambitious, mystic, and rte tess,
ides of sellstisaction nd of exaggeration of persosaty—ihis form is con.
sided as representative of hashish, tc; (s) melancholic typo; (5) mixed
forms in which depression may stems vith excitement; 4d (6) Ysa cond
ion, ie, sacks of insuty, which, although. excited by peizons, do sat
derive thee specil colour or characte from the drug, but arise in persons
‘trongly predisposed to fsanty. Most poisons produce naling but eaporary

dirdes, which dissppess without leaving sny trace behind: thelr eect is
ited. toa sight excitement an depression of the faclies, 0 a shat. ios.
caion, of to a mors x less profound. narosi; shecwads prec ord s re.
established. Other poisons cause more serous symptass. The duration of
symptoms aries according to th individual disposition and the dose absorbed
@

padi ddl.
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54 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. [CH XII.

but geneally speaking, the acute stage, if recovery should follow, does not last
more than a few days or weeks. In chronic voluntary intosication the cause of
the symptoms depends necessacly on the habits of the patient and the i
vidual reaction. The chronic peiod does not generally establish itself from the
Frst. There are first. the sate phenomena, which may reproduce themselves a
amber of tines, without, however, preventing chronicity from establishing itself:
these, acute symptoms ace nothing but epiphenomens, which apps again and
again inthe course of this period : the two essential Kinds of symptoms, how-
ever, are the esistble. sppetite for the poison, with periodical return of the
acute and subacute symptoms, and the progressive decay of the mental facules.
The acute symptoms carezpond tothe temporary saturation of the body with the.

poison, while the chronic symptoms are the expression of definite anatomical
lesions in the brsn gradually developed under toxic influence. The prolonged
use of wind poisons thus gives rise to progressive weakening of all the facul.
es passing over Into dementia. Acute toxic insanity is a secondary insanity
it polymorphous; ll forms of insanity may be observed, not only n two difler-
ent intoications, but even in the course of one and the same intoxication. [tis
temporary, nothing bit 3 momentary acute eflevescence terminating ith the
lininaton of the poison.

[—
S19. Before lsving the abject of nsaniy, theres on ott ich sms
desable befy to lide. The impression lf on
he minds ofthe Commission by the perusal of a

argo aumber of records in cimial cases and by the examination of some

Jom cases that ther is occasionally sn a tendeney to confound intoxication
and salty in connection vith hemp drugs, The rol fs hat fn somo cases
men who shold hae been simply pushed for beng intosicated have bc sent
othe aylom, nd, though sane when they resched that institution, have been
dotined there, These cases ave, however, much rare than they used to be, if
one may judge fom the fd ssylam rors, A more serious rasa of ths con-
sion that there ar cases fn which mes who have. commited. ofnces, espe
cll crimes of vilence, unde th influence of hemp drugs have bee acquitied
on the ground of sanity, hough th circumstanes have been such that. had
{he noxicane. bean slohol, thy would have bee convicted, 1 undoubtedly
moe diffe inthe case of ganja. than th case of alcool to recognize the
me dra. fo social and legal purposes betaen intoxication and insanity. Dat
ihe dict ds not superble. Tho main reason for the confusion tht has
esned is probably the ignorance that has provaled regarding homp drugs.
When they are recognised a common inosican, ti to be hoped that the
practic of the Cours willbe red from the occasional lomishes bore indicated.
Its not expedict, ori t ut tat noxication from hemp drugs should secure
immunity from purishment which is not alloved to alcobol ; and, an the other
hand, the Commission camot concus with Dr. Walsh (Bengal witness No. 112)
when be say: * I is not my inion fram experience that is either dreadful
in isl o possibly disastrous 0.8 mars mind to hare to herd for years with
lunatics though sete”

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 CHAPTER XIIL

EFFECTS-MORAL: GENERAL SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS.

S40. Hitherta the effects of hemp drags have been considered principally

in, with reference to consumers themselves. In turning

now tothe discussion of ther moral ict, we
shal pracically consider briefly thie direct eects on society, Are consi
mers ofinsive to. ther neighbours, and s there any conection betneen hemp.
drugs and crime? These are the questions which i is proposed now to discuss,
A considerable mass of evidence has been. callected on these questions.

$41. As to whether moderate consumers are offensive to thi neighbours the

corpo smi wisi idence can leave litle doubt on the mind of any
ST one who peruse it carefully. About seven hundred
esses have thought it worth wile to speak on this pein, It may be
presumed that of the remainder the great majority have no experiance of any-
thing offensive in consumers. OF those who have given thei opinions, over six
hundred say that moderate consumers are not oficnsive to thei neighbours. OF
the smal minor, some object, not unnatural, to the bad example they think
their gana smoking neighbour may be to ther sons wh are growing up.
Some. mecey take oficace atthe smell of fhe ganja smoke, and some at the
“coughing and expectorating” They are evidently not inclined o be tolerant of
the indulgence which. they do not care themselves to practise, On the other
hand, some of the minority ace clewly dealing not with moderate consumption,
but wich the worst type of excess. They speak vagaely of the consimers 35
commiting the gravest. crimes under the influence of these drugs. Altogether it
is clear that the moderate consumes is 2s a rule perfectly inaflensive, There
appear to be quit adequate grounds for accepting the statement of those who.
assert that as 3 rule he "cannot be distinguished from the total sbesiner”
Some witnesses have stated that they had dificaty in finding the moderate con-

sumers, though they did find that the habit of moderate consumption s common.
Indeed, thers are nok wanting those who say that no consumer of bhang ox gaa,

‘whether in moderaion or in excess, s evr an offensive neighbour. The contest

in this respect between the excessive consumer of hemp drugs and the excessive

consumer of alcohol is frequently emphasized. No doubt theexcessve consumer

of hemp drugs must sometimes be a disagreeable 30d perhaps even daogerous
neighbour; but even among excessive consumers such cases seem to be very rare
indeed.

$42. Ta discussing the connection of hemp drugs with rime tf necessary to

Gn ot vp ge i Giscriminate between any eft which they may be

supposed to produce on crime in general andthe
unpremeditated crimes of violence to which intoxication may give rise. Thus
there are those who allege that the habitual ws of alcobol at all eveats if cared

£0 excess, degrades the mind and character of the consumer and. predisposes
bie to crime in genera, or to. crimes of a particular character, especially to
offences against property. Drik is thus set down sometimes 3s one of the most

effcien agencies for increasing the criminal classes. On the other band, there
are well known cases in which intoxication fom alcohol bas led o eines. of an

occasional and exceptional, character, generally to wpremeditted crimes. of

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256 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-4. (CH. XIL,

vilence o othe unpremeditated offences against the person. These two classes
of cases should be carefully distinguished and treated separately.

545. The rst question thes whether any hg proparion of bad characters

"0 are habitual consumers of hemp drugs, and whether

ther s any general comnction between such con
sumpion snd ime. Abas ane ofthe winesses have dale with his quese
Gon. Of these, a majority of tr tone ho that nove proportion bad char.
aces see modest consumers. A majority, bt not quite 25 lage, have the
same opinion seguding excessive consumers, I respect to th second part of
the question a majority of ight to one hd that moderate consumption of
these drags bas no connection vith rime in general or with crimes of any
prteaar chaser, A majority of seal ou to ove hold the same view
regard to excessive consumpion. There one wiosss who mas ther 3
suggeine abservatin inthis comction. He says tht consumers" are called
ndmashes fo ths rsson only, tat cue children may fer them and aveid their
company." This undoubtedly suggests an explanation of some par of the
popular condemnation of the drugs. A very large proportion of the natives of
his county hae a strong aversion to the us of intoxicants, and may reasonably
be expected to nlence thee cite against hem in precisely this vay. This
may lead some vinéses to ke an exaggerated vi of the number of bud
characes who se consumess. Dut thre need be no hesitation inacceping the
view that this number isindoed lege in proportion than the numberof consumers

among. the general population. Consumers of hemp dogs ae found more

among he lower orders, among he pr, than among he mors wally. The
former are, of couse the cases to which the badmashes or bad characters
blog, This ithe explanation given by many wesss of the alleged fact that
proporionately more consumers of hep drugs, and specially inj siokers, rs
tobe found among bad charctrs than among. the hele popula. But the

genel opivion 5 that hemp drugs have per se 0 necessay connection with
ime, Tis tru that some wineses sss that abil consumers sometimes
spend mae han thei povety renders sasonably possbl, and ae hen tee
ed to commit poy thels. And there arc probably many Mages of
exprence who hae in bad feiood cass" heed the police enlnge on the
moun believed to be spent on hemp drugs and ote intoxicants and th appa
ent mossy of meting is cxpendare honestly. The sme 1s tre, how.
xr of ny nese expire beyond what one can afr, snd of any extcs
vagencs which nerfs poverty.

S44. Another question which arises in reference to the comnsetion between

bop drugs and crime is whether thse drugs ac 10

Bini forty me any considerable exten taken by criminals to forty

themselves (0 commie premeditated came of any
Kind. About one-half of the witnesses spe on this pot. Of these monty
of ine to four answer the negative, The truth seems to be that as hemp
drugs help the consumer to endure great fatigue or exposure and. stmt him
10 vowonted exertion, criminals ke ny other consumers of these drugs, go 10
them for tha assance when they fe tat hey require. This is jut as any
man under similar circumstances might go to the otesicant he was in the
bait of using. Sometimes, no doub, also 4. criminal may take his ows particular

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(Ch. XIIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS CONSISSION, 159394. 257

intosicant to supply Ditch cowage. Bat it sesms jis as common with i to

deste to Keep His had cls, and theclore to avid all inonicants. No man,
ofcourse, who was ot wnaccustomed othe use of hemp droge would um to thn
for any of these purposes. Ther would be too great i of the naceusiomed
toxicant disbling rather han nerving the man. Thee is ane css frequently
mentioned in some parts of the couscy by whom the drugs sce no dosbt ocd,
vis, “lthil” o professional clobmen, who se employed aceasonly ss me.
Sonar in rots and asnolts, These men, ke many wresles, use th dro
habiaaly, ad no doubt indulge in before going out on thi wor.

45. About the same. numberof vitesse desl with the question whether
criminals vse hemp droge to stupely thi vis.

I oss nisc m y majrity of boot thre 0 vo, they ansver ths

= queso i he imate. The quit as
whether complete or sufficient supelaction can be induced by the admission
ofthese duge. Ther seams to be. considerable doubt on this point. kiss
very onl opin that any persons witceustormed tothe drugs coud be rene
red sensible by thom, and such persons wld no elke the dros. No dosbt
gun might bs administered in cn with the pretence that there was no
{hing thse bat he obo vith which twas mised. Bat this 5 a ul would
vate too much is. Ganja world be too resdly detected by smell snd favour.
Many even of these who bfieve that hemp dogs coud rodace suicent spe.
faction speak al othe admitoro 855 gener rls of more potent drags, such
data. Asto cases, for caer to got many tablished exses of ch
efcion by hata alan thin to get ore whee hemp droge wer led the
ate employed. There ane two special stances of this kind of use of hemp.
& tml by som ilnsiscs, si thls of armaments fom prosituics
noninied ith hang, and thats of omaments from children stoped by
mam svccimeats. Thess, howere, do aot ppese tobe common. tise
To set inate of any sch ue of these droge. The evidence in sper of the
Vi tha they ane 10 ved snl ares ave based on mere rumor. On the
i, Tt very improbable Unt tho drugs are mich wed fn this wy or
Gluten, much mare potent drag, i moto easly avaible and more easly
adniisired.

$46. Thor scan, therfore, good eas or beleing tht the connestion bet
ms ttm. een emp drugs and diary cme very light
SE EET cd. There remains for iscuseon thi alleged
Side conection with unpremeditated crime, especialy
crimes of viene, In is connection it scemed oly necessary to consider he
excessive use of th drugs, Thi, then, was the question pa befor the witness.
oy whether excessive indulgence in any of these drags incites to premeditated
crime, an whether thy iw cases i which it bad ld to temporary Bomicidal
remy. Tis question bus ben scused by newly si hundred. wiesss, of
hom a majority of very nly thse to two snawer in the negative. They do
Jor ble fn any such comection. Their perce bs to brought Sloe
Them cases in wich that connection seemed to exit. Some of them have
clear secllection of crim being ssocated by causation wih alcohol, but can-

ot recall any case in which it vas simlly associated with hemp drugs. They

i yond fk reins, ed tn ly smn gee.

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 pm i
255 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 185594. [Cit XII.

‘Some of them go futher than this, They go so ar as to say that these drugs

act aly do not incite to crime, but have the very opposite tendency. They
Se of opinion hat the drugs tend to make mea. quiet” that "the immediate
Sect is stupelying; thee is one of that tendency to vioknce which isa
Characteristic of slosh intoxication; and that the result of continued abuse
ofthe drugs 1s to make & man * timid and unlikely to commit crime.” These
Tat staemcnts cannot be accepted ss generally true, No doubt the drugs

may sometimes have these sedative effects, though a number of witnesses speak to
habital se producing italy. Any one who has extensivly visited ganja
shops or places where consumers congregate mast be steuck with the perfect
quiet which preals in the great majority, and with the. slovhiul, easy
atitude of the consumers. These ae not, however, the invariable efvets of

hemp drugs. Undoubtedly the excessive use does. in some cases make the
consumer violent. It probably safe to say in view of al the evidence that
the tendency. of the droge often seems to be to develop or bring nto play the
mataral disposition of the consumer, to emphasize his characteristic peculvities,
or to assist him in obtaving what he sea bis mind on. IF he tins. 1¢ case and
est and sft alone, he will be quict and restful; but if he is naturally excitable

andl tempered, or if he is disturbed sad costed, he may be violent, This

may be accepted perhaps 58 generally tru if allowance be specially made for
the fac that exces in the use of these dregs tends to show and to develop
herent weakoess of character. AL the same time the fact that 0 many
Sitesses tenily 0 he peaceable and ordely character of the excessive con-
sumecs goes fa to prove that in this couniy experience shows that 3s a role
thee drugs do nat tend to crime and violence.

S47. This impression is nies fied by the consideration of the statements

y some of the witnesses who constitute the

minority. Mr. DR. Lyall (Bengal witaess No. 1),

ho has hid ity years vied experience as a Revenues Ofer and Magis:
rate, says: ba known cases of temporary horsicidal frenzy but in is oral
examination he says: “1 can give no examples to lustre my answer” This
is preisly the position accugiod by many of the most experienced witnesses.
They have a more o less vagee impression that hemp drugs and violent cima
have been occasionally associated, but they connor recall cases, A. fo
testy to having searched the criminal cosords. or palice repurts for years
back in vein, As Me. Westmacott (Bengal witness No. 2) says in bis
wit paper: 1 do not a this moment remember a case, but | have an im
pression that there are such cases” This is a witness typical of a class,

There are othe witnesses who speak less cautiously of "many cases,” but
cannot give information about any. Thus Mr. Willams (Bengal witness No.
18) speaks of “innumerable cases of homiidal (renzy.” But his remark “is
merely based on newspapers and bie knows only one. case which occurred at
Calutta while he vas at Darbhanga, and of which His knowledge is "entirely
beasag”_ Similarly, Me. W. C. Taylor (Bengal witness No. 36), an uncore-
oaned. offcerof forty-seven. years experience, speaks of “numerous cases,”
but. can only recall one—surely a doubtful caze—in which an attack vas made.
‘ona party, of which he was a member, by a Sonthal inthe Sonthal rebellion of
1856. Similay, the Inspector-Genecal of Police in the Central Provinces

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 EE —————
‘CH XIIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS Conn

states that “running amo Is lvays the resul: of excessive indolgence” in hemp.
15108, 159394. 259

drags; bat under cross-cxamination be says: 1 have never had experience of

sucha case, only state what I have heard” These witnesses also at typi
cal of a considerable class, who refer to hearsay, to rumour, and to newspapers
as the basis of thei opinion.

Many others, like Ms. Cooke, Commissioner of Orissa (Bengal witness No.
8), base their opinion on what they have heard ofthe history of criminal lunatics
in asylums, and realy speak only of ass of violence due to manis, One witoess
exposes this fallacy very simply: 1 have never seen say instanceof unpieme-
ditated crime commited by a consumer, except that mad men sometimes grow
solent” Such cases ae clearly irelevant. to the question immediatly under
discussion. But these are 2 good number of witnesses who thus confound cases
of violence occurring in the course of established insanity vith unpremediated
crime incited by drags. Instances a thas given of acts of violence committed
inthe asylum where the lunatic is confined. Some witnesses are even. content
to quote the fact of mania characterized by violence without say. particular
offence being committed as establishing this alleged connection between hemp
drugs and violent crime.

Some. witnesses again base thie opision on a purely casual comection

betmeen the use of the drugs and the commission of crime. Thus Mr. Hugh
Fraser (North-Western Provinces witness No. 8) spoke in bis writen paper of
many cimes * committed under the influence of ganja” Ins oal examination
he asked that the word " while” should be inserted and added: do not atti
bute the crime to the consumption of the drug, | cannor recall the details
of any of these cases” This is certainly very different from the impression
‘which bis witten answee conseyed. A Bengal witness goss even futher in this
diection, He says : “| know of two cases in which two garja smokers com
mitted murders, one for gai, and the othe fn heat of prorocation”

There is another class of witnesses who do not profes a all to equie any
basis of fact for thei opinion. They speculate on the probalilies. They ae
content to eply that hemp drugs “ weaken the brain and may lad to crime” or
“1 can imagine thie doing so in the same way as excess of alcohol in an indivi
dual of a naturally violent temperament, but ot a a peacefel scbject”

545. All this tends greatly to lessen the weight ofthe svidence in support of

Cus nate, the afirmative answer tothis question, and to sieng-

then the impression tht ts bu rarely that exces-
sive indulgene in hemp drugs can be credited with inciting to rine or leading
to homicidal frenzy. All witnesses have been asked whether they know of cases
of homicidal frenzy. The cases quoted ate, however, very few. They have all
been carefully considered by the Commision. As already sated, a fe withess-
es have mentioned cases which are admittedly mere outbreaks of established

insanity. These cases are excluded. Two Punjab cases meationed by Colonel
Tucker (witness No. 8) and Mr. C. Brown (sitaess No. a9), in which Ghasis
and Kukas are stated merely to. have fortified themselves by bhaog fora fanati-
cal attack on ther enemies, hav also ben excluded. Finally, four cass which

occured beyond. Bish teritory in feudatory sates have also been excluded,
‘With these exception, all the cases meationed by vitoesses answering question
53 have been abstacted and compiled in a tabula form in Val. 11 Appendices.

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460 REPORT OF TIE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. [Ct XIII.

They are divided nto tro clsses—sis, (1) those cases of which the records
ave no been called for; and (i) those cases of which the records have been
cxamined by the Commission. Tn every case in which th records have been
examined, & noe containing the result of that examiation bas been appended
to the eidence of the wiess who reared to the case, The numbes of the
witness entered nthe statement contaiaed nthe appendis will factate reference
tothe paricula note dealing with the case

$40: There are 3 cass belonging to the frst cass snd 23 cass of the second.

com i cette This gives 2 taal of 81 cas mentioned for the

ibe ca whole of India, Taking frst the ily-cght cases
consiaing class 1) its nersting 10 notice that out of such of these cases a
have dates assigned, no fever than dlven are over twenty years old. One Euro

pean witness ha to go bck to 1856 bore h ca ind in his long experience any
ens of violence attibutabe 10 hemp drugs, and two native witnesses recall
instances over forty sears ald This serves {o show that these esse are drawn
fom 3 long. period of years as wel as from the whole of Indi. It is also
teresting to noice that seventeen of thse exses se atelboted to scpoys and
armed plc, to whom great temptation to vielnce present itself when they are
suddenly or seiouly provoked. Ten other cases ace abated to pons of the
ic or religious mendicant class. The following sentences from Mr. Macon.
cis judgment in the case shown 28 No. 71 on th fst sre of terest in this
conection * Accused was at the time excited with bhang ad even now st.
is tal he hs daring and violent maser, which shows plinly lis disposiion.
He sone of those roaming fairs who, when they get excited by thei (unre
potaions of bhang or chivas, ae utely lawless, and are fit to be tested 35
enemies of society!

Dedcting thes twenty-seven cases, there seman only thicy-one of this

class adduced 33 evidence of the eft which hung drugs Dave on the people
genrll in lading to violent and unpremediated crime. These cases camel
he very folly examined, 3s the Commision hae nt had the records bors then
Dit the statements of the cases by the wiwesses thumscves show
ane mute cases of the rowdyism of inoxication; that there are soversl where
the motive fo th crimes quite adequate without looking to hemp. dg; wd
tha there av not 3 owe that have boen pat down; to hemp digs for no of
reason tha that the offender was consumer, Tn on case the winess hos held
it suficin: to say that the man was under the influence of some dr.

PE —
S50. The Comission called fo the records twenty-three cass which the
records were clearly traceable and easly obisinbe,
These cases were selected at haphazard simply on
is ground. An abstact of wha the records contain each case ill be found
appended to the evidence of the witness quoting it. The examination of these
cases tends sty to weaken the force of the impression, even such as
arated by the perusal of the cass of the fie class, They may now be brill
discussed in detail. Incase No. 59a police officer informed the Comision
that 2 ganja smokes suddeoly murdered a vendor because he would not,
more of th drug. Tho acts were that the man bad His knife in bis band ss he

‘was eating frit hatin an altercation ich the vender the later fist dealt him 3

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‘Cut. XII1) REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 183594. 365

ith 2 split bamboo; and hat the ther the turned on hi with his knife. The

circumstances of the case and the re! provoetion are ost sight of by
ess This case cannot. b regarded as due to hemp digs, This witness,
second case (No. 60), is defective in someahat similar mane, inasmuch 3s be
fals to point out tha the man sought to murder is wile because she had given
evidence against him. This is unfortunately 0 often found to be an adequate
explanation of such a crime 3s this. Though the man was a ganja. smoker,
thece i no proof that he was under the influence of the drug at the time, These
fa no mention of ganja in the record. -
“The next witness is Dr. Crombie, who is a member of the Commitee for

advising Government about criminal lunatics, He stated hat hewisunabl, how

exer, to give specific cases, but had one case clearly in bis mind. This case he
had also quoted bale the Opium Commission 253 case of running erat from.
ganja. He stated the case this: “A Bengali babs, as the result of 5 siagle
‘debauch, in an attack of ganja mania slew seven of bis nearest relives in bed
during the ight” A perusal of the records indicates that this statement of the
case is whally inaccurate. There is indeed mention of the man having used both

‘ganjaand opium, But there is no mention of a debaucl, and heres mentionol

habit, So that the conception of a single debauch "is quite opposed to the
history contained i the records, The judicial record shows that the man had
been for years peculae in his behaviour; that about six years before he had be-

come quite mad fora im on bis wiles death that on the presen occasion
a similar outbreak of madness had occurred on bis mothees death ; tht he * did

not take ganja dung this time” hat the morders were commited an the right
of hie mothers Sirah, about which there bad been "a commotion” dung
the day; and that the motive seemed to be mere insane despa as to. how these

members of the family could be cared for in the futre, The asylum pagers
indeed mention * his mother’s death as wel as addiction {0 ganja nd opium”
as the cause of insanity. But the papers flord no clue as to the. origin of Dr.
Crombie's view of the case.

The nest five cases ave thes mentioned by Mr. Marindin (Collector, Bengal)

and to by Mz. Dalrymple Clark (District Superintendent of Police, Assam).

These witnesses did not profess a detailed knowledge of these cases, but merely

suggested tha the records should be conslted as the cases seemed to be such
as the Commission desired o see. But the records show that no satisfactory
connection betwesn hemp drugs and crime was established in any of theso cases,

Dr. Mulls, a Civil Sucgeon ia Assam, mentions to cases in which be

thinks the crime was associated with ganja. The ist (No. 67) is case in which
a religious mendicant murdered guest in the middle ofthe right. Under these
Cicumstances itis impossible to say with anything ke conidence what really
‘occurred. But the evidence docs point to the crine having been commited
under the influence of ganja. In bis second case (No. 69), bowerer, Dr.
Mullane is incorect n bis facts, The man did wound some people; be appa:

cently id not kill any one. He never {ook gana, thaugh be took. lguor and
opiam. The Judge found that he was not unde the influcace of ay. intoxicant
atthe time of the ofience.

3s. Moran, an Assam Tea Planter, gives the nest case (No. 6). It fs

nsutive (0 ot at hog ho cas sured a His or xt db aa

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364 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1895-94. [Crt XIII.

a witoss at the ti, Mr. Moran's memory docs not serve him wel in regard
tothe fact. His présent account of it differs most matesally from that given
atthe time. The record is clearly against any connection between the crime
‘20d gaa, which Mr. Moran did no: then mention at all. The arly remaining
Rasa case (No. 70) seems fom the papes to have been cleadly a. liguor case,
andi no vay connected vith hemp droga.

The two Purjab cases seem both to lutzae the connection between hemp
drugs aod crime. The est (No. 71) bas been already quoted as indicating the.
churacer of the skis to whom 50 many of these cases of violent crime. are
Stibuted. The second (No. 72) is a very interesting case. The records shor
ing the flots which have been made by the Punjab Government to make the
hosa tribe give up the excesive use of intoxicants well repay perssal. If these
barn can be persuaded to se the evil cffcts which have esated from this
excess and to bjure. the drags they usc without tuming t others, the Govern
‘ment vill deserve congratulations on the results of a somewhat exceptional line of
action.

“The next case (No. 73) is given by Colonel Chiysti, a Deputy Inspector
General of Paice in Madras, and is elereed to by several other witnesses. A
peon ving been fined is said in his irtation o have taken a considerable
amount of gavje, and to have then rushed out with a club. He stack a boy,
and then ran along the public road unl he met an old man whom he beat to
‘Geth, alleging shtervards that he had Ville 3 black pig. The connection be-
tween the rime and gaa was accepted by the courts at the time; but doubt is

cast an this case by the fact that tis man was alterwacds found to be subject

to recument insaity, several violent outbreaks of which were marifesly

independent of any drug. This is one of the accepted cases for 1893 i the
Madras Asylum.

“The net hes cases (Nos, 740 76) wer reared to by Me, Stokes, a
Madea Collector, as having be menoned to fim by a Pole. Inspector 25
gor cass, Bota peval of the records shows. that ther is ro adequate
Reson for commen these murders wich herp droge. The ast Madras caso
(Mo. 77) is sarge on. fhe frst crdlly bumed bis cid and, when
the child ered, occured oth father 3a was 8 fst dy to ofr the child
tothe god. He did so, Kling the chld and lapping up the blood. Thero vas
idence that the man was ander th farce of gaa (Whang) wiich he
had smoked. The High Court adopted this view snd sentenced. him to cans
poration for lf.

The nest case (No. 78) is ane n which certain Talavin organized a iol in
the town of Broach, in th cours of which Mr. Prescot, District Superintendent
of Police was kiled. Mr. Coppel, the Collscte, gives a fll account of the
deta ofthis distrkance, and shows that i cannot be reasonably connected
with hep drugs.

“The next two cases were mentioned by Mr. Sinclar, Collector of Thins.
The first (No. 79) is the case of a servant whois alleged to have attempted to

thre is mastes wife as she was sleeping by her husband at night. He is

sid to have been uodes th influence of ganja, and the records bear out this

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 (Ci. XIIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893:94 265

view. In the second case (No. 80), Mr. Siclac seems to be doubly misaken.
In the fost place, the Magietaate acquitted the accused because it was not
proved that he had commited the acts constituting the alleged fence, and,
inthe second place, the man's insanity was attiboted to other causes than ganja

“The Ts case (No. 81) was given by Colonel Hur, Inspector General of
Police, Bombay. Colonel Humfrey was engaged in the arrest of the sepoy in
his case; yet bis recalection of the facts was not quite accurate, and led him
to make the conection between the crime and bbang closer than i realy vas.
He did not, however, actally ateibute the crime to the drug. The judgment
of the High Court is very clear, and shows that the murderous ue of is rife by

is poy was deliberately planned, was due to revengefal feelings sganst the
policeman, and was not do to the influence of bhang.

Of these tentyhres cases then, th records fat less than eighteen

i of th casein of Show {hat the crimes cannot be connected with

saa hemp drugs. There is ane case on which doubt

is thrown by subsequent discoveries. The connection between hemp drugs
and crime is only established in the remaining four, It is astonishing to find
how defective and misleading ar the recollections which many witnesses rtsin
even of cases with which they have had special opportunites of being well
acquainted. It is instructive to see how preconceived notions based on rumour
and tradition tend to preserve the impression of certain particulars, whi the
impressions of far more important. features of the case sre completly forgotten.
In some cases these preconceived notions seem to presll to distort the incident
altogether and to create a picture in the mind of the witness quite diferent
rom the recorded fact. Some of the witnesses whose memories have thus fled

them are man who might have been expected fo be careful and accurate,
Thee fale must tend fo increase the distrust with which similar eridence,
‘which there has been no opportuity of testing, must be received.

52. The Commission have now examined 41 the evidence. before them
Sumy of cot gt regarding the elects ttribatedto hemp drugs. Tell
wedi be well to summarize briefly the conclusions o which
they come. Tt has been clealy cstabiahed that the occasions use of hemp.
‘moderate doses may be beneficial but tis use may be regarded as medicinal
in character, tis rather to the popula and common use of the drugs that the
Comision will ow confine theic attention. 1 i convenient to consider the

effects separately as afccting the physical, meal, or moral nature. Insegardto

the physical effects, he Commision have come tothe conclusion that the moderato

use of hemp drugsis practically attended by novi els at all. There may be
exceptional cases in which, owing to idiosyneacies of constitution, the drogs in
even moderate use may bo ijurious. Theres probably nothing the use of which
may not possibly be injurious in cases of exceptional intolerance, There see also
many cases where in tracts with a specially malarious climate, o in Circumstances
of hard work and exposure the people attribute beneficial effects to the habitual

moderate use of these dogs; and thee is evidence to show thatthe popalac
impression may have some basis in fact. Speaking generally, the Commission
are of opiion that the moderate use of hemp drags appears to cause no
appreciable physical injry of any kind. The excessive use does cause. injury,
Asin the case of other intoxicants, excessive use tends t weaken the constite-
on and to render the consumer more suscepible to disease. In spect to the

particular diseases which according to a considerable number of witnesses

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364 REPORT OF THE INDIAX HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1803.94. [CH. XIII.

should be associated directly with herp drugs, it appears to be reasonably estab

ished that the excessive use of these drugs does not cause asthma ; that it may
indie cause dysentery by weakening the consitucion as above indicated ;
and that i may cause bronchitis mainly through the acton of the inhaled smoke.
on the bronchial tubes.

In respect 1 the allsged mental effects of the dug, the Commission have
come to the conclusion that the moderate use of hemp drags produces no inju-
ious ffcts on the mind. It may indeed be accepted that in the case of special-
ly, marked peurotic dithesis, even the moderate use may produce mental
injury, For the dightest mental stimulation or excitement may have that
effec in such cases. But putting aside these quite exceptional cases, the moder
Ste use of these droge produces no. mental injury. It is otherwise with the
excessive use, Excessive use indicates and intensifies mental instability, It
tends to weaken the mind. It may even lead to sanity, It has boen ssid by
Dr. Basford. that * two. factors only ave necessary for the causation of insanity,

which are complementary, heredity, and stcess. Both enter into every case : the
Suonger the influence of one factor, the less of the other factor is requisice to
produc the result, Insanity, therefor, neds for it production certain insta
bility of nerve tissue and the idence of & certain disturbance” It appears
that the excessive se of hemp drugs may, especially in cases where there is

any weakness of hereditary predisposition, induce It bas been shown

that the effec of hemp drugs in this respect has bi

grated, bt that they do sometimes produc insanity secrss beyond question,

In regard to the moral effects of the drugs, the Commission are of

opiion that their moderate use produces no moral injury whatever, Thee
i 70 adequate ground fo believing that it juriously affcts the character of the.
consumer, Excessive consumpion, on the other hand, both indicates and inten
fies mora weakness or depravity. Manilest excess ads diectly to loss of scl
respect, and thus to moral degradation. I respect o his relations with society,
honexer, exen the excessive consumer of hemp drugs is ordinary inoffensiy
His excesses may indecd bring im to degraded poverty which may lead him to
dishonest practices; aad occasionally, but apparently very rarely indeed, exces.
sve indulgence in hemp drugs may ead to vislont ere. Bat for all practical
purposes it may be Lid down that there is fie of no connection between the use

of hemp drags snd crime.

Viewing the subject generally, it may be added that the moderate use. of
these drags s the nl and that the excessive vio. is comparatively exceptional.
The modera use practically produces no ll efecs. In al but the most cxcep-
tional case, the injury from habiual moderate use is not appreciable. The
excessive use may certainly be accepted as very furious, hough t must be adovit-

ted that in many excessive consumers the injury is sol cloarlymarked. The
inj dors by the excessive use is, howeser, confined. almost exclusively to the
‘consume himself; che effect on society s rarely appreciable. It has been the
most stking eat in this inquiry to fod how lide the effets of hemp drugs
hase obiraded themselves 0 observation. The large numberof witwesses of all
classes who professed never to. have seen these eects, the vague statements
made by many who professed to have observed thes, the very few witness who
‘could sorecall a case as to give any definite account of it, and. the mammer in
which lage proporion of thes cases broke down on tho frst atemy

‘examine them, sx facts which combine to show most clearly ‘how

society has hitherto sustained from hemp drugs.

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 CHAPTER XIV.
THE POLICY OF HEMP DRUG ADMINISTRATION.

55 Th aetna robbing the growth of te he pnt od esl

B Su
TIES Sonuad
he Sk
met wc
a, te srs
be
Lemay el Ino Hitt hae 1 lms
no ny, vio hi ar abo te mocking lv of eile molly nd
ihe deep scared dost He the ga eee oppor of
benoit ily ety afro dolly
The ar mach mr nh pres bp a spp Bh i. The Cor
emma of hl ot ho oem ame cn conned skin,
12 Sam ipl, pan. my an th ptr sue of gems
hy ow sk Frat de te a iy sod
het dropmet of som Ion pce eg te prio clay
Ooi 1h ton, pins Pe Vly Sh POR ps
eur of orion he cdo he esl wy yor yu ting me
Trl expen. Osim 5 dont he Legare nods hs an
Soued”™ sania of malty ct merly scp by th pl,
he ct a fu ing vo lewd oto rng of Hi wise bt th
Iams mt ted Sor omen aso sol of cot
rgiistaptongopalc Spo boil oped
pm phon dg if a ge nll oe

a anal
Set A sein the smn oo gon. memos. o the Lome
To chao Ms Poli Enemy whieh teks of he somines
Teas agi, cf ma Ba $0 Math. of Inn 7
Ui Covent me bode teres he tb Bn dic
omega loan. hu to lowing senses ar ul nia
Con asked Hs ih so to hs of oi oi
thst Ts ts nh Sos ety Hn 0. cs
peri Bemisia dud eiog fn
Seedy aod ngetoudy exe, Where ten alo re
{he odin of oc rion, ad ds whtrs pot otis v6
emily boas fre liga dog
Sa of oe of omg of an] ogi. 1 pore bo tore
Thr pt of tai of arp pares who Bie om rors of din

T=
in wh the adiblly of Ua prt ov to i osld ihr
on thes iu by te pub coco, Th thee ox sah ty
12 Som spac mn explech thes etched rou een who ps
[puingdabyiptans Rhy perspec bf eg
ob dtm nmr Ek had Bach hw bg rots of
in He ts esd ery shod nls © spend ta i
ia 21 ta pas wi orl th Te, chs ered ot our, of
i) sa So a Li 1 st no kc hg hy
ag he mor fence of camp Wi sec the don of hf
ed Somioces te tenga ol 1 mah femal snd
a

gn caleba. 7 gi
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 26 nepoRT oF THE DIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. [Cit XIV,

as i personal only, involving no consequences, none at least of a painful ornju-

ous Vind, to other people, | hold that ic is allowable in all, and in the more
thought and culated often a duty, to assert and promulgate with al the
force they sre capable of thei opinion of what is good or bad, admirable or
contempible, but no to compel others to conform to tha opinion, whether the
force wid is that of extra legal coercion, oF exes elf by means of he law.
Even in those portions of conduct which do afec the interests of others, the
onus of making out a case alvays lies on the defenders of legal prokibitions,
tis not merely a consiuctive or presumpive injury to others wich will justly
the interference of law wih individual freedom. To be prevented from what one

is inlined t,o from acting conteary 10 one’s own judgment of what is desirable,

fs ot oly alays irksome, but always ends, pro fants, o starve the develope
ment of some portion of th bodily or mental faces, either sensitive or active
and, unless the conscience of the individual goes freely wich the legal restraint, it

partake, either ina great or in a small dagree, of the degradation of shavery.

Seasecy any degree of uiity short of absolate necessity will justify a prohibic
tory regulation, unless it can also be made to recommend itself to the general
conscicac; less persons of ordinary good intentions cither believe alieady,
or can be induced to believe, that the thing prohibited is thing which they ovght

not wish to do." These remarks have been given at length, because the Com
‘mision elev that they contin a clear exposition of the principles which
should guide them in deciing whether the prohibicion of the herp drugs. should
be authoritatively enforced by Gosecnmen.

4. Now, certain number of persons (among whom may in al probity

Theses sty sm be reckoned the mover of the question i the House:

we of Commons which led to the appointment of the

Indian Hemp Drugs Comission) deem it to be the duty of the Drtsh Govern
ment to suppres th trad in al incoxieants i all the countries under its sway;
and there ate no doubt special circumstances in India which rendec it less
impossible thanin some othr counties to conside cven o drastic a ply. These.
are notably the general sabrctyof its races and the feeling, popular as well 35
talgiou, which prevals against thee use among a krge: section of the. comm.
sty, Even then no appeal in support of such a measure can be made to
the pubic morality or practice of civilised nations at irge, nor, so fr as the
Commission ar aware, to any marked success attending the experiment in parti
culrinstances, Inthe exceptions cass in which th experiment has been end
ed vith patil succes (3 in some f the American States), th reformation of the
habit has become an abject of desie to. the majority of the people, and the
enactment. for promoting such reformation has presented. scl less 55 a ror
sitive force than as 30 auxlisey agency.

555: But the Commission are not called upon to pronounce on so wide an
uc. IL was not upon the basis of this gen
otitis te Commi
principle that the Seccetary of State for India
accepted the proposal made in the House of Commans, ror do the instructions
issued to the Commission by the Goveroment of India coves so wide a field
“The question of probibitiog the production and sal of the hemp drugs in India

has to be considered by the Commission apart from the general question, and
euch prabibiion must be jusied, if at all, on some more special ground than
the mee fact that they ar intoxicants.

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CHL XIV] erORT oF THE NDIA HEME DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394567

556. Ain, thee ae cara sues of persons shee xfs befor

“The past history of ta case howe COMMISSION Points to the assumption that the case

Rae for prion of the bmp dr has andy en

bined i he econ of th Gover, aud to forvr Sy pois
il indnes to iat ba see nian pord by ih ecards A
referees to Ghaper X16 Report il saw ho snort tees
rein eg the produc of iy by vs of og ri spc of
he que wich 5 of he. smn prance, aod hs formed. de uc
of ney lhe aici option hresios rented op sh 15 od
ter avalng themselves folly of evry oppor of cosling th oeel
Titus on the ct, (5 Coniion be vedo te conhson ig
shows To rg, nd hs 3 vty. ed amon f pen] overran
ha em mae todo duty as tebe of Inge contin To vn of
Sle dis ba ben compensa by smal rsnion andl th samp of on
iy as socio ht pions xpress bogs sot of stqscu
Sng afc wh td. nes th tim ot hs operat 0. oven he
Tec fr thse. So Tr, tee vs oe ns of he hoop ge
concn, the Comision hive ad tosprosch thesis as asta Fla
eying emit th peo ata roi colo bre
nico o sv cpio a0 conchons who ibn oméaton
of el ssceried fe The stud, bowers of ovement ged 1
he gussion may be rif desc So Fs backs 1798 1 my ves made
Bengal resaing he uly of ening sco, made, gr
Siang jo, baker, hrs aha dy ik fon de
ng ter igh tbe adi rai shot sie of ay of tn.
Thc cancion recs, whch ga adnate oft Bord 0th Govern:
Gant in Cone, No ded 5h My 179%, wto dhe lowing ofr:
appar 3 he rigid rdveions ar solo Toco, om, re is
o hang er, and and, and ta fh ts roms le Tot th
Et prt componon. of those hte ected, a abne menred, Wilh
Tee 10th dread nth bsg shod, fy we ot the
mos prt pried st produng. an ay ilo orgies les of
teicuion nea win amt sons, wl ahh he. sprain of hom
ay bi oe prtl hei cosponnd re ve spend wold be Gi
oan he Se of th gh rains an to probit th ect he se
of ompsiions of ihthey re csp o which way bo ded ok mt of
hc lc bh ao] Pdocoens od 35 EC] sobre ov
Lobel in medio shies con x ot dm
cesar 1 recommen to he wl of sm ofthe ba alogtoes pring
bu hl ce to se wht apes ous hes. enn of ein th
esd tema prog th rea 15 aposion 6 ch a 4
rk adap. fo hs mtr of te
A complet iy ma mc in 1871 fom all provinces a to the sis of
he seve ppantons of bo and i elk shld sl aay scion in
cio
ing thsain
ivan ofby
has, scot
aise fhe Bt fli vas
Local Gone ra
Fred sf he cxefieny snd. rs of uch mess, The rsh is
Comin fhe Resin oft Gonads, Foe Dearie, No.
77a deh 17s Decmbs 1575. The lowe page hors ts cochuin

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368 REPORT OF THE INDIAN RENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [CH. XIV.

arived at: “Upon a consideration of al the opinions thus collected, it docs not.
appear to the Govermor-General fn Council to be specially proved that hemp
nites to crime more than other drugs or than spirits. And there is some evi
ence to show that on rare occasions this drug, usually so noxious, may be use-

lly taken, There can, howeres, be 10 doubt that its habitual use does tend to
produce insaity. The total number of cases of insanity is small fn proportion
tothe population, and not large even in proportion to the number of ganja
smokers but of the cases of insanity produced by the excessive use of drugs or
epirits, by far the largest number must be atcbuted to the abuse of hemp. In
Lower Bengal the circumstances have admitted of a system uader which the
consumption of ganja his been reduced one-half, while the amount of duty levied
on it ha been doubled. Tewould be very desiabl to conte the culation and

preparation of ganja and bang clsgrhere in the same way. But it is believed
Tha this would not be ¢asy indeed, it would probably be impracticable. Mere-
over, with the exception of the Chief Commissioners of Brith Burma and the
Ceateal Provinces, the Local Governments at not in favour of altering existing

arangements. His Excellency in Counc however, trsts that the various Local
Governments and Aduinisirations will endeavour, wherever it may bo possible, to

discourage the consumption of ganja and bhang by placing restrictions on theic

alfvation, preparation, nd retail and imposing on thee use as high a rate of
uty 25 can be levied without inducing iit pracices. As regards British Burma,
the Chief Commissioner has already been. informed that the Governor-General
in Council concurs with im in thinking that the culfvaton and. consumption of

ganja should be absolutely prohibited, and it has been prohibited from the.
begianing of the year 1973-74

In 187 the Bengal Government appointed a specil lfcer, Babu Hem

Chundes Ker to make a full inquiy into the de of the culation of anja,
the sulicieney or otherwise of the present safeguards, and the reforms which
it might be advisable to inroduce. Si Ashley Eden's conclusions on this
ficer's report in regard to the effets of ganja and policy to be followed vere
us follos: The Lieatenan-Governor as himself no doubt that the use of
anja in any form is furious tothe. consumer, and that it 1s the duty of
Government to make the tax on this article a3 high as it can possibly bese.
Unfotansely fs hbieally used by large numbers of the lower classes af (he

‘population, who would, if deprived of it skogethe, apparently find in the leaves

of the wild hemp. past and in othe drugs narcotics nd stimulants of equally
elton characte. It docs nok seem posse thercore, to stop the culty
ion shogether. The policy of Gornment must bo to iit ts produccon and
sl by a bigh rate of daty witht placing th drug. catirly. beyond the reach
of those vho wil sist upon having i”

The list important ulerance on the subject previous to the appoint-

meat of the Commission is contained in the letter of the Government of

India, Finance Department, to Her Majesty's Secteary of State, No. 13,

dated oth August 1802, in which the following remarks occurs “We are
inclined to believe that gana is the most noxious of ll intoxicants now
commonly used in Tndia. Bot even if the absolute probibition of the use. of
the drug could be eoforced, the resul might be toinduce the use of stil more
noxious drugs. Tada abounds with plants growing wild from which drugs can
be procured which are more deletecious in their eficts than ganja. Ons such.

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 RSE NEs
Cit. XIV] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 186304. 69

plants the dhatura (Stramonun), the seeds of which are already used to inten
ify the narcotic effects of bhang, a liquid preparation of hemp leaves; and we
apprehend that if the use of ganja were suppressed altogether, dhaturs might be

gly resorted to by the poorer classes as a means of satisfying their craving for
stimulaats, Apart, however, rom the objections just mentioned, we belies that
it would be impossible to enforce in Indi a prohibition of the use of ganjs. That

drug is produced in Native States, and the diffcuticsinthe way of preventiog its
import from them, if the supply in Bish India were cut of, would be immense,

It would not, moreover, be possible to suppress the supply in Brish India. The
hemp plan grows ready in Indi, in many places vild without cultivation of any.
kind, and it would be easy for any one addicted to the use of gana to grow a
plantor tno the enclosure of bis own house snd in nooks and. carnrs. which

would be safe from observation and from the isk of detection. The question
in the House of Commons suggests that 2a the possession and sale of ganja
bas been proibited for many years in Burma, it i desirable that the same. prov

bition should be extended to ether provinces of Briah India. The analogy of

Burma does not, however, apply to India, When the prohiviton was enforced
in Burma, the drug was very litle usd by the Native Burmese, fs consumption
being almost entirely confined to coolis and ther immigrants from India and.
the cultivation of the plant in Burma, which had never been extensive, had vie

tually ceased, the consumers being dependent on importation fo this spplies,

In India, on the other hand, the practice of ganja smoking has existed
from time immemorial, and among certia sects of Hindus, ascetics, and reg
ous mendicants hemp intoxication is habitually indulged in; and, 45 explained
in the preceding paragraph, it would be impossible to suppress th gronth of the

plant. But, although we consider it impracticable to enforce the absaute protic

bition of the se of ganja, we fully recogrise it ae ur duty to restrict its cone

sumption as fa 35 practicable, and we have distinctly aid down the pliy to be

pursed in respect of this drug in our Resolution of the 17th December 1873
already quoted. The annual reports of Excise Adiniistraton show tha the sub
ject has since been continually bel Local Governments, who are making every
possible endeavour to minimise the evils and discourage the ue of the dng
wherever itis a source of danger to consumers.”

Thus “restraining the use and improving the revenue by the mposi-
ton of suitable taxation” "discouraging the consemption by placing testic.
tions on the culivation, preparation, and etal and imposing on thei use a3
high a rae of duty as can be levied without inducing ict practices”
ing the production aad ale by a high rate of duty without placing the drogen
tirly beyond the reach of those who ill insist upon having it” "restricting.
consumption 33 fae 58 practicable, minimising the evils, and discouraging the
us of the drug wherever tis a source of danger to consumers” bave from time
to time been the watchwords of the Government in the matter of the bemp
drugs, a policy only once debitely abandoned, ois inthe case of Burma, where
total praibion was introduced in 1873.

. Allusion mast bo made to precedents forthe proibiton ofthe hemp drugs.

ss. nother
bio oc os.countries order to complte these general
observations. Excepting Bish Burma (efrence to
‘which willbe made further 0), the Commission oly know of four cases of pro~

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370 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEM? DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. (Cit. XIV.

bitin, ie, in Turkey, Egypt, Greece, and Trinidad. For the first thre of
these the nly information at th disposal of the Commission is contained in the
‘commarications from Her Majesty's representatives addressed to the Secretary of
State for Foreign Afi in 1892 in consequence of a requisition made on them
‘bythe Earl of Rosebery at the request of Mr. W. S, Caine, M.

558. The ground of the probibiton in Turkey is thus stated in a note

addressed by the Grand Vig to the Ministry of

nd Commerce, Constantinople, on st March 1299 (sc):

“From the reports farshed by the Imperial Medical Counc, it appeared that the
‘use of hashish inthe preparation of medicines was extcemely rare, and that, being

a arco, is use must of necessity be injurious, and that consequently the sup-
pression ofthe culation of hashish could nt fai 0 prove highly advantageous.”
The efecto the prohibition i thus described in 20 enclosure to the Ambissa-
dors reply: The importation aad sale in Turkey of hashish, though contraband,
i stil, he, largely cared o, and is used fo smoking, in the composition of
various sweetmeats, and as an opiate in general.”

$5 In Egypt th culvatio, us, and importation of hashish were frst or.

bidden in 1863, but in 1874 it was allowed to be

fo imported on payment of duty. In November 1877 30

order was eesived from Constantinopls that all hashish brought nto Egypt was to

be sized and destroyed, and. finally, in March 1870, the importation and cul
vation of Rashish were robibited by a Khedivial deccee. In March 1884 it was
provided that confiscated hashish should be. sold by the Customs (for delivery
abroad) instead of being destroped as formerly, and the. proceeds of the sale
vided. amongst the informers and oficers who took part in the seizure, “This
measure was rendered necessary,” says Me. Cailed, the Director-General of
the Customs, “by the absences of 2ay fund from which rewards could be
distebuced; while, on the other band, the profits of smuggling being. very
great, large sums were paid by the smugglers to insure the sence of com.
plicity of the Customs offers, coasiguardsmen, and others. A considerable
number of persons sce employed i te, many of them having
no other means of subsistence. Great displayed by the smugglers
his ici trade and no soonee has one trick been discovered than another is
vented, The great obstacle, however, t the complete repression of the contea-
band trade is the refusal of some of the European Governments to recogrize the
ight of the Egyptian Government to seach suspected shops or warchouses, and
to punish the delinquents by fine aswell a3 confiscation. In view
of the impossibility of suppressing the contraband rade in hashish under the
cirsumstances described above, | suggested to the Minister of Finance the
desicabity of removing the. probibiton aginst the importation of the drug,
and I proposed to collect a customs duty of PT. 130 per ilogramme (55. 3d,
per Ib), besides a lcense-tax on the sale of the hashish, It has been abun

danly proved tha the vice of hashish smoking cannot be. suppressed by. legis
lation, whereas by a system of licenses it may be kept under control to some.
extent” Mr. Called estimates tha the quantity of hashish consumed annual
yin Egypt cansot be les than 50,000 okes (about bs. 140,000) notwithstanding
the prohibion, He states that the bashish appears to be manufactured chiefly
in Gresce.

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CH. XIV.] KEPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893.94 371

56. In ese thc i 1 elnino spacilyallio ote rode.

— an, mamfacre,o cor of ash, Tht sis of
- i 53 merchands is slove, bn a Pole are of

15fms, some
ohibits Lops of
20 ic,
mersdung th.small
in the ios cafés
eho of
HnAtbeos
yeas. and
spray,
the
he Bie of sing is dog nd be rudy cee. To andr on oid
upon a reper of the Sentry Bod at Albin, nach prone menion
ond of he abcraions made n nd by Engi doctors, and he satin of
Snsasity in Bengal Yruie seylossecrbed 0 the ws of te emp drags re pt
forward as jain eer messes. The fe of the ne pssed ot
enone, siete so having Supe.
$61. Asrgact Triad th Commision se ok ect he hp ros
we profited, The ct us been sated by he
ied Temas Commision, Nas, 185570
5nd by Dr. Thomss Tod, Goverment Medial OFcs Bish Gunn
paper pubes fo the Aen nd Newsbgist, i. Lo, in Oar 10
But, on the che bad, Seon jr Co, cy on spoil dy in BAH
and Forge Colonie nd he Nethand, n bs Note. an Emigaion om
Tdi to Teidad 8, ues u amet f the Protector of ncegans, ho
Syst in the year 3935 an, Ordnance vis ev req he pyc
of £100 prac obtain sme to grow gai, hh md preity ben
rom in Tage quien, Thi practialy pt 5 sap toh roth an fon
Sampo fr snerl yss, bt. migra who hd If Triad nyo
Frou to the wing. of His report ad be owing it in Verses, nd
Several ces ud ben msde by dhe Coto ofr fm pesos odes
ng roduc 1 te Tonian The Froacor ads; ~ With a cout ow
Shas ous, adacan to tak of tho Spans Mn, i. wil be mpotl 1n
Seduction no i olny if migra wh go rs some
grow Dr. Comins himself saya: “1 do not know what ar the laws in force

here regarding the ale of cpiem 20d gan

62. Thus in the case of other counties, where the use of the drags has
ss ct eens been prohibited, the Comission do not find 1 the
eel Iterator avaiable to them many arguments for pro-
Hiition, Tn Turkeyit rests upon th theory accepted by orthodox Mubammadans
hat hashish being a mascotc ts use must of necessity be injorious” wbile in
Egypt the prohiition emansted fom Turkey. In both these countries the measure
has by no means been attended with complete success. In Greece the prokibiion
in the cafés of Athens is base largely upon Indian experience, which the Coma

sion have had cause in great measure to. recast. In Trinidad, if there has been
probibiion, it does na scem of ate to hae been effectual. must be added that
the Commission ave no scientific information regarding th stragth of the article
of commerce called hashish, and it msy dife to some extent from the India pro-

ducts From the description of ts manufacture given by the Mayor of Oxchomenus

in Mantinea in Arcadia, whence the Egyptian supply is mainly derive, it appears
tosesemble more the chara of Yarkand than the ganja or bhang of India.

EE TTT
565. Staiog thr,past
i in the fomis tepid wit Kno to
ot sufficient of josily
Ue bemthee
ELE ibion in Indi, and that or such a measure
there must be strong justification based on ascertained facts scientifically and

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 373 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMIS % 1803.94. [Cit XIV.

systematically examined, the fest question fo the Commission to decide s whe-

her such ustcation i be found in the evidence before them, and the second.
whether, if this is 20, probibiion is feasible and advisable on other grounds.
These sill now be considered.

$64 The effects ofthe hemp drugs have been treated io Chapters X to XIIT
ofthe Report; and as the frst esul of these conclu
sions, the Comission ae prepared to site tht the,

aupprsson of th use of hang vould be totaly ufusifabe. Itisestablshed to

toc satisfaction that this se is very ancien, and that thas some religious sanc-
on among a lixge body of Hindus ; tht it entecs ino thei socal customs ; that
i almost without exception harmless in moderation, and. perhaps in some cases
beneficial hat the sbuse of it is not so harmful s the abuse of alcohol that its

suppression, inyolsing the extirpation of the wld hemp plan, would in some tacts
be a matter of great difficaly; tha such a measure would be extremely unpopular,

and would give rie 10 widespread discontent; and, nll, that, if successllly
accomplished, it wad lead to the use of more hurtful stimulants. The Come
mision deem unecessary to trasese the evidence futher than has been done.
nthe preceding chaptes of this report in support of these propitons. I: is
almost unanimous in rogard to them, The utmost that is necessary in regard to

this roduc s that i should. bo. brought under more fective control, and_this
‘matte wil be deal with fucher on. But absolute probibiion is, in the opinion
ofthe Commision, entirely out of the question.

$65: Though i has been shown that as rule ganja and chacas are used fn
moderation, and that the moderate use ordinarily
Proton of 1 sO og or cause spprecisble injury, yet it has been
established that the excessive use of these forms of hemp drugs has been more
injuries than In the case of hang. Whether they should be prokibited or
merely controlled is 2 question which might be seted merely with reference
to thei ascertained effects, The Comission consider that the efects are not

such 2 0 cll for prohibicon, and on the general principles discussed in th open
ing paragraph of ths chapter, such ntefecace would be unjustifiable. Never.
theless, it seems advisble to refer to the other evidence with a view to
ascertaining the generally prevalng views on the. subject, and considering the
grounds on which pobibitin i advocated or opposed.

566 Tn reviewing the evidence on these pias, it will no be necessary to

eo po, O03 distinction Leen gar and chars. The

DYER docs of these two drugs have been shown to be
abet Sin, though chars is caters paribes the more
poten. They ave both ondnarly smoked, though very occasionlly used for
ctingnd dining usally in th form of admixtures wich ather condiments. As
sed by Me. Lyall (Bengal 3): “Ganja wad chaas are rally one, 3nd in
ime, if the question be scienfealy followed. up, possy charss will be the
only form used” The refuse of gar i used in some provinces 2s bhang, bat
18 substance more nly resembles bang tha gan propery so called. The
ga of the diflcet provinces varies in quality. Bat these distinctions cannot
ere be specially observed ¢ will suficen to besrin mind that the apis fn
Bengal, the Cental Provinces, Madcas, Boubay, and the salle Adicsrations
elie to gaa; that thos o the Pun rate to chara od that those inthe

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(Cit XIV.] REFORT OF THE INDIAN NENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1895:94 273°

‘North-Western Provinces and Sind telate to ganja and charas, bath of whi
consumed.

561. A fo ek Bowers cits helo odin ud

ema coat 5 mo bet of BALE, Chane pee
ERR CL ani Sad amounts ae impored
fom Nepal and Glo bu tay. may bo Ie ov of he ace, The uk
coms rom Yarkend throgh the Himalaya passe, or toa much smal
Geges Fom othe pars of Gat Ad bwugh he. zones the rer
i Nias It wold ma bo a very Slot miner to ep thse
Tagore, thongs he oapeaion of 1h. Kishin Duras woud be eve
Sry Tega Yorkamd ches. may, there, bo. sceped the the
Sarl of thas igh b ut of about much ica (hoon sade
forms ts pint import om Yaka, the poh of shares vod aie
nt cxinguihy the rade with ti cova, Tn gard o ane, he Fee
more complex. Ganja is regularly cultivated in Bengal, the Central Prov-
hee, Madea, Bombay, and Bec. In Bengal nd the Conn Fens, the
livation of the hep lint fo is padontion is under complete cal Ia
Bers elvan sony pried nae Soon 1 te ry nc of Bish
erty i na ety oirolol._ Assunta contol ese thse
ent, do nt ol ti would be ely posi to privet clivation
hope Masti, Who A) contin Yuuns # olen
avin of the Nave Str oll vr 0s To nde ths Sis prone
lien wok bos Hel mate, and sre i mt dome supe:
Son of Tick eovtion youl sb he moet sees dis, For, gh
ont fon ual ene: some lv snd ding, tt Erde ey
Be Commision (6nd to cial he fu ht gs. of a fc kind con
Jo Ra Bom hs Shoaieiont Eile HEM bd it
aon bons sd Si clin of ht re i. many pans of li
Whi, hrc, carat b are tte oil preven he fears
of coe naps ws von Soil 1h pnt te be aA
il conde ely.

np
5 . The question addressed to the witnesses regarding the prohiston of
the hemp drugs (No. 35) was so framed 1s to elicit

the first place opinions 8 to the easily of such

a measure, The considerations beating upon the

subject wera also et forth inthe form of subsidiary questions. The question
whether the witnesses advocated probibiion was not specifically put, b
fs not diffcalt, comparing the ansters o the questions sbove mentioned with
those relating {0 other questions, to decide wha the opinion of each witness is on

his question. Those who hold decided views bave no doubt. generally stated
them in some portion of their answers, and at all events ample opportunity of

ding 50 was afforded then, A lasger number of the witnesses ase contented
themselves with merely giving an afimative of negative answer to the
questions on the subject. It is impossible t attach much importance to
Such answers. The Commission. have sbstracted them and considered the,

but they feel bound to give far more weight to the opinions of witnesses whose

replies sho that they have formulated an opinion on the desirability of prob

tion, Some account will now be given of these pavers. :

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374 REPORT GF THE INDIAN HEF DRUGS COMMISSION, 180394. [CH. XIV.

S60. Outof the. total of 1,193 witnesses, 575 have expressed a decided
peiog acto of opiion on the question of prohibition. Of these

ull do only 99 advocate it in thei answers, The remainder

are against it. The classification of these witnesses is shown in the folowing.
table —

— [TIT

The only witnesses indeed of the lttr class wha favoue prohibition are three
inthe Penjab, where charas and not garjais consumed.

The most important of these opinions on cither side wll now be specified.
“The mos foncbl opinions in favour of profibiton will be quoted at som: length
onder that the argument fo this view may be thoroughly sppreciated. The
opinions againet proibiion reton numerous to be quoted, but the witnesses
ill be named nde headings seting forth the most prominent views expressed.

570. The eagal witness insane of prion of is consist. of a Sub

Deputy Collector, an Asssaot Surgeon, to Medieal
SEE 5% Peconers, an Honorary Magitst, two zanin:
dae, two pleads, 2 delegate from the ndin Rell
Society, Caleous, the Secstsy to the Band of Hape, Paridur, the Sece-
tary to the Bogea Medical Society, and two Missionaris. The Comission
cannot find much to quote from these opinions, but the (loving are
{orile

(s39) Delegate, Indian Relif Succy, Caleatts, Babu Amrita Krishna

Mullick, BA, BLL. : Ate quoting oficial and medical opinions relating to the
injuriousness of gan, the Society endeavours to show that the cultivators of the

hemp plant lose largely by thei accopation, nd maint that its the duty ofthe
Government to come to thei rescue by abalishing it. The Society maintains

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Ci. XIV.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189554. 375

thatthe privation to the consumers woud not be: serous, and that it is ice to
suggest any drog more deleterious than gania to which they could take, The
Society contends that the alleged religious sanction to the us of the drugs is a
fallacy, and refers to the opinions of several pandi in support ofthis view. The
Society argues that to meet the deficit in the revenae, which would be shout 24
aks per annum, the salaries of European ofcers should be cut down, the duties
on cotton goods reimposed, and the income-tax incressed with an enhanced
taxable minimum. Savings would be fected by reduction of establishment and
by decreased cost of lunatic asylums.

(338) Scretary, Band of Hope Tamperance Suciety, Faridpir, Bab

Puna Chandra Maitra: "This Society begs to urge upon the Comission
to consider the justice and propriety of just, benign, and Christian Government
toallow cultivation and sl ofa dug which bas been excluded from some connie,
andin England doubly protected inthe poison at” The witness argues thatthe
drug has been unreservedly condemned by eminent doctors as one of the most
dangerous poisons known, as the most potent cause of lunacy, and as the most
pernicious and deleterious of all exctants vec in use n any couniy” He ads
mits that there ave a number of ogi, sanyasis, flies, and mendicants addicted
to ganja smoking, but states that ganja smoking. forms no pat of thei religion,
and thee is not 4 single Hindu or Mshammadan religous book which sanctions
the use of ganja. "No real disaffection can under the beoign le of the Beish
Government bo seriously apprehended, and, even nthe event of there being such
apprchension, the fact shoud not be lost sight of that the Government in this
ease ill bave the support ofthe bulk of the population.” He alleges that guoja
produces crime, and that the taxation, mounting to 32 lakhs, i & denn on the
poverty-stricken and half-famished. people of Bengal. He finds it dificlt to
suggest a substitute for gana, but figuor may be one, and a peculiar prepara.
on of strong tobacea may also serve the purpose.

(130) Secretary to Bogen Medical Sciely (10 members), Pyari Sanker

Dass Gupta, L. 1.5. "The probibiion will give rise to no politica danger.
he ganja smokers have very litle inflnce over society. The Government
as faced questions of a great rligiaus character, 45 the Suitee or the Age of
Consent Act, with boldness, This 1s comparatively a minor question afecting.
only depraved men”

(203) Reo. IV. B. Philips Missimary.: * What with liquor and. opiom
and hemp drug of various kinds, all iensed by Government, it does seems if
he population were terribly exposed to degrading influences, It snot my prove
ince face the difficult task of dealing with these evils and 1 sincerely sympa
ie with the Goveroment inthe heavy duty of solving the grave problems nvoled.

But do fe it my duty to st forth as strongly as possible the assurance tht very

much mischief is bing worked in the country by the various intoxicants so
freely and largely sold. T hardly cae to distingoish between ofium, lobo, and
ganja. Lregard them all a bad. My mind is so impressed with the vil fects
of excessive use that 1 do got care to consider the moderate wie. 1 would wish

Government to begin vith gan, o proceed vith ile delay against opium, and
thea tackle alcohol. Tprefe this 2s a mattes of policy, as ganja.is easet dest:
with, Tam prepared to prohibit all three intoxicants on account of the xl
which see done by them.”

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216 REPORT OF THE INDIAN EM? DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893:94{CH. XIV.

(81) Keli Das Mukerji, Sub-Depuy Collator : Aes advocating probibi-

ton of ganja on the grounds of the evl effects, 3nd sating tht there vould
be no danger from the discontent caused oving to the small number of the
consumers, the witness proceeds: The reasons usualy put forward in favour
of gasja consemption ace as follows: (1) that Hindu fears and jogis cannot co
without it, for it helps them in thee religious contemplation, and sustaing them

under sevre exertion and exposure; (3) that it is a safeguard against disease
in malaions tracts and (3) that it serves the labouring classes a a receshing
Siulant, aleiating fugue, 1 do. not think that any of these reasons i cons
elusive though plausible. In fact, none of them stands th test of close examin
aon. If any intoxicating drug is at all necessary fo friars and jogs, alcoho,
opium, o sid may serve the purpose. Eight Kinds of intoxicating drugs are
prescribed in the Tastas for Hindu devotees, and it is optional with them to
take sny if they care 10.40 50 At aller vse That gan is 2 safeguard
against disease in malarous tracts is not necessaly eve... + Even
25 4 stimulant and remover of tie, ganja has very lide to recommend it to
the labouring classes. A careful observation is sue to establish
the fact that any ordinary labourer whose only stimulant is tobacco is on the
whole beter workman than his ganja. consuming brother,”

$71. Iti impossible to quote the mass of opinion against probiiton of

agi penser G31, bt th following analysis of ome tho most
ETE prin: opiion wl give sn ide af th src
ofthese onionsi—

(1) Prokiitin impossible or wnccsssary, ar could not be enforced with.

out a large presente establishment,

(9) Hest D. R. Lys sy Member, Bord of Revesoe.

6) te. Westcott, Commissioner.

9) i. Pic, Collet
(05) i. Shen, Cleo,

(a) Me. Jenin, Collet,

07) i. Gaps, Commision of Excise,

40) Ganenden Nth Pl Duty Colctor,

C07) Me 1M, Westheal, Mssager, Novas Essien Tppers.

(2) Prabiition ould be. strongly resented by religions mendicants, ar

sould be regarded as an interference with religion, or ould
be likely to become a political danger,

6) Here D. R. Lyall 1, Member, Bowed of Revesse.

0) Mi. Westimacot, Comision.

(19) Ne. Mani, Colltr,

08) Me. Hove, Clic,

(46) bie. Mindi, Costar,

3) Me. Boe, Depay Commisionce,

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 ei SIO)
CH. XIV.] REFORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. 371

(63) Aa Cun Mok, Depry Colctr

(63) Kat Blas Se, Depty Colts of Exc

(069) Masao Bd Si Jones Mok Tiger, Ks

670 Rodbtn Chor Se, Zinio.
079) Faghoranis Pa, Zasita
189) Jogends Kibo Ra Chches.

[EN ——
(oo) Naber Chad Mic, Chin, pay,

9) Me iets Manger, Nig Sx

a0) Birds Banas, Peder, Newspaper Eo, Chiraan, Burst Meni.
cuts,

650) Ditto, Mose

6) Jndtaas Sl, Vice Cc, Arsh Nica
(0) Prabiition might lad to the ws of dhaurs or other intosicnts
rat than ganja.

on Me Jenin, Cot,

49) Gaara Nath Pu, Dat Clit

(63) Kents Bsa Sen, Depty Colectr of Exe

G61) Mats Git, Roy Bada.

068) Raja Su Kents Achy, Bade
067) Rad Bt Chad, Ral Badr
a5) Sct, Raji Avion
(17) Birds Bros Plnder, &e.

$73. Th oiions in fev of prion of gars Assam ar thowof

Tr Chil Sugeon, the Sectary tothe Tespe Rays
Sn Sm psn, The Scretry to the Upper Asam
Aeminion 8 meschant, and » pnsoned Overs Public Works Depart,
ed meres of a Local Boar. There i noting expeclly to ate fn these
bien
S73. Agen probiiton we. hav the Commision f te Ass Vly,
A be Commissioner of Exc, the Distr of Lud
ntdsn pit. Records and Agriculiurs, an Officiating Deputy
Comission, a Gvl Surgeon, an Bera Astant Commisione, 3 mic)
pecitions, foe Beaders, and et lant.

Me. Drberg, Commissioner of Excise, says: Ie would b usles to pri

bit the use of ganja in a province like Assam, susounded asi is by independent
bill popl, who wold cultivate i inthis bills and smoggle i down with fe
Fk of detection. Any probibiton wil oly lead to the increase of lic con
fumpton. and to the secre use of th drug, which would be decidedly bad of
“our, stop eaivation in Bengal, and the proibition of the use of cite yaa
Could be nforeed but there would be seious discontent, though i his provice
»

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18 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1898-94. [CH. XIV.

e ight not amon to a polties! danger, and the prolibiion would be fallowed
by recourse to opis, and in soe cases to alcohol". The evidence of planters
ende generally to shor that the use of ganja. by thé garden ceolies, who (ex
Gept a the western disticts of the Assam Valley and those of the Suta
Valley, al f which order on Bengal) are the principal consumers, produces no
serious ellecta, There is nothing in any of the Assam evidence. to. controvert
these views.

S14. The advocates of rotibiion of ganja and charssin the North-Westees

Mbwuien moma, Provinces a60. 23 folios: 6. subordinate civil ol
Weert GEr3, 9 subordinate medical oficers and private
‫ و‬medical praetiionert, ad 18 noncolielnls: But
ew of these witnesses give any reasons for theie opinions. And the Core
sisson are not able 1o quote ay one of them as having any special weight.
“The osly epision which 1t appears worth while to quate Ts that of a Colettor
(Ms, Adis (o), wo does not, hoverer, speciSeslly recommend prehibiion
He says: "IC probably weld be feasible to prohibit the use ofall these drugs,
Pabie opisios is agalest diir use, and the people are very cbedient to suthorty.
The prokibiion would certsinly end to the increased wse of opium and slcohl

$08. On the other hand, the opinions against prohibition are very strong.
(Oplless sgrist rutistjea, The folloving is an analysis of some of the most
important =

Cu) Prohibition impossible or wnecessary, or could nat be enforced without a

derge preveutine establishment.

(1) Howe A. Cadell Mersber, Doard ol Revenue.

(6) Me: Stoker, Comaissioner of Excise.

(ta) Me, Browarigg, OFeisting Deputy Cernmissioner,

(so) Me. Partsidge, OFiating Deputy Conissione

B) Mr. Jackson, Collector.

(te) Me, Tweedy, Collector,

ta) Me, Spencer, OFciating Collector,

C34) Mr, Cockburs, Assistant Sub:Depety Opium Agent

g2) Me, Robart, Jolt Magistrate,

(a8) Rasa Shankar, Assistant Collector,

aa) Me. Rogers, Assistant Commissioner.

(191) Kaawar Kundan Siagb, Zamindar.

(a) Prokibition sould be strongly resented by veli mendicants, or would.

be regarded as on tuterference with religion, or sould be i ely to become

e political danger.

(t9) Me Browatigg, Of ing Deputy Commissioner,

BY Mr Jackson, Collector

ro) Me. Tweedy, Cellecter

‘(a6 Me: Cockbarn, Aseistaat Sub:Depety pis Agent:

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 NG: SA Sti Si i dw
Ci. XIV] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1805:94 479

(01) te. Gils, Avant Collector,

05) Rama Shakar, Aint Colector,

48) Padi Bisbsbar ath, Depa Colston,

68) Me. Broce, Asta Collector,

(55) Pandit Se Lal, Oitn Jot Mage,

85) Kel Ram, Zamindar,

a3) Mr. Fich, Phases,

(150) Bas Deo Saba, Zamindar.

(o21) Syd Nabad Nu, Zamiar,

(3) Probitition might iad to uss of diatura. ar other intoxicants worse than
ganja or charas.

6) te. Stoker, Comisiner of Excise

45) Me Peaed, Calfcton,

(68) Me. Bree, Asstt Cllstor,

(51) Tabor Taken Singh, Degoty Collector,

Pe. 576. The advocates of the prohibition of chiaras

Opis positon. i the Puna ave 2s follows —3 superior civil off
cers, 5 subordinate civil officer, subordinate medieal officers, ad 10 non
officials.

1 may be noted that Mr. Ogiloe, Financial Commissioner in charge of

Exc (3), seconds the following opinion: * I am inclined 0 hold the opin
1m, though I am not quite satisfied on the subject, that the use of charas is so

dcleerioss hat it might be permissible, both on grounds of morality and uty,

for its use to be prohibited or for the price of the drug to be so anifcally
ised 3s to confine its consumption 0 3 very small number indeed. The
reason why 1 say that | am not quite satished on the point is because | have not

suffciendy investigated the facts. Al that | can, therefore say with ceraity is
that my opinion tends to the diection above’ INEHEdrrmns 1woud abe
serve, however, with regard to the Yarkand trade that the imposition of duty so
as 10 be practically prokibitive would very considerably inure tht trade,
because the Yarkand trader in exchange fo the chaas takes back the products of

the Panjab to is own country orto Kashmir. The extinction or serous injry of
the Yarkand trade would, of cours, be a very regrelable circumstance, On the
other hand, from my personal knowledge as Deputy Commissioner of the Dera
Ismail Khan Dissict, I would say no harm would acerue to gener trade on
the western border from the probibition of charas.”

ty. Galdtream, Deputy Commissions (5), though he does ot. seem 10

have formod a deft apiion regarding the moderate use of the drugs, ey
+The gradual stoppage of import of ganja and charas might be ried. Its not as
yeta very widelyspread abe but it ight grow, Tewould case ‘grat pain
20d discontent if the proibiion wre sudden and comprehensive, but this would
not. amount to polical danger. A. prokititory measure regarding gan ani
charas would no doubt be followed at nce by a recourse to opium and alco.

Siti oa
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 ——
80 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1895-94. [CH. XIV.

1 can qi bein the moderate accion se f the drugs may be compara

ively hams but 1 am not are tht they ae commonly used occasionally
and modeaon. They may, however be 0 sed fo al | kaon.”

Ur. Wien, Deputy Commisioner (14), sags thas he. should lke to ses
the experiment made in selected disrcts of prohibiciog trade in charas (snd
bhavg) alogether, As regards. charas he thinks the prohibition would be
feasible, 3s it is imported, and the discontent would be insignificant. He
Knows of no class, such 26 labourers, who take the drug in moderation as
an ordinary simular, Among fakirs and other excessive consumers, he thinks
the tse produces great evils, and that there is no more harmful drug. which
they are likely to take to. He does not know anything of the use of dhatura
except its administration as a poison. He thinks sudden prohibition would
be cruel. He would therefore begin by taxation and gradually raise it, leaving
the question of total probibiton to be decided by experience.

“The evidence of Arjan Singh, Extra sistant Commissioner (19), is much

to the same fect but he states that the use of dhatura is general among the
folloers of Siva a the Shiva inthe Ders. Ghazi Khan distict, He says
itis tlkennvery smal quan, so that is ccs amos imperceptible.

General Mill (69), formely Distt Supssinendent. of Police, would

ke to see ll ntoicans pukiited which camo be proved o be actually
don of the hep dogs feasible, and that
“neligent natn public opinion, which 0 2 great extent leads tha of
the lover clases, would suppor roibidan. Discontent at fst. among the
degraded classes would be ineiable, but there would be no pola danger,
hough tact and icredon would be needed snd cslm-minded European of
atthe helm. He feas tha recourse to alcohol would be the res,

Shek Rias Husain, samindar (67), thinks that “ having, regard for the.
welfare and good of the people which the Bris Government has in view, the
prohibition of the hemp drogs (including bhang) is imperative necessary.
Loyal and intelligent subjects and well-wishers of the country would welcome
the proibion, though the unscrupulous habitual consumers would inde dislike
it. Butas it would be for the good of the peaple, it i not hoped that say class
of persons would resent it. The enforcement of the prohisition should be eflected

like other new favs and regulation, exceptions being made to some extent i the
case ofthe existing old habitual consumers, because ts sudden stoppage would
cause them serious privation. The discontent resulting would not amount to 3
polical danger. 1 it were posible to make charas as expensive 2s alcohal, that
‘would be one way of dealing with the subject

Sirdar Sujan Singh, Rei Bead, Contractr (53), considers charss 35

certainly most njorous, and tins is se should most cry be proiitd,
does no goad to anybody. There ato not many Aakers who take ft. Those
wb do, go to the bad. He does not Know of the use of dhatura 8 a toxicant,

“The use of madaand chandu’s more injurious than chaas, ad they alo should
be probiited as well as liquor, He woud no recommend immedi profi,
but would ut on such tax, increasing it gradually, as to make it. possible
for the majority of people £0 buy them at all.

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 (Ci. XIV] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1805-04. 281

Dr. A. M. Clark, Missimary (46), would Tike to see charas prokibied if

it were possible. He thinks, however that aleohal docs more harm than chars,
He cannot blisve that a moderate use of chars is possible. Fakir and devotees
ar the cif consumers.

Desi Dayal, Editor of the Kastha Mitra, Lahore, Gvesltion 00 copes (85),
says: “If charas be called poison (fel, kiling, murdering drug), i 1s not a xg.
geration of any ind. [tis a great vic to smoke charas, May God not give this
even in the lot of a fe. Only just people 38 have bad luck get engaged
inthis vies. Gosernment will do their subjects 3 very great obligation by
saving them fom early death and whirlpool of destruction snd fun. My
present belief is tha thee is no such thing 1s modertion In the use of charas,

because, when a charsi visit another, be offers him the chillin, snd. they
smoke in company. The smoke is thus repeated frequently.” Consumers
acknowledge that they would have no complaint; and if Government wee to
prlibit the uso of haras to-morrow, the bad habit would de out of self

Ganesh Das, Plader, and President, Surin Sebha, Hoshiarpur (77); Charss
is consumed by shoemakers, musicians, Jogi, sanyass, and suthr fake, nd
by some Khatis and Brahmins. The physical efces are very bad, and most
consumers become incapacitated for work and lead a miserable If. The sub-
committee of the Sarin Sabla appeined to consider the subject recommend

pro Enquiry vas not made from medical experts, Consumers vould
ot ake to other ncoxicants, because_the intoxication of charas is not Fike
that of opium or other intoxicants. The greatest loss would be that of the
traders of Hoshiarpur sad Ameitsar, who take merchandise to. Ladakh and
Yarkand and bring back charas.

$77. The folloving is an analysis of some of the

isn sgn presi of
most important evidence against proibiion —

(1) Probitition impossible or wunecesiary, or coud mot be enforced. without

large presentise establishment,
(4) Hr, Rive, Fit Fisncial Comisionce.
0) br. Ther, Comaissane
©) Mr bso, Depety Commissioner.
(8) Ms. Noconsaie, Depety Commissioner.

(29 Me. Drumnond, Depa Commisioner:

66) Kasi Syad Aad, etcd Goreramentserast,

(a) Prohibition sauld bs strongly. veented by seligions mendicants, or would

Be regarded os an iuteference with religion, or would be likely to become

a political danger.

(3) Mr. Thorbar, Commisiner

(6) Mr beso, Deputy Comission.
(10) Me. A Anderson, Depaty Comisiosr.
(8) Mo. Macosschie, Degety Commisianer.

(19) Me. Dranosd, Degusy Commissioner.

(a9) Mi, Brows, Oficitog Deputy lespector.Geneal of Plc,

Torr cd
n

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 (55) Thakur Da, Ral Bader, Assistant Svgeon,
(59) Bhagwan Dass, Asistat Surgeon.

(25) Mbamd Urals Kiss, Kbsa Bebader, Hosocsey Eten Asstt Cor

(67) Mohammad Bskat All Kian, Kian Babadar, eed Estes Assistant Commis

(61) Baba Koa, Honarsy Nigistte,

(a3) Gojoe Mal, Trader,

(60) Jaws Bag, Trader,

( Probistion might ed ows of dictursor ater intsiants sors thon

eharar,

(79) BaP. C. Cote, Judge Chit Ct.

Ye. nde, Deity omisions,
Rul Bitar Ban Do, Ets Arita Commisinr.
(s) Taas Da, ada, Aviat Seren.
(0) Mama But Al Kin, Kin Badr ie Er Asian Coe
ie
49 Likoue on Merchant.

$13. Thete ar nly eo wets the Cenral Prine wh advocate the

prbition of gna. Hooray Sargeonor Hardsen (5, on the reed
Cami, "Tt, employed in (he Kalabaodi Ste, advocates
Sm yin, which would cause dscomens
be oot any ious danger. The. potion would na doubt be lowed by
couse to eal and ober smal? The aber is a peasoned hospi
stat wh ali advocates gradual prin,

pon «$79. The olloving is an analysis of some of the

pl r= most important evidence against prohiition :—

(1) Prob ton impossible ar wnceessary, or end nat be enforced without a

lange precentise establishment

0) Ne. Net, Judi Commissioner.

4) i. Losi, Ofcining Sectary to Ci Comission,
(4) Colonel Bowie, Comisine.
9) Me. Drake Beockina, Ofatig Biss Cominione,
(9) De. Prat, Col Surgeon
66) Re. Irae Jc, Mision.

(2) Proton sau be strongly resented by religious medicants, or wenld be

regarded as an ineferene. with religion, o would be fkly fo cme
policed donger,

(0) Xe. Net Joc Comision

0) Me, Las, Ofc Scretay to Ci Cosion
@) Cosel Bri, Consens.

Cy ——
@ Me. Aner, Oia Commins,

a1) Mi. Lowe, Oficnting Depty onset of Fret

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‘Cit. XIV.] REPORT OF THE INDIAX HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893:94, 83

(07) Bat Birt, Supeateadens, Kalabasd Sse,

(69) Rev. ae ac, Misionary.
(68) Rex, Oscar Lok, Missionary.

(3) Vissyl Dalston Kiar, Excise Dacga.

(59) Lal Norges igh Zamndse,
47) Mi dad A, Honora Magis.

(© Probibition might lad fo wsa.of dhaturs or oer intusicants worse than

0) Me Nit od

(6) ie. Drake-Brocks, Offi Excise Comasonr.

(9) Dr. Preti, Ci Surgeon.
(64) Rao Sib Bilwsatas Goviden este, gic

S60 Tho Mada wins in favour of, proibion re Gil Sign,

i + sbordinste cil offs, a medical pacivonet
amb sta oaa e, nd xmiore
Dr. King (85) says: *The restriction of the sie of ganja under condi
ions sirila_(0 those required for poisanous drags in Great Briain would be sn
unqualified blessing to the country, thus contrasting vith th action taken aginst
‘opm, which agitation | belie to be unnecessary and. mischievous, 1 consider
special measures shoud be taken to. retain the use of ganja. by sepoys, and
especially to prevent the young sepoy fom acquiing the habit” In oral examina
tion, howe, Dr, King stated as follows: My opinion of the eflet of the
moderate use in impaiing the moral sense and inducing aginess, cic, ina
general impression and not based on acual observation, My impression is
based on the fact that persons alleged to have been ganja smokers have pre
sented these characteristics, They were pointed out 35 notorious ganja
smokers, 1did not discrininate in these cases between the moderate and

Syad Makssud (122) sags: "Ie an unquestionable fact that anf, bang,
and charas re poisons, and. this fact is adnited by all. In my opinion thei
suppression watld be 30 act of virtue deserving of future reward, but iis ot
advisable to suppress ther use at once. Hs suppression should be reguited
ander certain les without any Toss to the State. To the best of my knowledge
chars,

Re. Mr. Loftamme (153), speaking on behal of the Baptist Missionary

Conferences of the Presidency, advocates prohibition in these ters: Owing to
the scarciy of shops n thes pacts, practical prohibition exists, Much thats
consumed is consumed lll. The introduction of the license system seems
to have hd no appreciable fect on the use of the drugs. The ganja is marly
ll grown by the consumers in their own yards” “The. drugs should all be s0
afeguarded 25 to prevent of minimize any possible harm resling from their
busin The general sense of the peopl is opposed fo the use of the drugs”
‘So ar a5 the witness ca gather, the members ofthe Mission are united in tho

belie that in these pats ep droga are fr les jurious than opium and loll;

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 234 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS CONMISSIO? 180394. (CH. XIV.

thus far that the later are not only much more extensively uted, but much more.

baleal in thei fects. Two othe missionaries, though neutral in opision, are worth.
quoting. Rea. dy. Pitendrih, Missionary (160), says that he would have ult
‘mate proton in view f possible, but there is not much ground for special inter-

ference in anything that he bas seen. Another Missionary, the Rev. Mfr. Goffe
(145), cannot undertake to criticise the present oc any system of excise
administration. His impression is that Government would be wise to adopt a
ccly “letlone™ policy, leaving to the spread of educationand enlightenment
among the people to. prevent and lessen all its effects. The province of Gov-
eroment should be carefully o watch such effects, and wherever and whenever
necessary interfere with prohibitive legislation. Such necessity, however, in his
opinion would no often ose.

581. Among those whoare opposed to prohibition,

Ons in prt.
the evidence of the following witnesses may be
quoted:i—

ithont a
(©) Prob io impose or wnneseszary, or coud ot Be enforced
large precentice establishment.

0) Howe C. 5. Cro, Mir, Bose of Revenue.

©) Me. Wilk, Collcter.

(12) Mi. Bae, Collector,

(19) Raja K. C. Maseedsn, Collector,

(25) Me, Campll, Sb-Cllcor.

(3), Levy, Acting Deputy Calton, Sat snd Aka,

(2) Protibitio ould be strungly resented by religions mendicants, or wonld

be regarded as an terference wilh religion, or wand be litsly to become
a pelticel danger,

© ew 4, Cater,
1) Me. Stoke, Color,
6) de. Sewell, Colt,
3) Me. Levy, Acting Deputy Calcio, Slt snd Abas
(84) De. Walker, Civil Surgeon,

03) Dr. we, Civil Sargon,

© avs Na: 10 AY
Pantages, Assent Calctar,
(3) Me. Camel, Sal Calton,
1S. A.M. Maju Miyyah Sot, Medics! Prsciionce,

(3) Prabivition might ead to use of diatura or ofher Sutoxicants arse than
soja.
Me Canphel, So Collector,

59 For the prion of gens or chars in Bombay snd Sin,

sa hav Ui loving adveceps ‘Boring og
mantis, & hosp) seis, and + pedo
Sind 4 hd ofr, us hcg soon, nd 3
Thr i ao much tht nnd be qui fom the oso of
hee visss, maybe. sted ta the Hohl T. >. Mosk Gon
mii of Aha, wi (3), bids Gt 1h. okey of Goreme

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(Ci. XIV.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189594. 435

relation to the hemp drugs should be one of resticion, as far as restriction

is possible, and that, if absolute probibivon were possible, he thinks it
would be a good thing. Owing, however, to the fact that the trritoris of the
Bombay Presidency interlace 50 extensively with frega tecitory, and to
the feclng which would-be aroused among the consumers and those who
sympathize with them, it would ia bis opinion be impossisle or undesirable.
The Secretary to the Arya Samaj in Bombay (109) states that while fully
aympathising with the objects ofthe Commission, which are apparently understood
to be the restriction or prohibition ‘of the drugs, the Arya Samaj “is of
opinion that say Goreramental action in the direction of further restricting
the preparation and sale of the drag will be rodctive of very litle good. The
Samaj believes that education of the masses the only proper and efective
remedy for correcting such baaefel habits, and fears that any compulianin
this matter is Tey to drive the consumers of these comparatively nnocoaus
drugs to. the use of more injurious inoxicants that are plenciully supped
to the people ike the various preparations containing aleohol” Tho Samaj
prays tha the Government wil devise measures for th resection of the sale of
European iquor in India, and leave the hemp drags to themselves. The enly
thorough advocate of prahiion whose opinion is worth specifying is Rao Sabib
Sesh Krisea Madiavi (41), who considers such probisicion very necessary, ind
Holds that, although there would be temporary discontent among the consumers,
eh discontent would rot amount to a poidal danger, the people fn this part
of the county being logal and of mild ure, nd the proportion of the. persons
using bag 41d gar to the general popultion beng too small to be taken
into consideration.”

595 On tho other hand, th opinions against prohibition are weighty. The
piss zs roi, Following may be specially quoted

(1) Pratititive ispossble or wmeccssary, or cond wot de enforced withost a

Turge presentise establishment.

Bombay.

1) Howl T. D. Mackeasi, Commsionr of Aba, ce,

(9) Mr. Vil, Chet Secetaey to Generar,
(0) Me. Moncat, Collect.
43) Me. Cumin, Actin Collector

Vince, co, Ocining Commissioner of Poli

Babar Vidhvarath Kesha Jgler, Moreant.

(008) Dai Af Klar, Hasoray Sceetay, Est lian Associaton.

(a) Profiition would be po resented by re

be regarded as an. interference with religion, or would be likly to
decane political danger.

Bombay.

(4) Howble T: D. Macken, Comission of Abkas ec

0) Mr. Reig, Commissioner, 2

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286 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1898-94. [CH. XIV.

(te) Mr, Mosteatly Collector.

(8) Me, Lely, Collector,

(s9) Me. Foard, Seperintendent of Police.

(s3) Me. Austin, District Saperintendent of Police.

(54) Mr, Kennedy, District Saperistendeat of Police,

(s8) Kan Babadar Dadabhaî Depety Collector.

(38) Me. Alon, Assistast Collector of Abkari:

(46) Yastvastrso Nilkasth, Seperintendent, Offce of Survey Commissioner.

(toq) Desaibbai Kalidas, Pleader,

(46) Balksishes Narayan Vaidija, State Karbbari.

a9) Rai Sahib Ganesh Pandarang Thakur, Mamlatdar,

(tro) Rai Bahadur Visbranath Keshav Joglekar, Merchant.

(reo) Farbturanm Jeewaaras, Valêya,.

Nane Mîza B. Shelly Mus

(i) Me. James, Commissioner in Sind.

(o Khan Bakadur Kadisdad Khan, Khas CE Depaty Collector,

8) 8. Sadik Ali, Deputy Collector

(25) Seth Visbindas Nilalehand, Zamindar and Merchant.

than genes
(3) Prohiition might lead to use of dhatwra oF other tutoxiconts worse

Bombay.

(i) Hose TT. D, Mackeasle, Comenissioner of Abla, ete.

(6) Mr. Sinelsie, Collector.

(53) Me. Vincent, Cat, OFelating Corsmissioner of Police.

(4) Yasvanteao Nillasth, Seperintendest, OlBce of Survey Corsmissioner,

(6a) Rao Sabib Pranshankac, Inspector of Police.

(ros) Ramcbandes Krisbea Ketbarale, Inamdar.

tg) Secretary, Arya Samaj, Bombay.

Bq. From the minor administrations in Berat, Ajmere, Coorg, and Guetta
Peshin, there are no opinions requiring special
‫ د‬notice. The statistical detail bas been given in
the table in paragraph s69.

Bs. A general review of the evidence relating to the question of prohibition

Guent redtuiees lnragurg o. OF BSj2 and charas brings the Commission to the
ef rotaien af elay Bens, same conclusion as that which they have framed
2 upon a consideration of the evidence on the as-
certained eflects alone, The weight. of the evidence above abstracted is almost.
entirely against prohibition. Not only is such a measure unnecessary with refer
ence to the eects, but it is abundantly proved that it is considered unnecessary.
‘or impossible by those most competent to fora an opinion on general grounds of

experience; that it would be strongly resented by religious mendicants, or would be.

regarded as an interference with religion, or would be likely to become a political

danger ; and that it might lead to the vse of dhatura or other intoxicants worse than.

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 |

Cit XIV.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189594, 387 i

ganja. Apart from al this, ther i another considerstion which hss been rgedin
some quarters with a manifestation of strong feling, and to which the Cone
i

mission ac disposed to attach some importance, sir, that 0 epress the hemp
]

droga in India and to leave alcohol lore would be misunderstood by. & lage
number of persons who believe, and apparently not without reason, that more harm
is done in this country by the later han by the farmer, The conclusion of
|

the Commission regarding bhang bas been given in paragraph 564; under all
the circumstances they now unhesiatingly give theic verdict against such a
Vilent measure as total probibiion in respect of any of the hemp drugs,

586. Failing probiiion, th question arises, what shoud be the policy of the
Petey rept sop tps. Goverment i 1egard to the hemp drugs? On this
point some important evidence has been recorded,
and the Commision deem it tobe within the scope of thei uty o state in general
term this own conclusions. In the first place, thn, hey are of ogivion (hat in
view of the barmfolefects produced by the excessive us, and i exception cases |

even by the moderate use, of the rags, the action of the Government should be

directed. towards restraining the formes and avoiding all encouragement to the
latter, The abject should be to prevent the consumers, a fa 13 may be possible,
from ding harm to themselves and to lessen the inducements to the lormationof

the baie which might lead to such harm, In aiming at this object however, other
considerations need to be kept in view. There isin the first lace the question of

illic consumption. 1f the resrction imposed by Government is counteshalnced

by a corresponding Increase in smuggling, no advaniage is gained, but, on the
contsey, moral wrong is done to the community apart from the annoyance
necessitated by such estitions. Then, if there i a legidmate use of the drugs,
esuicions should not be such as to make the exercise of this use impossible
“The Commission have formed the opirion that there i legitimate use of the
hemp droge, and that it exists generally among. the poorest of the population,
Again, if the resticions lead t the us of more deleterious substances, or even
rive the people. from habis the vil of wich is known to another of which the

vil may be greater, they are no longer justifiable. The palicy of Government
must be tempered by al these considecations, and the neglect of any ove of
them may lead to serous ere.

587. In this connection an objection to the present system, which has been

Outs oi reverend by some fo ofthe witnesses, deserves a brief

pin notice. They havelaid down the maxim that the Gor
ernment should not deriv revenue from the vices of the people and stating rom

this theory they condemn th taxation of the hep drugs. Now, if the habit of
using the hemp druge were so disastrous as to cal for suppression and such supe

pression wese possible, the conclusion would be just. But tis is not the Commis-
Siou's view, aad the policy which the Government bas generally adopted. of
Setricting the use b taxation i in thei opiien thesight one, Taxatanby self
Goes not imply encouragement, though the methods by wich ii raised may, if
ot guarded, tend to encouragement, And this is pakaps the tendency which
the witnesses above alluded 10 ean to cricse. As regards the taxing
of intoxicants generally, the Commission cannot do better than quote from
a standard work on poliical sconomy by Professor Henry Sidgick
(Chapter VIII, paragraph 7): “ Generally speaking it is desirable to select

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263 RBRORF OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [CH. XIV.

for taxation commodities of which the consumption is not likely to be

restricted o any great extent through the desie to avoid payment of the tax,
as all such restriction increases the excess of the loss to the public caused by
the ax over and above the gain to the Treasury, since the persons who are
driven to consume commodities which they do not like so well suffer a manifest
Toss of wily. But there is one exceptional case very important in our own
system of taxation in which this principle docs. not apply, vie, where the
commodity taxed is lvgely consumed in excess of what is salotary. So far as
such excess is prevented by the ta, the restriction of consumption is positively
beneficial tothe commanity ; and though legislative intererence wich the sole
object of iting the consumption of dangerous. commodities is emphatically
‘condemned by advocates of natualiberty, they have not forthe most part pushed
their antagorism so far 4s to mainain that the selection of taxes ought
not to be. partly inflenced by this consideration.” In the opinion of the
Commission, the general principle may be fearlessly asserted that i i ight to
taxintoricants; and the higher they are taxed the beter, provided the comidera-
tions mentioned inthe last paragraph aze no ost sight of. The primary abject
of such taxation shold not be the enhancement of the révenue, but the control of

the babi and, if tis end is keptin view, th revenue which lowsinto the Truasury
from this source need be viewed with no. more. suspicion than the fines on
criminals for breaches of the aw. it is necessary to. put briefly in words a
description of what the policy of the Goverment should be in regard to
the heap drugs, it would be someulat a follows: To contol their use, and
especialy thei harmful usc, fn such 3 mammer 2s to avoid a worse evil, ud,
eubject to this proviso, to tas them a fully as possible.

588. 10 order to bing sbost such control as will enable Government to dest

Swim esa, © the question, systematic weatient

# is neelvary. The system approved for one province.
mst be reversed i the nest, A standard of administration consistent with

tec vast ie ut before the Nace Sates, which in many cases are tercad with
rh testy, or it will be impossible for thin to cooperate, On thie subject
the evidence of Mr. J. Wo Neil, Judicial Commissioner, Central Provinces,
sy be quel. He sags: + 1 ik in the ease of adr so generally consumed
sa gun, dhe system of sation and control should be, if ot uniform for all
provinces, yot on somewiat the same lines, and that the tax should fal if not
at the sume ate, sll at such rates that thre should be no great temptation fo
smuggle from ane paet of Dish India into another.” Iti doubtless oving to
the. same fecling that Mr. Cadell, Member of the Board of Revenue, North
Western Province, records lis onion that “the present system of taxation

(those provinces) is not worthy of malotenance,” and that * other Governments

Should nut alter ates of taxation where other provinces are concerned without

consuling them," This is also wo doabt what underlies the opinion of the
Madras Board of Revenue given in March 1893 that “restrictions will gradually
have to bo placed on the calivaion, posession, and transport of ganja.” In this
connection the opinions of Me. Vidal, Chief Secretary to Government, and Mr.
Reid, Comissioner in Bombay, may be quoted to the effect that there i no reason

why the hemp drugs should be cheaper in that Presidency than in other provin-
ces; and that of Me, Rivas, First Financial Commissioner i the Punjab, that
hemp drug in tha province ar nsuffccinly taxed

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 ihe
(CH. XIV.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS CONSISSION, 159394. 389

LIE . 5, system of Gor.

$89. The Cammision hase considered. th question of adoping fn respect
Qn of etoes0o of ganja, and possibly also of charas, a system of Gov.

Sen ernment monopely similar tothe opium excise system.

‘The Bengal Government considered thi question both in 1877 and in 1887, and
declined to entertain the proposal. In this province there are naw severe advo
cates of the system, os

(0) How'ble DR. Ly, 1, Menber, Banc of Revenie,

(6) Me. G. Gupta, Excise Comisianer,
(3) Me 1. C. Willams, Colctor,
(43) Me. A.C. Tate, Collctr,

(49) Me, EHD, Skis, Collcto,

9) Me. R. 1. Renny, Deaty Comisiorer,
9) Me. ALE Hara, Ofcain Clear,

and seven other official and non-official witnesses, And Me. Nolo, Comnis.
sion, (7), though he is averse to the idea of 3 Government. monopoly,
advocates the establishment of a single centre for the whole of India from
which the supply of ganja should bo issued, is production being prohibited
in all other places; and adds that the wants of all India could be supplied
from Naogaon. It is almest needless to say tha if such a proposal were
entertained, the monopoly of supply mast rest with the Government, and
the Commission are by no means inclined to think that the arrangement
would be a good one. The argements for a Government monopoly are that the
control of supply, quality, nd. price of the drug would be more complet that
Gosernment would secur the prois now enjoyed by wholesale vendors or other
middlemen; that consumption would be limited to the minimum demand ; and
that the eulivators of the plan would be in 2 better position in having to desl
iret with Government. The Commission have given full consideration to these
argunents, and have arived a the conclusion thatthe abjections to the systom on
the whole outweigh is recommendation, whi th objects above enumersted can
be sufficiently asain without ts adoption. Therein the st place th sentiment.
a objection to Government identiying itself more closely with the taffc—an ob
ction o which, having regard othe best interests of the people, the Commission
are not disposed o attach much weight, while, onthe other hand iis most probable,

ifthe measure were adopted, that th marive would be misunderstood nd th policy

sevarly ericsed by hose who are nit acquainted with the fats. Bat the practical
objections are more serious. The Government would be undertaking an enormous
isk in purchasing the whale of the produce and storing and distbutingit o the
diferent provinces. For ganja or eharas is a perishable commodity 103 grater
degre than opium, and the demand for the whole of India and for most of the

provinces is veey File Known. Again, th establishment of such a system would

cequice sn amount of attention and detaled administration not only involving
large expenditure in the appointment of a separate department, but also much
of the time and energies of superior servants of Government which coud not be

pared from the ever increasing demands of the general adostration. Further,
theaduinistraton of the excise on hemp drugs i in most provinces in a backward

state, and the amangements ae by mo meavs ripe for the assumption by Govern

‘ment of aperations at present conducted by private enterprise under conditions but

imperfectly ascertained. And, ally, such 8 system woud involve complet and
5

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290 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1803.94. [CH. XIV.

nal arangementavith the Native States, which, even if imately practicable,

‘would ake an indefinite time to elaborate 4nd woud probably b regaréed by thers
ith disavosr, Al, therefore tha the Comission are prepared to say in favour
of a Goremment monopoly s that after fll consideration they are abe to i
cover any well landed objection to it on the ground of pbiic morality, ad that in

this apron the Government need nat be deterred from adopting ton his ground.
if the practical objections which have been meationed above are in regard to
any pet of Betis India cite a th present ox at any futur time deemed to
eof less might than the Commission have attached to them.

S90. But while oppose to this amount of inference, th Comision fe

= oma orgy tht vguin infu necessary, and

To hoi fn tre be exceed by the Govenncotof
Sat to sno snes he ie og ls
which prevail in th difiest province and in the Native Stat, A standard
of adnitction an toca csr to th proer tent of the whole
abject Exiting dfereces are 30 grea ht il take me to bing shout
ny measure of wlomiy, but the Commis, 56 will be shown heralic, have
undo reso for mls the. present equals, an no cious obstacle
othe grad] among ofthe difeen ysens,

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 CHAPTER XV.

EXISTING SYSTEMS DESCRIBED.

Sot. The various systems of excise adonnisteaton obtsning in the diferent

st scnia he vaio POViNGES have been described in the memoranda

er wich ace published in Vol. III Appendices. A

bref notice of these systems will be reproduced here, and th question how far
they fulfil the conditions of the policy above noted will then be discussed.

503. The law in ores in Bengal is contained chiey in the Bengal Excise

Besa. Act, VII of 1878, and rules passed thereunder,

The principal provisions are 21 follows im

Without a license from the Collector, the manufacture of ganja, charss, and
Shang, and every preparation and admixture of the same, and. the cultivation of

plants from which they are produced, are probibited (section 5).

No person is slowed o sell ny of the sbove drugs or preparations or adi.

ture of them without license rom the Collector (section 11).

Fes for icenses for reall sale of the above drugs may be fixed by the
Board of Revenue, and will be payable accordingly (section 13).

No license oss are leviable for the privilege of whalessle vend. The limit
for etl sale sas follows: Ganja o bhang, or any. preparation or admisture of
the same, one quarter of a sir; chars, or any preparation or admixture
of the same, 5 tolas weight, No licensed wholesale vendor s allowed to sel
by retail and no Hicensed real vendor is allowed to sell by wholesale, but
the same person may hold a license for wholeeale and reall vend. ~The Besed
may fix a larger quandty as the init for rtal sal (sections 15 and 60).

No culivator of the plants producing ganja or Dhang may sell such plant,
or any ganja o bhang produced therefrom, to any one other than a person duly
hore to purchase the same by pass or license from the Collcta (see-
n 16).

No person, not being a licensed manufacturer or vendor ora person duly

whrized to supply licensed vendors, may have a his possession a greater quan
tity of ganja, chivas, and bang, or any preparation or admisture of the same, than

that specified above 3s the iit or etal sale (secon 17).

The penalty attached to the breach of this. provision docs mot apply to
thorized culivators (section 62).

“The Bose may, with ths sanction of the Local Government, decke tht the
possession of any locign gan, chara, o bhang, of any preparston or admisture
of the same, i absolutely prohibited in any specified tact, or that such posses
sion shall be limited to specified quantities, unless a license bas been granted
for the possession of a large quantity of such article. The Board may fic the
fee or duty payable for such license (section 17.A). Under this section the limit
of legal possession of Garhjat ganja has been fixed at § ols.

“The Bard, wich the sation ofthe Locel Government, may fame les for
prescibig the condidons under which gas, chars, or bb, a any prpaton

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 198 REPORT OF THR INDIAN HENS DRUGS CONNISSION, 189304 (CH. XV.

or admixture of the same, manufactured in any part of British Indi beyond the

teitory to which the Act extends may be imported, and, where no duty has
previously been paid on such articles, the. conditions under which they may be
imported and bonded within such limits (section 19-A).

“The Collector may, with the sanction of the Board, let in farm the duties

leviabl on the abovementioned drugs, o any of them, in any. distict or division

ofa distit (section 30).

The Bosed may prescribe rules for the invitation and acceptance of ten
ders for such farms, for the requisiion of secuity for the due fulfilment of the

engagements entered into by the farmes, and 35 to the form and conditions of
the lease. The Board may regulate the form and conditions of all ieeases gant-
od under the Act (section 38),

“The Bosed may frame roles for the grant of Kicenses or passes to persons

puschasio,sansporing, or staring guns, chara, or hang fr the supply ofthe

Tensed vendors of those drugs, nd may place the cultivation, prepara, and
store of such droga under such supervision 4s may bo deemed necessry to
secur the dty evil thereon (seein 35).

S93 With refesence to the above provisions, the Commission observe that
there is no definition in the Actof * manufacture,”
Munem bt
and that, apart from the prorsision relating to pos
session, the collcton of bang from the hemp plant, which hardly comes under
the designation of “manufacture” does not appear to be prohibited or can.
olled.

So. The system which has been csborated under these provisions of the law
tye emia Bagi: Ras ill now be briefly described. Though the hemp plant

Las rows spontascously in many districts of Dengal, this

fact docs not seem 0 affect the gana administration to any great extent, at ganja,

exceptof a very inferior sort, camo be manufactured fom the wild planta. Cult
vation of the hemp ply ion of ganja is only allowed in an area of
about 64 square miles in the Rajshahi Division, Every cultator has o take out
licens for which no ec is charged. Within the rea above mentoncl, which,
for the purposes of gana adminis

Galletoraf Rejehil, tho Hines dst of Rajshal, Dinsjpor, and

Boga, applications ut nes az granted, unlss there be any valid objection, and
remain i fore for one workiag year. The average area of ganja culivation is
3,220 bighss, equal to 740 acres. What follows isin the words of the Hon'ble
D. R. Lyal, C.5.t, Member, Bosed of Revenue: * The calivation is inspected
by supervisors throughout the. period of growth; the areas. cultivated being com-

pared withthe licenses. The cultivator cuts. his crop not necessarily under the
supers cy, no docs he requir 0 get permission, bt gives days” nice
o his intention to cut. The manofacture is done by th raya at is own option as

to time and place. Tho supervisors move about aad supervise the manufacture
asfar as they can. Practically the bulk of the manufacture is not completed under
the supervisor's eye. When the manufacture is complete, the raiyat carries his
produce to his omn store under the later part of rule 11 of section ax of
the Excise Manual, page 155, there being no public godown large enough to

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(Ci. XV] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1853.94. 363

secsiv the whole crop. A license is given to the raipat describing the quantity
and kind of gana he is allowed to sto, and authorizing him to keep it unc be
disposes of it toa licensed purchaser. The amount i arrived at by the supes-
visors by inspection of the crop after manufacture and the number of bundles

into which its manufactured, The crop is made up by the raat nto +56
bundles, and by long practice the measurement is wonderfully exact, though t is

done by guess. The rats’ stores generally situated clos to bis manufacturing
ground. The vhalesal dealer comes to the akal armed. with 3 license fom i

the Callector of his own district giving the amount he is authorized to

export. He makes bis own arangements with the aiyats, visiag any store he
Tike, and, as fa as | know, unaccompanied by a supervisor of any excite fice,
Having made bis bargain, the dealer brings the gana to the Government gla,
where itis weghed, aad the sal recorded on the ick ofthe ay

as inthe Governmeat books, No pass i required or the removal of the ganja fom
the aiyas' sore to the Government gola. The desler’ consignment a sealed
the Government gola, and then carried by the wholesale dealer under pass to bis

goat the headquarters o sub-division of the place of impart. There is paced

under double lock, one being in the possesion of the dele, and the othr in the

possession of the Excise Deputy Collector. The vhalessle desler sll to

the retsl vendor ac his own price, and the reall vendor sells to the pliic
at is own price except in ane district, where a maxim lit is imposed undec
che rms of the arrangement with the monopolist, This disc is Cotack,
“The right of etal vend i sold by auction.”

595. The above procedure differs in ane important respect from tht pre-
he ae ci cin dt. Scribd in the rules issued by the Board, inssmach

hon ra as these niles contemplate the suring of the

ganja ina public gols, and there is an exceptional provision permiting storage
na private ola, when a culdvator can satisfy the supervisor that be has 4
ascure private place of his own, Hes then allowed 10 store His ganja there
subject to. periodical inspection by the supervisor or his assistants. There is
no public gol fo the storage of the crop, hence the exception. bas become the
ne,

556, Gaia is ot. adil Upon fom any obi Bh province lo

cutest BEE, bi ati grok in the Oda Ti
“abd de Mal (Gut) ipod i aves in shek
quis ita the dics of the Ores Division, Toe ls: starsge and vy
ty on Rashi gan sply adc midendisto Garba xn. Ay vend
cena fo etal Rohl gas my sll Gat. gn nde Ue same eee
Th Baie Commissions ses hat Gas gus n gely savgeed
into Orisa. Ths sujet il be agin mencioned futher an. With this sep

-
{io he row snd tade in. gor in Benge i fry sndr concl The
avs of i evan ar fo. They an a of a pet descrip, ach 1s
growing of a ow plants (vey alten any 3 single pan) inthe corde
of Vous more. fo th spose of win the sn a Bag ha ox maniac.
in pain Cote of npetued sl of gai, hgh compaaivly naar
ener eps es of tence drog by ety deers who hve tsned
Er le om Beene vendors, and. te occur cm the smd shops
bing so ew to ply the Too demand. Th system in Lvce inthe ja

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291, REPORT OF THE INDIAN HENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [Ct XV.

dibs Dn gs soe oppcy tc ics dnl o

he gsi, pal owing io te adequacy of th spseiing af nd pry
ot rg Aegis Sime. menoned bt the pic] suheics
eo opin ot vay a smaging scaly accuse. Lyah,
“hie siuuing tha 1h faiy afoed fo mugging sorstces the
weak fut of the Bengal syste, ges the allowing vesins fr his belt
hu i dos nt ut to sny went, On a lest Ts hat | have ever come
Aron = cy of sTuged Em, hough cases of apm sagging ve nt
nam, Th. sigs gust Tick pacts re te concen of
haat of gov snd he cop eset made by th. spervirs wha te
op it n-th. ground. The bilioss of ga ean addons! saegard 1a
Compared with ofan, We bev evr iin ny noid dasovred 5
Citar Gaping of Hs cop gal. OF cour, there were collusion
inn ch. tue sabipmet and tt cottons hie segue woud
te eu, 3.3 ac, ns he enshent coorty
Sor. Chass is not made in Bengal, A very small amounts imporied from
, and ter ying duty
cm Upper: India under passes
sa by Fcensed vendors,

S98. There i no licensed culation of the hemp. plant for production of

f Hangin Bengal. Bhang i cither imported from

the North-Western Provinces or collected for the

market from. the spontancous growth which abounds in Bhagalpur and in dis-
tics north of the Ganges, especially Monghyr snd Panes. It has been
observed. shore that this callection of the leaves hardly comes within the term
“inanufactere;” and no. fcense is, herloe, logally necessary for the process.
But legal possession of bang, except by lisensed persons, i fied to §
hence all transactions of any imporance requis 4 license. On the other hand,
thee i no testition on the use of the hemp plat init green state, It is oly.
when prepared tobe usd, stored, or sodas a narcotic or stimulant that it comes

under Excise rules. Paes re required for the purchase or obtaining of bang
for export to another distict, or for sale, which must be accompanid by a
icnse fiom the Collector of the district nto which the bhang is to be conveyed,

which it Is to be stored, The ules or storage ave similar to those for

tevied when the bhiang is removed from the warehouse

0 be taken o the shop for til sale. The extensive growth of the plant in the
strict above mentioned renders contol of transactions in bhang very dificult,
and it is certain thatthe amount brought to record and dest wih under Excise
ules docs nat by any means seprescat al the bhang consumed in Bengal, “The
se of untaxed bhang," says the Excise Commissioner, "i general,” In January
1503 orders were issued by the Excise Commissioner with the object of
exinpating the spontaneous growth of he plant, and thus binging bhang under
more effcent excise coral but the orders were canceled by the Bengal Govern.
mentin the following June on the ground that the attempt was impracticable,
and likely to have noresut except pety oppression, Thereis therelore practically
Tile control over the production and use of bhang in Bengal ; and although the.
revenue from excise bhang bas increased. considerably, this is mainly oving
to the fact that the duty is very low 2nd not wert evading on the part of the
licensed vendrs.

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(CH. XV.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. 295

S99. The Act is almost client on the subject of wholessle vendors,

noweray The agency by which the real vendors are sup

pled has grown up from the exigencies of the
case. Every wholesale vendor must rent one of the warehouses provided
by Government for storing gana, or must provide one to the satslaction
of the Collector who grants the license. Where warchouses are provided by
Government the Commissioner determines the number of private warehouses, if
any, to be Toemsed. The rumber of wholesale dealers in any place must not
exceed the number of Government snd licensed warehouses. Where th number of

applicants exceeds the number of Government warehouses, the esses ofthe ter
are put up to auction. These middlemen reap large profits an to 2 age extent
control the market. They ery ofen combine the functions of retsl vendor with

those of wholesale vendor. Mr. rice, Callector of Rsjshali, says of them that they
superintend the manufactur of the ganja 10 uit she own tastes, and practically
become the owners of the ganja without assuming the responsibiliies that devalve

on them. He says tha thir absence fom the ganja trsct would self canse
the decline of the cultivation. Out of this state of things anther class bas
arisen in the gavja brokers. These men negotiate for he sale of the standing.
or manufactured crop to whales vendors. Forms of lcenses to ganja brokers
and wholesale vendors have been ssued by the Board.

Goo. Tor the retal vend of gan, charss, and bang separate Teenses re

Rstrnt, ssued, There is no restriction as to. the price at

wich the drugs ae to be sod to the public. The,
number of shops is fixed by the Callctor according o the demand fo the drug.

“The licenses are sold by public auction for one year, Notwithstanding occa.
sol fucusations, the rumber of ganja shops has been reduced in the lass 30
years from 4398 to 2,673. The number of chivas shops decressed largely
down to. 1880:90, since when there has been an increase, but not nearly to the

former figure, The number of bhang shops has been more stationary.
‘Consumprian on the premises i not prohibited. There no res
persons to whom the drugs may be sod, Local opiien is not ordinary
consulted regarding the establishment of shops, bul atention is paid o say.
seasonable objection raised against any particu site

ot. The revenue fom hemp drgsin Bengal is realized in the form of direct

duty and license fess for the rg

a fixed shop only. The duties per sé levied on the

drugs warchoused are 3s follows —

The duty is levied before the drugs are remaved fromthe wholesle dealer's
warehouse. The duty is caleuated on the actual weight of the. drug isued,

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296 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893.94. [CH. XV.

xcept in the case of chat, bal the duty an which is levied at the time of taking
out the pass for the imporation ofthe drug.

“The importance ofthe gis tric n impel my bo ath fo the

fact te ye 1995 1410 mane ers pote to chr provinces Sod
S45 munis ud dty, amoung 10 Ro, 1280631. Th nas fs or real
rs amu to Ra 155475 aio. The oa reves om
Shure, of whieh ol 1 ands 26 ss pid. dty as Ro 9097, 0d fom
Thang. of wih 133 mands pd uy, Re. 53555

Goa. The law in force in Assam is the same as in Bengal, and the Bengal

pdm Excise Manual is followed.

603 There is mo licensed cultivation of hemp for the production of

the drugs. Excise ganja is supplied fom Bengal
Spy tts
under pass, and paye duty in the province. The
send of chanss and bhang is practically forbidden, as no licenses for
thee se have been taken out. Wid bemp grows spontaneously in
many parts of the province, and especially in the hil tracts. The off

it is “There is nothing to show that the

trade in the wid past is suficienly large to compete seriously with excise
ania, less possibly in the Khasi Hills, where the continuous decrease in
the consumption of the Rajshati drug can, 1 think, only be attributed to
the cheapnecs of wid hemp and the great cites for fs we. The excise
administration of the district is atended by abnormal diffculies owing to
the fact that the Khasi Hill ave paceeled out ino the feritoris of many
semindependent chicls, The wid plant is used by habiual consume
only 35 3 pis aller, and when thei supply of the excise ganja runs short”
“This view is not shar by the Excise Commissioner, Mr. Drberg, who says: * 1
chink this so-called wild hemp aficts ou revenue very considerably. 1 is us
by certain consumers, and 20 mixed by vendors with excise ganja and sold.
Ni. Drberg tates tha he docs no think thers any. such ting 3s wild ani:
As aru the plant is found in ands occupied by the owner's homestead. From
his he nfs that the growth i ery ordiarly surreptitious, Ho thinks that the
practice of Deputy Comaissioners in teatng this growth as unlicensed culivation
ifr considerably. A cirula sud by the Clef Commisiancrin October 1552
contain 8 ruling which appears to be the cause of ths diversity of practice.
“The concluding portion runs as follows * You will bservethatin rule
17, of Chapter XV, of the Boaed's Rules ti sid that no resriction is posed
on’ the use of the hemp plant is geen state for medical or othr purposes,
or on ts manipolation fo the manufacture of foe. Bot any preparation of the
plant to be used, stored, and sold as a narcaic or stimulant is rohited except
nde the roles framed by the adminsraton, This ule mentions the medicinal use
of the plan only “in is green state” but i, a3 appears to be the cate, the wild
hemp is also used for medicine fo cattle when dried, the Chief Comissioner
deste tha the ele may be liberally interpreted, and mo. penalty imposed when
its probable that the culation or the drying and storing of it wis any for this

purpose. Whether this is so or no is question of fact” Mr. Deberg, whose

experience of Assam is unique, does not believe that the plant is used to any

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 -_— TA
Ci. XV.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189504, 297

extent fo cate. He thinks that it i a mere excuse made by these who really
want tous it. He thinks the circular was unnecessary, and issed on nsuficens
information. The subject is discuesed in Chapter X.

Gog. The system of vend i the same asia Beogal. The amount of ganja
ctv, Which paid duty in 189205 vas Gao mands, pe.
op senting duty to the sum of Rs. 1,39,345. License
fees amounted to Re. 164,088.

60s, The excise on hemp drugs in the North-Western Provinces is ads

Noh Waser Presi tered under Act XXII of 1881 and les thereunder,
Lawiatare. The principal provisions of the law ae 28 folows

“The chief revense authority may fiom time to time. make such rls to rec

strict and regulate the culivation of hemp and the preparation of noxicating
drugs therefrom as it may deem necessary to secure the duty lviabl in respec
of those drugs (section 1).

No intoxicating drug may be sold except under and in sccordance with the

terms of a iccnse granted unde the provisions of the Act. Bat any cultivator
of the hemp plant may sell any intoxicating drug prepsced from His plant to any

person licensed under the Act 10 sel the same, of to any person authorized o pur.
chase the same, by the Collector's order in wing (section 12).

Subject to the rles made by the chief revenue authority under the paver
conferred by the Ac, the Collector may grant fcenses for th rea sale f nto
cating drugs within bis disic, or any part thereof, or at any place ther
Licenses for the sale of intoxicating drugs wholestle may be granted only
by such officer asthe Local Gorernment fom time to time appoints (seeion 1).

The Collector may, with the sanction of the chief revenue aathort, lt
in farm he ces Tevable in any district or part. of a diatict on licenses fo the
retail sale of intoeating drugs (section 16).

No person may have in bis possession any large quantity of the drugs than
that specified 2 the fit of etal sale unless be is permitied to manufacture or
sell the same. This amount is—

Ganja or chara, or any prepatation of admixture there, § tol.

hang, or any prepacaton of admisturs therea, one quarer of 3 se

(section 22).

“The chief controling resenue authority may from time to time. make les
consistent wih the Act 33 o the fee payable or each license or farm and 31 to

the form of any license or farming lease (section 55).

The Act contains no provision rlatig to manufactur, import, export or

transport.

606. Under the roles now in force the cultivation of the hemp plant is free
tol parties, There is no check therefore on the
Sony st sete,
production of hemp drugs, and the possession of the

drug without nit of amount is permitted to al cultivators to owners of lad in

‘which the plant grows spontaneously, to licensed vendors, or to persons daly

ubied soppy sd ods. Ti prion sso coed E

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208 RerorT oF THE DIA HEN? DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [CH XV.

apply tothe se of thi hang by omnes of spontaneous produce. Restition,

heefore, only opecates when the clivato sls His produce, and there is pace
ly idl, a, check on the supply of th drugs produced in che pr
“The Excise Commissioner states that ganja of fai or good qualty can be
made, and fs made locally. Chara prodied to some extent in Kumaon 0d as
he hemp plant grows sbundandy fn al the montane and submontans discs,
bhang cia be produced to any extent.

607. Th gas consamod in the province is manly dived fom Bengal, the
Cental Provinces, Gualior, Bundelkhand, and, in
fms ASE all quan, from Nepal and Inde, possibly
sto from Rewab. Whe the production of this gan i under excise manage.
men, thee imports are of cour 1ubec 1 such management. The {porirs
of gins and bhang a sad tobe all contractors oldig licenses for the sale
ofthedrugs, Chara is brought by Punjabi traders, who sel to the contractors.
“Thede traders take out no Fccnes, a the Excise Commissioner states that the

Tegal of the semngement i questionable. Some of these traders themselves

hold sie comrats, Neal the whol of the bang consomed is growin the
province. A certin amount is imporcd from the Panjab, and gocs ciel to the
stern dics.

Norsithstding the since of the Act regarding import of the drugs, 2

ale bas been pated that 20 ganja, hares, or bhang shall be imported ito the
province except under pass. No impor, duty is vied. Transport and export
re seo mde suet to 2 fe ass.

68. The Besse Commissioner is of opinion that the amount of smuggling

— om outside the province is quite nconsiderable,

al and. thi is confmed by the Hable A, Cadel, the
Meer ofthe Based charge of Excise, an ther no very defi evidence.
to the conrary.

Gog. The weak pnt in the North-Western Provinces systems of sepply is

Dist te NeW (ht the garia. which comes from the dilent
pr A prices and States abovementoned fs taxed
before i eas the front at widely dfn tes, and thee so qualiztion
of this taxation ate i bas ached the province, Bengal gar pays from Rs. 6
to Re. pers, the Kanda gona pays 00 daty but small fees which ay
amount. to Re. per mand, Gralos gaa less than Rs. 5 per mand, and
Tunddiband goa possibly 3 much 2s Rs, 3 per maund. And these difrent
Kinds of ganja ar feely avaiable vader existing regulations to the licensed
vendor, who has tn is power to play them off on the conser in such 5 way
a5 0 bes repay him without damaging bis credit. Tn addition to ths, the
colivation and manufacture of ganja locally is unde no legal control. It is
unnecessary to say mom on this subject, as the Escise authorties have corded
thei opinion that the present system heeds reform, and proposal have been
‘made which will be considered futher on.

Gro. The right of sling the drugs is firmed to contractors, who are at

ie liberty to procures the drugs wherever they ike, and

sll them at any price they chose, No di
tinction is drawn between the diffrent Kinds of drugs ll sto included in

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 Ci. XV] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. 269 i

the same license, and sre stared by the farmer on His own premises. The
contracts are usualy or an entire disc ; in some cases for tahsils or pargaoas.
Theres nothing to prevent a contractor having separate contracts for several
disticts. The ordinary period s for one year, but conrscts are now often given
fortwo or thee years, and the longer periods always fetch proportionally highet
sums. The number and locality of the reall shops i fixed by the Callector subject
to the orders of the Board, and s revised from time to time, The contractor ether

sublets the shops or works. them through his servants. As a rule he holds the
best shops inthe large towns in disec: management and sublets the rest. The cone

tracts are sod by auction. The number of capitalists engaged in he rade is not
very large, and nothing is commener among them than combinations to keep
down the price. The abave account is taken from the Excise Commissioner's

‘memorandum, who adds Its a defect i the system tht it lsves the whale
ofthe revenue colected here tobe determined by the competition of the cctions.
The advantages of the system are that 3 large revenue is very easly snd
cheaply collected, and that smageing and other evasive legal acts are minimized,
‘The contractor has no reason to commit them him, and iti his intrest to
detect any ane attempting them. This is no small advantage from an adr.
trative point of view. Retail prices ace under the cxising system kept at the
Highest possible point.”

Consumption of drugs onthe promises s not prohibited in the shop licenses,

or is there any restriction as to the persons to whom the drugs may be sold,
Local opinion is not ordinary consulted. Mr. Cadell says: * Hitherto the
abjection to shops has aways come from above, wz, from the Bose, the Con
missioner, or the Collector”

611. The statistics of import and export are very defective, The Excise
Commiionee estimates the average. imports of
— ovis and haces 25 follows im

Cus Dew see

Gop . 40001 4500 mannds,
The license ees realized from the action of the monopoly of ved armoured

10 Re. 704785, and this represents the whole of the taxation levied in the
province,

612, The excise admivisiration is based upon Act XXII of 1881 (see

Pt Norh-Western Provinces) and les thereunder.

Low latoce. Gara is practically unkrown in the Punjab
Sum EE Carus imported from Yackand oi Kashi nd
Ladak and from Boks, and perhaps other Central Asian counties i Afghar
fan. No charas is produced in the provinee except to 4 triflng extent in the

hil for private consumption.

‘Bhang is colcted from the wild plant which grows pentiflly in the Sub
Himalayan disicts. tis also clivated to 8 small extent in Mulan and in
the Deomjt Divison, ut th total area of cultivation is probably less than 100
acter, Calivation is mot controlled, and a culiator cannot be prosecuted for
the possssion of bhang, thovgh bis only allowed to sel bis produce 0 3
eensed vendor.

15, The tradecs who bing chara from Yarkand are vot licensed, but they
ae have to obtain a pass from the Joint Comaissaner
septate Lh or from the Deputy Commissioner of the

Lalani aki
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400 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893.94. (Cit. XV.

district where they enter the Punjab, and take it for_countersignature to

the Deputy Commissioner or Collector of every disect in the Punjab oe the
Norh-Westem Provinces which they may entee with the charas. The
consignment may be opened at any headquarters staion or taal while on
ts way toits destinarion, and a portion of ts contents may bo sold to the
farmer of excise for drogs, the fact being. recorded on the pass and the
package rescaled. When a consignment is conveyed by rai, the provision
Fequiing it to be taken to the Depaty Commissioner or Collector of every dis-
rit through which it passes i dispensed with, Tho transport of bhang from
the district of growth to those of cansumpiion is regulated by passes, no duty

or fos of any sort. being charged.

614. Hitherto the excise focome from intoxicating drags in the Punjab has

eee been dedived

- win. tahallssoldy fom subdivisions
or other the mosopoly of sale
of districts.
In some diswicts the manopaly of opium and other drugs prepared. from
the poppy is farmed separately fom that of the hemp drugs, while in others
the same fam includes both. Ordinarily the farm or license is held for the

year, the fee payable being determined by auction. The present rules make
To provion for the issue of wholesale Heenses, bet the new mes are to
provide for such licenses, As 2 matte of account the fees paid in each
disc in respect of the combined opium avd hemp drug licenses, where
these are held together, are distributed becween the two heads of receipt
in a propution which is supposed. to represent the actual value of each
seo licenses. This proportion varies rom district o district. Asa result ofthe
practice. described above, the munber and locality of the shops ae fsed before.
aod from year o yes, and as matter of fact they are seldom altered,

The Punjab system of excise adwinisteation in regard to hemp drugs was

described by the Escise Commissoncr in his report for 1892 2s * going very
nea to resersing the principle of 8 maxim of revenue vith minimum of con-
Inthe report for 1805 the Excise Commissioner says; * Taking
54 to bo approximately the ral alu ofthe lcenses for the sole of hemp.

drug, it represents the total tasalon now vied on 3 consumption of ups

‘wards of 1,000 maunds of chiras anil of neil 1,000 maunds of bhang” This is
the weakest pact of ou exce system in the Paniab, 1s hoped tha we ave mow
within messurabl tance of arranmvents which wil give us complete control
over the import trade fn chara, and enable us to impose a duty which can be
gradu raised. Owing to the fact that the plant grows wild in 80 many dis-
cts, and i o be bad for the gathering, while chasas comes in by a fev well
resogniced routes and can scarecly escape ss, it i much more diffe to deal
with the trade in bling effiendy. But 1 am in hopes that the Goveramnt
will agree bore very long. to th ictoduction of some measures for the. direct
taxation of bang too."

1 the form of iense or etl vend of the drugs, thee I no provision against

consumption on the premises. There is provision prohibiting the. supply of

the drugs to any insane person orto children, It may be noted, though the
matter is of 70 practical moment in the Purjab, tht the lit of etl sale or
gaia is xed in this form a 3 of 2ér as for bhang, whereas under the Act
it must not exceed § tols. It seems to be the practice to consult the wishes,
of the people befor new shops are opened,

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C1. XV] REPORT OF TILE INDIAN HENP DRUGS CONMISSION, 1893.94: 301

615. The quesion of imposing a duty en charas and bhang, to which

tee crs dtu, ERENCE 5 made above, has ben very fll ds
To de (nd Ack (of 1803) ha ben pase Tn
lich power has been taken to impose on any intoxicating drug brought by land
from beyond the limits of India nto any tersitory to which Act XXII of 1881
extends, or into any specie pare thereo, such daty as the Governor-General in
‘Council thinks i. In pursuance of the provisions of this cusctment, i has been
proposed to establish golas to which all charas should be taken on entering
he province, and which i should be alowed 10 leave only under a Hcense or pass,
for which a foo shoud be levied atthe rate of 8 amas a sér, The revision of
the Excise rus 50.9 to gise fect to this proposal is under consideration.
“The tasaton of khang s 8 more dificult matter owing to the. prevalence. of the

gromth of th plan, and the consideration of proposals relating thereto made by

the Excise Commissonss hs been postponed un the taxon charas has been
fnteoduced. he opinion of the Punjab Goreramene on tis question hat "in
regard to maters of his son, which nvalve an interference ith ancient and

firmly noted. habits of large sees of the people, i s desirable o proceed eau
ously, dong oe thing at time.”

Compr, 616. In the Central Provinces Act XXII of 1581

Lamia toe isin force (see North-Western Provinecs).

647. Tn this province, however, advantage has buen taken of the provisions
ofthe aw 10 profit the culation of the hemp plant

under license, and licenses are now only

ven in the Kanda tahelof the Nimee disict, The plant docs not grow
Wild, and lic tivation has fo the most pact besn suppressed. Charas fs
sally kon. If imported, it pass a dy of Rs. 10 per mandy Ko bhang
reps but the refuse ganja is wed as bang.

post from Hyderabad, Dera, Indore, the

Buralay Presidency, lio, and o Tibutery State of Oriss, snd ths con
it

co the principal difficuly of the gan adnisistraion In this province, A

Ulang i lnportd from the NoetheWester Previnces under passes.

18. The barvesting of the crop fn the Khandwa tahsl is supervised by a

tblishment, and the colvators sve bound
tn bring the whole of ther produce to 3 Government

storeiowse at Klandw, The drug is purchased at the storehouse by the

wholesale vendors of the provine, the toms of the purchase being amanged
between the culivitors and the wholesale vendors without interference on

She part of Government. Wholesale vendors of other parts of Bech India and
im deslrs ste alo frely permitted to buy. No direct tax is imposed
on calvation, bt the following foes axe payable at th storehouse —

(1) A storage fee of 6 pies per maund pr mensem payable by culivates +

or purchasers of ganja kept in the storehouse. Culiaters and
‘whelsale vendors of gava i the Central Provinces are exempted
from payment of this foe fo 30 days.

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302 REFORT OF THE INDIAX HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 180304. [CH XV.

(3) Permit feos a Re, 1 pr mand payable by all purchasers of ganja,

athe than Gorernment licensed. vendors, on acsount of al ganja
or which permission to pucchase i granted.

(9) Regitraion fees a Re, 1 per maund payable by all purchasers of

‘avin, other than Cental Provinces feensed.veadars, on account
of sl anf of whic the transler by sal i registered.

615, The sle monopoly of whlessle vend fn the. provine grand by

s Tcenesto whole vendors approved by the Fxclae
Commissioner. The license we given cer fo 3
ite ror cach asl, Tenders are ited analy for the Hens fo whol
ale vend, vd he tends ast. ste vhs os por si i addition to dict duty
CF Ra.a pe si (ccrpt in Sambar and the sot cat par of the Raipur dis.
ict, wert Re. 1 poe se), tho aplcans we prepared to py or the pve
“The heal vendo is rgd to supaly the tl vencrs ith gona at. Ra 3
pe sé (Ra. =n Sambar nd he sacst. part of the Raper dei). Tha
{an picts bythe whole vendors contd unde rpor rss oF
{pon coi 3 storehouse belonging to th cers at the dat. of tabs
Kead-qeares, one key of which is pt by he Talla, by whom i is feud
acco a the rquiemnts ofthe whose volr. Duty is nly chreed on
lead gf, the foe beng detored bah at the Goverment strove
Khanda ad tthe ite or hall storconse.

620. The monopoly of retal vend is usually uctioned separately or

shop, except in Tage towns, where the hops are

Beaii generally sed to one person. The locales of ll

shops are fed by the Daputy Commissions subject to the control of th
Tce Commissioner, All rtal vendors re nikd to be supplied vith ani
bth whlosale vendor at Rs. 3 per si, and may ehorgs thie own ats
price to consumers. The number of shops i gold by the demand foc the
drug, Tn hose dinricts wich we specially exposed to smuggling fun
forge States, shops ae leensed move foc.

Every wholusle vendor of guna s given fens or the etl vend of Wary,
fre of cnr, Licenses fo real vend of ance not anid a ote perso,
0 wo wholes vendoc may import without a writen peril from the Deputy
Comissoner. A duty of Rs. pe sit fs levied on il forgn Ua sud, and
hte of sls tothe plfic must mot exceed Re, 3 pur scr. Stocks of buns
ar Kept under conrol in the sane vay 55 gan.

(Consampiion o the premises is proibitod by a clause in the etal Fecnies,

There is a0 seston as 0 the persons to whom fara or bag may be sod,

A apivion 58 to the oping of shops i nat ordinary taken, but objections,

681. The sverags sve of gan culvaton at Khanna during the past ive
sees bas been 785 acres; the average auttum
bout 8%0 maunds, of which about 5000 have
been exported and 1000 consumed in the province, the remainder basing.
been destooyed as wale for sale. The rovenue derived from his source has
beta Ra. 2.18000, of which Ra. 1,36,500 has been from license fees and.

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CH. XV] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 160594. 303

the rst from fied duty. There is norevenue rom chars, and from bhang only
about Rs. 1,000.

622. The Madeas Abkasi Act (Lof 1856) contsing extensive provisions for

ry the control of the culation of hemp, and the

Levine manulactue, sal, and possession of hemp drugs
But as it has only been brought into force in the Presidency in 30 far as it

lates to the sale of intoxicating drags, there is no ncod in describing the

system at present in force to refer to any of the other provisions,

“The principal provisions n force are 38 ollonsi—

Noiatoxicating drug may be told without a license from the Collector,

provided tat a culestor or owner of any plant from which anintosicsting drug
is produced may sll without a Foense. those portions of the plant from which
the ntosiating dr is manufactured of produced to any person licensed. oder
the Act to sel, manufacture, os export intoxicating drugs (ection 15).

“The Governor in Council may grant to any person o persons. on sich con

ions and for such period as may seem ft the exclusive or other pivego—

(1) of manufacturing by whlesale, or

(2) of selling by real or

(3) of manufacturing or supplying by wholesale and seling by real,

any imoxicating drugs within say local arc. A lense from the Cllector
i necessary or the exercise of such privilege (section 16). Te may be mt
here that there is no dof the Act of wholesale and rota, and that no
such deiniion exists in any notification under the Act

A duty shall if tho Gosenoe in Council so direct, be vied on al intoiast-

ing des sald pat of th Presidency of such amount 4s the Gorernar in

Council may tine to time 1

Such day may bo sid by feos on licenses for manufacture or sil

Gition 19).

Every eens or perit granted under the Act shall be granted —

(6) on payment of such oes, i a

(9) for such period,

(0) sj 1 such restric ins and on such condition, and

(4) shall bein such form and cootain such particulars,

as the Governor in Council may disect either generally or in any particular

stance in this behal (section 24).

The Governor in Council may from time to time frame rules for th ware:

housing of intoxicating drugs, and for the emoval of the same from any ware.
house in which they are deposited for deposit in sny other warehouse or for
local consumption or export and for placing the storage of otoxicaing drugs
under such supervision and control as may be deemed necessary for the purposes

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 —— ee
C11. XV.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1853.04. 305

625, The system of administration is based upon the Bombay ActV of 1878,

fy and ules nd notifications thereunder, The. prin

Lovie cipal provisions are a follows —
Import of intoxicating drugs into any part of the Presidency is proibited save

der pert and afer payment of duty, if any. Ii the drags have paid customs
duty, this provision does not apply (section 9)

Exports prohibited save under the same conditions, This provision does
mot apply to drugs imporied by sea, the export of which is permitted on payment
of any fee or duty, if ny, leviable by law on ts transhipment or exportation
(ection 1).

Transport of ay quantity of imoscating drags exceeding 40 tls a

hibited save under permit (section 12). ".
Manufactoe is profibited save under license (section 14).

Sale is probibiced save under license provided that no such licenses neces
sary for the sal by a culivator or own of any plant from which an intoxicating

drug is produced of those porions ofthe plant from which the intoricating drug
is manufactured oe produced to a Tcensed vendor, manufacture, or exporte (sec
tion 16).

“The maximum quantity hich may be sold by retal at one time of to ane
and the same person i the aggregate on any one day within any defined local
area or place is Bal an Indian sé or 40 ola (section 17 and notifications thce-
under).

Whenever a license is granted for the manfacture ar sale ofan intoxicating

drag, and whenexer the import, export, transport, or emorsl from place to place
of any intoxicating drag is permited, such duty shal be levied. a3 the Collector,

acting undes the general of special order of Government, thks i (section 4).

Underthis section notifications have been issued prescribing that the duty
Teviable on account of a license for the joint privileges of manufacture and retsl

sale of intoxicating drag shall be fixed by the Collcte, who before granting any.
suchicense shall put up the sid privileges to auction.

Foe permit forthe impart of export of any intoxicating drug, oe for is trans:
rt beteeen any two places not situated within the same district, duty subject
por y two pl
to corain exemptions is levied at the following rate r—

18th amos does nt cxceed to dian maseds

For every additonal ladan masads o faction threat.

Every lisense, permit, or pass granted undec the Act s granted—

(a) on payment of such fos, if any,

(8) for such period,

(&) subject to such resriotions and on such conditions, and

(4) shall be in such form and contain such particulars as Government

directs (section 30).
”

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306 ‘REPORT OF THE INDIAK HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1803.94. [Cit XV.

636. The wid plantis not much found in Bombay. There is culivation of
hemp for the production of ganja in a few districts,

seattle aga snd tan. The sve

age for five years is 874 acces. The autivator has to obtain a permit, fo whi
no fei levied, to enable im to dispose of bis produce. The Excise Commis-
sone sates that the callvaton i noted and watched by the villsge offcers,
and he cannot dispose of his crop without obuaining. the necedsary perm
Thee is not much evidence of the culdivaton of plants in homesteads. and
enclosure for private use, but Mr. Sinclair, Collector of Thana, alludes to
such cultivation as occuring in many private gardens. The amouns of imports
of ganja from other provinces given in. the statistics supplied by the Commis.
sioner of Excise show an avecsge for he last ten yeaesof 3,820 maunds, and that

officer in His memorandum states that the imports are chief from the Central
Provinces, In view ofthe evidence the figures seem excessive, and a doubt sug-
fon whether imports from district to disuict have not

Charas imparted. in very small quantities from the Punjab. Except in

of Bombay, itis hacdly known. Bhang is produced 1o 2 small extent
in Gujarat and Palanpur. Its imported from Ujjain. The average imports.
for the lust ten years amount o 87 maunds, but not much reliance can be placed

on these figuces. Probably wheres the hemp plant is grown for gan, a certain
amount of Bhan i alo prodeced.

Bonbay is intersected wih a large number of Native State, in some of

which ganja is grown. The ict import of this ganja does nol seem to be very
extensive, but owing to the cheapness of the drug in these States, and to the
high maximum of legal possession (so tolas), it is inevitable that a certain
amount of smuggling should take plac, and this i considered to be the case by
sever witnesses.

637. The rules provide that the joint privilege of manufacture and retail sale
at one or more shops shal be auctioned. The ver-
Spot i i Babar,
dors are the only importers of the drugs, and there are
no wholesale dealers acing as middlemen between the culivators and the farmers
of etal vend. The farmers pay import and transport duties as above described.
As arulethe fam of the drugs for a whole dtrict is sold to a. single vend
The real shops are usualy Ged by the Collector. The total numb of retail
Ticenses has been very constant for some years, the average for the last ten
years being 375. The number of shops, however, is lger, averaging G47 for
thet ten seas. The form of retail license. contains no. provision. regarding
consumpion an the premises, nor regarding the persons to wham the drugs may be.
supplied. Theres no fixed role regarding * local option” Tn some districts it
attended tocarcllly. Any representation by the inhabitants would have full
consideration, bu. repeesenations relating to the location of shops are seldom
ceived.

658. The system of adnisistration in Sind is in almost every respect. the

%, same asin Bombay, but there is some diffrence.
in the conditions. Neither ganja nor charas aro
produced and the consumption of both is not large, though that of the latter

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 —_—_— Te
‘CH. XV. REPORT OF THS INDIAX HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 185394. 307

is ney, if no. quite equl to tha ofthe former, and is ssid to be ceeasing,
Ganja is imported from Panvel in Bombay, and charas from the Panjay
There is cultivation of hemp for bhang chiely fn Shikarpar and Karachi,
averaging about 300 acres. The annual consumption of bhang is upvards. of
4000 maunds. Thee is a fle smuggling of bhang from the Khar States
where tis grown and sold cheaper than in Sind,

629. Aden I supplied with hemp drug ently

L5; from Bombay.
630. The Ablas ules in Bra appese o test upon the authority of a eter

ws ofthe Government. of dia in the Faancial Dev

partment, No. 541, dated roth October 1873,
Besa is not Bish terior, and th roles consiate a special focal law fs
by theGorermor-General in Covocil in vitae of specially scquied fut
tion, Cultivation is prohibited except under license, and Rs, 10 per acre or
part of an acre is loved on all culivation. The aren cultivated for prov
duction of ganja is confined to the. Akla, Buldans, and Anraod districts,
0d amounted in 1853.03 to 85 acres. The ilsge oficial are required 40
destroy any plants of sponancous growth, and this growth appears to be kept
unde, Ganj is imported from Khandie, nd sometimes om Khandesh. About
1.g00 maunds are consumed anally. Charas is not used. No information
i given regarding bung apact from ganja, and the bhang consumed is
probably that produced locally in connection with the gana cultivation. The
‘monopaly of vend bas been lithrto sod by auction ofarmers together with that
of opium. Ths is the nly taxcion besides the rate on’ culivation, For tho
ature separate deg shops ae o be opened The. maximum amount for retail
sles 20 tolas for ganja and bhang and 5 toes for chara. There is po
Timi fo egal possession. There i nothing in the nature of focal aption, but
objections to shops sre considered. The average ret pice of gana 1 from
Ra. 310 28 per sé.

631. Tn these tes small adinstations Act XXII of 1831s in force

ics re There i a litle culivaton in Ajmere, bt none in

Aa © t= Seng or Quetta. Pisin, The contract system pre.
vil, and the monopoly of vend is sold by auction or by tender. The amount
Realized is th only source of revenue. Shops ae licensed, and the drugs are
Sold atthe tle’ pies.
632. The following is a summary of the prominent features of the excise
administration of the hemp drugs in te. principal
Seman ot pie.
Povinces (except Bums) i—

Bengat—Culivation ad mamfactue of ganja controlled. Smuggling rare,

except in Orisa. Ganja and charas highly taxed,
Bang lle controled.
(ssam—No clivaton of gaia pected. Tlic cultivation rare, Some
A ing of nse Kin of ge fom. the
bill vacts. Gana highly taxed. Chara not used.
Bang dle controlled.

forth Western Proviess—Caltvation and mansactee not probed

Ba produ bpovse, Sepp ogi

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5% REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEM? DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893.94. [CH. XV. |

derived from Bengal, Central Provinces, Gullo, and

Bundelkhand. Lie smuggling from Native States.
Chas imported mainly from the Purjab. A little
chras produced in Kunaon and Garhwal, and a
mall quantity imported from Nepal. Bengal ganja
bears the tax imposed in that province. Other
ganja and charas hardly taxed. Bhang not cone
troled.

{—Ganja not used. Charas impored from Central Asia not

smuggled, but hardly taxed, there being no direct
dy, of which, however, the imposition is under
consideration. Bhang nt controlled.

Central Prvices—Colivaion and mansions of gaaja consoled,

‘Smuggling from Native States and adjoining Bom.
ay temiory not wholly supprssed. Taxation of
gar fiy bigh—of chara ight. Local bhang cone
wolled 55 ganja. Focign bang bighy taved.

Hadras Cultivation and msnufactors not controled, Ganja produced to a

considerable extent, Taxation. vory light, thera
ing no dee. duty, and ienses beng var few.
Charasnot ued. Dhanglitle known, Few saisics
aval
Domiay—Calivation and manufacture not controlled. Ganja produced to a
considerable extent. Amount imported. uncertain.
Taxation ight, there being no direct duty beyond
import duty of 8 anras per mavnd. Charas hardly
used, except in Sind. Bhang file known.

Berar —Cutivatlon and manfacture contolled. Production of ganja not

large, but imports from Khandwa considerable,
Taxation light, thee being no direct duty beyond 3
tax on coltvaton of Rs. 10 per acre of part of an
acre

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 CHAPTER XVI,
PROVINCIAL SYSTEMS EXAMINED,

[—
633. In Chaptee XIV the Commission det with the general poliey which in
thelr opinion, should regulate the excise administra:

tion in respect of hemp drugs, and in Chapier XV.

they bave described the systems at present existing in Brish India. They will
no offer some remarks regarding the measures necessary to. give effet to that
policy, and will hen proceed to examine the existing systems inthe light of these
remarks, adding this recommendations where change of 0y kind seems desc
able.

634. The simplest method of dealing with the subject i to farm the mono
Em o may of vd su PY 01 vend, leaving the lessee to make his oun
ad arfangements for a supply of the droge and thelr
sil tothe public. This is the system (with some slight iflerences) which i in
force inthe North Westem Province, he Punjab, Madras, Bombay, and the nor
administrations, It bas the advantage of relieving the Goserament of ll respons
bility ot interest in the matter beyond the disposal of the farms, It secures
a preventive agency of a nowvofical kind for dealing with licit sl 3nd smug-
ling; and if propec care is taken to appoint respectable. venders (0 prevent
combinations for the purpose cf keeping down the peice of the farms, nd
to fcense shops only when they are required by the local demand, such a system

may appear to be successful and suficient, Bat there are some serious objec
tons tae, In the fst place it as the disadvantage of exercising no contrel
over the production and consumpron. Large profits do not depend upon the.
price being raised to th pitch necessary to check: excess they are as easily real

sod by large sales at low rates. Ths consumpiion may very probably be une
duly stimalated. Secondly, the Government acquires n> accarste. information
fegacding the extent of the production, the sources of supply, and the increase or
decrease of the habit of using the drugs. The Commission think i is the duty
of the Government o acquire this information. Thirdly, the system leaves the
whole revenue and consequent check on consumpion at. the mercy of con.
etton, which fs a very unsafereglator. And, lastly, direct taxation hs already
been resorted to fn some cases with good resus, whereas in provinces
where only the eense system prevails control is insufficient and. taxasion
inadequate.

35. 1 the pian ofthe Comission, the combination of ved doty vith
te sy wn EE fc. fo the privegs of vend consiutes
STE SIT he bow system of wan for tho hemp. drugs,
= Is the system which pres in tegad o spit
ous iors prodsced i Idia, andi equally applicable to other ntxicrs, in
gad to which a policy of control and resicton is necessary. Unless there
2 Special reasons 0 the contracy, the Comision tin tha he monly of
Send shold b auetioned. The specil advantage of dong ti es inthe act
at methods ths secured of adjusting he total incidence of tation ospecil
reumaiances, such as th local demand, th expense of cariage, he facies

a smi, he bi of pel, and the i of i: ts

aizd
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CH. XVL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189594. 311

Re AP Re APR AR RAP
Bgl wo ols 0 ols oa|eoolial Goo
Asm wis 0 og 00]
NeghWoten | 28 af50 00] 786m oolosel ios

Push... ww | wm |4ee|soofoae] asa

Cental Provisees| 3 0 010 0 of Not given

vaefaas
066500 ww
oseoss]500
ss
6Golwoofisonlmoc tool 14s
200/280 ose 08a
400 soaftoolmaslosol tos

75078 0fmo0 oe
“The igure given as the maxims fo gaa in the Central Pein i not
the true masimum. It is “the average ret price fn most disticts (or smal
antiis of ganja” The maximum us, heer, be igh. In Jubulpr,
he Comission found that in some shops ganja was sllog at Rs. 12 per és
“The masimum for the province is not avalable, A maximum quotation of §
anmas per tol, equal to Re. 50 per 5, is given fo Ganja in Mra: hs my

be Raith gris. Bhang so 1 sch a maxima pce of Re. 10 er sin

he samo dst. Tn Malabar, Vellore gaa a sid to each anna ee tl, bt
the maximum pice in Rorth Arco 1s 4 pies. Winsad ganja n the same die
ie I 3 each a maximum price of 2am er toa. WE these expe
ion, no disc shows. bighes maximum price tha tht ive inthe statement,
Ts evident that if the systomatic reste advocated by the Comission
sto bo apple, some means must be taken, pecilly in regard to gan, of
Feoing th extoarcinay nguaies disclosed by thi comparison, Up to year
Toni, notwithstanding the High price of Rajat gus, he cost ofthe dl
average allowance of lor o the habitual consume in Bengal sccoding tothe
memarandum, mach Highs tha in hecascof gf. Judged by this tea theres
Toor oven in Bengal lo ncrased taxation, fro this the case in ater
roinces xcept Assam. No doubt the quality of the drug varies in dflcent
rovincn, but hers ning nth analy of th difecat Kad of gr which
Botts to soch marked disceepances in the price. Avd the general conclusion
Thich mot bo drawn fro these figures f tht fo all the provaces, except Bengal

nd Assan, asain i total ntdequae o he due reson of consumpin.

“The came maybe id of ccs. Asregards bang, many witnesses sof opinion
ha there no ace. 1 impose the san resticions upon ie consumpio a3

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512 REPORT OF THLE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893.94. [Ct XVI.

nthe case of ganja and chara, and the difflty of dofog so in the Himalayan
region is considerable. But the Commission concue with the majority of the
witnesses i thinking that the same geoeral principles apply, and tha, so fr 25
may be possible, this product of the hemp plant should be brought under more
efficent contre and asation.

640. A historical sketch of the ganja administration in Bengal from the year

. 1790 vill be found as an appendix to the Excise

Goede Bena Memoranda, Fo the rt the
abject of the medsures taken was "to check immoderate consumption and at the
same time to augment the public revenue.” Up to the year 1853 hemp drugs
were taxed by means of a dally tax on thei retail sale paid monchly. From
1824 0 1847 i was usual to fam out the excise revenue. of entire disiricis.
From 1553 the daily tax was abolished, nd a duty of Re. 1 per sér was

The recs vendor bad to pay the fll amount on a specified qua
month whether he took it all o not. In 1860-61 a fixed fee of Rs. 4 permensem.

was levied for each ganja license, in addition to the duty at the prescribed rate, on

all quaniies passed to tho shop foe retsl sale, the rule regarding the quantity to

be taken by eachshop being withdrawn. This was the beginning of the combined

ited duty aad License fees system which at present exists. In 1876 the system
ofseling licenses by auction was introduced, and this has continued to the present
time. The following table shows the operation of the acion taken by the Beagal
Gorrament sinc the ime when the auction of cense foes was introduced

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Cit. XVI] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. 313

641. Thistabe shows that upto the year 1892.93 an five occasions some.
increase was made in the rate of Sxed duty. The
revenue steadily increased, unl at the end of the
it was double as much asin 1876-77; notwithstanding this, the number of
etal licenses ate the fst period of sx years seadily diinished up to the yeas
1801-93, though in the following. year there was an increase. The result is
tha the number of the. population per. rel license increased by 38 pe cen, in
the whole period. The increase inthe total average taxation pe sof the taxed
drugincressed fom Rs. 40-310 Re. 10-1511. As regards the area culisated
(column 2), it has to be remembered that these figures represent the growth of the

plan for consumption in Assam, the North-Western Provinces, and some Nise
States as wel as Bengal. The figures in column 4 represent the ganja acteally
consumed in Bengal, which has decreased largely since the frst two years, snd
since then has been nearly stationary.

In addition 0 the above facts, the evidence before the Commission tends to

show that, except in Orissa, where the Garbjat ganja competes with the Rajshaki
ganja, smuggling does noe prowl in any part of the province; also that ganja
ia scl the cheapest form of intosicant, and that thre fs mo evidence (0 lead fo

the bef tha itis being displaced in Bengal by more noxious stimulants. The
Bengal Government seems to have kept in view wih the most. successful ests
the principles which have been enunciated in Chapier XIV, pirageaph S86, of ths
Report as escentia to an elicit excise system, and to have intervened, when
occasion demanded, to estict the use of the Rajshahi ganja by administrative
control and enhanced taxation. The eect of the enhancements which hve been

made since the year 1892-95 cannot be gauged, but the Commission have 10
hesitation in saying that ths part of the excise aduinisteaton in Bengal is being
most carefully sed ably sepersised.

642. The weak points the Bengal admiisia-

Wk pits Bens sen

“The defective arrangements for sors of the Rjshahi ganja,

he smuggling into Orissa of the produce of the Tributary Mahals

G5. The Dongal Excise ules provide tha the euivator must send ino the
bic sola all the gas he manufactures, and

a culiator ig, ie saty

who can gs the
rs superior
oy. pared In a the
tht he hss secure eve
privateof
Place of bis own. It fas been shown above (paragraph 505) that there is no
public goa for the storage of the crop, and tht all the produce is stored
in private galas, The opportunity for smuggling thus aforded has not
escaped th notice of the authors. In his report on the cultivation of and

cada in ganja, 1877, Bbw Hom Chunder Ker (paragraph 136) dealt wih the
Gueston, and recommended the absolute probiton of privat storage and the
Cstablshment of public godows where the drug might be warehouse in bond
He was af opinion tha sx storehouses 135 fet x 0 fee, three of which shold
be at he sadar station of Naogaon and thr at thre outposts, would be su
cient to mache th cop. The Dosed of Revenue 8d. not support the pro-
poral, remarking tha it woud ool avery radical change the existing system,
20d would slo necesiate a very considerable expendire on the part of Gor-.
“onmeat in the construction of the necessary warehouses, ‘The abseace of any
»

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TT aE
514 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189304. [CH. XVI.

exidence as to extensive smuggling vas mentioned as obviating the necessity

forthe messuse, In 1892 the Bowed vere of opinion that the objections to
public galas appesred to be insuperable. Me. Lyall in bis evidence says
that the storage arrangements can be improved, but that under existing circum
stances it would be impossible without enormous. expenditure to have a public
goa. Mr. Gupta, Excise Commissioner, says that the * diffclty of having a pub»
Tic warehouse is that the gana stored i it would consist of numerous parcels, all

belonging to diffeeat individuals, and this would lead to much. confusion.

Again, the drug hasto be frequently aired, turned out, and bandied in order to
Keep itin good condition, and it is next to impossible to secure this periodical
examination when the ganja is stored in public golas situated at a distance
from the houses of the coltvatars” He therfore considers the scheme "im.

practicable,” on wih Mr. Lyall nates : Rather, | would say, too costly.” Mr.
Price Collector of Rajshal, does not recommend public golas because Govern
meat servants would nt take careof the ganja as the owners would. But he does
oot hin thee would be any great dificlly if there were several Goverment
golas situated in central places, though he does not think the cultivators would
view the change with favour, He concludes by saying that he sees no great
objection to the plan; aud adds: “You cannot have a perfect system without
Government golas” Babu Hem Chunder Kerr retains His former opinion in
fasourol the system, whichis also advacated by Ganendra Nath Pal, Sub-divisonal
Office, Naogaon, and Ablilas Chandra Mukharf, Excise Inspector. The Cam
mision have formed. the opinion tht. the objections are not insuperable, and
that the system of Government storehouses should be introduced. ~The example
of the Cental Provinces system seems to_ prove its practicality, and they are
of opvion that t would have the effect of bringing about the speedy conclusion
of bargains beuneen the cultivator and. the wholesale desler, ia which case the
main difficulty would be removed. The expense of crecting several godawns
should not, in thei opinion, operate to prevent the measure considering the very

large revenue at take and the great desirability of removing the existing fempia-
tions toll desing. The matter should, however, be let to the discretion of
the Local Government.

G44. The smuggling of gas from the Tributary States of Orisa nto British
Smatege cima. tertitory has a long history, and more. propery

oe belongs to the general subject of excise administra

ion in Naive States, which wll be deal ith further on.

645. The proposal of the Excise Commissioner to abolish flat and round
ganja and have only chur is one that deserves notice.

dein o £110 0% ie cxplaing rather more clearly in his evidence

that what be advocates is not the compulsory production of chur, but the
adoption of the chur rate of duty which is the highest for al gana, which
would esl: in the elimination of stick from the produce, and consequent
eduction of the whle stock to chur, There are abvious advantages in having
one rate of duty, but other considerations enter into this subject, such as the
question as to the form in which the drug can best be packed. and transported.
without deterioration. The experiments which are being conducted in connec
ton with this question are stil incomplete. The Commission feel that the
matters ane for the Local Government to decide, Iti mentioned hers becauss

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 Cr. XVI
REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893.96 315

it would materially seduce the bulk of the produce and make the introduc:
tion of public golas mare casy of accomplishment, The plan is also advocated
by some subardinate Excise offices and Deputy Collectors.

46. The presen syste of gna. admiisionin the Cental roves

encom. 135 ben i for since 1883-8, previous to whieh
wir her were several changes, wiih may be bey”
esapulied. Tn 187175, the ft yer dung which Ack X of 187 vas
fore, the monopoly of vend. of ros (wtih included mad) as pi. op to
aucion for each district a 3 while, or for smaller ars, and kde doa fo
the bighet bidder. The conractos were fic to mike th own aang
ments fr chug the dog frm culivtors, and. edionion vas fee.
16734 the Local Adriaan had 10 consid comin by th ea con:
fracas to the afc tha the extensive calvaion of gone. for hom. con
sumpion by eivwe indidul. ssously nerued th th profi, and
provenad them from paying to Gorecnmens as high a evens 25 hy othr
wie igh, Meanwile the Goverment of Indl hd ved. nscucions 15
21 Loci Governments to discourage. th. consumpion of gra and hang a
{ors posible by placing restetions onthe eslivation,prepataion, and rly
and posing on thei se. 48 Nigh a rie of duty 2 coud be eis who
inducing lick prcises. Accordingly, in Ap 1675, ules were nada gro
iting olivaion exept under ecne, fo which te ev of am sceags ons
authorised, snd mbodyin other prisons fo npr of stocks nd Ecesen
cove ts posses of the roduc unl purchase the eased vend,
The acreage foe was xed som aferwrds a Re. andi 1876.57 5 pect
peal fw of Rs. 10 per act on unieneed calla vas ieoducel Thess
Rcrege fes wre, owere, pronounced flgal by. to Jaicl Commiones
1575, and nw utes er rns providing oth storags of ll gana in Govern.
ment gods or in brite priate sorshouses and for [ry of duty on he
drag when removed, The duty vas food a1 Re 1 per se. Dich ite
xpeienced in ork thse rl, the culietor ting ble fo dps af ee
Produce to th licensed. vendors, "The wholesale vendors held sot, feing
ners of th fet ich the cnbanced dy might ase on consampion, an
he rt vendors would nt puch direct from the. ulivatom. The Loa
Admisation accordisgy purchased neal the wide cop, mousing 10 some
6356 maund, a cont of rey Ri. soma, The Goverment of Ine, how
ect, bred 0 th cei of & Goversmen manaply of gars; 5 i 185081
ho monly of wholes se fr the province vas raed to 3 single nd
dul, wha agreed to ay a duty of Re, 3 pee acon all ana ald by him
etl vendors, nd to supply them with the dro 3 Ro. 5 or se. twa ee
emplaed in the freomens a the peice might bo red by acentot of
ihn to Ra pr sr, and the doty by increments of aoasto Rn. 313
er sky win he pr 1860-81, At te ame ime th ye of aucioning
Te monopey of retail vd by chin ws dons say with, merely Feats
me od a xd tes, varying aconin tote ss of the town <r vag
nd vithant i as othe abe of lens xing one plac. Ths sytem,
Hemera, was sbndoned nthe allowing year, and th suction system ws again
fo the ‘most pat inodaced. This was he origin of the ystmof manoply
F shotomle wich ast to the preset tim inthe Central Provines. Sct
T68253, by which time Act XXIT of 1891 hd become aw, the whee

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 316 REFORT OF THE INDIAN HENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893.94. [CH. XVI

monopolist bas been called spon o pay a certain amount per <ée in addition to
the direct duty of Rs. 2 per tr, the rate varying in different districts and being.
genecally determined by tender. Such tender is Timited by the necessity of sup-
Bling retail vendors at Rs. 3 per sr to an amount pec sé less than Re. 1.
The objec of this measure was to fix the diffrence between the duty on the dg,

Rs. a ports and the price at which i was to be sod to real vendors, Re. 3,
ata figure considerably in excess of the cost price of the drag, and to put up the.
gross profits thereby secured to the wholesale vendor to auction in the form of

tender, It was thought that tis would practically ruse the dirt duty in the
istits where the cost price of the drug was least, and so equalize prices through
out the province. Culivation in Beiish terioris has been concentrated, and
since 181 it has only been alowed in the Khandva.tahsil of the Nimar dis-
et,

647. Dusing the changes above described thers were great fluctuations in
the area of culivaton, but the revenue steadily
on tRESTEAY increased. The amount of consumption is not

wien available. From 1982.83 the statisti. are more

complete, and the. tabular statement subjoined will show the progress of the
admiaistration fn regard to exports and consumption of ganja, the amount and
ate o taxation, and the number of shops. Column 2 contains the figures as
accurately as possible for the rea cultivated; the table appended 1 the Excise
Commissione’s memorandum gives the areas for which licenses were taken out,
‘which were generally in excess of the area actually coltvated. Calumn 5, show
ing the fixed duty, represents the Ra. 2 pr sér duty lovied on all gan ssacd to
the reall vendors of th province - Colum 6 represents etal ficomse fect, and
the amounts, called wholes Ticense fees, obtained in accordance with the
tenders of wholesale vendors:

648. Itwillbe seen from this statement that the fixed duty of Ra. 2 per
Sion of Cul Pisce Séc has not been raised since 1883-53. As above
- remarked, an increase was contemplated as ar back
as 188081. Tn 188; the Local Administration declined to rise the duty, the
principal reason asigoed being that the efiect would be toowes the bids for real
vend monopdles, The total tation per sé of consumption has slightly decreased

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 _
Cit XVL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 180804 317

since 1887-85. The locsl consumption shows a tendency to increase. The

number of shops per head of population has on the whale increased; and, although

the revenue has increased, this is due partly to increased consumption, 4nd party
to keener compeiiion in the action sles of icnses. .

“The basis of good administration has been sid, but progress has not been
secured, and to this result itis essential that atention should now be directed,

oi OnE
ail od
tl SU ER RSi
Phase a might
1
ot
Sa
a
SE
Bd
ah
ms a
0
eb
ed
Ha EL mits 1 1887 vc * Pep pt
ed
TH ns ane em oe on
Tue fo Shot re, Coe tans Pe ome Sipe, ot
Fort, Ro, el i Sot 3 ot ey no
es tessa opt ith ccs bt Bo A
Tie satan mah: Boson i 838 1 mn pen
Toman a to a sly Bi Se
he pie au Nao Si” So Uo Bok mes
eis oo mer oon eon lnm 51 5 Se
Po mg ei ea I oe Be i x om
Ce Goi ec was prog 0 on Web Pcs
A Bh rss 2 mato ap of ps
ET a poms BY 4 ed or oh Sara
palais ni tirty olin somos ind
ot Cig S07 ma & en pen
de a er a ee
Tomes the bands seers Sota esc ant ts tay en

Ce eo i aay ne Saha 2 Do
frites. burl bustc bie oi ilo
SF Go oe mt pt tht or ts tos bn

G50 The Comision can raed te pose lig off etl Tene
tt ito le ng eso ot eli toe the ty ont
Ee = oh ens aprons bth
*iogalroduse ahercoracquones desman toi Adio, Corton
sal fo necury I radng oe day let 1 ald ht kc races, and
i cmos of the Covi Provinces require pact vachlnes fs
ocr, Th fica the vay of treo te day. ovig to he. ach
ont cool tt ig Sordi Ware of the pine 50 Bost ok
Sty th Evin Cormatsionsts memrndim. 5o making A aliases

a
fo th dildo and for the Tt ts. th Khoi gts ior to
int pradaced at abt, th. Comision eof pion that he te might

i. Th io, ons
hk ysscsf ih i irl
manly bod
casing ne iCog00Pro
INTREST Hs syste demands close, samt,
is, eho om pd cis 1 rs

aaa adi
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518 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893.94. [Cit XVI.

at Government interes at the pnt wher the ganja passes fom the whlessle
tothe ret vendor to fix the priceat Ra, 3 per 3c, and that the mosepoly of
holes vend i given o 2 small and selected number of persons wh tender for
‘payment of doy at Rs. 3 pr sé pis 28 much of the margin between Rs 5 and
Re, as can be got from them. There can be file doubt. that, apart fom the
aifclies abo refered 0, the system tell may have apecated aginst a ise in
xed duty. The neterenc in the natural aperaion of the ls of supply and
demand has rendered it more difficult or tho Government to gaugo. for tell the

necessity for increasing the direct duty. And it may be remarked that, in
Cite of the fact that the direct duty has nat been rascd, the receipts
om Hees fcs have not very materially increased, and therefor, whi Bengal
has doubled is taxation on the ganja consumed, he Central Provinces taxation has
remained tionary. The casseof ths may panly be. found in the diferent ci
cumstances of th to province. Exceptin Orisa, the question of smuggling has
heen st. at rest in Bengal. In the Central Provinces the aangements with the
Tributary States which were undertaken with this abject have only just been
completed, and it may have been considered advisable 10 postpone. any increase
in the doy unl this shoud ave been done. Dut even allowing fo this, the
Commission think there 1s reason for aibuting to the diffrent systems, stall.
events in part thevidely difient results obtained.

hdr ind ote 7 Ga, The advantages clsimed for the systems are—

(a) tht enables the rel vendor to know what he fs about, and
makes him independent of combinations and. caprice: aman the
wholesale vendors. This would tend ta indice hin to bid
for bis cense:

(2) that it ensblos Government to secure pat of tho wholesale dears

profits:

(9 that I tends to equalize the price to (be consumer all over Ui:
prince,

“The fest tu of these are not in themselses of any great mportans The

vn object i u secur that the dg is aloquately taxed; and, a4 sppeses ose

Sil, theese fos instead of being raised are pt dawn by the present syn,
wie bstacies ar placed the vay of £3 fixed duty, the advange in
more than countesblinead. And 23 rogaeds the third, it may bo abserv
heehee imposed upon the price of ths dr by fing the price to be
by thortsl dele may very possibly keep the price ta the consumer unduly
in come ditits, while in others, where the opportunities. for smug are
eater, tho s ho adoquate test of ts suitably.

653. The principal disadvantage of the system appears to be that it poss

a oy pon the Gosernment. the esponsibility of taking

inh iio seve cor th pei vi
of which it is dificult o estimate and the fleets of whichare better gauged by the
unimpeded competion arising from the auction of the privilege of retal sl. And.
it sce possible that the present system may operate & certs extent i check

ing the cos of production and the profs of the cultivator. 11 these had reascope,
they would probably tend toais te price of the article. Moreover, the profits of
the whalessl vendor as such are kept down to sucha low figure that tis almost,

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 TTR
‘Ci. XVL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEME DRUGS COMMISSION, 189504 319

certain that he ecoups bimsef in many cases by taking out Feenses or the retail

vend. The system thus encourages a combinaion of intrest which snot gnerally
desirable. The subject is unfortunately not. treated in the memorandum, but
Jubbulpore the Commission ascertained that ut of 7t retail shops, ao were held by
the wholesale monopolist. The satus of the later is suchas to give him practical
‘command ofthe iaation, and th inference is lmost iesisble that ha nl mate
use of this power to acquie for himsell some af the profits aching to the
cetl business if disatisfed with the profs of the wholesale business. Viewed
in ths igh, the lication of the price may bao a large extent inoperative.

654. Upon the whale it appears tothe Commission that any attempt to regu
= ate the price of ganja otherwise thin by a combined
SEAS system of fixed duty and auction vend of monopely
of retail sale in tracts diffrenly circumstanced isa. mistake. It amounts to

an interference cither too great or 100 fide, A Government. monopoly under

which, through the agency of Government officers, the drug would be offered
to the public ata maximum price would be a simple aangement. This fins
been shown not to be the best system fo ganja (Chapter XIV, paragraph $50).
The altcmativ is to levy a_ duty which most be regulated according to experi
ence, the maximum being determined by those general considerations which have
been elsewhere explained, and leave the supply unbampered, execpt by such
checlc as is afforded by the auction of monopoly of retail sie. The latter
affords the necessary adjusiment or disadvantages pertaining to. diferent loc
os, such as unusual cost of cxeriage, faites or smgeling, te. If on account
of such disadvantages the ate of duty nds to be reduced, there is nothing tn
prevent the adoption of special rates of duty for particular tracts.

In recommending an inerease of duty, therefore, on Khandwo ganja, the

Commission are prepared also o recommend that the rule under wich ganja
i supplied by wholesale to retail vendors at a fixed price should be. abolished,
‘and ths wholesale vendors should mot be required to pay fees for the eenses.

655. Tn one respeet the Centeal Provinces system is more ecient than that
of Bengal, siz, the storage of the produce. No
SE EEE Jificly soem to have occurred in these provinces
in ringing all the ga (0a central godown at
Khandwa. This is probably because the establishment of the godown has
obliged th. eulivators to come {o carly terms with the wholesale dealers or
the agents. Me, Robartson, Deputy Commissionee of Nims, says: Tho
agents buy up the ganja on ther ow account as a speculation frequently while
the crop is standing, The whols outiun thus passes nto the hands of about a
dozen men, wh are then able to run up the price at the Khandva storehouse
toll except the whales vendors, by whora they hase been specially eained,
The existance ofthe corner” in no way afiects the vend of ganja, soar as his
province is concemed, The wholesle vendors have to. supply th retail ven-
dors at Ra. po sé, 8 that the latter, and through them the consumers, are
not aficcted, But wholesale vendors rom other provinces undoabedly find it

dificult to make purchases at Khandwa.” The Commission think that a

System which leade to the speedy disposal of the crop by the cultivators to
the wholesale vendors is desizable, but the monopoly of wholesale vend seems
tobe in ths province in too few hands, whereby combination against a fise of

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 550 REPORT OF THE INDLAN HENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1803.94. [Cit. XVI.

duty is facilitated. Subject to the adoption of the measures advocated in

paragraph 654, the Commission recommend. that wholesale licenses should be
mere freely granted without charge 2s in ather parts of India, the selection
being carey made by local offers according to fequiroment.

656. Tithe suggestions made in paragraphs 63, G9, 650,654, and G35 of this
vinta of the prc nd hapter a0 accepted, the systems of Bengal and
clinfFimdan i ™ the Central Provinces wil be practically assimilated.
And apart fiom the fact that the system advocated appears to péssess the
greatest advantages, this result is nisl most desicable.

657. The statistics for the North-Western Provinces are regarded by the
Excite Comissioner as very defective 50 fac as
regards the amount of imports and exports, In the
absence of any fixed duty, and with a evenuo determined solely by the license
fies, no provincial record of the traffe has been kept up. Mr, Stoker isnot con-
Fdent that allowance has been made fo tranfees from district to district, and be

thinks ther is much risk that the same drugs may have been counted tice, and
the provincia total thus exaggerated. Moreover, licenses for the sale of the
ferent Kinds of drugs have not been sold separately. All that an be gathersd
from the statements forished i hat the total amount of the license feos has in-

creased by about 75 pe cont, in the fast 20 years and the number of etal
Ticenses by So por cent and that the imports and consumption of ganja seem to
be ontheinerease, The excise ganja of Bengalis being displaced by the drug
rom the Central Provinces and Native States, which is almost wholly untaxed.
and this sane of the weak pefats fn the North-Western Provinces administration

as pointed out in Chapter XV, paragraph Gog, The otal seven from Tcense fees
isin 182:93 Rs. 7,04795, bi from this would hae to be deducted the amourt
due to icons forthe ale of chara and bling which camnat be as

At rough guess it may Le put a on i Rs. 470,009 due o ganja.

To this must be added the duty on Bengal guns levied in Bengal (sbost Rs.
£113,800) ind. the registration foes at Re. 1 por maund vied on Cen

ces ganja at Khads, making total of about Re, 600,099, or Re.

steam imported ganja seckoncd on an args of 4774 mands. On the whole
spe tn be vey inadequate incidence of ation, but i must be
remember Ut there is na control of production fa th province, and (hat the
wcaion a the dflent Kinds of runs import is very unequal. The number
of shops is very args, nearly dowblo fn proportion to population of that whieh
is found in Beng. TI be no doubt that in this province more control
necessary, and same mesures ave urgely required for. teducing the tasstion
of the dT. ent Kinds of ganja which are brought into the province to sue kind
of writ. The need of remodeling che system ha boen fully recognised by
the officers in liarzef the excise and th proposals ofthe Excise Commissioner,
‘which ave the suppor of the Member of the Board of Revenue in clarge of
Ecise include the folloing measures :—

(1) Prkibiion of except under license.

(2) Probibiion of manufacture of ganja.

(2) Establishment of bonded warehouses, ith contrel of storage and ssse.

of gua.

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‘CH. XVL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS CONMISSION, 180;

1 is also proposed to control the import of ganja, and to impose. an impart

duty at frst of Rs. 50 to Rs. 80 per maund on gather gan from the Cental
Provinces and Native States, to be increased by degrees. For this purpose an
amendment in the Law will be required. Subject to the remarks which ail bo
found frthe on (paragraph 679), the Commission agree n these proposal

655. In Madras and Bombay the general opinion among lees ofcers apps
ntbemimy, 10 Preval that m0 changes are necessary, though
HR Commision ve even 1 bt Bat sh
Governments recognise the impossibility of contining he present state of
afiscs in view of general considerations affecting the whole of India. A
sciue of 14 maunds 24 sé of Madras ganja imported by sea to Caleuts vas
‘made in January 1894. When the Madras Collector of Customs was commini
cated with and asked to enquie ful pariculars and take action if he considered
it necessary, h replied to the Caleuta authors asking under what bw he mss
desired to interfere, The Madras Act contains oll provisions regarding the
import and export of drugs; but these provisions have no. been extended ithe

province. In view of the illicit imports sto Burma from Madras, regarding
‘which there is ample evidence fram the former province, of the complaints fom

Mysore which are mentioned in Chapter XVI, and of the cheapness of the drug,
there can be no doit. tha reforms are urgently requied. The system in Bors:
bay is somewhat more formulated, but in view of the large amount of ganja
produced, and the sil lover price of the drug. the producing disrits, Shere
is 10 less reed of an improvement in the system of admirisraion. The
ammexed table gives a comparative view of the culation and taxation of gags
in thes provinces, and in Bengal and the Central rovnccs. The only comparison
which can be made is that of toil taxation per acre of repored eave:
tion, because the areas of cultivation and total of taxation are. the only igures
on wich any reliance can be placed in these to presidencies =

sey of was vo ng

655. The Bengal gore in columas 4,5 and 6 represents nearly the whole of

«Siri te ste the revenue levied on all the gas produced an

RoE the area given in column 3, as the Assam and

Ruch Bea due, hich as wt Jovi in Begs, Bue ben adil 0

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352 REPORT OF THE INDLAX HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1895.04 [CH XVI.

The ony fem which cannot be added is that portion of the North-Western
Provinces license fees which is due to the sale in those provinces of Bengal

ganja, this is caloulated according to. the proportionate amount of such

un, it would not materially aes the caleaation. If a similar calculation
made to determine the amount. of the license fees due 10 the sale of Khandwa.

ganja in the North-Western Provinces, about Rs. 157,000 would have to be

ddd to columns § and Gof the Central Provinces figures, and. the result of
this will be to rss the average revenue. pec ace of culivation in column 7
from Rs. 219 to Rs. 393. Some of the Khandwa ganja also finds its way
fo Bombay and Berar and other tracts, and pays duty therein the form of
Ticense fees; so the average pec ace of Ra. 303 is stl under the mark, but n any
case the taxation thus calculated is very much loss than in Bengal

On th other hand, the average revenue per acre for Madras and Bombay is

probably over the mark, 4s the amounts in column 6 represent the license
fees pad for all the hemp drugs and not ganja only; and in the sles cfiected
under these cnses is included a cerain amount of ganja, at all vents in
Bombay, imported from other provinces. Ageiast this, however, must be set the
fact that both the presidencies export ganja,—in Madras to the extent of about
one-sevent of tho total produce, and in Bombay to the extent of more: than one-
half, Batas the bulk of these exports goes to Native States, or is exported by
Ses, no revenues relized therefrom, and. the figares of column 7 are. therefore
onthe whole probably in cxcossof the true figures. The general conclusion
fs that 53 compared with Bengal, or even with the Control Provinces, the taxation

ofthe ganja produced in Madras and Bombay is very light.

G30. Tn the Madras Passideney vasious proposals have been made from
to time be introducing som tel into the excise
ret hen dst. administration
= in resect of hemp drugs. In 1856 a
civealar was sted oa Calecors by the Commissioner of Sak aad Abkari calling
for information a to the extent and vature of the trade in these drugs. In this
direc it was present it would prabably suice (4) to
lurid cdivation except und ranted reoof pagent; (4)
1 probs manicure esc v €) to sell the moropaly of mane
facture and vend by disc i appea bst, fieenses for manu
future and rt vend being granted at Une Collertor's diseretion in such momlue
as might apps requisite a in the case of th opium farms. Most of the of
cers consuled. recommended the adoption of these proposals, The Board of
Revenue, although they considered. that the information collected shoved that
the consumption of inoicating droge vas very limited, remarked tht i was
cloady the intention of the legilatuce that culivation” shold be cased, and
they made ts olloving proposals to Goverment

(6) to prtibit cul: fon except under license to be granted free;

(8) to restrict possession by persons other than licensed wholesale and.

retail vendors;

(9) to grant fre Tenses to wholesale desl

(d) to put up to auction esnses for etal sale ; and

(6) toimpose a pass duty.

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(Cit. XVL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1895-04 323

To view, bower, of the indefinite and uneertin formation obtained regard

ing the extent of the trafic inthe drug and the mited natu of the consump
tion, the Madras Government came to the conclusion that in most parts of the

Presidency no restriction was called for, but remarked that it was prepared to
extend the provisions of the Abkart Act relating to intoxicating drags o imited
areas on adequate cause being shown.

Exprience, however, showed thatthe demand fo the drags ws considerably

agger than was suspected, and that the competion in cerain discs for the
privilege of vend vas very keen. Accordingly the Tcenses for retail vend were
sald by auction, ith the resul that the revenue from this. sauce rose the frst
year fom Rs. 5,805 0 Rs. 549%. No farther measures for controling. cal
vation or restricting consumption were taken, The Board again considered the
question of iting the legal possession of the drug, which had been advo-
cated by the majority of the Collectors, but came to the decision that restrictions

on tho ealivaion of the plaat should precede those on possession, snd. thei
objections to revising the idea of ieensing cultivation appear to have been () that

ti would involve the taking out of a license by every person who had a plant
or tno in his garden; and (5) tha it would have been necessary to make a large
increase i the number of shops in order to meet the legitimate demands of
consamers, Tis not clear why the Board changed thee views regarding. pro-
Hibidn of culation which hey bad previously recommended. And the mum.
ber of shops exit 13 14 under the exiting arrangement manifestly n-
adequate, being one for every 144,781 of the inhabits, Considering tht the
consumption of the drugs in Madeas i found to be much larger than wos sus.
pected, and that the propriety of introducing more control into the adorn.
{stration has for several years bocn recognized, the Comision are of opsion hat
the needed reforms should be no longer delayed.

661. The system in Bombay, which was introduced in 1850, docs not seem
ovo te mies 0 have been brought under discussion sico that
enti” ime._The Commissioner of Excise stses that the
subject attacted lute attention Gil the Commission was appointed, The Come
misionce of the Northern Divison says that the system. seems to have grown up

ina haphazard way. The subject has been treated manly from the torerue
poi of view, and the contol exercised has nok been sirct, At the same ime the
aren of rela anja culivaton in Boubay seems to be considerably larger
than. in any othr province; and il measures with 3 view to resection in cone
sumption ars nersssary anywhere, they cortainly appear to be son. this Presi
deny.

662. Th Com jon on a full review of the whole circumstances con:

Gunton oe. ected vith the gana aduwnistratin bave famed the
opinion that eulivaton of the hemp pant for the
production of narcotics in Madras and Bombay shouldbe prohibited except under
Ticense, and that the Teens eltvators should be restricted to a mited red a3
in Bengal and the Central Provinces. They are of opinion that no greater
difficulties exist fo this respect than have been already overcome in these
provinces. A fo remarks are offered in justification of his view.

adi
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334 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISS . 1893.94. [CH. XVI.

663. First—In Madras and Bombay, as was formerly the case in Bengal
andthe Central Provinces, the regular culivaton ia
ices to of itn,
already confined to limited areas. There is pract
cally scarcely any regular field culfivaion of ganja except ia the Kistoa and
North Arcot districts of Madeas and the Ahmedoagar and Sataa districts of
Bombay; and the probibition of cultivation nother districts will involve no serious

difficulty. And thosgh the ulimate inclusion of all the gana cultivation in an
area more cirumserbed than that of two. whole districts is desicable and pro-
bably feasible, stl th limitation even thus far would be a considesable step in
the right direction,

64. Secondly 15 tbe objected thatthe prohibition of occasional cultivation

ist sc ffm plants fn the private gardens or enclosures

of individuals will be difficult to enforce, o this the
Commission would reply—

(1) This difficulty has been overcome in Benga, Assam, and the Central
Provinces, in parts of which, as abundantly established by the
evidence taken by the Commission, this sporadic. cultivation was
equally prevalent.

(2) The dificaly is not so great as it soems ; for whereas at fist sight
seems that it would be necessary in order to enforce the probi-
bition to increase establishments and exercise vexatious interfer

ence with the peopl, such has not been found. fram experience
ined in other provinces to be actually the case. The diffculy
of concealing the plant and the evidence of legality involved in
the mers existence of a prohibited plant i occupied nds, coupled
with a legal probibiion, has in fact sulfeed almost to extern
nate such growth in tracts where ganja is produced with a mi
mum of prosecutions and penalties,

663. Thirdly. Ibe objected thatthe wild hemp plant roving fn unoces-
Te eortoent gos. i nds 5 20 plenifl that, cv i the probilion
WHERE gains cultivation is success], ampl opporturity
il bs fo fo bg 5 rg unt 3 te, he mie To he
source, to Us the Commission reply—

(4) That the guia deed from such spontaneous grow untended snd

unimproved is so infor 35 16 obviate all od of its com

peing with the cultivated ganis.

(3) That wid hemp in the stict sens is not found in tracts removed
from human hibition, pat or present; an the amount of ganja
capable of being smoked which can be procured from such
rom will no ner with the success ofthe propos

666. Faurhly—I it be objected that the ganja. produced in Native States

a repute etry adjoining the Madras and Bombay residencies

cannot be kept out of the province, and that this

a ho ts cine Gama eeply—

(1) That even if this be so, the same may be said of the provinces where.

ulivaion i controlled; and while the amangements of these

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(Ci. XVL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 185394. 325

provinces are, 10 doubt, affected by the proximity of Native Sates,

they ate nevertheless ‘soficienty successfl for practical pur.

poses.

(2) That there is nothing to present the Government from entering into
‘negotiations vith the States (ss has been done in the case of the
Centaal Provinces, apparently with macked success) for mural
‘cooperation in the interests of the excise revenue, and the Commis-

sion (ide Chapter XVII) ave prepared to recommend that this

should be done.

667. Tt wil be desiable to analyse the evidence on ths point in both pres

Spi gt con a denies” Sever witness in Mads speak of the

linda needlissness of controling cultivation, but on ths
point i cannot.be expected thal they should take a sufficiently vide view, as
the interests at stake are Larger than those of individual distits, The only vi
nesses who consider the measure impossible ara—Mr. Sewell, Callector; Mr.
Mounsey, Collector; Mr. Willok, Collector (as regards the Agency tac
and Mr. Taylor, Manager, Jeypore Estate (as regards the Agency tracts) two
Deputy Collectors and a Missionary.

On the other hand, there i a mach lacger consensus of opinion that control

is feasible, The Hon'ble Mr. Crole, Member of the Board of Revenue, in charge
of Excise, says: “If you were to order the stoppage of cutivation of hemp or
even rice, i would be done. There would be no diffcalty in havi the order
cared aut, The people would stop the cultivation : they are quite amenable,
It would be. stopped. without the necessity of espionage and interference, but
there would always be the risk of false charges” Mr. Merman, Deputy
‘Commissioner of Salt and Abkar, says + # There is a good deal of backyard
culvaton which is untaxed. It would be desirable to stop the sporadic. cul-
sation if feasible. | think we could do this. I hin it would be far simpler
to issue an order stopping cultivation, and that would be far ease than atempt-
ing 0 tax it, | believe this culivation could be stamped out by the mere
issue of the order ; and, supposing that there were reasonable facies for
consumers obtaining the drugs, the dissatisfaction would not be great” Mr,
Benson, Deputy Dircetor of Agriculture, says that prohibition of culdvation
would sot lass the people, a3 those. old be so few; and it would,
1 think, within hort time accomplish its objet.” Mr. Levy, Acting Deputy
Comaissoner, Salt and. Abkar, thinks the cultivation of the hemp plaat, and
the manufacture and possession of the drugs therefrom, should be brought under

thorough control” Mr. Badley, Colloctor, thinks that, except in the Wynaad,
prohibition of culivation would be possible a Malabar,and could “be generally
carried out without much ineclrence with the people, but vould be. hardly
possible in the jungly parts” He thinks that for ordinary tacts the present
abari staff might be suficient to secure compliance with the order, though be
does not guarantee this.

Other advocates for the control of ulvaton are—Five Deputy Callectors,

ne of whom, Mr. Adizuddeen Sakib Bat, in North Arcot, says that a prohibitive
order would have the ffct of stopping cultivation without any great interference;

0 Depty Consratos of Fast es Tass or Aco Tele,

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336 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. [CH XVI.

the Hon'ble Rai Bahadur Sabapatby Mudeliar, Raja K. C. Manavedan, three

leaders, ive. missionaries, and four others, viz, 3 municipal chairman, a zamin
dai mansger, a cashier, and a sasishtadar.

665. Tn Bombay, though several witnesses say that further contol is un

necessary, theee of whom are under the impression
en
that Nicenses ace already required for cultivation,
there is no opinion adverse to ts resticion on other grounds. The following.
officers see no serious objection to restriction of cultivation i—Mr. Vidal, Chiel
Secretary to Goseroment ; Mr. Reid, Commissioner ; Mr. Campbel, &.1.1.;
Collector snd Mr, Ebden, Collector of Ahmednagar.

Mr. Monteath, Collector, thasgh be thinks there is 10 need for controlling

cultivation, sof opsion tha the time has core for puting the drugs on the same.
footing as alcohol and opium. Three Deputy Collectors are in favour of
conteol also wo marmladars, an inamda, a forest officer, and a drug farmer.

‘From ths analysis of the evidence it seems cloar that no great diffiulty
ned be anticipated n bringing the eulivaton of ganja. generally under control.
Thee aro tacts, no doubt, where measures would have: to be taken by degrees
and with caution; but the inclusion of these at the outset in a system of cone
trols not essential.

669. The Commission ar futher of opinion that control and limitation of

culation must be accompanied with such supes-
ure and storage of the crop
as is necessary to the imposition of a fixed duty on

ganja. in addition tothe fos for licensed vend. which a at present levied. In
regard toboth these matters, the experience of Bengal and the Central Prov:
ines is avalble though the systems differ at present as to slorage.

670. That theres room for the imposition of a duty on ganja in both
a diy tn Mana mt PRCSCERCIE can hardly be doubicd. In Mads,
Bl 7 though. there ave several officers of standing who
ace satisfied with the present arangement, there sno procst agaist increasing
the duty, while few witnesses seein favour of nerasing the price of the drogs.
Me. Willck,Colicetr, says 1 am not opposed to an increase of the pric of the
drug where practicable” Mr. Bradley, Col * At present 1 do not think
Hemp drugs are suficienly taxed with ference to alcohol” Other advocates
of increased taxation ae District Surgeon, a District Forest Officer, a Deputy.
Tahsildar, two medical practitioners, jagidar, 3 pleader, a merchant, a news:
pape dior, bank cashier, and three missionaries. In Bombay thereis also a
goo deal of evidence as to the necdlessness of furthe inerfrence on taxation
but thee is at the same time weighty evidence ia favour of increased taxa:
tion, Me. Mackensie says: “I think the taxation of the hemp drugs in
his Presidency might be raised ; but the question would require details and earful
examination. The gana of this Presidency is roughly’ manufactured, though
the cultvatonis careful enough. A direct ta would necestate the adoption of
asysiem of distinct wholesale vend. 1 sec no objections to that, as the tex
does not fall on the culivator, The variations in the retail price shown
in paragraph 8 of my memorandum are, no doubt, excessive, and seem to

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 tis
Cit. XVL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HENP DRUGS CONMISSION, 189304. 337

dicate that there is room for taxation to regalste the wholesale rates of
the drag” Mr. Vidal says: “ln view of the higher taxation fn other
provinces, 1 ses no reason why there should not be a higher direct tax in
this province. The disproportion between the taxation of liquor and. of hemp.
drugs, and the relative deammess of liquor which results from thi, 4150 pointe
to the propriety of increasing sation on hemp drugs” Mr. Monteath, Cal-
tector, says “ihn the present system of excise administration in respect
of hemp drugs has worked fai well, but that the tims has come for pain
these drags on the same footing 33 lcoholic stimulants and opium. Hitherto
the consampiion of preparations of hemp has not been extensive nd 30 Tong
ast was very small, the farm of the ight to sll, as dispensing wich the need
of any preventive establishment, was pechaps more suitable. Bat it seems that
Dot only in this distiet (Bijapu), but throughout the Presidency, the amounts
it to sell have beca increasing, and it may fly be fered
that the habit of consuming these drugs is spreading. It cannat, indeed, be
said yet to be prevalent; sill the tol consemption 1, 1 think, sufficient to
make it worth while to impose an excise duty it i already In this district much

in excess of the consumption of opium, though insignificant 3s compared with

the consumption of alcoholic simulants, pariclarly toddy, I is, | believe,
geneclly admitted that the system of deriving 2 revenue by facing the right
to scl is suitable only in the caret stage, and. hat the levy of an excise
duty is the fires and most satisfactory method of taxing an stile produced
the country. Now the levy of an excise duty on preparations of henp wil pre-
sent no diffiules i this Presidency. The existing aber establishments would
probably sufice for the levy of the duty, or at last would sequie strengthening
to but a small extent. The lery ofan excise duty would nor, | think, exci any
opposition. An alteration in the form of duty could not reasonably be objected
to" Me. Ebden, Collector says: * The heanp drugs ar very much chesper than
liquor now. For a pice a man can get enough gana to last him for a week if
he is a moderate consumer, There is, therfore, considerable margin for heavier
taxation ofthe drug without driving the people to liquor o other intoxicants. |
consider there i a considerable. margin for tasation, though the drugs con.
sumed by the very poor. 1 have no sympathy ith the excessive consumer, and
the moderate consumer would not fcl a moderate increase Mr. Sincli, Cole

lector, says: 1 consider the is 3 margin fo increasing taxation, having regard

to the price of other intoxicants, the fact that the drugs are mainly usd by the
Poot, and the danger of smuggling.” Me. Almon, Assistant Collector, Bombay,
saya: “Dy impression i that the tax on the drugs i 100 lov. 1 thnk that the
ondinary liquor consume pays tice as much for what be vants as the ordinary
ganja consumer would, or three imes 4s much as the ordinary hang drinker. 1
think the rates should be equalized.” Other advocates of nceessed taxation are
three Deputy Collector, the Adistraor of the Jath State, an Assistant to the
Commissioner, an namdar & marmlatdar, a pleader, 0d 3 drug fame,

671. Inview of these opivions, as well as of the geversl consideration

which have been explained above, the Commission
impedtions uSETE have no hesitation in advocating the gradual avi:

he lation ofthe Madras and Bombay systems to that

inforce in Bengal. The process of sriving at adequate taxation mus: necessasly
be gradual, but a commencement. should be made without any furtber dey.

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 A
448 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189594. [Cit XVI.

The presents th time for his measure, while consumption of ganja is stl
beloved by the authociies to be very limited. It cannot but be the case that the
enormous diffrence between the taxation of liquor and ganja is an. incen-
ive tothe incresse in the deog habit, and such an inconsistency between the
angements of diferent provinces ad the administration of the excise on dif-
{rent Kinds o intoxicants cannor, in thei opinion, be any longer maintained.

672. Tn Bera the foundation has seeady been laid for the introduction of a
system of contra in respect of ganja similar tothat

advocated by the Commission. Cultivation is

aeady resticted and an acreage duty imposed. on its growth. The Commis
Gon are not aware of the conditions under which this bas been found possible.
The law of the province stands on & special footing, as previously explained.
The Commission believe that ther wil be no dificult, and thee certainly wil

be some advantage in sssimilating the system to that which exists ia the Central

Provinces, and which may ulimately be adopted in Bombay. Ganja is nade

quately taxed, and it is unlikely that the pitch of taxation necessary to estict
the consumption can be reached otherwise than by a direct duty, or that a much

heavier acreage duty ill effect the desiced object.

615. Not much need be ssid of the otber minor administrations, Progress
in Ajmece must depend upon co-operation with the.
ne, Cord Que Tn
Bish system in surrounding States, Ultimately

as probable that the system can be assimiated to that in force inthe rest of
Biiieh India. In Coorg the price of gana is very low owing to the facility of
obtaining a supply fom the Madras Presidency. When the system of the latter
{reise car should be taken that svar restrictions in Coorg are not wanting.
Quetta Peskin hardly requires special notice. The consumption of ganja must
be very smal, it existe at all, as the sourcés of supply ave very distant.
The real price sated to prevail is higher than anywhere. else in India cxcept
Bengal and Assam.

674. As the ony provines which receives large imports of chara, the Pune
vmstat prioaly concemed ith the admivistation
of this drug. Hitherto there has been ro. taxation
of charas inthe Punjab bayond the levy of license fees for its vend. It is not
wed in Assam, Madras, Berar, and Coorg, and but fle in Bengal, the
Cental Provinces, and. Bombay. Is used in the Punjab, the North-Western
Provinces, Sind, and Quetta-Peshin, Bengal levies 3 duty of Ra. 8 per sic on
the small amount imported, and the Central Provinces Rs. 10 per maund. In
Bengal, Mr. Gupta says tht it will be necessary ere long to rae the duty. The
uly in Bombay i 8 annas per maund. In the other provinces the only
tax i, 35 in the Punja, tha which i represented by the Fiense fees for vend.
Bengal is, therefore, the only province where. the sation is adequate. In the
Norh-Westean Provinces ts proposed to lery duty of Rs. 80 to Rs, 100 per
‘maund on al charas imparted. In the Pasiab, in pursuance of the provisions of
Act Xof 1893, a doty of Rs. 20 per maund has been proposed, This appears very
small. The conditions under which the rade fn charas fom Yarkand is cared

on operate to some extent against more severe taxation. Bat if provision is

made to prevent the tax from being demanded fom the actual importers, the
Commission are of opinion t1at there is ample room for taxation without the trade

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CH. XVL REPORT oF ThE NOLAN HEMP DRUGS CoMRSSION, 16534 330

ing seriously affected. There 2 brge amount of responsible evidence for

tang the drug in he Par 1nd the North-Western Province, wits the
consumption ar geste thn lsemhee, and the Comission tk tht Re. Bn
per mand is nt 00 high to begin wih, Ulimaily, regard bing hud to. he
Consideration aboe nosed, he taxation might be red condeaby.

i t,t 107 mh regi

675. Ath spy of chara so comply win he ancl of Go

weoviacl umngements. its disposal. The establishment of bonded war :

owes, oh the do cin ken rv nd am wich ld
nly gore of dy by hts vets, bs svsdy bn Secon
the Tih Th mses wh le pores Hom poo 0 erm
{oxi nication of sind arses fo te abot Wet
net at the fet srs of commie, The Comin de ot
ik ks ht he. whl dy ab wet more) atgeont
hod ve danas wie ds congnmens ws rt, The bones
Ros syn ay be sin am ts by. Local Govammens wie de
oe, nie. ei oly AL as fo mt fo dv teh Gon
er il. de Go ole, ih torte al sot
ane th du ih Bet tr shod ros om be sha
Sarin 1 to te ie cims of paring. provi nd it coomig
Srv to th dy, reheat ox ttn ering Ba
hg orto 1 ines wd he ots or bs rs
This fone sh cars in sich dh emio fo Sue Coven
resi Tro steno nt pol agement argent
owen leh provinces 120 Rah Soc my be. neccry amd
he A i cy ot habs nto Ts Ahh aon sh
of ie et provides 47 Te. postion of yo the impo 4g hhh
Sling his sho Se ty sian 58) dove ht EE
im Brin od ibs pant ts rad do nfm,

a
ts nds hc maton of i Lor Coen. 1 stl th
rigors hou Samad fr eg ob oto he wi, wi

615. The ifcly of contig bang in Bengal, Assam, th Nor Western

cotutmg, Provinces, and he Puri ass from th fact hat
{bers rg spontaneous growth in he mosainons
and ubmontan tracts of dese provinces, There is ndosbisdly s ble of
rom which prclads ict cone, But in parts of these provinces ray
{fom the bil her is le o 0 spontaneous gro, and in thee prs 1s well
avin th tha provinces ctrl possible Thor is lle clon i the
Puri and th North Wester Provines, and conierbly mre in proportion in
Sin, Non of his clini in the Himalayan region, wher th wid growh
Gs. Wit th exception of Bengal sn the Cena Provinces, the nly a
Sins that relied by aun ven of the manaply of se. Tn Bengal 3 duty

fm penn,
ment 1c ed.
whichng Sought
presets oh fata
bt 3 smal rheof ur
wht Gaver:
iv. lily con.
sumed. Wikou contaling the sportansess grow ofthe plan, it a btn
found imgossibl to raise th ty, though the sujet was ally considered fn

185995 Ish Corl Prins duty of Ra 3 pete oid on fc 5

Bs

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460 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. (Ch. XVI.

bhang, which apersts to prevent the imports from passing a very limited figure.
The taxation of this hang is excessive, and its sal i affected by the fact. that
only the wholesale deers are allowed to sel it by retail

677. The Commision ren favour of taking such measures ss are posse
semis to or. for controlling and taxing bang. For th present

Ee they consider that in the bel of growth sbove re-

ered to nothing more can be done than to auction the mosopely of retsl
vind, In odber pats thy are of opinion that culdvaion should be prbi-
bited, except under Tenses, and arangements made for he transi of the
whale crop produced fom Heensed culivtion to the suthorsed vendors. In
hese trace they are of opinion tha some aiiemps may be made to ex.
pie the spontaneous growth by rendering the occupies of and responsible
Tat it shall mot be found on thee lands, Legilaion may be necssary
fo the parpos, They would Te to see Me, Westmscot’s circular which vas
cancdid by the Bengal Goverment revived, and they would suggest
medication of the Assam ciel perniuing he se of green or dry hemp
forth use of cattle, Now that the habia of th spontaneous ror hs been
Clay deined, Local Governments il have no diffclly in deciling where, for
he present a est, the isting system must be allowed to continue, The
Commision thik tht it way be impossible to wea the bang wich is ro
duced gaegroving rcs na differnt maser om ganja. To doso woukd
feobaly bo to impor the ganja administration, Ba if his opinion i found to
be misiahen, they would be glad to seo this bang more leienly tated than
gasia. The Commission find that in the Cental Provinces hang i only pre
ited tobe sel by the wholesale vendors, an the dy is the same 1s in the
Gaseof gar. The resson for this is no sppseen. As judged by the sand.
Sd of ther provinces, the incidence of tationis high compared o gan.

678. Asregands the ditibution of the drugs toretsil vendors, the Commis
sion thik that when adequate arrangements have
Dlsitsesemp nero. been made for thee taaton, not much tererence
rv required. The evidence contains various suggestions
on this subject, Some wfocess point 10 the ge. profits reaped by whole:
Sie vendors, nd sggest that these middlenca should be sbolihed, nd. that
{ie functions discharged by them shouldbe acum by the Government in order
{0at thse profits may be secured os the public revenues, The Commision sre
not n favour of this proposal, 141s pen to some of the abjections against 3
Government monopaly whih have bee previously sated. If the profs reaped
by the wholes vendors ao found to be excessive, this act wad pint 10
disein the du. I he latter is sficient, the Government need not concern
reli with th daar’ profit, Private enterpise is, moreover, better sued for
{be dstebution of the taxed drugs than Government agency. The sim of Gore
anment should be to dissociate sel, fa 2 possible consistently with ecient
contol snd. adequate taxation From the supply of the drugs. This general
policy may adit of special exception. The Bengal Government has dopo.
ion o such exceptions, wil afirming tho generlpinil, in be folowing
le Except districts where minut pric have been prescribed by the
Bosc, no attenpt should be made to regia the pice a which spits, quo,
gs oe 5 0,

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 — TT,
Cit XVI] REPORT OF THE INDLAN Hep DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394 333

“The nue of shops in Madea is aly 25, and the allegation of some
he inns ht hs 50 dee sh ee hemes ot
an get ganja hon they requis i from the cullvatrs receives. sonfrmdon
from these statistics. Ta Bombay the numbecof shopsis sated to bey double
the. nuinber of real lenses, and the diferent plied. The umber
of souls por shops nly 24,681. No doubt density of population's an denen i
the consideration and Wily populated racts will ete mre shops propor
ally han where popula is dense; but the number of shops fn che Nother
em Provinces, Puja, Genial Provinces, Sind, and Bra sem to seqie ston
tion ith, eftrence (0 thee remarks, A considerable reduction of shops hs
been under consideration fn the North-Western Province which was to come
into force in 1895.94.

84. The hemp drug shops in Beh dia sr racy used 3 smokin re
0 Comming eh pis. sorts. They see not nfrequenty shops where ther
acces we also 50d. If no, they ar genrally
small nd incapable of affording accommodation for a ber of esas Gani
smokers who smoke in company generally congregate in places of public resort
or in theic om houses, And the evs which esl tom consumption of igor
on the lccaed premise England maybe 5d to be snkaown fn connection
wih gaa shops, There ae 3 ew witaeses who inaswerto ths Commins
question onthe sbject 53 tht such shops src undesirable ; but thee roads
are mainly founded. an theoreti] objection, not on practical experince. Tn
he Cental Provinces consamption an the premises bas been proved since
1591, but thre is no information as £0 the arin of the prokbiion. 1 seems
probible, borer, ha hen the proibion vas issued a. regrds mada snd
Chandu, th clause was made to includ the empdags whos spe nay.
To the City of Bombay ter se to clasies of sops-—those in hich conamp:
tion on the. proses 1 paited, nd those in which ts prod. With
telsenc to he former, Ms. CarmpbelCollcto, aye: 1h ta good thing
to have some shop in Bombay City where the drugs sc consmed on the pr
mises. ops the corsamers und notice The shops sre bond t cos at
2 conan our and the consumers to behave aa odedy mae, This ads
to egulte th practic snd contol the habits of consumers, The closing of
the chando and madsk shops i id to hve relly foresee the number from
shops to about 150 clubs. The ltter st na ope t aspcton a vit by
Ue auhrides, As a matter of fac os, consumption of ganja. within leensed
Shops 1 relly small ad shows no serious oil” Places {or sl and conse
ion of gan ae contempsied by th ad Bengal Acts 1 of 1566 and 1V of 1866
lating to Caleta. The Excise law i gencally iat on the subject. Tha
Commission ave no tocommendaton to make on tho subject. which may bo
itt the discatin of Loss Gorernmente In the course of thingies inthe
Nor Westen Provinces it cam to the nice of the Commission that in Luck

ao shops wre kept by fmales (called Skin) or the lef heap drugs. Tho
inset who méntiaoed the fact deseibed th Sakis” ss "wore than prose
Staten The pack was bough to the notice of the Loel Govenco, and
ingen fds rab th gant of lecaes to * Sains have ben ised,
1h been brought o the aoc of the Commision ha in Assam, where id
ence in liquor sometimes i sore among the cooles tht the den work

Sy opp, ee pases av 4c he shop hems, dp 4

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534 REVORT OF THE INDIAN HENP DRUGS CONDISSION, 189394 [CH XVE.

dca to pee rene, The a an ich might be tid a0

regards gona in cases where is use has aay tendency to a similar result, In

oe Poi snd in Que Fobinhe Heese for rel vend bare a provision
binding Ui vendor not to sll the drugs to children or insane persons. The
ale ta children has been noticed by few witnesses in other provinces, and. the
Comission tecommend the adoption of = similar provision in all such ienses
everywhere.

85 Toe povbion mein

sulingela
localarpublic
ls of he segard
Bch toDeparts fo ofcon.
etter To Deg Ack oma
apiionia the opening

provionforassiging to any musicipality with ts consent the functions of the

Tocal Government eltng tothe gran officenses, and afer such assigoment po
condilions or rles may be imposed by the Local Goverament without th consent

ofthe Muricialty. Tt snot cess vhether any municipality in Bengal has becn
nested with these powers. Bot nevery case of censing shops io a municipality
the Collector is arderd by ule to noiy to the Municipal Commissioners the
ites sclocted for shops within municipal Fits and. should they object to anyof
them, be siosructed careally to consider thei objection, snd, if he does not
agree vith them, refer the matte to the Commissioner of Excise for decision;
pending which be must not allow any shop to be. opened on a site objected. to,
Tn no othe province is there any special provision of the av fo ascertsining the

‘wishes of the people in regard to the opening of shops for the sle of hemp drugs.

656, The subject of local option was put to the witnesses, who were asked
Es ‘whether the wishes of the people srs consulied. or
floaty considered in any way belare a shop is opened in
any locality, what measures ace taken for this purpose, and whether local public
opinion ought to be thus considered, The number of vitneszes who have replied

in the ffcmacive to the ltt question is considirablo—2a8 in al, of whom 31

are superior cil officer, 79 subordinate ciel offices, snd 104 nonofficials, But
very of these witsesis express any opsion as to the method by which local
opinion shoud be consulted. The isting practic is nt to consult local opinion
deftly. Theopinion of local subordinate oficers are received, but seldom
those of he residents of thelocalty, though any objections wich may be made
are considered. With this procedure the highest authorities generally are sats-
fed. tn Bengal, Mr, Lyall says: * Nostiempt at a plebiscite or anything that
Kinds made. ~The number of shops has becn greatly reduced of late years as
statistics will show, Farther reduction would cause great. discomfort to con
sumess, and | think they have ight to be considered. 1 am not prepared to
say whether an appes to public opinion would result in the closing of many more

shops!” Mr. Westmacott sys + “1 hink it is rubbish consulting Jocsl public

jen, 1t generally meas consltng a number of babes who are out of ll sym.
‘pathy with offer classes, and ttl ignorant and careless of the requirements.
Bybgbus 1 nean those known in Bengal 2s the dad aio comprising pleaders and
achoolmastrs in great part. My remarks do not apply to zamindars, who woul
not come forward and give a opinion in the matter of local option, but should

‘undoubtedly go to them if ancious tofind out what the local public opinion was.

There would be xo diffclty in geting public opinion in the village, for it would
‘be ascesained from the gradhans or principal raiyats but in tow the division

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‘CH. XVL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1393:94 335

between classes is such tha these is no homogeneous public opinion, if 1 may

uso the phrase” Mr. Gupta says local opinion is no formally consuled, but
attention is paid to any ressonsble objection ased against particular sits, though
‘most of the sites being old ones, i is sekdom that they are objected to. More-
ores, shops for the sale of hemp drags are not considered a nsance, and are
often accommodated in the same room where othe busin is cared on In

the North-Western Provinces, Me. Cadel says: | ave never beard of any objec
tions to drug shops. 1 have heard such objection regarding spi shops. The
wishes ofthe community should be consulted. Hitherto the objection to drug
Shops has always come fom bore, iz, from the Board, the Commissioner, of
the Collector?” Mr. Stoker's evidence is 10 2 similar fist, Tn the Paap, Mr,
Gordon Walker says: “There is nothing in the nature of “local option In
practice the shop sits remain as they have been established for long tine, and
the necessity for 4 change in. the way of adding new shops or closing exiting
ones seldom arses” It may, howerer, be noted hat there is special provision
the Panjab for inviting the opinion of the residents of a locality regarding the

pening of a new liquor shop and holding a local inquiry if necessary. Sinlarly
nthe Central Provinces, there is a_ modified system of focal option 3s regards
liquor shops, which are moro than sic times as numerous 3s gana shops, bt ot
regard tothe later, Mr. Drake-Brockman says tha th adiistration asall long.
shaped ts plicy on the assumption that the deg i extremely dletesous, and it
fs. standing order that no more should be licensed than are necessary to met the

demands of consumers, who, if a lict supply were not avaiable, would probably
supply themselves icity. Me. Laurie sas: * In an agricultural povincelike thi,
the people ars not given to formalating thei views in speech or wing; and
public opinion” can only be aived at by laborious research” In Madras it has
been directed that in cases of slerations i the numbar or ites of shops in marie

cipaliis, a lst of the proposed shops vith the: sites should be forwarded to the
Coun in sficent time (0 adit of ils remarks being received aad cone
sidered § and though inthe rural tracts the location of shops at the discretion of

Revenue officers, representations from District or Taluk Boards or Talak sions

would fnvariably be received with atention”” In Bombay, Mr, Mackensio says +
“There i no fixed ruleas to local option. Tn some districts it is attended. to
carefully; in others the Collector uses his discretion according to the information

he possesses as to the demand; but in all any represenation by the nhabliants

for or against the establishment of 2 shop would bave fll consideration, Such
representations, However, have seldom be a made” The same is the case in
Sind. Mr. James, the Commissioner, sags “No concession of local aptionin the

matter of hemp drag shops has been made, no sit necessary. Where there
sufficient demand, the farmer applies for 3 shop, an retailers ace al grocers, nd
the drug forms an addition to ther ordinary tock of grocers... A farmer dors
not, like a publican at homo, simlate sals by accessories calculated to make ha
shops attractive, He simply dennds on the domand. The Collctar and District
Magistrate, ater consulting the local oficial, is able o judge whether 2 shop.
should be opened or not, and focal residents other than the consumers of the drug.
take no moro interest in the matter thay a tar in an English country town i the

question whether 3 particular grocer down the stest should have icese to sell
Garet or not. The subordinate officals whom the Callctor would consult before

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556 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. [C1t. XVI.

deciding.

his as upon most matters acting the peace and comfort of the
the matter i too insignificant for aay formal rule to be made or to bo neces-
ay

687. Its perhaps doubtful what might be the offet ofan atiempt to canvass.
public opiron more completely than is at prosent
done. A missionary in Bengal sud anther in
Assam thik that local public opinion would close every ganja shop. Bat
Mr. Cockburn, an officer of long standing in ihe Opium Department, North-
Western Provinces, says : 1 the wishes of the paople were consulted, the number

of liquor hops would be at once doubled, and ganja and bhang obtained at every
banis's Mr, Thorburn, Commissioner in the Purab, takes the same view. A
missanary in Madres, who is an advocate of prohibition, says “I do not
see the use of consulting local opinion on such a question. Though public
opinion i decidedly against the we of hemp drugs, it is doubtlol if the
majority of the pecple woud take the trouble to express any opinion on
the sabject, while consumers of the drug would censily try to show that
opinion vas in favour of opening such shops.” One witness in the Centeal
Provinces sees serous objections to refering the question to public
opinion on the ground that, * wheneves public opinion is taken, it has led to
There are three opinions, two in
and local boards
se well ¢ monicipalities regarding the opening and shutiog of shops; and
one witnes in Bengal would ascertain local option thiough the panchayats
‘which exist unde the Chaokidar Act; but none of these witnesses seem to have.
much confidence in the plan thy propose.

688. The Commission feel that except in municipalities where the tesponsiti-
lity of regulating the number of the shops might with
Commu om tice.
advantage be shared by the District and Menicipal
authorities, thee s not mach need or opporcuniy for soliciting public opi
in rogard to the matter; bot that the lading. rural notables, zamindars, of head
men should be consulted by the subordinate officer who reports the case when
ner shops are proposed, and. that objections, if presented, should continge to
recive the most careful atenton. But the district offcer must be wholly
responsi for not lloving shops to exist where there is not a demand. for
them.

6%, The abject of fimiting the amount of the drug which may be logally
a possessed by any one person i to place a cheek
"== pon smuggling and to restrict consumption. The
imposition of this lit i specially required where the prosinity of Native States
fords aces fo th former; and recommendations fo lowering the maximum.
are made by several winesses in this cometion. Consumption is also thereby
checked for not uly is excess fostered by the possesion of a large store, but
means are forded for mor extensive istibution of the drug. The maximum
of legal possession vey difecent in diffecent part of Inia. The mic as fixed.
by Act XXII of 1681, which is in force in the Nonth-Westem Provinces,

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‘Ch. XVI] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1895.94 337

the
follows Push
— the Cond Provinces, Ajmer, Coc, snd Qt, i

(Gor chr, or any reparation or adits thesol stole

Bang ox say preparation o dius therst bot

“This amount is bld to be reasonable by the Excise Commissioner, North

Western Provinces and there are no opinions of any weight in favour of its
aheation.

In Bengal th ini ed by Beogal Act VIL of 1878 is as follows —

asf or bas, or any preparation o adntue of he same. 4s

lara, o an prgaetion of dita of th sae wo ston,

Theve are several witnesses who recommend the reduction of the maximum

for gana to 5 tolas and, though the subject has not been nticed by any very
bigh authority, the majority of these witnesses ace men of special experience in

excise matters. As regards ganja imported from the Orissa Tributary Mahals he
Bengal Gorernment has authority under the Act to ft 4 lower maxim, and it
has accordingly xed § tolss.

In Madras the Act (1 of 1886) provides that the Government may fx a

iit. No such lit has been prescribed, and the Comission atc of opinion
that this should be done.

In Bombay and Sind the Act (V of 1878) prescribe the lit xed by the
Gorernment for retail sale as the lie of possesion, This limit has bee fixed
by notication or the whol Presidency at 40 ola of half an Indian sé for al
dating drogs. There is a considerable amount of evidence in Bombay that
too igh. Me. Mackenzie says tha it might be very considerably
reduced, an four Callctors, Messi. Campbel, Monteath, Woodward asd Ll,
recommend the adoption of § tolas as the mit for ganja. Eleven othe witnesses
is province advocate reduction of the maximum, In Sind there ae fewer

opinions on the subject but there als the eduction of th limi is recommended
by three witnesses.

In Berar no init of possession is prescribed; the limit for real sale

fs—ganja and bhang, 20 tolas ; chara, § tolas. Three witnesses recommend.
seduction of th lini, wo of whom axe excise offces.

650. As regards gar and chara, and any prepsion or adie of the
“ame, the Commisdon are cf opion that there
Should be one iit for the whale of Indi, sod that

is it shoud be tls. 14s only in Bengal that this mesure wold equve
an alteration of th aw, and the opportunity shold bo ken whn the Excise Act
i amended to make the necesity provision. Itis understood that the subject
Fag sveady been under discussion, and that this amendmen of tel has ben
secomménted by the Excise Commissonce, As togaris bang, he nt is
owher les than 3 sé. This limit i probably low caough wher hehe plant
grows wild, vi, in the Bengal Presidency, For othr provinces where Shag s

"mc he elie of he ge le, he queso as whl he Ti ong 5

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598 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-04. [CH. XVI.

tobe higher than n the case of ganja. But pon the whole the Commission
ink that the to products, ganja and bang, are sufficiently distinct and that
0 gre objection ests to allowing a higher maximum. They would therefore
recommend that § tls or ganja or charas and 90 tolas or sé for Bhan be
regarded ss the proper maxima for al provinces, and that as opportunity offers
a Native States be advised to accept these There is certainly some
dvantag, considering how British teiory is intedaced with Native State
terory, in having ane standasd in thi respect for the whole of India.

Gr. Tn the case ofthe excise of spies, the duty is levied on the alcoholic

gol osagn, Content of the liquid as determined by the

Tein fbimp dng rl MAES centage of proof spi present, and, fn
view of th varying mount of resin extacton present in ifeent qualities. of
hemp drugs. (an which the narcotic value depends), it might be argued that
the equitable mode of levying doty would be by the adoption of a sliding
scl, the duty varyiog with the percentage of resin extraction present. But
these are at present practical diffclties against the adopion of such a system.
The physiological value of the resin extraction present in all samples is ot
simi; snd, though two specimens may contain precisely the same percent.
age of resin extraction, it does not follow that the narcoic power of the drugs.
‘would be equal, and 210 that the percentage of extraction inthe drugs may vary

from yer to year, The Commission, therefors, make no recommendation

regarding the tsxatin of hep drugs according to thle strength.

692. The province of Buma stands on a difecent footing from that

mk of any other province, inasmuch as the hemp drugs

Stuy dpi, 250 ently prokibited, Ths profibition vas pat
ito force the year 1873 and embodied in the Excise Act, 1681. The Chief Com
misone has poet to grant speial Fcenses for culivation, sale, and. possession
ofthe drugs; but the power has not. been used. The prohibition arose out of the

fairy mad by the Goveroment of India in 1877. Si Ashley Eden, then Chet
Commissioner, recaded the folloing remarks regarding ganja in bis review of
the Excise Report for 1870-71: = The sl of thi article is prohibited at Ram
tee Sandovay, Tavoy, and Merg, and the Chief Commissioner considers that
mo fuctber addition should be made to the number of paces for the ssl of this

pemicious de

be glad to have the opinion. of the Comissioners 13 to the possibly of with-

raving ll licenses fo he sale of gaa throughout the province. Its use is at
present happily Title known to the people ofthe country at the same time there
i every reason to fear that taste fort may bespread among them by he people

of India asin the caseof opium. certainly seems o the Chief Commissioner
that ts very desicable to at once sacifice the small revenue derived from this
souee nd. stop the consumption absolutely before the evil comes upon the
conntry. The enly sufcers fom th cessation of the supply will be a few of the
Indian Iabourrs who come to work here ding the rice season. They mist
Team to take the want of gaa as ne of the discomforts of a sojourn in & foreign.
11nd, for which thy are aroply compensated by the large earings they obtain.
The Chie Comisioner observes that the ‘percentage of persons admitted to.

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(Cit. XVL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189394. 539

the Dacca Lunatic Asylum in Bengal who had lost thei intellect from the ects
of ganja was from—

1010 1867 a 154

Pecos.

156810 1870 - ur
It has been said that some ganja has been grown lately in this province.
“The cultivation should be at once checked.” A copy of these remarks together
with the opinions of local offices, civil and medica, was sent to the Goverment
of Indi in reply tothe eoquiry. Thevois very lite in the opiians which goss to
establish the injuiousness of the drugs, and it may therefore be taken that
Sit Ashley Eden's strong expression of opinion embodies th reasons for which
the Government of India concurred in absolute probibiion which was enforce
ed from the beginning of the year 1873-74. Apparently Sie Ashley Eden relied
largely upon the statistics of the Dacca. Lunatic Asylum for bis opinion. The
arguments to be derived from these statistics have been considerably modifi
ed by the Commissions investigations. In 1878 the Goverment of India
addressed the Chief Commissioner of Burma in the folloving terms: In
1873 the sale and. cultivation of ganja in Bish Burma were prohibited, In
September 1874 the import of the drug by sea was also prohibited. These
amangements received the approval of the Government of India on the under
standing that i would be. possible by this means to prevent the use of ganja
altogether in British Burma. Your present proposals show thatit bas not as yet
‘been found possible and tend to throw some doubt up the policy of 1873 and.
1874. 1 am therefore directed to request that you will be good enough to
examine the rest of the repressive measures already adopted, and favour the
Government of India with your opinion as to whetber it would be advisable to
persorers in the attempt to probit absolutely the use of ganja in Brish Burma,
or whether it would not be preferable to revert to 2 system of licensed sle of
the drug upon payment of heavy duties.” The Chief Commissioner, hever,
considered that "a return to the license system would be a retsograde ste, and
that the possession of ganja in British Burma should be altogecher proibited
by law. The grounds for this opinion are that ganja is admittedly more
baneful than opium tha as yet the drug is unknown to the Burmese, or at any.
rate is not used by them to such an extent as to. become a wary the sudden
ihdrawal of which would be felt; that in the Arakan Hill Tracts the total pro-
Tibiton of ganja has worked well and that the people of Burma at present
addicted to its use ass zoey, it is belived, immigrant natives of India” (Excise
Report for 1877-78). These views were accepted. by the Government of India,
and the provisions elting to Burma in Act XXII of 1881 were the result. From
hat date the subject was not mentioned ia the Excise Reports for the nest §
years. Inthe report for 1850-91 the only notice is that one Burman ws pro-
Secoted for cultivation of ganja. In the report for 1891-93, gi breaches of the
‘Excise law in respect of ganja ace mentioned, in which 27 conviction, involving.
236 toss of ganja, were secured. This was ia the Arakan Division. There
io special statement for Upper Burma shoving 12 tolas of ganja confiscated
in Yew and 13 viss and 1 olan Laver Chindin, ~The same statement for 189a-
1 shows 3,000 tolas of ganja as confiscated in Yew and 53a (o 652) in Upper
Chindwin. There is stll no mention'of the subject in the reports.

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40 REFORT OF THE INDIAN HEME DRUGS COMMISSION, 189504. [CW XVI.

5. A statement has mow been iho to the Commision showing. the

er seit of ganja for th past five years and dug.
ea he rs igh mi of 159394.

ns ast
These ae as follows i

ras
Horan
13 mnt
W321
2
as
ssosas
tn: comeing on these Sur the Aine. Colt of Contos 20d
Supeitendny revive Seve (i. Colleen) cart Tha there ec
demand foc he rice, nd ha igh pices wr pid for 50 an cam deny:
“Te Ml feb kt sp with mar Js of egy, 1 rot ais
coming fo ho Madras cout. Advanta bs, ben taken of smwgafog
{ed by porte omit Paani f Upp Ini, ad Mins
se ose ited 0 thew of gn. The cmp ot agin have
tn mr quate th odin of, he" IVAN Chm 1 te
Polo free No cao Bread asking seo go ha rs bn bsg’
(omy la 1a Ms al. Saka ek the Commlasany Me Calls
Sutcds 1 ve bn Tn Dur soe 1853 30d my expec fais hos
od se the 1 heb te Coos ops rt i. By hr:
on tends slo th ve ak fr Pg tv to Keel on the rc
addy hi hat soe 1873 the importation of gf ok Sng
argay Vithon Gmibiog 1 hk at of i yrs bs ns voy
mock, Ther a many so nies of I. Tat wos sep ness
In iar to sie, bdo vn he number may bo dem & hago
{he asics of smashes. Thonve: weed we ane hv sch for wd
tock comsgrmets id ond hl po vo. Tl edd 5 hod 10
en he mm of tie ce paws cars, Ths the coy
arama give of he gra dpi 185 4n heres 15.
Fou nd bv tht th gro ds of os nh couty. 1 os om
ch by ores nt he cr ct pe 4 tla” Mr, Lows, sr Ben
Offa in eto of Rangoon, who as bm 53 rf im 1d 18 ets
Rogan, gies smi evn bot so ok he pico gn tbr
eno only foe ass tol He di; <1 am ally |, ay, tot hn
bins acie in Rion. Th camaro es sh th tes
Sod nde Ging A WE by nc 145 3 blr ko oud
Se stopp re by a sey of offi a rst cr wilh oh pl
IF they cok ok ok three, ey woul send ml Qa in lr, |
dn to st wold pe of wert pede drehrs 5g
hr 1s gs all Ind they wil ve Bara, Ot porno
muses mae fad spin. Palio charges as ent
Goo ly wight o igh chsh op, bk 1 gr
char hth. Biman conse, hove, wr vey fox. Duane
a or cect Fo hme. To fo contend he

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Ci. XVL | REPORT OF THE INDIAN i oS COMMISSION, 186394 341

habit on the proibiton. 1 do. no think thatthe Barman woukd eve take to
ganja. Doing my thin year’ experience | have found that they donot take to
They take it or thee cal only.”

Gop. These. opinions have been quoted at some length, a the Customs
offices ari the best. poston fo giving an opinion
rgurding the sroggling of ganja. But the majority
of the witnesses who have means of Knowing about the subject ar of the sane
opinion regarding th falar of the proibiio to keep. gua out of the couney
They also consider that nothing more than has been done. can be done 1 tender
the prohibition fecal. The Commission ar of opiion that the probilian has
not been efcctual, and that strong reasons ae required to justify ts maitenanes

Invogard otis subject pions are divided. Three Commissionees (1, 2 nd 3),
notwithstanding thei admission that the proision is fncietual, ac a fvourof
maitsiniogit. Three Depoty Commissioners (12, 14 and 10) bold the same vi.
“Ther objec i to keep the dug from the Burman. Thece Deputy Conmissioners
(5163006) would be willing tosee a system imroduced which would enabls the
matives of India 0 go the drug on pament of duty, provided the Burans were
not allowed to have access tit. The Bishop of Rangoon, who wis 20 years 28.3
Medical Missionary in Madras, aod has spen 11 years in Buta, seems to incline

tothe same opinion.

695. The Commission have formal. the opinion that the Burmese have ro
cont oo Cone Sl rope fo the dev Had tis ben he
coring case there would have been soe evidence of ts use
by them befoe th probliton vas isssed. In the report for 1572-73 it i stated
tha ganja was obtainable in any quantity fn Upper Burma, although tis not used
by the Burmane” There is evidence hat i vas produced to 2 considerable xtent

in Upper Burm boro Brkish rule, or at leas that it was imported. thither fom
the Sates adjoining it Ye the babi doesnot seem to have been formed by the
people, Nori there any evidence o ho that the Burmese in Lower Burma ever
took tothe dg ithe befor or since the probibidon, though ti clea hat thee
wa no grea obtac to thei doing so. While holding this pion, the Commie
Sion have o desi to advocate the entire removal of the prohibition. They think

{ts necessary toiaterire with t so fr as it concer the Burmans. They have

no desis fo th drug, nd might no take (0 i inthe futur any more than they
av nthe past but thee no abjection to keeping it out of thei reach, In rec
gard o the natives of Indi, the case is different. Tho present lic trafic is de-
moralising to them an to the Government servant wha sc powerless to deal wih
it. The strong justification necessary to mainaiing he present tae of ais
ot oe found inthe conclusion a which the Comission ave arived faregaed
{o the moderate use of tho drag. It woul, inthe opine of the Commission, be
beter to conse this use of the drug under proper coneal and taxation tha to
an unworkable prohibition. No_ change in th aw would be required, as
the Chief Commissioner has the recesary poners under the Excise Act n force,

“The Commission, i tro, do not much believe inthe possibilty of resticting

the uso of an fiosicant by rogiraton or otherwise to. speci classes of the
population, The experience which ill be gained in regard 0 the recent messes
for regulating the supply of opium in Burma wil show whether thee view is
56

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 iE
34% REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893:9¢.[ CR. XVI.

correct ornat. Batin tho caso of ganja there seems litle or noi of the Burmese.

taking to its use fn contravention of the law, inasmuch a they seem to have no
predipositionto doso. Under thes circumstances the Commission woul recom.
mend that where ther i 2 demand for the hemp drugs among natives of India

in Burma, provision should be made for meedng this demand by a licit supply
under the same regulations 5 area force i other non-producing countries, the
proibiton of cultivation being. maintained 25 well 35 that of the use by the
Burmans,

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 CHAPTER XVII
SYSTEMS OF NATIVE STATES.

696. The foregoing chapter _contas the vizws of the Commission on the
tema resus, 000duction throughout Briih India of a system
of excise in regard to hemp drugs. which wll be
ulimately usforn. But ths uniformity of system mast” necessary fal of
its purpose unles the cooperation of the Native States which are interlaced
with British tetitory is at the same time secured. A brief fevew of the
systems at presen i force in Native States is therfore necesscy, together wih
some remarks as to the desirability of securing the adoption of a similar system

in those States. The. material at the disposal of the Commission in regard to

the States is somewhat incomplete and fragmentary, but a good deal of inform.
ation of a general character has been obtained which will sable the Comission
to come to some decison on the subject.

697. The condions under which the wild hemp ifound hve bee detailed
i ne in Chapter IL, Generally it may be ssid that the
EERE hd groves only thives the Hinslyan ac,
The Naive Sates fling witin this tact are Kash, some of he Pj
Hill tates, Gara Tl and Ramp in the North-Western Povices, Nepal,
Kuch Behar, and the Assam Hil States. In ll these States bang i produced;
but as the contol of bhang in simily stated tracts in Bech trary has
been pronounced. impeaciable, tis fact need ot tere with Bra excise
rangement. Kashi appenly produces no chaas propery o eslled, and
al the chara which comes 1 the Punjab thovgh Kashi i sccouned for under
he Pus system of egstcaton, A Tile chars comes from Garhwal an rom
Nepal, ut the amount is no suit to disurb Bris arangements. The
altvtion of ga i proved n Kuch Beha, hic reeves i spplis fom
Roja, the duty beng credited o the State, Ganja to 8 vey smal extent is
sid to bt imported from Nepal, and she is considerable svgeling of infor
ganja. from the Assam Hil States which has been noticed fn Chapter XY. With
his last excepsion, it may be stated generally that the system of want of system
in tego to hemp drugs in all these States is 3 factor which ned co be taken
into account n the excise system of Bish Inds, And 16 regard the Assan
Hill States, it is probable tha no further preventive messes can be taken at.
present then those lady adopted, vi. prevention hroogh the Assan Excite
tabshment whe the drugs brought to Brida teritary for sale. Thesis
50 system in force inthe Hill Sate, and fr some tie to come it i nt ely
that any can be expected.

55. The extent to whic th hemp drugs ae prodced nth Native Sises

se] in othe parts of Inds, and expored from them to

ATER he vaiow British provinces, hae been detsed in
Chapters IV and VII ofthis Repor, fa a can be gathered fom the los
ion received. It s manly i respec of the production of gaa thatthe ange.
mens in these States have any pereepibl elec onthe Bish excise system,
The condidons of the principal Stats or groups of Staes in this respect
ill be briefly noticed in the follwing paragraphs as wel 1s the systems in
for.

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Co eT
699. The alt ion of hemp for ganja in Hyderabad is sald to amount to

300.01 400 acres. Bhang i the refuso of the ganja

pies
en poduced. There is no restriction of culdvation,
but the ight of selling the drugs is auctioned, and. the culfvaors are bound
to dispoe oftheir produce to the lzensee. There are 270. shops fo the sale
of ganja and bbang and 50 for majum. Tn small disticts the contract of sale
Js given with that of certain poisons (arsenic, strychoia, and aconie) and opium.
For foreign import or export of ganja duty of Rs. to per maund is levied,
and of bang Rs. 35 per mand. The imports of ganja as given in the
State memorandum average for five years 79 maunds, and the exports 9 mands

only. Batches are no selable statistics. Tho Director of Agriculture puts the
outtim 3t § to 6 maunds per acre, which would give a result of from 1,500 (0

2,400 masnds per annum. OF this, only 30 average of 300 maunds is traceable
a4 haviog been transmited by railay. There is mo tocord of the ganja trans.
mitted by other means.

“The Hyderabad State marches vith the Madeas and Bombay Presdencies,
Bear, sad the Cental Provinces, but orly for a short disiance with the
last named. There sxe no complaints of smuggling from Hyderabad into the
Central Provinces, though smuggling from Berar is mentioned. If ganja
is systematically treated in Madcas, Bombay, and Berar, the arrangements. wil
be incomplete unless simile changes made in the Hyderabad State and as the
regular cultivation in theater appears to be confined to certain definite areas,
contol wil proably be quie feasible should the Darbar agree to exercise it. For
the present, howeve, the ecistng arangements under which the produce. must
al be made over to the licensed vendors and a tax levied on al imports and
exports, if they sce observed, be sufficient to check the export of ganja
to Brish provinces. When by reason of the perfecting of the system in
Bish tetry the inducements to smoggle cheap ganja from Hyderabad are
incressed, it will then be advisable to suggest to the State the desiabilty of
execcing more complete carol over the cultivation of the plant and its
produce.

00 The. admiisation of excise in Mysore in respect of hemp drugs

i io based upon Act XXII of 1851, which is n force

inthe Stace, and isn advance of that of both the

presidencies which adn, Culivation is oridden excep under lcae,

Sad the produce of al ened elivaton must be sd othe eensed contactor
orexprid under as. Bt Tcensd clvatio has been practically shandonedy
520 though ts sted in he memorandum that fc culation and smuging
Se ot cared on to any space cxien, ther seems some dou whether this
view is core, bi. McDonnel, the Special Assistant Excise Commissioner,
Sates tha, “owing to the heavy dues imposed by the Site (Re. 54 per
Indian maund) an the abnormally low price of ganja across th tier, thee
are tong inducements to commit 5 fand on the Mysore revene,” This,
hough the climate and sil of the Sine are well adapted for the produe.
tin of the gan plant, the regulations ntoduced by the State autres
for controlling its prodciion hav had he fect of stopping i altogether oving
to the want of system in Bish. tetory and the dll. with which & Js
procuable thence a a much lower rte; and a lrge amount of the ganja

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Cit. XVIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893:94. 345

ported pays mo duty, Tntegard to ths, Mr. McDoonel says: * Mysore s heasily
handicapped by the extensive smoggling of ganja from Her Majesty's terry.”

The system of licensing sale and levying fess therefor in Mysore may be
“thus briefly described. A contracts given o a single person on condition thit—

(1) he pays duty on wholesale vend to the Darbar a the rate of 6 annas

per se for ganja and a sas or majum, ee. ;

(a be sls a cd resto sl vender, in, gas. sms pes ty

and majom, etc, 4 sanas per sé;

(3) he sell to retal vendors in quantities not less than 10 sérs of ganja
and § sés of majum In Bangalore and Mysore, and § ses of ganja
and 2 ss of majum elsewhere

(4) the droge shall be of good quality, and that registers ae kept, ete. ;

(5) he guarantees a fixed sum to the Darbar.

The sé in Mysore consists of a4 tolas. The amount guaranteed spears to

be fixed by tender, There are 57 wholesale shops licensed free, and 109 retail
chops which are not ordinarily seid by auction, but fcensed fee, except in
Mysore and Bangalore, where Rs. 3 per mensem is pid for each license, Retail
vendors have to sll to the public at the rate of 13 annas per sée for gana and
6 amas per ate for bhang, and may not sel more than 4 tolas to. any person on

the same day. Charas 1s unknown, and bhang is the refuse of ganja.

Thus there Is a very complete system at work inthis State though some
ofits deta may be open to criticism, and the principal difficulties attends
adminisication aise from the want of system in British teres. Ganja is
freely imported nto the State from Madras, and it has been shown (Chapter
VII) that iti also probably imported from the Dharwae district in Bombay,
“This appears to the Comission to aford a cogent argument or the introduc.
ion of control in the Madeas and Bombay Presidencies,

Jot. The Commission have lite information regarding Kalat and Las
Beyla. But thereisno export of the drugs from these
States to Bridsh India, 50 the matee sof ro impor

703. Prior to 1898 there was no restriction on the preparation or sale ofthe
hemp drogs in Baroda. A State monopoly of sale
was then niroduced, Callvation of the plant

not prohibited, bot tis reported to exist only in one villages, and to very limited
extent. No exports to British tertory ar ceported, aad there is evidence o the
feet that since the introduction of the license system smaging from the State
‘nto British teritory bas almost entirely ceased. A large amount of the drugs is
<sid tobe imported from other provinces or States. A customs duty i levied on
the import, but the amount is not stated. There ace tot shop for sl of ganja,
etc, and as many 3s 157 more have been sanctioned, bt not opened. Charas
fs not used. In this State the amangements ave, therefore, faly complete, 1t
vin to the introduction of a more systematic treatment the price of ganja in
i erably, culivaion in the Baroda
8

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346 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94 [Ch. XVIL.

State mould very probably revive; and as there 5 now practically no culdvation,
the present time would be opportune foc moving the State o insoduce a thorough
system of control inthis respect alo.

703. The nformationtegardingthe excise administration of the Native States

ww in Cental India in respect of hemp drugs is very in

Cond BAT mplts, From Gabor, where thereis considerable
‘amount of ganja produced, no information has been received. except that which
has been farnished through the North-Western Prosinces. Through the courtesy
of the Agent to the Gorernor.Geaeral, a useful memorandum has been recorded
by Mr. R. H. Gurion, of Indore, which puts in a compendious form al the inform-
ation cbtined from the other States in the Agency. The Misister to His
Highness the Maharaja of Holkar has also given a ful account of the adinis-
tration of that State.

“There is calivation of the hemp plan fo the production of ganja in Indore,

Baghelkhand, Devas, Bhopavar, and Gui, and possibly also in Bhopal and
Western Malva. These appears to be no restriction of cultivation in the Central
India Agency, and Mr. Gunion thinks that there is na system of licensing sale
ofthe drugs except in Indore and Rew, though the Commission bave ascerained
rom ther sources that sale is licensed in Gualior and Bhopal. Me, Gusion's
opinion that there aze no restrictions on manufacture or on import and export of

the drag, but that duties are levied on tas on other merchandise, appears to be

704. Tn Indore the average culivaton, which i said to be on the decrease,

is reported by the State oficial above mensioned to
[os
be about 181 bighas. or 113 acres, ind the average.
imports and exportsof ganja 155 maunds and 377 maunds respectively ; but
1892.95 the imports amounted fo 84 maunds and the exports 10 1,318 maunds.
It is therefore clear that the exports exceed the imparts. Mr. Stoker says
that a Tile ganja is imported nto the Non-Western Provinces from Indore,
Bir. Drake-Brockman says that gan i largely grown in the Sanawad. pargana
of Indore, which separates the Kanapur Beria tract from the rest of the
Nim dite in the Cental Provinces, and there is thus 3 considerable area

nto which the intoduction of Indore ganja is practically inevitable. Accordingly

in 1879 3 suggestion was made to the Agent to the Governor-General tha exports
fom dare eritory should be taxed and only pesmitted under formal pass, and
a duty of Re. 7 per maund was fixed by the Darbar. This scems to have check-

ed smuggling, forthe evidence from the Central Provinces i aginst its prevalence,

though some sill exists, Mr. Gunn's estimate ofthe amount of ganja and bhang
annually produced is 000 mands. The fight to cell by retails auctioned. There
were 45 Heenses in 1892-93, The income from ths source appears o be on the
increase, and ths fs the case also as regards the fixed dutis since 1886-87. In
the Tate yeas they amounted to Rs. 461. In 1892-93 they were Re. g111,

1s evident that the Indore State possesses considerable facilities for the
production of gasja and for ts distibution in Brtsh territory, and in the. ine
tests of the system of administration proposed for Bri. provinces it is ex-
tremely deskable tha the production of the drag in this State should be brought
under control.

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 .
348 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189594. [OW XVIL.

ssid to be coltivated to some extent and the produce nok to be distinguishable

fom Galo ganjs. Mr, Stoker notes that this source of supply is capable of
extension. The capal and a grat pat of the Chirkari State is stoated in the
middlnof the Hamirpur disc in the North-Western Provinces. The_country
is wild and. mountainous, and prevention of smugaling is impossible. From the
Panna Stat thee is considerable smuggling ino the Damoh discs of the
(Contra Provinces, I is very desirable i the interests o the excise administra
tion of the North-Western Provinces thatthe culivation and production of the

drug. shoud be controled fn this Agency.

70g. ie Gonion says tht allover the Bhoavar Agency the hemp plant
i cultivated for gana and bhang, rarely for charas,
Br A hun sted, sa, Shep 1h he pars
adjining Bris Nir, only fo he personal use of the cultivators. No_ other
infomation hasbeen cbiined. Mr. Robertsan, Deputy Commissioner of Nims,

says that genj smugelin from the Native States which border on Nimar, though
it no doubt exists, bas never been a prominent matter in Nimar, Its the

general opinion, however, that good del of pety smuggling exists.

716. Mz Gunion mentions a kind of garja called * gos, which is sid to

sas be made from che wild plant in the Jaora State of

ks AS (he Western Malwa Agency. The Commission are
in possesion of a statement made. by Surgeon Lieutenant-Colonel Caldecott,
“Agency Surgeon, that there llivation for the production of charss, bang,
‘and ganja al over Malm, but he i unable to say to what extent, The States
of tis Agency (Jaora and Rutam) do not adjoin Beish terior.

711. 10 the Jeypore State there is practically no system of adriniteation of

the hemp drugs. Customs duty i levied on import.
Aten Aer.
and export a he ate of Rs. 4 per maund for gan,
Toe,
Rs. 20 per maund for charas, and Re. 1 per maund.

for bang, Theres alsa an inland customs duty of 4 amas per mand on
Bhang, There is no resicion in regard to. culation, manufacture, sale,
or possession of thedrogs. As noticed in the chapter on cltvaton it stated
in the memorsodum hat 10,000 maunds of Bhang are produced, indicating 3
large rural consumption the figure i coreet; for only 7 maunds see id to be
exported. Ganja and chara ae imported, no produced inthe State. Jeypore
doce not adn Bish teeitory, and futher contro is ot at
th success of system of admiftetion i the Betis provinces

pe 71a. Duties are levied i the Jodhpur State as

follows:

ey
hs
Biaog

Its sid that 3 Government duty of Rs. 2 per maviod is charged on the
port of ganja; but thisis not fcther explained, Thereis noestricion on thecul-

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(Cit. XVIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1895:94 349

vation of hemp, whichis not systematically grown, but in a fee villges seeds are

sown round the fields where crops areraised. Th import of ganja and charas
‘under parwana fom the Residency amounted to 1,735 maunds during the ten
years 1883-84 10 1892-03. The imported ganja mostly comes fom Indore, The
‘ganja produced from the sporadic growth of the plant is called maka; and
being of very infer quality is said mot. to bo offered for sale, A. contact
for sale of the drugs has been given since 1880 in the towns of Jodh-
pur and Pal, which is auctioned to tho highest bidder. There ar 14 retal
vendors in Jodhpur, all of whom are under the contol of the contracor, who
bimscl has to shops in the town. The recail vendors are odinary shupkespers,
who sel the drugs along with other acticles. There are no retal vendors in
Pal. Elsewhere the is no restriction on the sale of the drugs. Jodhpur dots.
not adjoin British territory.

715. No memorandum has been fumished from Udaipur. The State docs

es not adjoin British terctory. There seems tobe.

certain amount of production of ganja and bhang,
but the use of ganja and charas seems to be very limited.

714. The excise of the drugs was introduced in 1893. Theres no restiction
on_caltivaton, but the cultivators may only sell
thei produce to the State contractors, Coracts
for wholesale vend ace sold by auction at the tahsis, and the contractors obtain
licenses fo thei retail vendors, and are permitted to sell by retail themselves,
“The shops for etal vend are not anctioned. The contractor fixes the prices for
retail sale, subject o 8 minimum fixed by the Stats officials. A customs duty on

imports I levied a the ate of Rs. 20 per mand fo ganja and charss and Ra. 5
pes maund for bhang. Unde an agreement with the British Government, the
export of intoxicating drugs from the Stat ito Bish teritry is probibited
(Bikanic Sal Agreement, Aitchison, No. CXXVILL Arle 5). The obser
ance of this provision will ender any further action in regard to this State
in the interests of the British excise adminisvation unnecessay at present.

215. There is no restriction on cultivation, but bang oly i producedon well

lands nd onthe borders of fields. Gana is unkown

a litle charas and bhang is imported. The mono-

polyof the mport and aloof the drug is granted to 8 contactor, togoher with
That of poppy and opium, for 3 fixed sum. There i no duty on impor, bat an

octrot duly of to amas per maund is levied on bhang. The contractor i at

Tborty to make his own aangements regaeding sale of the drugs, The number of

seta shops in 183 was 44. No imi has been xed for rtal sale or possesion.
‘Alwar adjcins the Delhi Divison of the Punjab.

16. The hemp drugs are sald not to be produced in Bhartpur, A costons
TT Bra
Er on mrs lod at he le of Ra. 10 for
‘matind on charas and Rs. 5 per mand on blang.

There is no further restition apparently. The drugs are import&d. There is

apparently no culation now, though some formerly existed, Blastpur adjoins
£5 North Western Provinces. The conditions existing i this State are no ely
excise administration.

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350 REPORT OF THE DIAN HEP DRUGS CONAISSION, 1893-94. [Cnt. XVI

17. The monopoly of vend i the Kotah Sate is auctioned o contactors.

Tr ates the even ths sled, adoty of Re. per

mound is leied on ganje. imported ato the State,
ad the sme on hang brought mothe town of Kotah. A transit duty of §
Zncas per maund is also charged on ganja and Bang. Chars is not imported.
“Theis small lca production of gana and bhang, bet no rego culivation,
Its stated that there (32. ruliog” of 189 sbout buying, sling, and posscasing.
intosicatng droga, bu ie ot enforced. This State does ot adjoin Bei
erty.

718. Beyond the levy of a customs duty at the rate of Rs. 30 per cent, of

a valve on al hemp drugs in Tork and Aligarh, Rs. 6

permaundin Chabra, and Rs.§ per mavadin Sor,
theres mo excise administration in respec of the drugs in the Tonk. State, A
proposal to draw up se cf ules is under consideration. Ganja and charas are
imported, not produced. Bang is produced in the State and imported from
Jerpore. The State docs not adjoin British teiory.

749. An import duty of 8 annas pes maund of 35 srs on ganja and bhang

ii ‘andof ane anna per maund on charas i levied in the

Jhallawar State and its said that there are local
dues of 2 annas per maund 0a ganja and. bhang, while one per cent, is levied
on all sales of either drug, weighment dues being also levied whe they are sold

by weight. Thereis a licensed arm of the droge in the cantonment, Beyond

this, there is no excise system in respect of hemp drugs. The extent of
culation i about go acres, prodacing about 155 mands of ganja and go
of bhang, The trade returns do not distinguish between ganja and bhang : the
average import of both drugs is ssid to be 105 maunds, and the export 130
mands. Charasis not used.” The State does not adjoin British teritory.

720. Import and transit duties ace Ieved fo the Bundi State at. the rate of

Bees. 8 amas per maund on all hemp drags imported into

or passing through the State teritory. Beyond this
thee is no system of administsation in respect of hemp drugs, Tt is stated that

the drugs are vot manufactured in the State but that cullvators grow hemp
on lnd iigated by well as other crops. The drugs are imported from other
States. The import of hang is large, averaging 0,385 maunds ; that of ganja
and charas is smal, amounting to 100 and 25 maunds respectively, The total
import dues amount to. Rs. 4,440 and transit duties to Rs. 610, The State
does not adjen Bitih terior.

721. Tn Bolpur import duties are levied on ganja snd bhang at Rs. 4-40

po per mand and on chara at Rs. 1-1-0 per se. Tn

the Sri Matha Estate the duties are—ganja Rs.
480, chara Rs. 6 and bhang Gannas per maund. Export duty is also lvied—
guna ganas per mavnd, chivas Rs. g per maund, and bhang 3 amas per
maund. There is one. contractor or the whale State, who appoints his om
sub-contractors in the parganas. Apparently the whale trade, both wholesale and

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‘Cut. XVIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893:94. 351

Gwalior and Patisla, under passes granted by the Callctors or Political Agents
concerned. The trafic is not lage. Dholpar adjoins the North-Western Prov

72. In Bansvara no memorandum as been furnished, but the Comission

Seman. hase information from the officals that ganja and

bhang are produced. The State adjoin he Bombay
Presidency. Nothing is known ofthe system of excise administration.

723. A statement has been furnished for Serohi which shows tht licenses
to sell ganjaare givea for seven places in the State,

ba and a revenue averaging Rs. 596 per annum realised

for licens fees (Rs. 863 for 182-05) and Rs. 145 fo fixed duty, There are
Ticense holders, but they keep no record. Only ganja is imported, the average
being 33 maunds per annum. Cultivation is unestricied and not recorded.
The Kotwal of Serobi estimates the outtum of ganja produced in the Sate at
8 maunds, and bhang at 300 mavnds. No exports are shown. tis stated that
the whole of the ganja and Bhang produced in the county, averaging one maund
of the former and 40 maunds of the later, is recovered fom the cultivators aod.

given in charity and sent to the temples of Mahadeo, and some is used in liquor,
“The State docs not adjin Biih teritory.

724. Customs duties are levied in the Kerowl State onimports at the rate
of Rs. 2.8.0 per maund on ganja, Rs. 10 on charss,

eo and Re. 1 on bang. During the Shiai fait

in February the duties are suspended. The right of retsll vend at thee towns
i sold by auction, and there are § licenses for retail vend. No further control
iv exercised, The plant i culated. for bang, and ganja is imparted, The
transactions shown are very small, but the license fee averages Rs. 1157 per
annum. The State does not adic British terior.

725. The only system of control i force inthe Kishengah State conits in
the levy of duties (apparently import duties) at the

Fame rate of Re. 1-8-0 per mand on ganja and charas

and 4 amnas on bhaog. The farming system used to prevail, but bas been
abandoned. 11 is now proposed toincrease the duties and to license venders.
The transactions are small. Kishengarh adjoins Amore.

726, In Joisalnic there is provision for levying customs duties, but it is

stated that thero bas been no impart or export of

eo hemp droga forthe las ten years nd that the droge

are not sold in the State, There is, however, 3 lle cultivation for ganja and
‘hang, which is purchased by the consumers from the culirators, isle
adjoins Sind, and a small amount of ganja and chara is sad o be smuggled nto
‘Sind through ths State.

787, this small State import and export duties are charged at rates not
‘mentioned. Transit daty at pies per sé also

yi levied on bhang exported to foreign States in adie

to'the export duty. There is no further control ofany kind. Tn future itis

proposed to issue licenses to a limited number of persons at a few selected

places.

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352 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. (Ci. XVII.

728. No information has been received regard-

PEST jog these small Stats.
729. Te will be convenient nest to rte together that tract which fies ea

Ifa yseberusags, closed between Bengal the Cental Provinces, and

Madras, comprising the Tributary State of the two
first and the Agency tracts ofthe las named province. In this manner oly is

posse to consider systematically and thoroughly the question of bringing. the

excise srsngements in respec: of hemp drugs which prevall in this tract into
some conformity with the general principles recommended by the Commission.
This tract may be divided ino four parts, ais, the Chota Nagpur Tributary
Mabals snd the Ocssa Tributary Mahals, both under the Bengal Goverment; the
Chhatisgach Tributary State, under the Central Provinces; and the Agency
Tracts, under the Madras Government. The following table shows the area,
‘population, and resenue of each of thes groups :—

= 5] a | oie | oem
Choa Nag Totty Matas of uE| ens | air
Oro Tay Sb. al vim] esa] sins
Chg sues w| sss] ssn | asim
heey Tos ire ol | ate | sas tsa,

730 Tn the Tributary States under the Centeal Provinces the cultivation of

Suet the enn EAT Has Been stopped at the instance of the Local
J Administration, and a supply of ganja s now furnish
ed to these States feom the Government. storehouse at Khandwa. The system
Js that the drugs ae supplied to the chiefs at. cost price (the cost going to the

wholesle vendor, and the Government realizing nothing), and that the chiols
must adhess tothe provincial price of Rs. 3 per ste in thei sales to the retail
vendors, The only exceptions inthe case of the three Western States of the
Raipur disc, in which under special arrangement half the duty goos to Govern
ment. Elsewhere the whole of the duty is realized bythe chicls. The present
state of affsirs i thus described by the Political Agent, Chattisgarh. It should
be explained that is report refers to all he Chibatisgarh States, including the our
Western States which te detached from those an the Bengal or Madras border
“The ony States in which the hemp plant as never been cultivated for the
production of drugs are those of Kawardh and Kalahandi,_In the other twelve
such cultivation was a one time fully indulged in, but in al it has now been
completely suppressed. The system in force may be summed vp in 8 word as
being Wencical, so far as the local circumstances perait, with that which
preva throughout the Cental Provinces. The principles observed are prac-
ally, though not in all cases formally, based on the provisions of Act XXIL of
1881 30d of the Central Provinces Excise Manual. Bhaog and charas are uae
kaown in the Feudstory State, except in Nandgaon, where a lie hang is
consumed.” This complete arraagement sufes, however, from the smugel

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354 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1895-94. [CH. XVIL

though the consumption of Raj-

stabi ganja may have increased somewhat inall sree distics of Orsi, t was
believed that smuggling il contioved to a considerable extent. The
policy of total probiiion of cultivation naturally suggested sell sgn,
and fn 1884 was cared ut in Moburbhani, which happened tobe der the direct
‘Control ofthe Bengal Goverment, Re. 300 8 year was given to Moburbhan] as
compensation, and Rash ganja vas imported into the Sete under theordary
Excise miles.

In June 1882 the importation of Gahjat ganja and Bhar

ory was entirely robibicd, bu t was no tl 1854 that the probibiion vas actully
enforced. Further, rom the same year (1883) the policy was adopted of levying

duty in Orissa. on Rajsha ganja at rates Tower han elsewhere in the province.
Astempls were also made to entity suppress cultivation in several of the States

‘withthe co-cperation of the cei, aud in 1889 the Superintendent of the Tribu
tary Mabals reported that probibien kad been enforced in eleven of the States,
but hat the chiefs of four other States objected to the measure.

1185p the Boga Goverment inaly conlodod tht. the experiment of

cnily probing oivaion mut be abandoned 3 als snd nficacions,
nd ht te aly ay to prevent smuggling was to Islas importation ner
ie egiaions. Doubts were soared a fo he esl tre of Gabe
ara Twas suggested hat Ghat gfe paiclr for vs od upon as
sos pease of fe with cat fuel csc fo Por, od ht nory
igi be. dons by encouraging the uss of the strong Rajah dr in place of
he milder local src. The Goverment fcr some. hestrion arsed at the
Gatinet condo tha Garbiat guns vas ake 5 a drink and. no smoked, and
{att vas on 8 fen ering aliogeter fon the. well mown dl
dro imported fom Rais 18 vas according propre to lglie he
Dorion of Garhi gor a 8 duty of ight am tr. (te ate provalingin
Bengal fr Shang), sn a he same time the xr prohing. livin, whee
i tinh oe ile liso sot, wba.
1800, ft futher consideration nd with fll information on th sabiect,
the Beage Government alhered the opinion they had formed thar Garhiat ganja.
was merely a form of bang, and arived. tthe contrary conclusion, +i. that
Garbjc ganja 3s a tra ganja ike the Rabati aril, but inferior, and hat it
fe sed for smoking exactly as that drug is. The Government of India were
accordingly raquested to sanction a duty of Rs. 28:0. six on Gash ganja,
“which was done.

In December 1890 the orders probing the possession of Garba. ganja

in Orissa were rescinded, and in March 1852 orders regulating ts import were
sued.

From tt Apel 185 the duty on Gahiat gana ws ised to Re. 38a sée
to assimilate it vith a is in the duty on Rajshabi ganja.

Under existing rules, any Hiceased wholesale or retal vendor may import
Garhi gana under a pas from the Collector, fo which a fo of Rs. 21s charged.

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Cit. XVIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, CEE

“The minimum amount which may be imported is one mand at a time. With &
view tothe prevention of smuggling, the maxicum of possession of Garbjat ganja
has been reduced from 20 toes o § tolas since May 1893.

Thus the followog systems have been in force —

(1) Prior to 1878 unvesticted caltvation in the Trlutary States and

gal import ito Bish teicory ata. duty of one rupee per ss,
‘which was considerably below the duty on Rajshah ganja.

(2) From 1878 to 1883 suppression of cultivation within a three

limit snd legal importation at Rs. 4 2 sé, ie at 8.ansas bigher
than the duty an Rajsbabi fac gars.

(9) From 1663 to 1884 absolute prohibition of importation of Garkzt

“io, vith duty ates on Rajshabi gas in Osa loner than thos
rovaig in the es of Bengal The threes fic of clas
tion was maintained.

(4) From 1884, to 1889 absolute probisition of importation of Garbst

“gan, with duty rates on Rajehahi gan io Osa lower than those
prevaling in tho rest of Bengal. Continsance of the thee-nile
init of cultivation and attempted total proibition of culdvation
nthe Tributary States.

(5) From 1859 to 1590 absalute proibiion of importation of Carat

“gsc, with duty rates on Rajshali ganja in Orissa lover than
those prevaling in the rest of Bengal. Unrestricted culivaion
fn the Tibuty States whether within or beyond the theee-ile
init.

(©) From 1800 to 1893 legal importation of Garba ganja in quanides

ot ess than § maunds at time, at a duty of Rs. 2:6:0 per sr,
which is considerably lover than the duty an Rajshahi gaa.
Duty rates on Rajshahi ganja. in Orissa Tower than those prevail
ng in the est of Bengal, and unrestricted eslivaton in the
Tebutary States,

(3) The existing system is the same ss (6), except that there has been
a vis of duty and reduction of the minimum of possesion of
Garbiat_ ganja. with a view to preventing extensive smuggling.
“The minimum amount of Garhjat ganja which may now be imported
at one time is one maund instead of eight maunds. The ates

of doy in Orisa from 1st January 1894 are—.

Re AP.

Car
Red
fo gam

Fe . “rte
Lea
ase
Ganja gue abo

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356 REPORT OF THE INDIAN. HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 180394 Cit. XVI

Meanwhile the smuggling of Garbjt ganja and Whang, continues unabated.

This ft is abundanly proved by th evidence,

is summary of the pro

734 The Agency Tracts of Madras are Beis tity. That here fs core
Ate Trt ste amount of smuggling rom the races nko Orsi
and he Bastae and Kalas Sates of the Central
Provinces ants of no doubt, Whedbee this ganja is aed nthe Agency Tracts
oi the plans portion of the Ganja, Vizagagatam, Godavar, and Kiss distite
perhaps dosbifl. Thee a considerable production of gaa nll hese district
avd het sp idence before the Commission that th production nthe Agency
Toa themselves is large, But tho Comission hope that, if control is nor
duced inthe Madras Presidency generally, it wil be possible cuted such cone
ol 0 the Agency Tracts It te that Mr, Wallock, Collector of Vz
says: Ao itererence in he Agency might be productive of poi
ET" bn be adds: * {am not sure that the extent to whic the culation i cnc
ied on there such a8 to render any sefous discontent ely” And Mr. Taylor
for 4 years Manager of the Jeypce Estate, says: “Ther is mo need for re:
ticton. Bot miter, 0 a 30 | know, would any privation be caved if restric
tion wer necessary in tho interests of other provinces. There would cetsnly
‘eno privation involved nthe probibition of expat. And, so far 5 nam, there

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Cit XVIL] REPORT OF THE ISDIAN HENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189704. 357

‘would be io privation of a general character involved in the probiiton of the use

of the drugs in Jeypore Estate above the ghits which is in my charge. | think
that the introduction of the Government sywers of licensing sale would meet
with no apposition from the people in the esate generally. 1 would recone
the Government system beng stoduced experimentally by oping 3 shop in
Joypore. 1 thin there would bo a great dificult in interfering with the present
growth of hemp. It would require an expensive preventive agency.” This
witness believes that the us of the drug i Jeypore i very limiced.

The Commission find i difficult to believe that there will be grater

ifuly in dealing vith the contol of heap deg in the Madras Agency Tracts,
‘which ae Briih tectey, than in the Tributary States of tho Central Provinces,
where complet control has been secured, or in those. of Bengal, wheee various
measures have from time time been introduced, hough not with complete. sc
cess. And in al these cases they regard como of colfvation as the object to
be aimed st, inasmuch asit is the only satisfactory method of controlling the
production and dixibuton of the dg.

785. As ganja is not produced or vied in the Punjab, and claras is an

imported article, which wil be dealt vith before
Pus ts sae
it reaches any of the Natives States of that prov.
ince, the control of bhang i the only question for consideration in conne
with the latter; and this i not a dificult one. For bang is oly culivated in
Bahawalpur, and its sale is contelld. In any further arrangements made in the
Punja for the control of the hemp drags, the co-operation ofthe various States
ay be desirable bt at. present thee is no nced to offer any suggestions, The
se of the drugs is conducted uae States. Tn the
Nabi Stet a sid that gan and chars ave poohiiied

736. Tn the Natives States under the Mads Go the system is

much the same as in the P eidency tell. The
introduction of cor into. the later will render
similac conte in the former desirable

757. The principle of administration in many of the Native States under

the Bambay Gov

Bech Bt Spi rary; 4nd the condoms a5 regards

growth of te mp plant and its calvin are alo sina, Sule of the drops
Sppears to bs variably controll, Hero lao any advance in Uh admit:
Gon of the. hemp drugs fn Beh terry mist be accompanied by the
cooperation ofthe States. The made i wich this can be done need Jot
bo deed. Tet understood tht the Bombay Excise Act bas bec adopted by
many of the States, and it probable that there wil be no iffy in scoring
luther dovdopmet of thet sysc i is v wnderaken fo Beith ferry.

a ind, where also

738. The remarks made in paragraph 135 regarding the Panjaly States equally.
apply to the Kiairpur State
bhasg is grown,

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355 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HENS DRUGS COMMISSION, 18954. [CH XVII.

230. Tnthsorgoing remarks on the excise adeno fo resect of hemp

Comore mmtmen 47084 Which cists nth Native States, the Cons:
TNE SEER" fom ave endovoured to indicat where ures cone
os desirable inthe feces of the Dis adinisction. They ar no in 3
postion to cximate in each ac the equimentsof the States themselves of the
iffcalics wich may cxstiathe way of inodcing 3 more cfitctive sys of
control. Dat they aveno reason a thik tha the system which thy have
recommended fo Bish province is ot. generally applicsble to these States,
nd they would sus or consiaton wher Sbjct to any special exp.
Lon for which gol rsson maybe slog, thy ould mt. be nied 1 sor
pecs wilh the Bish Goverment in adopting that system, It is robabh
hai thse Stats, fn ost ofthe ah provinces, the subjct has nok
seccived the aso which deserves, and Ut. they wil hve no. objection
to wing with the Bh Government nan for o isoduce elective contre
into his branch of thee diiron,

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65 REPORT OF FIR INDIAN HEN DRUGS COMMISSION, 180304. (CH. XVII

are The shove mentioned conclusions embody the gene ences and
emt Go prcedars tecommended byte Commioion. With
i view to bringing the systems in diferent. pans
of ud into baany wilh these conchiions and fenesly improving the
dni he Commision ave made the (oll ving suggesiars —

(0) That in Bengal Gover. warehouses foc tho storage of gaa

Sod be conrcted fn Rashad (Chuplr XVI, paragraph
a).

(0) Th, sic is addition, the Bengal system of goa sds

Traian. should bs penealy {olowed in the Cen] Province,
Mads, Bombay, Dea, and positly in Ajmere 3nd Cour
(Chapter XVI, pasgraphs 656,671, 72, a4 6

(© That in he Corl Provinces al or hod py a diet dts,

whee cnet ies pod hth ol ey.
Shih oi id 5 hell head idors at fn
Teh shod. and ht te mba of whlene
Fetes shank be grave or ely and. witht <hrge
(Eo NV, esgaph 4, G5, 320 659)
(4) Th nthe Nonh-Westes Proves the ciation snd ss
Tacs of gas shad bo pied md thesia bended
wih nda fo ise (Chap XV, Parag
és

(9 Tht in Midas snd Bombay clivion of the hep pat

hou he probed xcept. see Tee, ad tt th Km:
0 ivan shsd bo rend to ocd sen se tht 3
xc dy shud bo posed on i, uch epiidon
le atc sora of he lop bing. ied
is ecemay tos postion (Chaps XVI, fragphs G6,
ymmd 3):

0) That sila measures shen be odd et Bera nd poss

Ame nd Cor (Chapter XVI, parsgrapts G73 snd 673)

(6) That on al chars pete ft th Pui icy of ot es than

Re. Sa per mand ba nied, te dr. beng sored Bn. bonded
archos, and duty pad when i ken ot by. the vendors:
Inte provincial acangsnents ego th coding of duty. to
iflcen provinces be made wider te oder of the Sopris
Gonenment (Chapter XVI, prsgrph 674 and 675).

(8) Thit whee pombe. doy should be eed on sng, Where

fuse ganja is vcd 4 Bhan, the rte ay Pave to be xd a
Highr bg wb reeencs ia is fat (Charis XVI, par
ph 67)

9) That 10 ok sepa Fens shoud be granted for th sl of

he flues Vids of drugs (Chigtes XVI, paragraph G50,

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Cit. XVIIL] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893.94. 361

(That licenses for rts sle should not ordinary be. granted to
‘wholesale dealers (Chapter XVI, paragraph 653).

(8) That separate license shoud be granted foe each shop (Chapter
VI, paragraph 685).

(That eenses fo etl vend should contain provision probing

the vendo from seling the droga to children of insane persons

(Chapter XVI, paragraph 654).

(rm) That when new shops are proposed, municipal bodics, ral
otables, zamindars, or hadmen, as. th ease may be, should be

consul as to the necessity of opening them and 35 to their

cation, and that objections, f made, should recive the most
carl attention (Chapter XVI, paragraph 653).

(6) Tha he init of fal poscsion of the hemp rs shod be

th same for the whoo of Bish Inds, »

Ganja and chiss, or any preparation or admixture therof, 5 4

Bang, or any preparation or admixture thereof ne quarter ofa sé.

And that Native States shoukd be invited to adopt this maximum (Chap
tee XVI, paragraph 60).

43. As regards the province of Burma, that the ele of garfa to ives of

Sepsis, India should be icensed under proper control and

taxation where there i demand for i among such

persons the prfibiion of cultivation in Burm, 4s well a hat of the use by.
the Busimans being maotained (Chapter XVI, paragraph 605).

W. MACKWORTH YOUNG... President.

H. T. OMMANNEY

AH, L FRASER

C. J. H. WARDEN
embers,
SOSHI SIKHARESWAR ROY

HARNAM SINGH, Antowauia

NIHAL GHAND, &

oh ugust 1594.

Raja Soi Sikharesmac Roy and Lala Nihal Chand sgn the report subject
to note of dissent.

W. M. YOUNG,

ot

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 Note of Dissent by Raja Soshi Sikhateswar Roy from opiaions
expressed in the Report.

Iwill be wel 1 belee, to mention here, before statin the eicipal points
of diffence with my. colleagues, tat 1 ae thought it advisable to Lee out
si the spher: of my consideration tho evenue quetio connected with the excise
administration of the hemp drugs. The reasons for adopting Us

(8) Inthe instructions to the Commission contained in Government of Toi

Rescurion No. 3705-Ex, dated 31d July 1893, thes i no mention of

the resenue goin,

(2) Loin tothe past History ofthe wo intoxicating drugs inthis contey
dung th period of Hindu and Molammadan ul, nd ako to the
distinct principle id down by the Brish Government wil taking
in and the contro of the ws of these drugs, 1 have been Ted to
ink that 1 would ot be justified in taking the question of revenue.
into my consideration wile desing with the advisabiy or otherwizo
of pobiliing the wae of the dug.

A shore sketch of the past History of the administrative cone of ftesiat-

ing drugs in dia il aot be ninctio if gen here
Atawsmeity o the nse of Man, is considered si the Nghest sithority
on the Hindu fw, In Chapter Vil of Hassan enumerated the dificent soucces
om which in ance ime the soverigns of the county used to collet revense
fom thie subjects. No taxes on intoxicants ar mentioned thei,

Nekhee in Faguatulke,Brikaspat, Ali Parasira cxin any otbee stands

work of Sri there be found ny thing which coud show tha th custom of
imposing taxes anntoxiating articles exited. Ther is ample prof tosh hatin
ancient Tia the wi of intoxicants ws not common. Even nthe ¥edes net
ovly the mention of the woe sure (spous Hauor) is found. every now and
then, but it al appears that the ase of som drnk—that i, leaves of 3 Kind of
pl in the form of an infusions very common among the anciat Rishi
Whether the sams plant beses any resemblance of relaGonsip to. the hemp, as
as been aid by some witnesses (witness No 6, Central Provinces, and other),
tsa stated n pas. 15 of the report on tho sulivaton of ganja by Dib Hem
Cluder Keer, is a post on which there great difference of opiion; bot
is much is cera tha in ancient Indi here wee othe intoxicating drink than
inet Bat i vas the manufactur and sale of pitons ies love hat wets
prbibiced by. Law, +* * The distillers and sellers of scons ues should
be banished from the eal of a king, as they are secret hives and harass the

subjects by thee il decd, "Chapter 1, Sokr 225 and 226 Mauser

Dung he Mebmmadan role in India attempts were made fom is

time 0 impose duty on cera intoxicating béveragos, bt mot cle how far
the use of ntosenting aces was scully bought under dict. contol of the
governing powcr. 11 fanot know 0 those who. fave studied Molamradan
History canully that the sources af revense as wll asthe collection of revenue

ding the Mulsmmadan al reched thei highest oi wade the sorciigaty

AE RT BE Re RTA

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S64 KAFONT OF THE INDIAN HEN DRUGS COMMISSION, 199594

of Ausngics, In Cat's itive ginal de Fp du Mol, st given

of he illcen ssn of seve rom dificent provinces whieh wee der the
Soveipty of rangach, Notbing i 0 be. found this wok which shows
Tt hee was ary duty imposed. on the se of ftoxcaing aticles. On the
hee an, an teresting account of is aversion 10th vry Hea of Fmposig.
cs on tossing droge wi be found ina Perin book which contine a
Coleen of bis eters wien by im 0 bs rics and rbtons, Awsngachs
anison proposed to impos 5 tas an pala fic, a very mild nisictog
Barrage which was then i gest favour smog. certain cusses of Hindus
on Bengal Auraogae's ane in seply to Hi grandsons propos] was an
Toles —

+ Thosgh the tesation of th. palo may lead to th colton of reve, et

ts impossible for me to sanction i. | cannot underaaad what disonest fi
dechred t tgalto do so. You must know tat such ill advises ac rein of
{hi and th nt ok. You shold hark Almighty who bas pt you in pos
Sein ofthese provinces which ae so fl in weal, and. which fl ou cofes
ith 1 mach reve, and in which everyting is 20 ndant and cheap. You
Shot Kno a vel that the good wll of the sujet isthe aly weal fr ths
world sod the est” (Leer No. 0)

Later on, daring the closing peiod of Mubammadan ale, some ser of
ass wee imposed on theteade of sisi ques some pats of the cote,
and appeac thi thse were collie unde th. head of sayr rvenso by, the
Samindire when the county came under the. possession of the Exit India Com
pany from the bands of the Mohammad rules,

In 1789 8 cry vas rid in some ares gaint the conduct of te Bengal
saminda, and it was sd ha, owing 10 he want of proper cota on the par
ofthe smindrs, the vio of dumkenaess was spading very fst among the
Tome css of the people, and it was suze thst the proper remedy of this
xl vou be for the Goverment beng he clectonof the dey on sistuons
igor der fo dice cote) and management. Accordingly, on he oth Apel
+705, by 3 general moieaion the Government decided upon the resumption of
he yer on situs ior, This wes {llowe by tho Abkai Regulation of
the lh onary 1701, the msi provisions of which were as allows: “That a
1a should be id on every ese granted beth to dlrs and vendors of
siitious Tiguos {thet the rte of tox on the Fccnses shoul be rolted by
th loca sation of the els and shops, the quantity of consumption, and scl.
ng pice; tha al pate snlcemed wll should be. probed
nds penal”

On the 161 Feary 179 th Bord of even soggesed that a duty

eevid on the sale and Comsption of (1) mad, (2) gan, (5) ssh, (4)
Blang, (5) majum, (6) banker, 130) chars. On the sand March 1795, the
President (he Govece Genes in Council relied 3 flows: Some of the
ances enumerated fn your eter ws ave reason 9 elves of so pasion a
quly, ad produce a species of ntoxicatonso excel violent, tat they cane
ot be ed without noes danger to the individual 4 well 2 othe public
who may be exposed othe lets of the temporary fnsarty quently excited by
the wae of these drugs. We are of oii that the vend of any drugs of this

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 NOTE OF DISSENT BY RAIN SOSHI SIKHARESWAR ROY. 465

description should be altogether probed, and we desire therefore that, after

having made an inquity with a view 0 ascertain more parteubuly the mature and
elect of them, you will propre and subi to us regulation for thi purpose, a
wel a5. fo establishing such duties 2s may appear 0 you proper on the. de of
such other drugs 2s may be used without the same perricions (ects,

The Bosrd of Revenue mads inquiies under the above order, and arrived
at the conclusion that tobaceo, opium, gan, bang or subi, banker, and today
are not forthe most par ropeesente 3 prodcing any very vile and dungerony
effects of intoxication except when taken o exces, nd tha they appear to be
‘sell cher a medicine or there. Fo thes reasons the Bourd of Reverse
thought advisable to recommend that the alo of any of these articles should nor
be altogether probed, but that in order to restrict their use a tax should bo
imposed on thr.

Accordingly unlicensed sale of ganja snd other intoxicating drugs was probic
ied, and a duly rte of duty on the sl of gana and athe intoscating drugs
according to their seength and quaniios was imposed on ther by Regarin
VEof 1800. Tn 1853 the system of dsl tax om intoxicating drugs was sboish.
ed, and in ts place a duty at Re. 1 per ser on ganja and charas was imposed,
In'1860 a fxd feo of Ro. 4 per mand was prescribed for exch gaa feense in
addition to the above fixed duty. 1 1876 the present system of mally sling
by auction the real licenses was introduced. On the soth Ail 1875 the
Goreme of India adresse a eter 1 the Government of Bengal, in which it
observed that “nating should be dose to place temptation in the way of he
people that can possibly be avoided” It was also stated His Honour the
Lieutenant Governor may rest assured of recivirg. the support of the Govern.
meat of Tadi in any measure that he may adopt fo lining the consumption of
gana and indeed if the us of the drug could be altogether suppressed wihout
the fe of leading tots contraband us, such 3 course would be Justified by ts
ddlecicus eects.”

1a 871 Sie Richacd Tempe, while he was Financial Member of the Govern:

meat of Inds, drew the attention of the Government to 3 ote, dated 15th July
1870, by Mr. Chapenan, te Financial Secretary, in which he made an bicrvaion

0 the effect “hat every lunatic asylum report was fll of instances. of ncaity
and crime due tothe us of ganja The remlt was that Local Goverment
wero directed by the Government of nd to make » thorough investigation in
regard to th efcts of the use oe sbuse of the several preparations of hemp.
Me. Hue, then Secretary to the Government of Indi, in his eter No. 330,
dated 1h October 1571, wrote toll Local Governments ind Administrations 34
Tolls Tt bas frequently been alleged that the buseof gan produces insaiy
and other dangerous effects. The information avalable in support of these aller
ations is svowedly imperfect, so it does not appese iat the. attention cf the
Offcer in charge of lunatic splums has been systematically divcted to asces.
tain the extent to which the use of the drug prodces ssi, But a it i
desirable to make 4 complete and creel inquiry fo the matter, the Governor:
General ia Council requests that, with the pension of His Honour the
0

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66 KEFORT OF THE INDIAN ENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 159394

Liesenat-Governa, you will be 50 ood a 10 cause sch investigations as are

ease to be cared oat in regard to th eects of the use or abuse of the
Seve preparations. of hemp. The fnuit shoud not be simply medic, bot
Should include the alleged inflaence of ganja and bang in excling to violent

The recut of his investigation was embodied in a Resolution by the Govern

ment of in dated 17h Deceaber 1873, and it vas decided Ly th Government
{hat th colvation and corsermpron of ofa should be able probed in
a Burma, nd ht rsictions souk bmp 0 te cova, poses
and le of gaa inthe Central Provinces, the Ciel Comiasonc of which
he adoption of sacha couric on the. ground that “tke consumption
‘years mata inreseed inthe Cental Provinces and fees
Have br expressed by dint officers tha ice the froduction ofthe pablic
conta dilly system and the conequent is in the pice of spice, many
eople who forely drsne spits have take to digs atu subsite” The
Til Governments of other province and presidencies wre no nave of ater.
ing exiting arangements, 50 the Government of India di no press them oe tho
adoption of any. resicive measure of sting character, lthoogh
Tho concluding portion. of the Resolution the wish of tho Government 10 is:
courage he se of ganja was expresed na ganeal vay in the [ollowing word
“His Excelloacy in Coun, however, trusts. thas the various Local Gover
ments ani Administrations will endeavour, whereve t may be posse ods.
Cowage. the consuopion of gana and bang by placing retrctions on thee
‘Clivaion, reparation, ad cod imposing on thei wi as High 3 ate of
Guy as can be fered without inducing Jit practice,

In July 1591, Sie. Mark ict, 3.1, in he House of Commons, drew the
attcrin. of the Secretary of Sate fo {nda toa statement which appeared in
Some Indian paper garding the juris elec of ganja, and requested im to
al the attain of the Government of Indi to the deskablty of extend.
ng: the same. profibiion a4 adopted for Burma to the ber provinces of
Dis Indio. The Right Hosorabl the Secretary of Sate fo India sccondingly,
in is despatch dated Gh Avast 1593, requested fom the Goreenment of Inds
expression of ie views 0 he llc ofthis drug, and asked. if the Govern
meat of India would propose to take ny free steps for reiting the con
sumption. The Goreentent of Indian esl wrote a eter to he Secretary of
Ste on the oth August 199, in paragraph 3 of which t admitted the jurions
fects ofthe dra inthe oll wing words: » We are inclined tobelee that gana
he most oxious ofall ni anno comsonly ied n India. Ba, ven fhe
abst proibion of the we of the drug coud be nlorced, the result migh be
ond the ase of tl mse oxons drags. Indi sbounds with plants, grow.
ing wld, fom which drugs can be procured lich are moro deleterious in thee
lets han gator, Bt both we consider impracticable enforce
the abschte probibiion ofthe use of ganje, we flly recognise it a ou daty to
eric its consumplon 55 (a 35 practicable, and we ave disney id down
the pole tobe prsaed in respect of ths drag in our Resolutan of the 17h
December 1575 sready quced.”

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S65 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 180595

(9) The ine avaiable for snswein the Tong srcs of questions famed
by the Commission was in the majority of cass oot suicent fos the
Wineses (0 make a thorough study of the subject all ts beings.
(9) For the. season abovementioned, most of th witnesses havo had to
depend ily on beeny statements of ober people. ct which
in many instances was admited fo thi ances,
(9 The Commission ted to get information rom the people who fare.
epecial knoedge of th subject, bu thoso geo ving no kr
ledge of Engl, answered the questions fro a translation sent to
them which was no alvays very accu, a5 wil bo seen ro ara.
graph 105 of the report, The vide ths obtained abo. got. dis.
tried in some. cases by rotranaltion. Ths fact was elied in
some cases whe they wer rally examined, nd cf course the rise
Take of the tansaion were 3¢ ence coseected. But for those who.

wee not rally examined tis dificul to say bow fa their pipers
are tll open to comeetion as. they ha not. had any opportaniy
of rnin thie answers in rine,
(5) The thre droge—gan, chara, wd bang having been grouped to-
ether in. one and the sume question, the witnesses in many cases
ma s confasion in ther anawers,—a ict whic vas brought o ght
2 the ime when some of them wie rally examined,
(6) The evidence in ll cases was nt noted down in the. exact words of
ho witcsses while arly examined, the substince of hi stlements
having been recorded in the wits own language. Th fac alto
{hat the potion ofthe nowers vas not. put site by. de wilh the
Contesponding. questions gat to the. wnesscs oes to dininich the
vale of uch evidence to ome extent.

(2) 1 same cares the witnesses wre prejudiced in sowing the Come
mists questions on. sccount of thei holding wrong nation of
the bjt of he Commission's pesen foie. This fat came to
ny knowledge from easel remarks of soe of the witnesses ss well
50 of clber people in diffrent paces where opportune vere
Placed ‘before the to express thee fe opivion. A remark which
Yea mad by one of the igh officials of th. Indore State. at one of
the singe of the Comission here alo shows that in many places
prop misunderstood the mative of the preent ingly.
(8) The othe isdantages ver which he meer had to work ned not
be mentioned ber in deal, 35 they may be seen from the pro
conlings book ofthe Comission.
Albongh there are thus some dindvantages and dificulcs shove indicat.
dye the idence of so largo a mbar of winesss examined by the Commis.
ion cannot £4 10 tho some ght which vill st in como to 3 general cone
dlusion,

would sot be dificult to quote from th evidence before us any amount

of option che in favour of ‘gaa 10 sbow that 0 ue i not inion, or
gaat the use of gan to prove shat it + highly desterious nd most bart;
50, without atemping to. quote indvidial opis, | wil be content vith
boing i a general way thi views on th subjoct mates of os inquiry.

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 NOTE OF DISSENT BY RAJA SOSHI SIRHARESWAR ROY. 36

The following s an analysis of the opinion of witnesses on the question of

injurious efects ofthe hemp drugs i—

oan | cams.

nie
bey : E
A carell oxaminaton of the statements of witnesses ill how that 12 vere

‘whelning majoiy of th superior medical offices ae of opiion thit the hemp

drug ar very deleterious inthis effects (some. even 0.30 fax 3380 say that
they are 0 even when used moderately), and that thelr excessive we brings on
inst and other diseases. The large number of executive offcers, whe
generally agreeing inthe view that the ws of these drugs is not 50 infurics in
thee effect as above described, have proposed t the same Gime. that the duty at
preset levied on them shold be raised, The consensus of opinion amon most
of the witnesses belonging 0 tho othodox Hindoo cass is tht the use of bang
is connected with the cil snd religious customs of the people, but i would be
“wel to point out here that vey few of them consider such customs 3s abso.
ley essential. The opinion of some f the Muhammad and European witnesses
i tha th us i essential. The clightencd portion ofthe native community who
were insted to give evidence gooeraly shave in the view that thes drugs
are furious, and that thee uso may be prlibitd. The reason for this diver
ity of opinion is mot fa to seek, On the one hand, the pariots and. philan.
thropsts in thee excessive zeal for the welfre of the people ar generally
apt to magefy the existing evils which corrode soci However smal they
‘may appear tothe naked eye ; whi, on the other Bund, nother chss, with 3

view to serve th terest of the State, generally make the evils appear very
uch smaller Gk things seen through the wrong end ofthe binocular glass
forget that the nies of the Government could be best served. by serving.
th interest of the pecyle.

About the examination of cases aditid to the atic asylums whee the
cause of nsaity was telat 0 hemp drugs it may be 3d that th Com
son's nguiy extended ose 4 period of one yea, namely, 1892, nd the concur
sion aived at, Howeser conect it may be for that year, cannot pesbaps be
%

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 470 REFORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893.94.

acecpted gence What leads me to form this opinion tht he nature of the
evidence on which the Sub-Commitios based its decision in someinstancesof a

ety contradictory and unelsblenatce. Ta thi connection my gestion wood

oe that the satis of such cases for the net succeeding three years my be
taken, and thecal officers bepress with the necessity of aking down creck
ote ofthe mature. of insanity 1s causes, &e, after thorough examination,

think peed badly say amybing more on the physiological action of

hemp druga than by quoting the following fom Dr. Cunsinghan's report, which
proves that the investigation s ot set complee—

The resus of tis were 33 flows, in 0 far as mere canal ssbodeye ne

spsction goes for | have heady poeted out the detild Vistlogical examina.
ton of the condition of the various. organs and issues fs & matter not of 3. few

Hours, but of many works work so that it has been impossible for me o carry
it out and a the same time to meet the wish of the Commission foc the imme-

diate submission of a report Specimens. of ll the aor important organs have,

however, ben carly preserved, and il fom the subjects of detald. listo:
logical examination bref

“The principal. recommendation f the Comission is tat, n ard to restrict

tho use of these drs, highate of dy should be imposed on the. Considering.
the peculiar condition of this country and ta population, 1do. ot. think the
doctrine of restricting the se of intoxicants by. intron a gradual nereased
te of duty on their trade could be accepted aaa very sound on. The pst
history of the excise admiration of the country wil show clsrly that such
‘measure, atbough adopted frm time to time, were ot of muchavail, To prove
hia i would be neccesary ther to point 1 facts snd Gres oficial report o to
Quote pubic opinion. 1 it is posable to find accrate igure of aren under cul
‘atin o acteal ques of production of the intoxicating drags for 1 series of
years, th actual increase o decrase ofthe use of the dnigs could be inferred
from an examination and. comparison of those Gres, The following extract
from a ete of the Governnent of Benga o the Board. of Revenae will show
hat he Government acl has very Til confidence on the statistical tables
prepared in the Excise Department —

The Licuensat Governor bas dan opportunity of visting Nowgong and

of personaly inspecting the Ganja Department at the place; and from inquies
made by him on the spt, € appears 10 bin Wat the widest opporusities for
ma and. smuggling exis, though no root bas eves been adduced. of detected
semgaling of ganja on an extensive scale The eukivated ara never measared.
“The result therefor at the end i cil speculative and uncertain,

The Acting Secretary to the Madras Board of Revenue i the Dept.

ment of Separte Revenue in is letter No. 1859-Mis, dated 1s May 1804,
aye: Accurate figures ae. nowhere avafabl, as no accounts are mantaioed
respecting th clivaton of the plant” Such i the case with every province.
Nowhere accurate figures regarding the cutvation of production of ganja are
avaible, Howeser if ve are 0 depend on the report of the Excise Depart
‘meat will be see frm an examiation of these tail tables that, pot
withstanding a coninuoss raising of dukes on gar, #5 cuivation and trade sre

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 OTE OF DISSENT BY RAJA SOSHI SICUARESWAR ROY. 371

markedly on the incense. The rates of fixed duty have bec raed in Bengal
rom time to time. For the ske of conveence 1 vill divide the twenty years fom
1874 1 1803 toss many periods the rate of dy on the drugs were increased

and give an average of areas under coivation, ec, for each parod. In this
manner ther fect on the spread of elivation and rade of the drag wil be seen

vost clearly. fv years from 1873 0 1878 therate of duty on “best "galt of
ani ss Re. 4, the ares under clfation 1078 bighas, ale 7.800 maunds import
S50 mands, and revenac Rs. 1167820. 1 the next four years rom 1879 10 1883
the rae f duty on round gar creased 2 Vl, the area nde cultivation vas
1,085 bighas, sil 5657 mand, import 870 aud, snd revenue Re. 14,51,088, In
the net five years fom 188510 1887, rae of duty Rs. 5, area under clivation
2.010 bighas, sl 5861 mands, impor 1,416 mands, snd even Rs. 19/68 833,
Tn the ext dre years ending 1890, rate of duty Re. 7, arcs. under clivation
2,207 bighas, sale 6,354 maids, impor 1743 mands, and rvcnve Re 23,74554.
Ta the next three sears from 1890 10 1803, rte of ky Ra. 8, ares unde cul
vation ,509 igh, sale 5,741 maunds, import 1,570 mands, and reveaso
2330106. 1 wil be sen fron the at years report that the ares unde eulivac
Gon was no less than 40 bighs in 1592.95

ink it would be wll 0 30 what the statements of the witnesses prove

regarding the spread of the we of hor drugs. No. + Bengal wits, Mr. DR.
Lyall, Merb of the Based of Revenue in chargeof Excise a Beal, saya in reply
0 Question Nd, 25: * The consumption of anf varied” Mo E, Westmacol
(Witness No), te Commissioner of Excise fn Beogal says: “1 doubt there beng
ther ncreasoor decrease, If smggling were completely stopped, figures of cone
sumption would undoubiedly go up.” Ne, Wills Colerok Taylor (36), Special
Deputy Callctor, Oss, says: The use of gan i 5 10 be on the needa
(Cannot ie reasons except tha th existence of 0 many gaa shops must have
a tendency to atract consumes and fnresse the consumption” Mr. A. C.
“Tut, Collector of Dinspur, witness No. 13, aye: “The use of gaa son the
increas. Theeason fo increase n consumption hee is that. the people of ths
istic show a ling to gaa in preference 0 drok” Witness No. 166, Ray
Radhagobind Roy Seb, Zaniodar of the same disit, sys: * Tho use of
ganja ison th ncresse” Witness No, 0, Mr. W. R.Rickets, Monge of Ngii
Slate, Oss, sys: *1 should sny the ve of biangand ganja s decidedly on the
fncresce Witness No. So, Baba Hern Chander Ker, the Deputy Collet of
“par, and the well-nown author of the valuable reprt on gan, ays: * Wich
ncread of duty smuggling becomes more ile (vide my Report age 155). The
rst improvement. thst | would suggest wil be the redaction of the dy levied
on ganja, which has been raised rather oo igh.

Inthe North este Provinces th icrcase i the we of hemp drugs i not

oss marked than in Bengal. Me. Stoker, the Exciee Commissionerof othe
Westen Provinces n paragraph 42f bis memorandum says: “ln the tty.
years since 1873 the ecepts have grown from Rs. 407,823 to. Rs. 706,785, or
aver 73 per cnt, In Oud the incre has bea ovr 103 per cen, and in the
Nocth Westen Provinces it bas been So. pee cent” For this increase be has
assigned thre causes, one of which i an increased us of hep droge”

In Punja he Financial Comnissioers lee, dated Gh Octobe 180, cone

ing the lloing So fa as sass ar available, he revenue derived. from

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72 AENORT OP THE INDIAN NENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 18934.

he Para fom the hp dr bs remind. practical tory fo seve

Jean + * + The probabiis ae sl n vcr of increased consumption”

A cael csamiotion of Excise reports and sstements of wiesses fn

ther provinces wil show hat the ws of Hep droge is specading inthe same
ay evcaywhee, nd, where i vill be fund three, he cae may be aly
raced th spread of the ae of sos ques Th question af the spread
he us of mp dog 50 uch mice with hat of apo, and spices
par tha 54 ok a al convenient. for anybody to del wih the ono kind
of micating eile sone, eco the thers oui th sphere of considers
in. The principle of esting nd ctrl he spedof noxicating rile by
posing igh tes of ty a bien applied 1, but noribsnding his the
ui of every Kind of novicant aon the cress. Aen has bien made
rom tine 1 timo © explain away th crease of temprancs a wll 0 th
evens dived rors thes of icing. arickes in nda by oct of tho
Highes:. posiion ani expericco by ringing oh Uheargument hat i i he rst.
ofthe improvement nthe condition of the people. SJ. Suche page 30 of
Hi adic ork, isaac and Plc Wocks of odin” saya. « This css
50g cont, nth ut tle year i nt (0 be att tthe crease of
oempesace, bit © improvemen nthe condi of the people, nd, sl ore,
© beter admiration”

Si Richard Temple in bs lois in 1880" sys’. “The sight of is may

ive to ome bares th. impression tht vdee Bish ule drinking prevails
or Un under Native ole, Wider gbievain vl, boweves, pore tat
ne Ta, jd by the standard of sivanced nations, we sae ad tmper.
at nthe main, and ha, despite any dlects which may sil uk the exe
eytem, te Bah tases do erste a some check upon obit”

Proll navbere tis ne of ress was ore cel snd elie put
ber he public than in 2 Paramcatry Roper on * Icemperaace” reared
by Select Commies of the House of Lunds. Its stein that pups
“iis ince of xpenditare camor by Half be taken 33 5 prod hd
dnakeers bas incase he sae ra, ti probable tat» ge orion
eprsnts te moderate consump by the temperte, Wilh cresing Bvomes
Uh spending gover of 31 css as grown, and igher sce of confor hag
en gradually orodaced. Just 45 the consmpion of met as crs, so
a tht of nosing Bios but thro thes cases. docs the creased
ene conminpion. teceiarly imply a proporina exces 4 tbe par
of ndiidsl. Frthe, bas been shows (at the a of te, sor, vie, and
bacco bs cress for more pil tan thee of ts bec

Whew may be the case of the ncease, in ths county at fess

ete by ny the ws of th occaiog dogs speading vey ot, A
apeienced offs of Ah excivline i Bengal, Mr. Dus, Dept Magica,
i age 76 of bok “dia: Past nd Pest says The vice dence
abe mst alawingly creasing he country sce the troduction of Hr
lin. OF couse th rising of the xcs duties would neces the ising of
heimpon duties org quo, 8 these thee woul eto Giga Na.
iquor for Biogen; ands is ber thn the sho rly pinches, fr th evga
in lads snd possibly the igher cases of the Nath al, at apt 1 cect

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 NOTE OF DISSKNT BY RAIN SOSH SIRHARESWAR ROY, 575

strenuously (0 any check being placed on the admission of European liquors ito
the connty.

These. few fines will show how keenly tomo of the educated naive of the

‘county fel fo the spread ofthe we of spirituous ors and other intoxicating
drags among the peopl, and how ecessary it i to ind out some effective cans
which might arrest thei further progress. The simple course of ssi th
rate of duty from time to time to check thie spread bas not proved of much
avail up to this time. On the other hand, 1 believe the rates of duty on some
of the intocating ariles havo sheady reached thei highest point, and, nscad
of checking the spread of their we, do ham 10 socity by fostering
smuggling and cme. In my humble ofision, adoption of an opposite course
in the shape of gradual reduction of duties on some of the intoxicating atices
with a judicious acangement for supplying the consumers of th drugs with the
east injurious Kind of intoxicants, may in great exten help to. fll the wish
which the Government has at heat

Sometimes julicious eduction of the duty on aices of consumption, such

as drinks or beverages, has proved foe more beneficial than the adoption of strc:
tive messur in the shape of imposing increased duty. To prove thi, instances
abound inthe sory of England as well a of othe Eumopean countic. As an
instance, | may mention Tere the case of tea. In the lst century, when the se

of ten spread in an satorishing way all over England, and when th trades in tea
used to mis with it * quanties of sloe leaves, liquorice leaves, leaves of
ther tres, seus, oe plants, clay, logwoed, and other ingredients” which were
detriment] 0 the health of the people, Government with the help. of lgistion
attempted sever] tres to epeess he sphisteating of ton, a these op
of the flee teamaliers were termed. But such measures alyays proved git ine
eflctal. A very seingent Act was passed in 1777 to repress this practice but
it also did very Tule good. Atlas, in 1784.3 wise meas was adopted by Pitt,
and a considerable reduction in the duty on the tea chapened is price and
repressed smuggling.

1 wold mot be improper sce here how fr the quite differnt Fc of method

which the. Government adopted to ares the progress of hemp drugs n Burma
has proved successfol

The following extract wl show that the prohibiion of the sale and manafac-

ture of gan in Burma hs proved of some. it. to the country i—

Mr, Bayne, Secretary to the Clif Commissioner, in bis eter dated and
November 18g, says: “No onein Burma desis any change in the Excise la
as far as intoxicating drugs ave concerned” The Commissioner of he Teaser
Division, in his letter dated oth January 1604, addressed to the Finsacil Come
missioner, says: The effct of the poliiory system has undoubted been to
render i somes diffu and dangerous or ny one to. poscss the drug, and
ne. Tn
this must ave eey largely tended to keep it ut of the bands of Bur

my opision, if this system ha not ben adopted, the result would have been dias
trous, Burman woud very ceraialy have taken 0 use gar, for which they
have no desir, and, from thee national character, hose who took it would Fave
used it to excess, a is the case with opium, which {aken in moderate doses does no
9

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 S74 REPORT OF THE INDIAN ENP DRUGS COMNISSION, 150594

harm, Were the consumption and cven possession of ganja. not prolibied, the
lect woud be ere nis memorandum dated 1 June 1895, Ms. Culloden,
Supeitendent of Proven + Ganja has shvaga been considered
a probed drug in Burma. The prolibicon of its imporatun has so. far
etn sccostol that the drugs been kept ot of the focal market. 10 cone
sitll extent; tis i proved by the et tha, whenever traced to any on
possening i, ely very sll quay of th drug has been found. on then,
“The Deputy Commissioner, Akyab, in paragraph 3 of his Jer dated 1st
December 1803, says: * The. system af praibiion has an the whol been
cesta” The Dept Comssinc of Togo, in islet died 1:43 ney
1804, says: "In roy. cpio the system of probing gaa in Barna bas
been to a vey large cxtet, though not emily, success” The Conse
of dhe Southern Divo, nite dated 60h Jay 1501, ayes As fa
25 my experience goes, the system of pr iitonof gifs ha worked well. This
4s based ony capers cle x! Major Eyre (Witness No. 12)
his evidence says: * Tho taal pro force absolutly necessary.
Were these of the dro to bo sctioned, te eprad of th bait wold be great
and. the rests lamentable?” Me. Coutoeave (Witness No 19) says “The
Sbasate proibitin of the prodaction and consumption of £8
est rests, and. cannot be improved pon”

Consideration of al thse leads me 0 come tos conclusion which is mot

quite in agreement with that of my colleagues. | believe hat the iiss efcts
of the Hemp drugs re grater and. thir se more harmful than one moukd
aturaly suppose 0 be the case ale reading the concading poron. of
(Chapter XT of or Report, hough {think | should say that the facts elcid by
our inquiry do not go-to suppor the extreme opinion held by some wellin
{entaned people. tha these drugs nal thei forms and in every case are Highly
pen i thee cfc. We have sein alos all pts of Inds people con.
ested with temples and al, who ar quite. heal dy, scong, and swt, who
excesivly. indlge in Bang. Instances were nox rare in which habitual
ganja smokers were seen 0 bo quite healhy and song, It is among.
the vey poe and the mendican cases that shocking intances of human
wrecks ‘caused by oveeindlgencs in hemp drogs. can be founds The
general opin tha 1 have been abl to form is that ganja and charas sre no

dou juion in thie action on he consiaion of certain people, specially

toe who are weak snd underfed, even when they ar taken in comparatively
modecste doses, and only or a short tim, When the re consmed In excess
nd coninaonly lo 3 long. tine, thee ects are undoubtedly most rinous.
1 should be remembered tha ts. the men of the pacrst class gence, who
cannot alford 0 pay for the ory of spituous drinks, who take ta the vse of
ganja. Tis also a fact tha men who see maually wesk, and who sur rom
Some sor of bodily or mental ndsposiion or discomfort, 0 olan temporary
rele generally indulgin gan, frst in medicinal devs, and then gradually tum
obo excessive consume of th drug. This accounts fc th fat why so large
a amber of the consumers of the drugs se ofen found 0 bo fn. mos delor
able candiion. On the whole, thereore, 1 am clined to belies that the pro-
bin of the us of ganja and chara would be 8 toute of benefit to the
people.

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S76 MEPOKT OF THK INDIAN MENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893:54.

The Excl Comisiner of Asa in bis evidence in rely 0 our ques

ion No.7 says: 1 tink ther is ns img a wid gaa. It docs not grow.
of ae ke other weeds, Statements of this ature abound. excise meme
i and ther records,

Further in paragraph 65 of Chapter XVI ofthe Report is stated“ Tht

he gar derived fem sch spontaneous growl, tended and wimprovel it so
infor a 0 obiste ll Hcihood of competing ith th cuivted gar”

The fas, therfore, that. the plan. see found only in cern pats of the
county and sot al over it shows that th objection on (his score is nt very

enable and thst thre i badly any Bkehood of he owcriog ops produced by
th uncaed for hemp plats being ever subsitutod for cultivated ganja, As
regards crus, beng imported fro {reign councy, the spotancoas growth
a hemp plan docs not afct the gusto of it prob bio,

In Chapter IX of the Report it bas been proved (hat chras hss no conn
nectin whites vith an slgious observances of any sect of prope in Inia:
wad sso pes that the ve of guna fn this connection is ot. so wide
spread as th of Uhang. A call. examination of th statements of winesses
will show. that the use I confined 0 a very. small cil of people, and even
hat us cannot be considered as ces 3 i not sancioned by any sel
ious suber,

Avery few witnesses, and these maily from Dengal, mention that. the
smoking of ganja is connected with religous customs of the people. Tho
majority of thes ref to mado of worship cad Trinath Mel, whichis in
vogue the Esser par of Hengal ad in some postion of Ava adjving East
Bengal. 16 woud na be ut. of pace ber to state in bel the origin of ts
form. of rsp, and haw far the ‘se of gaa i ely connected wih 6, and
the connection of Tinath elf withthe Hinda Ti

Major Moor in is * Hinds Pantheon” says: In mythology Arabs a

the creator, Vion the resever, and Sis the destroyer in metaphysis he
frst is matter the second. spt, and the thin to; 30d in mats) philosophy,
sth water aid fe respectively Pechaps it vas vith the abject of binging
shout sot of sconciaon a it were aman the diferent sec of Hindus who
‘wos thee god these three diferent principle hat one Babu Annas Choirs,
a Varendro Brain of Dacca Dist, probably follwing th cumple of Rar
Sing of the Panjab or Ghasi Das ofthe Central Provinces, first sare his
mode of wonip in 1860. somewhere nea His asin viligs, this dey bein
termed Tinath of the fn ne. To poplarize th mod of worship among
the ural population, he Winslf composed 3 few stanzas of song in colloquial
Bengal, which re sg nscad of the sul ton of Sanskrit Austra, while the
‘orslippers of Trini join tgether in perormin the Poa. these songs there.
1s 10 be found oly the mention of the word 5d, 6 bang and nt. ganja,
“The originator of this mode of wort, Vinsel being addicted to the wie of

‘was natural that His followers ‘wold alow is example and off ganja
other god while worshiping him. Tha th ase of ganja 5 no esses n tis
mode of worsip canbe asecsied rom the fat hat the lds of the fay sre
allowed 0 jin with the male members i the voli, snd its. Kowa to very

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 NOTE OF DISSENT BY RAJ SOSIH SICHARESWAR ROY. 377

body that wore: Bengal a well as in other pats of the country, with the
exception of those
‘who publicly lad a distepatable ie, never indulge n ganja
or charas smoking.

Bengal witness No. 63, Babs Abbas Chandra Mukhar, in bis detsied
note on Zrinstha Las wes * Ganj can be consumed by ln the nam of
a god, and the practic cannot be locked down upon, because i is don ander
certs forms and rligious cecemonies” Ho concludes his pape saying: The
worl i on tho declie. 1 is almost dying out aman the educated Hiadratatess
but among the masses t sill exists So rom thee it appears that guns or
Blaogis offered to Trinath, buts consumption i no essentially par of the
elgious ceremanis to be observed in connection with this mode of worsbipe

tis to bo greatly regetted that the css of men, sach as pandit, malvnts,
essai, gurus, and priests, on. whose statements reliance could be placed
in mates connected with Hindu religion, asd whose opiions could be acespred
a5 authosats, are almost toéally wanting i the Tits of gelenc who have
een asked 10 answer our questions. Ot of 364 witaeses n the North-Western
Provinces only ane. maul is to be found, and that wis (No.
Western Provinces, Mobunt Kishoram Rai) sys in answer o our inquiry f tho
se of gar s considered essential in religous observances of Hindus.» There
is no rligious injunction {0 take the drugs, The rule fa been ined by the
consumers. The drugs are taken in connection wih the wordlip of Malden
withthe iden of becoming naked ke the god, and regucles of cathy tinge”

Witsess No. 330, Lala Balmukand, Governer, Arya Sama, sys: “No
customs, social ar religious, sanction the uso of gana and chai. Bhang in
regarded a th favour drink of Siva (deity), and is used on the occasions of
tho festivals ovr which he presides, ex, Shivite, the aniversary of Sia's
mariage bu the se of th drugs is nok regarded as exit, 11 is generally
temperate. Its nos likely to lead 0 the formation ofthe habit, ror is otherwise.
furious.

Witness No. 240, Priest Kashi Prosad Panda, of Miczapur, sys: * There is
mo religious view 0 suppor the use of theses"

nthe Madras Presidency, out of 103 thereare nly witnesses who her belong
tothe pres class or are comected withthe management of Hind temples. Wa
ess No. ton, Samdasu Bavaj, pist of the Mutt of Se Jaganusdha Sway, sys
“The use of ofa is not considera as an essen) to socal origins customs as
No. 193, Baldev Das, pres of Hanursan Mat, says: * Son thik i
necessary fo religious thoughts. Those who consume it for religious purposes
soit moderately. The, in answer to ou question No. 34, he saya: “It vould
be wel ostopit, though it would be somewhat dificult to the Babital con-
sumees:” Witness No. 127, Raja of Ramosd, the head of Rameswar temple,
‘one ofthe four great tinples of dia says: “13m mot aware: of any.custom,
socal a religious, wth which the consumpion of the deg is associated”

Tithe Bombay Presidency th oly witness, Sewse Lal Sarsondas (No. 109),
‘whois connected with religious institution called Arya Samaj” says: “The
Arya Samaj fully sympathises wih th objects of the Comission refered to, 35.

os

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 7% RepoRT oF THE 1NDIAN AP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189504

the principles and tenes ofthe Sams. efoin on its members total abstinence
rom all Kinds of intoxicating droga.

In the Punjab two religious associations only have favoured us with thee
opiions. The “Suratan Diarma Sav," of oathodox. Hindus, saye: “The.
beverage of hang sacred o the Siva, and in certain forms of worship is con
sidered indispensable by certin classes of the votaies of Siva "Arya
Sama” of Dera Ismail Khan, sent. us copes of thei resoltions, which ar as
follows: “That, inthe cpio of tis Samaj te system in force in the Pariah rer
garding the preparation and sl of ganja and other hanp dg i mot defective
mich 38 it affords facility for their consumption which deteiorates mental
capaciis aod the health of the consumers” (2) "ta this Sama) is of opinion
that the sale of the hemp drugs should be. restricted tothe medical profes
for medical purposes, and. the preparation be 30 reticted as {0 meet the
wants any.”

In Bengal, Asam, Sind, and the Central Provinces there

witnesses who belong 1 the Hindu priest or mohunt class.

—
“The total number of witnesses who simply state that the use of gar is
‘connected with the religious customs of the. people are in Bengal 61 Armas
9, Noth-Westem Provinces and Oud 74, Punjah 27, Central Provinces 55,
Madras 36, Bontay 38, Sind 13, and Burma 2. Those who consid. thes
observance ofthese customs essen ae 55. fa Bengal, 10 in Ava, 33. in

13in Mi while tho number of

North-Western Provinces and Oud, on Pura, 11 In the Cantal Province,

incase who tae that the are no such customs. prevalent are $5 in Bengal
Sin Assan, 114 in tho North-Westem Provinces and Outh, 25 in the Pon,
24 in the Central Provinces, 78 in Madea, 50 in Bombay, 15 in Sin, and
8n Burma

It as been alleged that the wee of ganja among relisoss mendicants

who sre constantly exposed to sun and. rain bas benchicl efecs The abst
ith which i usd by these clases of people are mainly twolold—(1) to po:
duce intoxication, and (2) to generate heat, Apart from is inoxicating clive
ifthe generation of the heat in the system be one of the objects aie dhe
consumers ave in view think it would not bo altoguthe aut of plac to mene

tion bere tht the abolion of te dv. isnot kel cause th any hard
x case ts place can besupplied by an innocent oo caled Dorks (Gye
don dactyln), whichis ves common, and which grows thevughout Inds, Tifa
roo, if smoked ina hilum, has the wonderfl fice. of generating hoa i the
system, while at the same time the unpleasantness caused by the intoxicating,
ower of the ftter can be aveided.

(Chara is vey deleterious, sod th use of his fom of the dr is Highly in

dispute. It has no conection whatever with religions and socal custom of
the people and, as cs imported fom (cei country, tis qui feasible. to
profi ts importation. 1 theeloo recommend th probbiton of fs man
tion, and sale. With a view to save the persons connected with
the manufacture 3d tad. of chara fo suring any peciry foi, and. the

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 NOTE OF DISSINT BY RAJA SOSH! SICHARESWAR ROY. g79

habiten consumes of chars rth the. incintenkace of swdden deprivation; of

the us of the drug, woud be advisable give suficiat rics and allow a
{ime bos the adoption of proibitey mesures.

Aiboogh Ls fll convinced of te fico sft of anf and he be

Bt hich will bo derived by tt Sota profi, | ink ould no be osifcd
advocating salen prblition, bving ror o the dissitaction which it
ay lily cab to cbs of peuple known ss semyestsy bagi, and Judie
whose ful fox giving trouble sre very ea. avin 10 (hi pecs posi
and babite of Fe | do mot think, however, that hs disisfacton
css of people on scout oy. mess fn sell i Bll to
mens, th, when added to thee
Simi caves § deststaction, might being, 3b dicot, Ibn searly
accesany to pant out the mare. of 1 nce which these sonyaric®

and ki sil oxersse aver a vast amber. of people wha Pave nu. received
Engi clucation.

There ar ter grounds besides the one mentioned above which lead moto

recommend a grad probibition. 1, instead of adopting 3 sodden. pchbiory

measur, the Gosenment adopt adsl ane, wl tie o tite her
nquiis should. be considers disable, wilh 8 view o ascetain th’ exact
physiological action of ganja. 11 it be found posto relive the drug) and
make it ese injurious by diminishing 0s narcotic cfct, the question woud
the at whethes, ike opium, wou not be advisable to make a Goverment
monoply of the drug. 1, howenr, on oral o othe grounds i cots docs
not commend tell to Goverment, vould be 8 question lr athe comiden.
tho whethe te io ad minicar of gine i not be concatated

at one place under diet Goren i Sarin. In te lak

Aisiantages of the mo
is system Heave a the same
may be
{ime the advantage, mene, the. conte of the stergth of the drug, might
i ssid Aha figeling SF ths: drvg ria bs icmiod. AC pees
sen me have not suicent means to sacetin bow ar the infory caused to
tho consamer of th dru due 10 the pac dg scl, and hoe fr 1 the other
poisonous substances tha te occasionally ved with. This dicuby would
removed i the emi cuttin and mavslacor of the drag are browght
under Government superiion. Another reat advantags tobe derived by the
adoption of tis course i, fe further consideration and invesigion, a sug
ested above the Government. decides fo total probit, hat mshing would
be oe casy than to give fle to uch mesure, T woul heelors recommend
{ty a prin Sep towards probliton, the culivation of ganja may be
concentrated in one place, and fs mamfactore and le be brought ds cet
Goverment supervition,

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 8 REPORT OF TUR INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 183394

1 would futher suggest for the consideration of the Goverament. the

falloviog —

Allough inthe opinion of scene mea gaa does not lose ts maseaic
alin fap of ime, yet the popula belief amon consumers theoughout fndis i
tht the dru loos ts strength in time. 1, Howere, belies tis quite posible
hat by cxporore oi fo a loo ime the ganja may lose its macore strength by
a slo onidaion proces. | would therfore sug that gania may not be
Slowed 0 be sold ll aftr the exgiey of one year from the dat the crops
Harstad, thus enabling the people a usc t in his Yeas furor form.

ss come to ove Knowledge hat some prt ofthe come grow stronger”
gana than others. The physiological investigation concen the varios Kinds
of ganja grown inthis county cannot he sid to be complete. | would therefore
ugg tha, it. be actly ound aftr due investigation that the drags have
irent sci values in diferent pats of di, the clivation nd msaufacture
ofthe sronger form should be discouraged andits ale altogeer probisiced, he
weaker ganja ely beng allowed to id a way to the marke,

1 as eon lcd fo one faq tha fn some pats of the country women
sll thes drugs. The vend of thes drugs, especially through women, lends an
adios) inocement to the bayer 0 indolge. in these drugs If would be well
if mesures ar adopted o pat & stop o these practices,

In paragraph 645, Chaptee XVI, of the Report it bas been recommended that
the licenses of real vend should not. sel thse drugs to. children and insane
persons It would be beter cas of chilen o ix anagelims, say 16, aod to
further esc the sale to. persons who, being. nde the fnflucoce of gaa or
some oie toxicant, have no self-control at the tive, 11 shoud. futhet bo
stipulated i th Heense that no vendor shal adlerte is droge with diatora
ocd and othr posonos staf. A heavy penalty shoud be imposed fo fringe
ment ofthe above rule besides friitns of th Kcanse

“The practice of consuming the deg in the shops shold be discontinued, 55

in some cases it gives grea facilis to consumes eho on account of the Jook
Family sysem, out of respect to thie elders, cannot dre to take tn family
dling houses, The practice of smoking in the shops alsa leads tothe excess
ive se of the deg.

In England, although Nesey dics ae levied on all Kinds of intoxicating

articles, nclding tobacco, and the srangoments of excise advisiation and
Control of the we of intoxicating drugs ste more complete. (han in any other
county, sll he legislature of that cowie very wily kept aloof fom touching.
the preparation and use of the weakest Kind of dink-—beer—for home con
sumprion. No duties are levied thereon private brewers occupying small houses
not exceeding £8 anal value, and who are brewing only for domestic wiot,

Er Te
Thoagh this rangement causes less of Government revenue to 3 args exten,
yet, on the ibe had, i, sopping the people wih a Jess njrious kind of bev.
age, kexps them to som extent from the tinction of ssong sprious drink
the same manocr the Goserninat of (4s country can help he cause. of fom
pecance by losing a fle of its hd an glass of sp from 4 pal tre belong

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 NOTE OF DISSENT BY RAJA SOSH! SIKHARESWAR ROY. 381

fog 108 poor calivator or a handlal of leaves from a bang pla growing spon
aneounly joing bis homestead, 1: is greatly to be regretted thet Ty col.
ages shod ave thoaght it advisable to tecommend theimposionc ncressed
duty on bhang and he adopion of & system which would not nly prcically
eps the poor rural popaltonf some pats of the cour of the use of hang
leaves ss: colin beverage during the Ho: months of the yea and 3s 3 doer.
tic medicine fo men and cae, but would slo dive the 1 some extent to the

ania shop to satiny hee craving fo simula, as bs bee lesdy the case the
(Central Provinces. In former times ang aves were procarabe fn almost all
the invita ofthe Central Provinces, bit no, probly owing to the good admis

ration of the Excise Deparment of those provinces, ts 3 rare thing. thece,

and more than one wiawss in he Cental Provinces sates tha the people
ese ganja ithe form of 3 dik Becazes they cannot gt hang, The. matte
ly in the Central Provinces, bt bso many parts of
Sothern India, Many experince. patie gentlemen 35 well 21 Government
aficils are of opinion tht it would bo. well 10 Jeve bling alone. Beog
voces No, as, Me. N. K. Bose, the Disrct Magra and Collector of
Noakb, sys —

“The taxation in case of hang seems qui vnnecessry.”

Quotation to th above effect could be given from the statements of the

ies, but 1 do ot thik they se needed.

i has been shown aicady that ng is prokaby the east infurous of al

thintosicants commonly wie in hi country. Iti 8 great extent comected
with the socal and elgioue customs of the people. is se a cooling dink
inthe ot months is vey common i he central and pordhwest parts of Indi
‘Asa domestic medicine fo men and. cal, is much in use mong the rural
population. The bang plant growing wid can be found in host all par of
Northern din In my opinion it vould ot be a very say tak 0 beng the sale
and manufacture of bang under oll contol of the Excise Department of the
Government without much annoyance to the people, 1 fo thee reasons
recommend tas bang may be lef lone for the present.

281k dugat 1594, SOSH! SIKHARESWAR ROY,

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 Note of Dissent by Lala Nibal Chand.

jad the Comivion in Calc on the 3rd Aug 139, snd after
remiing for bout mon in Bengal went. wih th the mers othe
Nord Wostem Provinces, Cental Povaces and Bombay Presidency.
0a the 30th Sepimber wile at Poca 1 fl ll and was forced t0 sk ei
at ham, This derive mo of a vis 0 tho dens Prsidncy, | refined the
Comision on th goth Octobe 133 nthe Carl Prvices at Naggore, whe
ines wer orally exsioad, bt on he 1850 Noverber wis sgn abled to
Fal bck and rmsd at bom ll th £7 Apel, whe 1 jioed at Labo in
the Busi and emined with the Comision i he ht sing of the 6h
Avan 1804. Thus | vas with the Comission fo 181 days out of 365 daa
{ba th Commision ied:

The pap in my attendee wold ave proved more a les seis bd

oot ben fo the oes with which all he as tha rasp in my aber
ere recorded. The wien answers ofeach wives sod his satement 2 the
a inion, thee was ang, 1s ‘wll av all he Prong repos, memo
Finds nd sisi, wer printed and soppied to cach member rom tim 10
ine, and a crf study of them gave me pry compe knowledge of he
hole sbi.
5. Onthe 36h April 134 the majority of the members expressed then
str that hey ers clined othe vi tat the ot! prion of th hemp
tog vas aeapedet, and on he. 12th May tis view was nally confined by
{iam Raj Sabi Sires Roy was not presen om these oecatis; ard
essed my Gna opfion, sth ores cts and piss which the members
bad to peace pursuance of the Peston noi dated he 35th Apel 14
wer ct at tht tin rsdy an dicassd by the Comissicn, and | thought
pica to expres any coneluie pian wien ly weghin te segs
hic each amber had 1 Svan bal avons snd nga these drs
510i ich the dpes reget tat | find mysell compelled to dint
fiom my my colisgans bu thoroughly comin of te utc of the views
he have been Id 0 enetain 3 carl stay of Ue Lier an the su
eh a0 wel a by discurion with acer merbers, fee i 3. ty to ly then
tae my got Government for a de comidraion, | mast 4s note bere
by wy of a alo ft the incampsinsss wich which the pois anche fn
he resnt pot hae bea del he great dsadeaviage unde which | labour
in Baio to gress myself ina reign language, & command ove which |
cana pie to have, nr can | pretend have he Cxpecence snd sil
eed in avin up an oficial report. | cant thesia do. more than give
Lae statcaat of te facts nd fo spect ter wth the. sates that. have
bee coleced by th Comision ad which | baler fly bese thr ot:
Vain wish o sat ha | cont wich te tbe members oe he most pat
an fa. Hang is concn, except its fsation, 3nd 1 5ke exception to
hei vi hic i connection with gait sad ches, 1 ik hai consider.
ng he iflcren penduc of he hep. would ave been beter i 3 eau dis.
inion wire kept sp al hug ad in rms he rss some places,
would perhaps have bea beer not. 1 dios them of with the. gene
rm ee the he drugs.

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 S80 REPORT OF THR INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1305.04

4 The pia where mately dif rom my colleges sre—

(1) Tasation of bang.

9) Prodacion of gaa rom wild plant,

(3) Dose nd samber of consumes.

(9) Proarion of excuse to moderse conromers.

(5) Exe of we.
(6) Pic pion, soil and rf, Shoat tet we.
(7) Soe nd eigions customs Laing on ngs

®) Bec
(0) Physical,

0) Mel.
9) Mera

(9) Hemp dogs compared with slab,

(10) Eridence from Native Siaes and ay.

wn) chitin

(0) Precedents of oer con

(0) Desay sod fea of prion.
(0) Pole dager
(6) Danger of ving more altos digs

) Some f the concn srived by the Commission

(e) Poicy of conse and es

(6) Method of tassion

(0) Todecion of Bengal system to thes provinces

(@) Abolion of ths sed pre at ich wheel vend
Cental Province ate bound to sl gaa 0th eal va
does and grant of whose eens more fly ad
ihout chase in the Central Provinces,

(0) Grads tation of chars.

7) Props fo opening ew shops.
(6) Sis of gas in Burma.

ruin ime, 5. Ax sated in pragrash 564 of the Report, it is proved br a ge

meiy of wipesses thas bang is Joss inion than any oer itosicant
id in his county, and does no seem to ba so dlierions 1 0 aly the
Gonsnen take sn ction wih th view of roiling of rsieng is we.
Bian i produced from herp pant, wld and culivaie, which spustanously
roms in Noreen India al lon the Himalaya bil, on the ids of th Eastern
Ind Weston Gh 1nd in some other prt of th cowry. Three it is
practically impos o contl i gronth and consumption.
Its se £03 cooling beverage by. the people at barge, mised with some
ingraiets. wich modi ts oil ellts i ay, and ia oes ansocated by
ceca secs of people wid (her rlyions al soil abpecvances. More.
ore, i ved 30 a domestic medicna for men snd cat by the ual pop
ation, Taking a thse pints to conseraion | 4m ad to recommend that

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 NOTE OF DISSENT BY LALA NIHAL GHAND. Es

Shang shed be et slo rd made fo fom ll seins, A few qotons }

sr given jsfcstion of this rks
(0) The Noth-Westers Province Esc Report fr 183, paras 9
(Tbe Honora) r. Codll clean ts necesito divunaing hf:
ious gana chara fom the ese ball Whang, The ome us pen
occu, wi tlre othe tr, x posion semen Sih 10 ot of
Cha o opin sad 1 sppers desea
ere Tn sl a hemor ncn oh
(6) Nort Wessen Powis witness No. 1, the Honorable A. Cadel
Meme, Bord of Rcaue, oral" As | sid en yeas 330, bangs pacically
seme

(9) Bengal witness No. 35, X. K. Bose, Magissee and Collector of

Noakhl— The tani on bs is
(4) Pun winess No. 77, Lal Ganesh Dass, Presiden of the Sevn
abl, osha — Dlg ess ino usd tc regions wed 0 Go
rat, andi a ainda i tho ts Asi grows
wid the sabonlnte Government offi wil pave many chances of raving
te sabes probit fore
re an
San shold no 5s pric:
The Honcrile DK. Lyall, Member, Dod of Reveass, Cal
oeve hed of hg being blamed for sity.
(6) Bengal wiess No.8, 3r, F. 11, Tacke, D ie Sepeintenden of
Police, Dipirii Blas
oboos alowed freely.”
(7) Boga. wiess No 8, Si. RL. Wad, Dict Soposiendent of

pri ET
Rafintis—+ vouk ot ox hang
(©) Pura woes No. 4, Listenan-Coloe J. 0. this, Of
ing Commissioner, Raeuind! 1 cog 1 344 Us to make ian mars
expe or to ih i¢ is his adil danger, people might. ake

sition of bog
o) Norte n Provinces wiess No. §, Me. H. Fras, Collector of
Dion, ra | ink quite scesy too the ws of bhaaz. 1
have eve known it do sn bam
(1) Noth Westmn Paviness, Ms T. Soke, Fxcie Comision says
ins memcradm, prgraph 44-1 he dried Uat sa on nan
ature remains un lnged som frm of silage vil be sed, i follows hat
Sn means tee righ wil aly Bll cel nls they se econ:
vied by mesures which nl render es ard silts mos cece”
(1) Cental Provinces wines No. 1g, Regan Ro, Ete Assitart
Comission, Dnch, ora Ged ia Tin aly sd shold bs ade
orm aslabeTowand ede the we af avs 1 bn, and sho the a of
aon sor smog 1h Hehe cases Crimry gars eet 3 bang
ve arcu tan good bg. The higher (sss wold sso nok gis
Tose, Thy wid so lo Kar les, AL ts soll, a. my opis, be 3
cnge or th
Pusapts ssn 25 fhe Repon coin I sppess te st prions
wry nor ut soolabl. asi may cession bo avaied fom tho eA i
a I
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Stang sos bet aloo an mad fo fom all tnation, A few quotiions

(The Honcrble Ms. Cadell dels the neces lo dissing to jo

MRE ne eed
imo kat magus id coe it

J . cl

10 Naren Pies sacs No.8, 3 1: Fre, Colic

vey aor bs smokable. goss, ay. ocessindly be shabed fv ta

7

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S96 ARPOKT OF TIE INDIAN HIP DRUGS COMMISSION, 159504

spomaseos gu Toe great major of tases cover sat that

Theis we rote fom the wid plete 20d undoubedy wha oxlioaly
eed. oni cant bm bin? Ms, Wall,» Ite Commies
oF Pas (Nuh Wein Provinces 4nd Ost), doo so brea gana
led by wl plant 0d th may other wisest the sae view”
“The above extats ivy iL that ges cena be predeced from the
+3. pat. The dll conan Ihe gp 1h sane view and conc
EV owe thes nd ar ees supe ox lie an bad ro
0) BengaThe Exec Commision, 1 memoranon, paragraph
a Ne ar or cies ead fo dats he scuic eman,
WH Tn vey eva to he prpacation of othr dr, s ely Scot of
Sey impel doped othe aad plas”
(6) Dr. Pin i ct on he cuiasion of gas chee VI, page 11,
ray Ganji Coin fom clad lsc, a f he floes ch.
iy the ashing ou cal nt sed, ot grid fo gow inh icy
Seerops i nds Uh the Farms of seed iy be 2 fu 30 pate pe
Tend

(0) Memorandum by iogade Sse Lites Coll |. Kiag, M. B,

Dice of Toaricl Sey of Iai ded 80h Oca 1505 The lank
ary nm a odin hemp (Corvabis aon Lo. teat wid noo at
Tr bd, Tt is pare. of India, and sli in Uppe Bor, pats
SiC sy be fod roving whut cuiaion ner igen and gardens,
Shs be a reo on aun rir Gita oc led, Tn nel.
Fhslgy, bem is utd Toi, ok 2 4 dicnons peat, bt 3s 30
Ercape fom civain’
) Dengal wines No. 13, KG. Gopi, Excise Comminiuner, says
No gana msde em th will bp ane”
§) Boga wines No. S Ba Hem Chindee Kor, rived Depaty
Caledon, nd the offs dete to make sect ene sont aa 1575,
Soy The wld plana do nt yd aria”
(© Berga wines No. 6, AL. Jhvsan, Comision, Dace: rali—
The wid plat fa sd fo pi, bt he a i ocd for so” and thas
kn nce of gus ppd fom th wid pan who: colatin”
(3) Ben wages No. 5, VW. . rink, Commision of Chota Ng:
ic The pa In will tte dos ot. prodce pe. Dang can be pre
Tod from the wd hat, where rove, bo | sn dob shou gi, and
ht gas conn of th eons cried Fore op of th alive seer
sed foals. The plat ns ld soe doesn, rode gaa
(©) Asa wisn No. 3, J. J. S. Dibrg, Commissioner of Exch
Silo. ral 1 i here a such hing a5 Ed ga, 1s dos 0 grow
ail He ob weed
vies No. 0, G. A Gf, Diet of Ld Records sd Agi
ov never fund th spemaoeons growth of hemp fn the ung,
ly places. fry. colivatd o sl unde livin, Toe jungle rsh
Spans choke evn whet grove”
(10) Assam wives No. 13, ban Chander Paani, Exess:
Comissioes of Syl Heep lars se sot eure in this dot, In

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 OTE OF DISSENT BY LALA MAL CHAR. ®

“ome lace specie of plants. ras spostncously, wich called bang, and
hich never proces gu
(13), No Westrn Proves! and Ou wines: No, 8, Hugh Fraser,
Magisuate and Calietr, Ijanar —* Bar exn be prepared rom the hp
lant wherever grown ad by any person; 30 and claras cannot,

(12) NorhWestern Provinces aad Oud vines No. Big Nath Sata
Excise Nab Tali vr, Gorskbpus—* Gass and chars cannot be made fom
the wild pl.”

(13) Noth Wester Proves nd Oud wines No. 35, Li Shesparsad

Rs Babar, oral Ga and hares cannot be wad. rou th wid pla
The suple shown to mo gar, ad las bcs gown Fo ga sec. could
aut bare eco gt rom the wild plat

(19 Puja witness No. 65, Sirdar Babador hugan Siogh, samiada,
Amalia District Gua i no sed Fro he wild epee,
cass of product.”

(15) Bengal witness No. 64, Gobind: Chics Da, Deputy Magis and

Depa Colcto of Mada Thee iso pon ich ih oay pirelar

ves in this connection. The calivation of ganja bas born confined 10 the
Rujtabi trata os nel lf centr; provioust that even ther spo xidene.
to sha that oj sed 0b exe grown on 3 ge sc nan other part of
Beagal, It lows thceors ta the cukivatos of Bengal even f (hey had evse
cutive gaa, hav or organ the meth offs vation, and would be
msl t clivae now even they bo wil to do so. Father, it Fa been
by somes established tat th ciaato nd si of xhr parts of engl would
bat al stale to tho growth of the gehen plat. An experiment to
kite He gaa at Spi Ader th stific spsrvton of the Dirscir of
Land Records has by 10 mean proved sic, * It sho own tia the
resencool a sige male plan i sufcien to destroy the whol crop of 1 Gl,
Gari expire youd bs. nccmsry 0 root out the mae pans beloce on can
hope "a succes ries thocrop of ofa
3 Tre “onungion of guoja sod chars per head bas been xed in the
Repo os te diferent provinces at the follwing ries —

Bong (ugg asad ye) | free par ansun | Lbla c do.

nis (aserapbe 356] hoc da | free po annem

Pi (ugh) oo] Norwed pare do

Cost Proce (rh 519) sepa ssp Net oe
Mads (era 350 J oi

The consumption ce tobe xed rather sera. Ore reading the Ree
port. canoot lp inking that the Bucs have been xe 0. o bring th

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5 REPORT OF TI INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 180304

quis wiki the prchasog power of the passes propoiion wich ought
Tove formed the uimte 5c of the Common to establish

(©) Paragraghs;o th repurt—The dag (Saas) is wd bs people

of baie means, Ti theoe all probably taken moe Hoar
lly and excess sce common”

BN
(0) Paragraph 355 1 he svrngs sms lls of someting hss
0 oe see bn togseded ss bing composed of § blachar and
bs pata, th cost comes to ressnabe ge”
(9) Parngoogs gp —* othe Pur some higher ate oh to be
oped cia th dro cheaper, he pic to consumers ang
i om Rs. 10 15 pe en ti rove, whl i th Noro:
Wester Provinces i vas Re 74 to Rs. 3,

nd eras of the drag gga sgh alousacs than mas

hovght spproprist for the Bega cleans’

(© Paragraph 35 — Looking ta the cheapo sad comparative fe

erty of Madeas gor, the sve yey allowance of the bias
commer cana be pt at fee than one Gl seu of 8 cls

8. Contin 10 Bengal, the scaly alowance of a modes consumer is

taken at 3 ols or es hi, of a ee a ays whe Dub Homelands Ket,
Beogal witness No. 80.3 ied Excie Deputy Coloctar, who ws apecialy
depute by the Goverment of gal ens wi th se of gin 1637,
estimates the dos 0 3 dra comer at 1 rar or shot Yo of 8 Cl, ard
fo an excesive consumer a 1 owas ay, 1, +1 80d 11 sets especie
a yl alan.
“The quan stad by sever tbe welfare witnesses is as follows

die
ii oi
ERE |

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 OTE OF DISSENT bY LALA NHRAL Citas, so

The average daily allovasee for moderate comsamer cannot trefors be

tat es than 1h of a tol and one ol fo en excessive on. La the rept the
individual dos for chiras, whic a stonger han gj, ned at 3 tl a dag.
5. pacagraph 345 of the Report, the proporin of excesiv ta mderte
consumers of he hemp droga i taken 5 percent. foc al the. Proviccn, a
ody wiles aeiging any easans, | 6d th His view f ot. sapped by
elliformed witnesses, fe of whos ve quoted bow. The. propor of
excesive consumers o moderate consumers shod nt, | ink, be en at las
an 5 pe cote

Bel 134 | siren Boge edie Society

Lala Nin Chand Zamindar md | 15

[Punt Rtas Dt Depry]

199 | Thakur Lakian Singh, pr 15
23 | rag, Cot of i

8 [Degman 1g
| Exes Avant os
55 paca Gann i 2
{Ragan Ron Tira Avent | 0

G4 [Ra 50, tess Goin] 15

fo | Abas Cot of
0 [eto nets | 0
rep Covet,

15 {Spt tunes tas, va 15

[Sept Kn E30

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 90 HEPORT OF TH INDIAN HEMP DRCGS COMMISSION, 189504.

Cnt sme 10, Combining he dor moderate an! excesive conser with Uh
Tropa, ais a 133 obs fosead of 0 oar given in the Rept 3s the
Aveage quay comermed pe hed se avs, ad the cost par head of on
um wil be Re 33 ted of R10 sive at. by the Comission, wile the
umber of corsa for Denzel il be dca fom 400005 10 11450 for
the quant sven he Report

1. Bongal—Tho exci sytem of Berga i ld to be the hes 1nd mon,

comple of those extant in Inds, The ganja in tht Province i ted 0
redid tation) bd. duty on wight, (3 enseoe levied on shops by
sucin, Its ation i confned widin 3 ccut of 16 mies bat the ara
gan al nt rests the covers on obising a pas, which i
acd fs, bring allowed gon tan ax lrg an ard Shy ehoak, provide
hey bars ake th roa tn tr i in he apacion. The xed daty
ing th ask 15 yeas, 1575-1910 18981, hi bn ed a oe occasion
he increase on the verge smog 10 Rs. 4 per so. (om Re 913
Ra. 61), the mde has been more thi doubled, witht. sppasely
ary decease th vw pie quay of tho ining, ck poving cay
hat the gral nena in th fed duty that fs made fom tim. 0 tie
not cali to check i ve.

On th tbe and, hei in the asa of ts culivatin—wich wae 483

in 187830 0 1,180 acres A 183034 he nea nthe money eased by
auction of fsneed shopi—sbich ce fiom Re. 541,45 In 1875.99 to
Re 1508435 in 15050 Ll. he dence of recorded uct pe bigha
of slack 4] for of sands fn 1553.6a 4} mands i 1575.
and 3 mass 1 189505 1 dese cles prove ht a gees deal of li we is
cig on, In suppor of my stsncnt | bjs two le (1) showing.
Srodutan nd tain ia Deng! daring. 15 years 1875.1 to. 150893 died
5 ko tho prota comapabling ior offs withthe iol of Fe i nd
ic, ad (3) showing average oatarn per igh.

TABLE (1).

way owe wel ao se] sus) gus Sts wns

aso me ist
mst | anf 4
semi | 7] 64 sums ont sma
wanton | 10) oa oo

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 NOTE OF DISSENT BY LALA NIHIAL CHAND. Ht

- |e Ee
a IE ssl oan | geal Er ee
ree
|

saps or 13 i

so bees
sel

Se
“The Commission in pirsgraph 380 of ther Report have sisted. that the
“consumpion (of ganja) as been stationary during the lst 13 year” This
epiion is evidently based on the amounts. of recorded sls of gar without
pase any constrain of it arc. My ides short the Tt se of (hs
drug in Bengal which the present fixed High dey and its unchecked growdh
Have done so mach encourage is borne out by the following quotations:

(4) The Comision of Excise, Bengal, in paragrash 17 of is memeracom,

admits tht the present system of storage i adnitedly fective, and it cannot
he dead tat sos gan 3s moggld or oxherwise lily disposed ol

(2) Lori Ul Bown, the Consissione of Rash, sé quoted bythe Spi

Commission of Bengal, says that" Probably close watch od close oniies fn
thematter of te ora wes ceived an he att revs ow than waa the case

130,20, 4nd 15 years ao and ic my be Unt ce are some rors in he oto

for the ate vars. Bot, allowing for thi, the dlfernce in the preset average
outa pe bight, and the gradual redction 5 hs dy was. raised, which you
ng 0 mice i staring and te conclsion i shnost resis tht smug
ling hs increased with th duty, ad tha th increas fs watchlloes has had
Tl offer fn proving i.”

(5) The cams Sirs Comission in thie Rept, paragraph 5 comied that
The Comission are thérelcre unable to recon any Godin 0 the quesion
discussed in his chapcr bot thy foe bound 0 site plaly cha inthei opin
the ges ice a suspicion of excensive smuggliog of the drog and of its icy
sale by vendors der cover of ios.”

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sr weroxror DIAN HEAP DRUGS COMMISSION, 159304.

(0 This srong and ph ic expres of opinion mada by so szong a body.

foutoda supcion inthe min ofthe Govern ad gave ccason to 8 ul
coq tobe made on the sbi hich wa conloded by 3 ler fom the
Goverment of Bengal to the oar of Revenue, dated 331d ch 1857,
“That engi sofa th oision of tho Comision, and 1 wil do wll fn
guoting 11s Honors avn words Paragraph 11 of the bone lee rus thsr—
“The Licatraat.Govermr has bad an ogpimanity of visting Nowgorg and
of pcsoal inspecting to Gaus Departs a that. pace and from. enquires
“md by bir on the 508 appear im that the wile opps fo frasd
and mugen exe, thovgh no prof a ever born sddced. of detected sg
ling of gana on an extensive see, The coated ves i never measure.
Theat theo at the nd is ete spelt
tate Compinioner of Excise, Berga, witness
ily some sual and the saistics do nat
oll consuroion of guna.

(6) Wim Cobrooke Taylor, Special Depaty Collector, Orisa, witness

No.6, Bengali ie sid 0 be on the incense; ant give
fossa except that he xine of 50 many gana hops mst hav 3 tendency
0 stack cosamers nd ness the consumption

(3) Hem Ghunder Ker, Government: Pensioner, witness No. 80 (qusion

No. 50) — With ners of duty, smog bora moro (cide my report,
Fermgragh 130). The frst improvineat that | wold suggest wil ba the reduction
of te du vied on as, Hick hasbeen eased the to gh.

8) MG. Tobie, Comission iiss No. 4 The cis ffcers

wre consaly complaining the smuggling, but 1 cond no say the. eaten to
Which i was cad on. The complint vere never eens”

13. Extent of use rsam,— Assam follows sit with Daogal the olowing.
srs gues for he sini period

feria BE re ir) |e] | He RE

ma
ins
13. Extent of sse—North- Western Provinces and Oush—in paragraph
35 of the Report i is admitted that fn the last 20 years, from 1873 to

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 NOTE OF DISSENT BY LALA NHIAL €1tAND, »

150s, the reese from hemp deg haa gown from 4 07 aks, sod that the
conmenpion of anf and chara i prooriontely on the ciece, The stale
ment of 3 lew wincsses of hs Province sm worth qin

(1) Me. T. Sider Excise Commision, woes No. 6, North-Western

Provinces sup in bi oa siatement + ly dea tht the consrption of chras
increasing based on observation ether than atic, | fave exphined ha
Ec it to got secs gue. The covsumption is geacraly bevel
to be increasing the case dies. 1 believe that be undovbied

(9) Witness No. 220, North-Western Provinces, Richard Dorn, Excle

Officer" Th uso of thes drugs is si o be nrg because, unde the
Moghe ue i was frien ude seh heavy enti se whipping o muti.
on, i now i 5 lowed, and the ww spring”

(9) Wises No. 8, North-Western Provinces, M:. , Fraser, Collector

iosor Tho wo of chars i, | bein, bi ly ncn, 3 shim by the
following gues of impact —

wan

(4) Wises North Western Provinces, Rss Lachman Sigh i

Sealine arate
(0) Because the acy of cbriin them is resto

(2) Castors and rove for religous commands bars been much
deteoyed by the development of stores aad rod of Europe

14 stot of use Panjab —1In paragraph 575 of the Repors he increase

of contami of chasis adrited From 1691.82 rds he fe stenty
increase in the fg for chara, inrmupted only Ly a ln th yor 80.91,
hic bovere, was ore tha made up Ly the rie of the wing yea”

15. Eston of sse— Contra Presices—To pasgesgh 516 ofthe Repost the
creo Vs consump gus thee Provinces sli admfiod = "Tis
es of consumption of ganja given in pomgraph 52 of th Excice memoran
dim show, since 1887.65, increase every dict excep: Hoshangabad snd
Naringhpire. Tho Cerca these tho discs s sll he cts sever)
initia bogs In paragraph 370 of the Regort tho statement of Me. Nel,
Judicial Commision is worth readin; As one of the reasons of increse
Tl says it The xcs arrangements have sdsrded the drog and made it
popular snd suppl 3 supe quay of it”

(0) Pasgragh 5 of the memorandum of the Excise Conisionr rns

in alot sve. district fw plots ver 0 ound i the

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496 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 135394.

Paagaph 4+ “ln 187374 the smomt privately grow for home cone
sumpion vas nif”

Ti shows that the prodacion 3nd. consmpion of ganja thse Prov

ince up 1 1474 was very mach ed, In Apr 1875 th cukivacion of ganja
was fo the fs tn confined to Khana, in Nise iste: and i rss bas
en no only tha consump of gar ba been stnlated sod fncreasod within
the Province but soo tha ge quastiies of ganja re exported so other
province.

(3) The flowing semen. comin quinqensial averges for the lust 15
sean

(3) 1 paragraph 34 of His report for 1684-85 the Excite Comissonee

ate Whi 1 st dtict of the povice th nme of gan shops resin
of stationary, the consumpion of ancl ganja. case in spl of an nese
5 prices, which some dst follow he enhancement of the cco for
etal vend, The probable explanation that th improved quay of the sues
the dro attract avcw the consumers who Tad been ven to sock hee
Supple cence Ly the poroess of the sal 20d by. Government Heese
a

(9) Para 1, Excite Ropor fr 1857.8, by Mr. V- Drake Brockman,

“The ar played by the Khandea store 30 enrepts fr the supply of the
oj demand of thos provinces is quite ngrifeant when compared wih fs vse
a mat forthe convenience of orig urchins. Tot theong traders fom
Bhopal dor, ic, States and encod vendors from tho Norhe-Wester Prov.
Ince compe with ontesctors from Bera fo the purchase of tho clivacars
sack. Between 6000 sd 7,000 und re ansialy apared 10 ol provinces.”

16. Extent of use—Bobiy ond Madras Prsidoncivs—The consumption

of chars thes pars is 35 yet unkown and that of gan only sal, but it
seem to be inca on, a5 V. Guiavaya Sass Gur, Neaiber, Talo Bod,
ites No. 165, Maes aye: “ Theswe i creasing, The recogni of the
Government ofthe sl of thse drugs in open markets iin ay opinion th sole
cane of he increase” 18 mast als be ted that in Mada the excise sys
was nsdnced ony in 1800-91, and gia of. specs quali Bs tat. mana
factured in Bengal andthe Cental Proioees sil know.

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 NOTE OF DISSENT BY LALA NIBAL CHAND. 95

17. Of the witness who oxprseed any apni. about the extat of cone
sumption of bp droge, 357 stated that thei wef nressing, while 148 sated |
hates deceasing, The Gullwing sn aly of thems

Dens

mun lf al al | nl wf el sf a] a

North

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 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1993:94.

te no complete statistics for the consumption of hemp deus available for all the
i a statement af severse is therefor appended, fros which a rough inference might
theriseof the consumption of beaip drags. The revenue during the last 20
years has easly doubled itsel,

Statement of Revenue frou tieng Drugs.

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 OTE OF DISSENT BY LALA KHAL CHAND, El

19. Pubic cgiion, social sod religious customs and class of consumers hav
Pa
an intimate comeon. with one anther, They have been discussed fn the
Report at feet plces, ba 1 wil sea: al of them together.

Paragraph 457 of the Rego dale with the queatin of public opinion
(soca and religion) which was pt to the winsses i queiion No. 33

do rot agree in the conclusions drawn in the sbove pasgragh—

(0) Because ft ws very essential to discrmioate Lene the wie of

hang and tha of charas or ganja.

(2) Beasuse the expression dsppronal” wed therein is quite nade

Quits to convey appropri cho sess expressed by the vitsess-
Se squint the tne of the drs.

On canal exsriion of the evidence 1 nd that. public pions very

strongly gaint th use of gasja and chrss, tha lost all the witnesses cone
ema thee ve fn nqualifed ern, dit the ery word anjabio and char
Shor ar words of great. reproach, ke Upples or driniards in Englih, sa
‘dmiied in purges, 459 of the Report, but (st the eof hag vo 0 much
in discspute. The poi under discussion is an fmgatan ane, ad requires more
tention tran as ben given in he Regort.

20, The Mahomedsn religion strongly prob the us of Bquoe snd other
fotoscants, a sendy adil nthe Report, pas. 437.

“The Sik religion ae preibits the sling of ja and charas and

Sacco, as admitted i pas. 440 of the Report,

£5: As tothe Hind religion, 1 nd that in societies of the send scrip

ates garja and chs snaking was nica. Neher soy of the Series nor
ny of the ancien treaties an Ayurveda, ie, Hindu Mesos] Sconce, has
mention of Its admitted in ps, 19 of the Reger that the hep pant
o-not indigenous to Tada. Bengal witness No. $3, M. Chkeavan, Sub.
Divisional Offer says in answer No. 35 (hat “wih the Ines Mahomedan
fle, tobaccosmoling and snalogically grfa-smoking came nto vogee.”
Bombay witness No. ot, Dr. Gaede, Represeraive, Sarvjue Sbls, Poona,
says in answer No 40 roducion of these narcotics in
nis cant in a opinion, go back beyond the 13th centcy A.D, Even ois
sy these arctic ave not rade the way 0 ny. ea extent. in Southern
India where chavs ame, hang searcly even drunk, and
gana oly smoke by a vey isignicant orion of the population”

(6) Tt bss been show par. 65 of ts ote tht gar ae chara ave
not less debris fn thei fc, if not more, Gian Fer, | sm
therefore jase, thik, in cain to the condusion that the
proibiion agin liquor enfin fn the Hinds Stasiras should
So be eid fo apply to the wie of these hep drugs with equal
fore, not cee Tn Vash Sms Chapter XL, sloa 3, 1
od tt cating nutmeg of other pants slr to nosiatiog

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S68 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEP DRUGS COMNISS 150394

ik in thi cect pon the system is one of the res case

ing dtlement.

6) The Tosiutes of Mans, called Mans Sai, is the univers

Tecognized author on the Hinds region, and the following,
{naricrion about the use of Hor ae therclre qed from t-

(6) Tn Chapt XU of the above all the sin sad crimes tat an be com
mite by a mam se vided nto various clases according 0 thee
tre, nd dsinguishod by differnt ses, The worst ofl he
ins sto cnmersted as re in er and ee called Panchmaha-
fateh, the drisking of lcobl ison of them (See Sits 55,
Chapter 11)

(0) There se sumer toa in Manu Sein wich the ws of qurs

and othe intoicats i proklied, but i wil sufie (0 ote
the lowing verses rom Chaper Vil

Sloka 45=" Let him carefully shan the ten vis, sproging. from love of
esse, and th eight proceding from wrath, which (31) ad 8 misery.”

Stok 47" Hing, gaming, seeping by day, cenorcusnes, (excess

ith) women, intoxication, (an norte love fr) dancing, singing, sed muse,
nd salss travel ane th enfld set (of vices) spoging fom love of plea:

Stok 48 —" Tlebeciog, vilee, wencher, envy, sanding, (orjut)

site of propery, rviling nd asa ai the. chil sx of vies) prodsced
by wrth

Stoka go oteetion, dice, women, and unin, thes fous (wich bave
been enumerated) in soceesion, be st know £0 be th get pasion inthe
seth pings from oe of peur,

Stok 1." Doig bodily jy, rein and th. sisre of propery,
these thre be must knw tobe the mst. persons in the st produced. by
is

ok ga. A sell conelled (King) shold know that i his et. of seve,
which prevals exceahere, each eariee named vce i more bone (ba
those ramed ln).

“The ighten ices enmerad abov have been compared with oe another,
a0 it has be lod tht tosication 5 th mes pernicious of all the vices
Under thse inoncions the us of chars nd ganja. shud. be taken a5 sid
probed

55. An alps of the evidence received by ths Commission ith road to

th us of the hemp drugs i ive in he follwing statcnns, which shows 1
lane the public oprion as 1 prerals throughout he county at preset

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 oan 0 cna

Aun

Cont Praises.

Hades i

Bontay

Tout

24. The use ofthe hemp drugs 50 much in disteore that evn the cali
ving clrses donot hero gro i, which wl be seen fom paragraph 174 of the
Report, which rus thus —

“*Duthi and Fuller wie that bemp-groning ic resicted to the oest

asses of calves, being considersd beneath the dignity of the Higher cases
So much a ths the case that the pias may hemp be sown in hy House i dec
of the commonest of abusive imprecations Mi. Dharmanand and other witnesses
Comsborate tis account

25. Thesile of quor and hemp drugs has alwass been considered very
abjectonable and disputable in India, There f no evidence to show that hemp
rugs were evr sold by any class of pessons before the todo of the excise
System. The al of Huot was, however, pactised by 3 corti cass of feople
ald “lars” who wers considered sou impure that 10 bigh cas persons
“woud evn touch them and no Brahman would recive 3 gif rom the

6. The use of gan and chacas isso mach in disepute that out of shone
1 Goo witnesses before this Comission not more tha Hal 2 dozen wee fond to
be consumers of ese dros, wile there were a. good many of he
who. saed opium and adit the abi without any hesitation before the Royal
Opiom Commission

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oo REPORT OF THE INDIAN MMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94

27. The clas of consumers are sso very low. As stated in paragraph 495
ofthe Report, ther are religious objections tothe use of intosicants by Mahom.
medians,” and that “many of the Hindus who arc both orthodox and. respectable
Consider it contrary to thee teligion to indulge in these or any othe toxicants
Cha anthodox Sikhs do not smoke and therefore regard. gan and charas 35
proibited” It is mentioned thee tht ganja and chars ie chiefly wsed by—

(1) Fakis and wandering mendicant, Sadhu, and Pandabs, &c.

(2) Lower classes of both Hindus nd Mabommedane, such as artisans,

cokivators, Gebermen, palki-bearers, day labourers, chamars, &.

(5) Domest servants of all Kinds, as syces, dhabis, &c.

(4) Aborigine of different race, ss Sanihals, Sc.

(5) Tradesmen, ke, of thelower middle classes.

Is ores stated tha “these ave among the chsses specially mentioned
by witnesses as smoking hemp drugs, Amon the upper clases this habit is
generally regacded 3s exceptions and indicating 3 special endeacy to disipation,
but not $0 amen these lower clases.” Bhang i also occasionally used more.
or less generally and practically by al classes 0 certain east days a tines of
socal sjcng!

28. In this country the females do not smoke ania or charas at all
In paragraph 465 of the report the fac thas mentioned + I is to be note,
Bonever, that with the vecy rarest exceptions the. evidence. points to. the use

of the drugs by males only. Women would therefore appear ithe no require
a to be denied the benefits ascribed to th drugs,

59. In all parts of India the we of erp druga is much in disepute, and
there are hundreds of national songs fn every dinket condemning their we. |
ie the following sangs which have been mentioned by some of the witnesses:

Nimes nin pane |

Numer fe ht | Tosi
Bgl | 1e5 (“Gag Nade Mipe nn Lhe | 4 eho smokes gas forgets
jis Nea cv fates man
“Se bn br "The pan cho rst vg
ie ta Th pi thlan 5
re he
i
Nothest | 29 [Chase sive, pr gyn phate, | 11 one smokes chars, ones

oeRibwt
ine wie BRET | “ah roles dpe, oe
Aihara
Rd en Tohbo | blybar etwoena
heise in oa

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 tc in ms |

Ce

Ase EE
Et Ee

este oe 1 i

Kio vee abo ihr en whos dk Uo) ti

Dh be bch db
ab pain, i

te greg Con who rated

sui a

in
BE
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 5 CommsSIon, 1859t.

mo Orintiasm tases Tomato Bri

ayia My bt wae vston need 1
x ETE Vn oh
ne, ad
yi ip Ee rept” maa

55 patie pate

sot 0 | Chora cl, bt hi tia not ch, bot 2 core,

Kali to gn ernst cht 3d eat to

a te a eis a imme of tn eyes

Kiang bce, Mas laren, | To pie aed cough em ive

Ann se sud an, Tobin im cys eres fe

| rion se opm
| oc cpt ten,
is ito = | She

Nomar oma yarn” {ln vit bt dw esi fo nd

he Report contin (he encal conclusions on ha

subject, Ts stated hein dit chars, which 3 3 comparatively new aticle
of consumption, hs not been shown to be in any way comecied with religions
Observant 30 egands Nother India he Conyision re of opiion
{ht the. use of Whang is marc ar les common everywhere in comecion with
the social and religious customs of the peopl,” and that * as regards gua
hey foun that there ae crim ass all prs except the Paria wh use
ho dr in conection with the social and religous observances

Inthe above sexements 1 tak exception to what bas been sid about gar,
Which hs no. connection hate with any sailor eligi customs,
1. 1 haben shown ara. 10-3 ofthis sot that. he ue of gana 3nd
class mh in dispute in par. 37 UAL the wei confined toon clacs peopl,
andi para. 28 hat females do not use them, Moreover, thre so sect asl
or clas of people, igh, mid, o low, in which thei consumption is sanctioned
by seliion or soci. I thee use bad any connection vith any religious
or social customs, al th members of cuss, whether igh or low, would ave
used them. The absence of hi usc among any clss a4 body cel shams
hat they Have no such conection,

32. It sade in pregraph 45 of tho Report that, ss mates of foc,

itis usd for those who use the dug, specially those who smoke the,
10 d0 sin the presnce of athers. [is wsly aly. the dipsted who mak 3
price of publicly usiag toxicants”. A few of the many wilaeses sce alia
ute,

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 NOTE OF DISSENT BY LALA NIHAL CHAND. 0

2 Provinces witses No 45, Pandit Dismansnd Job, Stren

ns smokes wil ake cas. wt to smoke 8 precacs of te
agers a thos who ey esertel”
Bonita wine No, toy Desa Kalida, Govern lsd Comeaealy when
any Velen I hc tee cei (Bemis Cir ad Veshos of Cut
kas or other es inj ba bd fod i In sere, and soba of kn
pc
Maden witness No. t75, Scot Got People's Associ + cps the
commer ee bed as cote be 0d gan smoker ill wold 70 proc is
abit, nd fect » diva ba Known as gs smoker, hat ia em i ot a
4c ki and bo csi of pple” Thess drags threo can ave 1 xm
{Gn with any soi orion cso bcs all esemosin ae oar fot by at
0 members af ami

53 Tn pa. 436 ofthe report a ion of Tevath melas made. This

mel of Trinath can in 0 way be cal ‘a religous one

Fist, because its origin sof a very recent date about he year 1867

Secondly, because, as admitted in the last sentence of the above paras

raph, hi form of worships dying out 3nd

Thin, because it i observed by Hindu and Mubammadin consumes of

he drug slike, which would never have been the case lad it been

a religous worship of any of then. Thee is evidence 0 shox that

{his mel i chiefly a creation of ganjasmokers. Witness No 63
Abbas Chander Maker paragraph of
the Report, as regards this form of nership, says in snver to ques
ion 33 that “educated people and people of the higher and
midds clsses fn this country ret the. gana. smokes with. fel
inge of disespost and al them * ganja Khor
pa

3 donot agree to the exprossons contained in puagraph 435. It

0 mllknown ct that at the tir of worship, wate is pouted on the image
of Siva, the water being mixed with milk sugar, and ober ingredients. Somes
times those persons who are fond of takin Shang, mix. ie with the vater, but
gana sneer so used. When the consumer of gun cannot ust i presence
of thee cdrs it can never be sad or even imagined that itis consumed by the

worshippers in temples, where 56 3 mater of fact all Kinds of smoking, oven

tobaceo, sre ot allowed and ae consiered extremely objectionable.

45. Tn paras, 443 sad 449 the statements of Reverend Campbell, Me:
Meetmin (Madras witnesses), and Messrs. Carmpbel, Mode, Chiles, Kothi-
‘wl, and Lamb (Bombay witoctse), have been quoted, Tn my option iis oct
ri it desicable ta rly upon the evidence. of Eucopean gentienen only
when questions connected with the Hind or Mabarnadan. religous and social
customs are under consideration. Bengal witness No.1 the Hon'ble D. R. Lyall,
ays on this point natives will ic beter evidence.” and in nsw to quese
ion No. 33, Here agin naive evidence will be best.”

36. 1 therefore hold tha, as the public opinion (social or religions) is quite
agsine the use of gaa and chars, a has lady been shows, and 25 they Fave
connection wih th social and slgious customs of the peopl, none bit 3

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40% REPORT OF THE INDIAN MEN DRUGS COMMISSION, 89594

fo of the babieal consumes ill cl sy badship by thee proibiin, and thst

class to for atime nl. On the contrary, evn the fanily members of the cone
Sumer will consider the protibiion of th drugs asa blessing to them. There
will boo public discontent noe any nteference with the tligious and. socal
customs ofthe people if ganja and charas are probibied, as the Hon'le Gan.
gdharso Madhay Chiteavs, Member of the Vicerogal Legishtive Counc, wit
ness No. 4, Central Provinces, si It would not be considered 3s an iner-
etenes wit religion to prob either ga or bang.

37. A fo of the many witnesses ave. quoted in statement | appended. fo

this nate in justifcstion of the above views: but the following expressions made
by Me. James Wikon, Deputy Commissioner, Shahpur, Pua, wiress Ne. 14,
deserve special attention —

“recently had al the atelgent 3nd rspectabls Hindus of the district

assemble in comecsion with the ascertain: of thei rib customs. | asked
those who wished to have ofium restricted to sand up, and no one stood up.
1 then asked these who wished the present system of dalvg with pian cont

ned, ad they all stood up with acclamation, | then put. the same questions
regarding charss and. bang, and realy the whol assembly stood up for
prlibitn; fee continuance of the presen state of things only one or two.
stood up. These said that aki would suff, and the others sid tit would
not matte: they would soon get over i. Some of the assembly, even of
those who declced for prolibiion, were themselves moderate consumers of
hang. They bad clearly bang 1s wll as chiras before their minds. Several
ofthe pessons wer dees opium, and ver few, if any, dealers in the. hemp
drugs. Ther were about 100 present at ths meeting, mostly shopkeepers from
ll pars of the iti and reprsentative of the best {clin of thee chase
A number of the my
spectable abject 10 charas because (heir young;
men get tempted by the ake to us t and lintel join that body. Some of
the excessive smokers of charas hav themselves expressed. regret to me that
they ever took to dhe babi, much in the way that excessive connmers of
Fiuor will do. These men ere fakes; buts livin Shabpur is not ony a
religions devote, but often an dle. good-for-nothing, who. assumes a religious
characte!”

38. Physial—The melicnal use of the beinp drugs, as noted in pura:

Taps 455-07, as ben somentit exaggersted, ut <0 or 1 agree, tat hey are
sometines sel medicinally. Such us i, boneve, confined more fo bang than
0 ganja or casas and it was very neces 10 eke a distinction between them,

in the Report. As Lam not going t advocate fo th prohibition of hemp drugs

asfar as ther medicinal use 15 concerad, | would ot discuss his pint forthe
ut content myself ith quoting the flowing sentence fom paragragh 469 of the
Reporti—

Ado aay esc medic a lig oo ets he elt fly Gr

mera commons

39. A to paragraphs 468 0 473 ofthe Report, the beneficial effects, if any,
can be atributd to bhang only, nd very arly 10 gaaja and. charas. As 10.
sheic being foodaceessory or digetve, my opinion is thst a man who has
become habituated o the use of the bra droga. camo dev say such bereft

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 NOTE OF DISSENT BY LALA MIRAL CHAD 05

from thei use even if in prosmed that hey Five soy sch. bereficl qual.
Ther is tafcent evidence on record. which sows that the se of these dg
improves digestion fo shar sony, 11d that aera i destroys the power
tees. Tho capers of De, Cunningham, mentioned i pasgraph 45 of
ho Repor, shows tint th rly persten sympa sending th eatmert
daring Tf wac a considerable dininwion in appete o od, sad 20 on." 1 36
acccnling to he genoral prinines of medal snes th, howeret good cr
powectl 3 medicine aay be ie les a whe usd for 3 ong ie, and
hn the medicine s toleated in the consinron

40. 1 stated the Report, pragraph 471, tht hemp drs both as
smoked ad ss drunk ae wed 2 4 leringe prcative of the duases
Common in raion traes or arising fom the use of bud water?” Bat this 1
no the case, and they 3 vey seldom usd for such paposes, ut will be sect
i paragraph 330 of the Repor, which rans thos Neth -ast and cat of
Calta Tor 2 huge tact of low. consumption, comprising he dite of
Noakbal, Khulo,Jecsore, Nadia, Backergon, ad Fardpor, This (ct hardly
bars ot the theory that esdenca fn howling counry and river-id Bf ae
very nimataly conned with the gar bab:

8. As to thei ue giving staying por, | must sa cat ther ses tobe

0 good faundton for such a bei, i. Stoke, Commissioner of Excise,
tages No. 6, North-Western Provinces, sys fs bis ra stems tha
“As & Dit Oc
es, belive th these dng ie ad mg
Stina compared wih the tose on
Mi. F. G. Sty, Setienent Officer witass No. to, Centra Provinces says im

Tho gon citing. cae sy 15 they sever oe na oc Boa 8 iit

fo hae wh, ot dr he enn of ad work he tee the panty of thie
edn re ail of ges sad mil
Blimbiai Kirpearm, Depry Collec Bombay, wines

ta Gast abi and Ralls are te pencil

epum. Thrdors vay few ction n Gass ae i

Debs Kaki, Government Plesder, Bombay, winess' No. of,

ne cpl it vl etm i feed tml deny

ON ler Ss xk la oko aa Nk
So rm a a so woud Cos or rin to Fp
No on can dems th th pos cltvtor of is cote base to ergo more
evs exertions, expose, and aig thn the common abouvers. 3nd. beggar,
Tenatarally folly, then, Unt if thes drugs poctssed any such qualiy, the
eukivtees wold be surely used them. Besides tis the manber of conser
30 lied 4s onc in boat every 590 f the. population, ad the ovrslelming
{nasty of abouers in India and Bors can do very well without hem, as Mr
FG. Siy, Setlemen Offer ofthe Ctra Provinces, ines 10, sys.
The femelle, end 0 shan tnt the ts of bp dg sss.
mato fa kf ry Bid iden sh i seriios
Se slo Trinidad Commision's remarks in pasgraph 45 of this ote on
his pint.

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466 REPORT OF TIE NOLAN HEME DRUGS COMMISSION, 183304

Is alo to be taken into comideraion that 8 man can undergo bvder

exctions une the flee of gina thn his ight would. allow, bis heath
2 sarely to break down, somes or or, and that rahe a Kind of inhuman
othe art of is clay 0 extort ore work fom i ha bis sar heath
nd strength ca peri.

4. Ast pamgraph 03 he Report th guesion of modest ad excessive

ase very important mn he qestons framed by the Comision much
Stross was aid hs pot and sara questions wee framed to make 3 ix.
{inion between them, as wl be found on relernca oth. following ques

i575 ons ss
Bit as 10 58 andetc snd cxcevive as wade in the
jon ofthe wor

eto acid 01h aio Ape iy of the RSS ss mh pes.

00 nt monly mid: oy as be seta Rips
para 77 hs Thee 10. god del of hein ofthe [lt of

“Tad which ie mods snd boos ane any B00 ch 0 seth”

Som of he wise ts gander In. suppor of tik. Sago Lie
rane 31, Dy Monat, MD, wits No. 15, Neoh-Wosm
Prrics sys his cel to qesion 45 3nd 45 ho “eis nk esa to
dene mode nd. eceuirer and Tune on Ko ba very ely sid
ha erste th thre he Toc” Mi, EV. Westnacty ts
Comlsdier of Exco Bagh shoes No. 3s, 185 nt Vo. ho 3
modesto amok a hs dtngashd rom a excsie smoker” 3. 1, 1,
Westea, Hanagr, Nora's Sse, witness No. 197, Bengal sass vty
Bes a the ne hr the Har eg” Sirgen sr Cold
‘A Cioobie Banga wins Nos ok 1h C1 sho ent 10 ca smug
mdi Wien. ban fo Set tha mar desir, Ths woud be mg
Gehnidon of modes smoking’ Dr J. W. Macaamars, WD. Asan
Vines No. 55 sar In. Ws ol examin Uh, © A 1 he sat
1 donot ik th pole wad be na poten to Ginnie bee th
modorieot caso we. 1 do 0st hk | cod dot met Art Chir
Roy, Aviat Spenser, witness. No, 25, spk 1 vey dilca 10
ao Tae of dmteaion bat modorte an Inuit ve As 1. 41
in. expen goo abun onsames sarly hee Wabi such abound a9
ht mara ls alles th lo in” Me. G. God, Commissions
Asam, wines No.1, sg "Th cxciin wi o Eons ho mont pers,
Gos ets, 313. mr be remembre (h at 3 mds quant for
oe enon may be an together exc quan fr svotbe Mo. 5
5." Tb, Copimions, Punt ines No 5, sar, The dil;
is 10 kn wat santos modes si ats Hoda fo om wl)
ahs” Sirgensie GW . Dnps, Pb, wows No sa +1
int ow who drt foe between moder ad immoral
depends on hove ft and how pil a ma ls the emake from his cium.
DS. L Dobie, Mada, ass No.5, says, © In the ease f alcohol houid
of conte dscns betucen he moderate and excessive uss. In de cae
of ganja | coud ot 4s much case ara Esropen to jag of alco th
of gai

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 NOTE OF DISSENT BY LALA NIIAL CitaNo, 1

“The fact that small doses of these dogs may not produce nosioos effects

for some sie, bit. such effect ar sur to alow sooner o cr, aslo greater
according to the constitution, habits of fe, and circumstances of the consumer,
There is n them a slow and insidious undeminig. procs going on in Ohi
digestive, respiratory, and. nervous systems which predispose them to scate
diseases and cut devs short, Brigade Surgeon
Hooper, witness No. 74, North-Western Provinces, says, The physical and. men:
al breakdown beng gradual bo ceria fa proporcion to the rae and mat
of indulgence and the consi Therefor the el elects
ofthe drugs shoal be. take ito considrstion witha: regard o he quant
consumed

43 Agia an overwleluing majority of evidence show that in the case

of the use of hump drugs there i A grat tendoncy fo the moderate hab
to develop nto the excessive. Qursion No. 31 was pit 0
his pint. The above conclusion i accepted in paragraphs 45 and 47
Report which run thus: * 1 a general bf that thse is a sendeney fo the
moderate hai to develop oto the excesive," snd tht, * the moderate Tabi
may undoubtedly develop nt excess in some cases wher. exces might nt have
been looked 5" In such 2 case I ite immaterial 10 make a disinction
between the flcts of a moderate dose and tha of an excessive ne.

4. 1 as ben alld ton the Report seven lacs that the xi seus
om the use of hemp drugs have no ichert abraded themicive an obserea:
tion, and tht thereoce some witness ave abstained themselves fom ansmeing
the questions 45 and 46 about the evil cfcts, But 1 fd tht 5 large
majorly of winevies expressed thee opinions abot the cscs of he vic of these
drugs, 3s will be seen rom the following two Atemcats, one of which fs an
analysis of th evidence of the medical witassees and the cher of the novmedical
itsses, An bstsct ofthe tw sestements tan

1 shows that out of 1,140 witnesses, 847 0 74° pe cen. declcethe ex.
cosiv use to be ddlctions agaist only 3, and st 633 or $46 per cent
doar even the mode us 1 be deleterious agai 243 or 3173 perc.

An alysis of evidence on effects from ative states sad army will be seen
in paragraphs 66 and 6 ofthis noe,

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won

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 410 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1803.94

45: Its desible to describe ec. ify tho views snd apsions of the
Government of Indi on the fects of brn drugs, wish be hen apressed
fom time 0 tn,

(03 Tn 1873 th Government of India afer making 3 fll and complete

enquiy reseed, in praaph £5 of rslaton No. 3775, dated 17h Decenbes
1873, (ak her ca, However, be odo ct baal us doc tn 6 po
duce asm” The Goverment was 0 mach convinced. of fs oil eects tt
hey aboliely proce te us of ani nthe proviaceof Burs fom 1873.74.
and desvd all ther local Goverment to discourage. the consumption of a
and Shang by placing esticion on the curation, preparation, and se
(6) In 1575 on the 5th Ape the Goverment of Indi addressed the Go

ernment of Bengal ad obcevd ha “thing howd be done 0 place emprcions

in the ay of the prole tha: can possibly be vided” and thas * His Honor
the Lictensot Governor ay st assured of ecciin the support of the Gon
ment of India inary measae tha bo may ado ur Ei he consumpton of
50 and indeed i the we of the dag could be hoger speed wht the
fear of tein to ts contraband use such course wuld be used by is dee
tous cits”
(2) In 1877 the Gorervmnt of Bengal passed seston which consis
he owing conclusions: the Liesteuaa-Goveror has hiss dont. tht
he use of gor nny form i muro he commen”
(9) 101879 Mr. A O. Hur, Member of the Bonsd of Revers, North
Wasim Province, fo bis eve on th Excise Report of 1379, evar porn
ra 108 ths: thse dogs ve blvd 10 bo saceedingly dito gr
Smoking of gar. conanly podacss (te Jui Moab hos bad iy sue
cases before hi) nvaty: The mor of our ins bitoly new shesseins
for xin by the uses hee us amongst (ho people a0 3 ts 1. asared 5
have been ately devloped by or sya, © + +o"

(5) I 1553 the Gorenment of ad fn thee tte No.1, dod oth Aug
1893 addressed to Hoe Majesty's Secary of State, wots that “ve. sig
ined 0 bee that gus (re aos nous of all rican now comm
wed in nd nd Ut "ve fly recogni 30 ou diy to rset 5 on
Sampo 33 2s practical
(6) Ther are des of pions ores by th eines offices of the
Goreme: who ponsncal Co se of anf 0 bo eximely dieioss, Al
the offical Feat on the subject been 1571 4d 1891 sl of unc nore
mation in suppor of the love concasion,

46. tse alo devia to know th oisions which fave been armed
in othe conse than India abot tha els of thes drugs, snd eros 1
ive he flowing quotations

() Report. of tho Indi Iowigrants Comision of 183585, clagter

11, pcagaph 6: Hs ror fo 1853 the Prost called steno the
cng habit of smoking ic (Comma) among: tho migrants; he sor
that was the cane of mich Scknes, suggesting. tht the plas shots pe
detoped snd is so probed impor va bo oni, ty ors
ith the erils consequent upon is se by. thee nin sve they hs pcp.
el officers of ile, and th Protector of ign have 6c mony Toons
ith thr strength ad snbond week by ho grids dg. The opbiane
of thos dics offer ar o record. Thoy re animus niki tt 1

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 OTE OF DISSENT BY LALA NIHAL CHAND. an

smoking of hemp nus tthe constitation of Indice, and. the major

{ely tothe widespread babi of skin To ie use thy Stribote stead
nes in the porormance of work, incapacity fo oxrion, undesmiing of nervovs
pore beard, thn, elon of rie, night binders" dod amaurosis,
{colton speech, mental imbecity, Wllacmtions, sicidos, death, Exca nthe
miler case an individual under th nuance of herp. is Kos, hi ope atc
ley, suffsed, and have 5 vacant sar, bo hs no isos to exert sel,
i puis sat and wesk, bo compli of angaor and ellty, Frequently,
men noxisted by i fomes, become dangerous ad ave nese by he. police
Honicides as commited by men rendered. furioos by i exe properties. Wa
outsclvcs, when visiting an extate in tho Uniinto cic whereon Indians were

employed, ume. vpn an Indian, an absence from work, tig ouside s hu,
il i dak (which i 3 yoy ter for gania—de par 161 th above
For) ipeon the gmund by is side, He muted to hime, thn yeld
poke rapidly and fncoberel, psd ito silence, hen selled age, and it vas
impossibl to make him undintand anything. Ho nas mainly ina stato of
ementa induced by dakkbaamaking he vas decidedly dangerous, and the
manager was nccsin bow to desl wih bir Gel, the man was kt (0 do as
he icuscd, the Indians on the state bing afraid t ntcrere with him, and the
manager knowing that the bow povided 0 puishict foe His iseondct
Paragtagh 7, * We ar sshd, fom the docamenary and cal eidenc before
uss) tht the smokin of hep, whether by sll rin he minor to which wo
have refered, deta to Ue heh of nd
at the pdt va of is Highly njrose, (c) at the Rabi of mo
in exces a widespeed, in the Picernaraburg circle ona fh probably of
the Indian popaltion making tn excess, (4) st such moderte use lads
ci of the ost serious tre, (6 (at ie renders th Indi imeigrats
aft snd aie to poor, with station the employer, hat wick for which
he wa specially brought this colons.”

(2) Report of the Sariry Bosed of Greece sppendad to the Cirle

No. 22, dated ath Masch 189m, ofthe King of Greece (sec Aba, Apr
1805, pe 79)

Carll scientie absevation i warm counties i Afi, Pes, Inds,

and Turkey) fn which the inosicating qalies of the dia hep, and ofthe
sch which is manufacturod rom i vrass fons, have eng been Koown,
ha ong. 30 proved the disso ence produced
by the wif basclischt From theckbsrvations mado Ica by Engish doctors
Raleigh, O'Shongnessy, Esdade) (1, to expeimerts of Lésuan,
he dbseratons of Monge th numero espinents of M. Moresn (of Tors
and bis bcrvcions during his joey in the Eas, the experimental researches
of Von Schiff and Frou, a observations of oes givers he folowing

‘fe conclusions see dean

(8) That bascisch distur the fonctions of the systems of digestion
and ciel

(8) Tha it nr the sons snd mots overs;

stuns th cerebral fnctons

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413 REPORT OF TUR INDIAN IN? DRUGS COMMISSION, 18939.

(4) That th scion of haschish masfets. sell difcenly fn diferens

persons;

he aco on he can of the bond somties cues. syocoe, snd

i dor of th cag os Peds moe The Sines of
te naa hve by 1h wa of sca si
moms se by, ah ii mace i tos who we
von cv ely hs hwo es of Gogh nd
ean of te ved pesos or 1h thst 1d pai by

Perum She 015 eo iy Scns ac, 71 com

rs 3s of vel od
sc being the scion of bsehich, ts easy to understand why, among.
fogs and convicts, quis, vleace, and mudrs ae of common occurence,
nd how dangesoa the use of aschich by his pica cas of people.

“ Sontimes the ftoxication of hashish impels te person. der is ofl

ence to scl, othe commision of sts ford by morals.

CA authors re vious, bing thee opiion on nemers observations

among Eastern poopie, thal he long we of baschisch veskens the body and
causes atrophy, dal the. mind, and creates hypochondsi, idiocy nd. minis.
Thos who indulge a. baschish have a fed. look, wihout expression, and
anit appearance, Accoudvg 0 sta information oben from fate
asylums of Cac and Bengal the major of the maniacs and its became
such from sos of sche

1s these indisputable ist the uso of Haschisch has a disastrous

gradually undemiving the. best of body snd. spit, and becoming

in from Indio Tridady 1803, page 43, paragraph

Under th influence of Indian hemp Malas rn amock” and Kil very
ane they. meet. There is ample evidence tht persons strongly under the nfl.
ance of emp have, if thir prssions are aroused, an imesseble inclination
to kil, regardless of al consequences. When, 1 was 1 activ serves ding.
the Afghan campiga, 1875.81, many fio charges vers made on ou tronps by
bodies of * Ghazi” who, nder the afsnco of overwhelming exckemert, rushed
madi to th stack and continid to fight agains any odds, un they were all
vo debt, wer temporcly mad om boop.”

7. Mental efcti—Tusanity tn al th 33 alums of Tada 1,344 antics

wer adit in 189, of which 232 wre attibated to gas, 553 to othe cance,
and for the emsning $6 the caute was “unknown” A fhesh enquiry was
diet by the Commission soot the cases ascribed to gia, while the rst were
Tet alone, Thi pred. appa to me bjecionable,

48. Under section 4 of Act XXXIV i wil be found that the Magistrates
nd Civil Svgeons have been made responsible fo making enquiries about
nates. Under secon g of the same Act the visors, consisting of at

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 NOTE OF DISSENT BY LALA NIA CHAS. py

Tent one mdicl afer, ave coq every month o ss and caine (us fara
reumstance will ert) evry imate hari (2, nthe sola) and he order
and cristo the adsion of very lnaic admted soc the st itation
of the visors.

Thus cle tht the antes sve made and cxanived by the mos. tests
wohy servos of the Crown, aad theelte the acearcy cannot be questioned
Baten vey song evidence

4. Thoogh fn sems cases the descrptivs tls wee original led by the
police, yet they should not be reecod

Bocas the Magistrates of the dirs who aways tab cesary

precantans bel sccepin th police reports ave accepted then,

Steondly Thee cx bs mo the agency in ringing o ght th ison of a

ome (te polis bie garth ar. gona ea: o low ama
and of tnd chaser, with whom the high offers cant be 1 toh, The habit
of ganjramoking ia. looked dm, and therlce those who uso. gar smoke i
seca, syn hee bia to conceal the fact fom thi elders nd rom. thir
oct,

Thirdly ~The was m0 mse, oo hey been signed, which might

ave induced the. police to make wrong cis, Therefore thei eis should
not be ected. SugeonLieuenaat Colonel 0 of Benes, wines No.
So, North Westen Provinces, sya, when gf aside man was pr
baby a notorious gurmokis. The engi way be conducted by a chaps,
yet might bo ight in that.” Surgeon Major 1. Macmarar, witness No, 20,
‘Resa, saps (nora) yds oft relay ofthe informatio rest ene
on he fac ha the plc Fave 60 inducement o repart fly. On the wale,
hen, thik hat when the poi sri any o gan i ay be ily scepted
sr Suon-Majo K. R. Kieikar, witness No. 75, Bombay, 16 yeas”
Seve, says in onl 4: 1 the police tal mecha cave, {send mys for the
lions who hive given the police the information snd examine theramysell, |
he then a enya 1 caus, 11 cannot go the relatives | show the cu
kann! 1161 police koa personally th habits of the man, ten would accep
thei satenasts, be no otherwise. 11he police ve te fcmaton 3s 0 cas
wich the ssl of enquiry, | ree that fo in seh see angina |
Consider i necessary to have formation a ict band”

Foatity. 1 these vas sny motive fo the police to show wong cave in
he descipivrals the cold oot bare ben so en cas 1 $69, which we
ered colann 3 of known cases in Sateen VIL for 1595, Thi shows
thatthe enqoiy waa mad cell, amd tha th case of ganja vas atiuied
only when it vas proved to bso

Fithly—There see corsin macksand sas by which a gaia or churas

maker canbe sly ivingished, suchas the rns of eyes, rd mak nthe
Band and th, nd the general appearance ofthe sake which (he medial
fiers mst Fave pid some tention efor Sesepting late 3 one alec
104

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 OTE OF DISSENT BY LALA NHAL CItAND, pe

have been beter if these parestagos Fad bea tased on the mumber of
those cases only th caus of whom was known 3x discussed fn paragraph 55 of
tis notei—

wl on
on

ol a
as

5s

o| a
wl

55. A begs proportion of the 232 ganja cate of 152 consis of lunatics
chard with rime, who wee acquitted on the ground of mvsty, Such snes
arosdited in the asylums, and the causes generly take from the dent
of the cout as sated by Dr. McKay, vitosss No. 9, Ceneal Proviners
“tn criminal cases the cass is taken. feoeraly from the judgment of he
cout? Di. Crombie, witness No. 104, Bengal, says, * Besies (to dscipn
veal) we ave (bt only. in criminal cases) the Jodgacat fn which the

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416 RERORT OF THE INDIA HEME DRUGS COMMISSION, 60304

pin query sed snd cased os par of he defence? in tre, 48

Eigen pag $18 of the Comiion's Report, tht twas apes
for the court 0 make special cnqiey a to the caus of say, butt was cuts
award hn wth court acqed a acced on the gros of insanity,
mist ve mad al cy int bis chee and hab of He sod ssid
Fa a0 tthe cats of ent. heor posing sl oder. Bess that, iF
pas voi hav bn wong ive 3s the eae, most peat te compli.
atin te case would have ea the st to make bien it, In Bengal
out of 53 gua adninion in 155%, here wre 35 crinial avis, bony
SC (Come od vii) cate ou of 53 ave be accepted. This shows
ino he cial cases sé hav i been acepied
$4. The engi i no aifctory on the following rounds
3) In 1553 the mar of sdsions fn ll he plums vas 1,34, cot of
wich 555 wre gas cases £55 td the canes, and S65 wet <pieced
So enon, The fe engiry as bon conoed to the 333 cass ands
hres deocive, When ot of £33 cates 124 hak bon found di 10 cas
othr tan gus snd conse eid, cn be comodo onthe sme
round hat Ge remiing 438 csc, for which aber cause sn ganja
ive ben ibe in steno VII, contin ged many gua cases The
bjs f the Commision wh kw the exc amber of Fos cars siitid
150s, andthe acta percent could hav aly the ben acerained bad
pre fresh caguiy boon extended to ll th dmisson f 18.

3) Thisemuiy Vas brn ads by th smear shore, ad ot by any

mame of the Comision 5 would spp from praragh $31 of the Rept.
Theels, fhe former enquy is qustined, the present oe co
lic vie The Comision hemcies have made th
asia $5 f th Report — Ths method of ene bas no bet tsa.
tryin sega ol he car ferred or ol en” In some it. wi ho
nr evn is futhe nqiy baa bo es the police” 1a ase would
ay tha hi second coi, i sree in anping, bs thrown) greater
un the subj, foe wh he fone report wee made by the plc fe
tard with ay bias, tw the cen o thems tat Gone fs mld
toredace he nunber of gaia. lansien and 50 hey might hae dove. uk 8
Hite to undetst the ru guste, This seek of mine il, hope be Ally
dited by ll oficrs ho hve bad some spades Ida
(3) Sistem No. 1 shows the types of inst as disgoosed by the
medical afcrs of the asl, who a peasenally responsible fr the accuracy
of nies nthe above stint, as Dr. DeFabe, Surgeon Geoeesl vich th
Goverment of Mads, wioess No. £3, spe: Disgaoss of hen drag
fnsnity dos non depend sly on Hier. | consider tat i i th doy. of
tho medic] offs toobaeve th. case and base his disgaoss on tha ct be
taeves and those ho my ct fom the nse in lcd ewan” The
ford suber of dare case of tsi nary i 157, bt the cats accepted
by he Comission al shot of tks Fee. sic, The flloing Gas, ae
ken for th gf cases, and thy. prove that he she of accepted cass
fo the Repos sppuenly wrong. The numb of gars case a5. disgrescd
in sacment V1 in 1 157, bt oly 98 cases are accepted.

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Conte Pies
Mudns

(9 As will bs. sen from prsgraph 5e of the Reger, tat out of

cass 124 have been rejcted. In my opin many of th have been rite
on msi rounds, pied ow some sich cases to my ered colleagues
Bl. Fraser and Dr. Ward, who wer n charge of spat ofthe ei, but
hey were nat formally discosed in 3ny mesting of the Comision vin the
Teper vas under discon. Theres casein ich the hrc when ie became
ne admited the uae of gens in presence of Dr. Meudovs, Supeiienden of
Bemampue Asylum, but tl he case us been ejctd In ancibr Sas
ih Tonics ow brother gov. the information. that the nati was adic
dw gain (See Lunatic Asya, Lucknow, cas No. 1). In 3 hid cate
Sluis brocherind sated tha the Wunaie was added 1 ge, and
th lunatic was made aver to Him. (So Lunatic Asylum, Agr, eas No. 10).
Many case hae ben sfcted wich were atbted to hn dogs by the
Superncadents of Asplums. even aie the fresh enquiry. The Supatten
en hd al the paper of he Tate's pt iory before thm, and | thik
{hey wee ina blr postion thin the Commision to. observe the case 3nd
for an pin 10 th cau of sty.

(5) The fresh enqin prodsced rea ssiconin the mind ofthe pac, and
{1h Boo appar ard ging ro fe of he amis Lb geo
fcr let they themselves might be threw a some éifeis.

(©) Out of 134g admisions of 1803 the cave of inesity in stoners

VI ws shown {oe 775 cases nly, and 56 the cae of ity waz ue
Koon” It cast be dered that among hs number of *urkoom ” cases there
be some. ga, cases which wers mot ascertained thelr te percentage
Ts been wrongly than on ttl admissions. 1t shoud ave een taken on the
amber of known cases ul, i, 4 773
105

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 418 RERORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 189304.

(7) Consumption of ganja i probitieed in Barna, and it was quite wong.

to tak the admisions of Burma. Asylun ito ccounr, ast materially aficts the
total and per ee
55. In my opinion, though there might be a few mistakes, yot onthe whale
it would be fui to accep the cates of statement VIE as corset for the basis
of forming an opinion. In the following table 1 have therfore given the full
umber of 1893 and caleulted the percentages on the number of known cases
only.

Guar Taras

56. A perusal of Lunatic Asylum Reports for 1592 and of the previous years,
cea shows that—

(4) The percentage of ganja lonsties is extrencly high when compared

with those caused b othe intoxicants used in India, as will be
seen rom the statement in parageaph 55 and that of 20 years past
paragraph 52 of his not.

(8) eis bighe than the percentage of insanity due to lige in England,
wich i any 19°3 per cen.

(3) Ganj and charas re mare delterions than ior o opi, tc.

(4) There i a close connection between crime and gana-smaliog, Tn

Bengal, where gana is largely vied, iis found that 41 per cent,
of gaa luatis are criminals; the tableof this will be found fn
paragraph 65 of ts ote, where crim i dele with,

(5) The pscentage of ganja Jancis i much higher in those provinces

whee its culation is excensive, and consumption greater, than
the pescentage in other provinces, lke Madras, Bombay, etc
where tis less coldvated and used, or in Dura, where it totally
prbibie.

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 OTE OF DISSENT BY LALA NIL CAND. 4

7. Cen and sanity It will be vide. fom th statement given

om ta fn 189 he whole population ol atc syns was 5551, oof ich
537 we du to ganja The Cons Repest of 131, Volume IT, page s, shows
Ln the whee ber cf insies in Tada vas 7.0. the ae of ganja
Junsict the popuaton i the lotic salums be applied tothe tial mnber of
{anes in nd would be found ha host of abot 11,168 persons i nda
is ds 10 the so of hemp mga. Again ou of 81 the toa papubition of all
{he agus, sos pew cases du to bemp drugs wee aditicd i 1893, and by this
lesion show 65 persons ans tn sane by th vi of he dr.
Popiation of tnatc salons

Pais
Cone Pisces
Fe
Derg wa] we

Mads Sy ee
Tr] ser | as

8. The above conclusions ar comrborted by he evidence of witnesses

befor the Comision, a will be sen from the statements in paragraph 44 of
es whet 244 medics and 311 nomadic wtnsses pronoaco he vie
of gs snd chara to be a diet o indict casse (or in scene language,
rcdsposiog or exing cave) afin. | have nt ventured to ake up. (he
Seti view ofthe question and leave i fo medical expe.

Sp Fo the purpose of asemaining the ofc of the hemp drugs, the

motion evidence deserves special atenion, sad 1 would therelore econ to
Feud i extent ss appended tothe Rept. Ts sulysis sven in paragraph
eof hy nee nd 1 of thor witnesses who sid that evn the moderate we
3 Uh drugs i. deteious will be found in sven. 11 of is pote. For
Brevity sake 1 bave given a fon quotaioes of Bengal and Pua wi
ees arly 2 typical nance statement 11 nthe forme province nj nd
nthe tate chars being chif used As to the comparaive rae of the
idence of medical of diffrent grades paragraph 494 of th Report should
bored.

Go. Moral afc — i concn in pieagagh ssa ofthe rept. that the
bmp dog's * morse use produce no mor ney whirevr” snd ha * hers
i+ Tule of mo conpecian botween the use of ben dregs and crime.”

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430 RRTORT OF THE INDIAN HIN DRUGS COMMISSION, 159394.

do ot share fn the above opinion, ad kd onthe contrary that the. we

of gan and chase caves dite 0 th conser a the mmbors of NG
By ai ha ie o eee coment re sd bod abi
61. Dispel ns Leen amid at the consumers ve chit the
boing classes and th bears. The average of wages of the foe fn Bengal
4 amma a day, while ater ae orl 3 burden 0 he soci.
It ba ben shown in paragraph 8 that the average dose of a moderate
consumer is ono toa day, 3nd fo an excesive one ol a day, which
would cost n Bega (ut he rte of Ro. 30a scr as accepted in th Repon)
one 2002. 10 the moderate, and four unas to the cxcesive consumer, Now i

an bo beter imagined tha deserted what shoud be the disrss of the family
of the consee who sponds not es tan one-fourth of is near on 1s dog.
Whee the consumes can rode food fo him bs wif, and shidren orn,
bathe sur to prove His simular by logal oc egal meas, Moreone,
almost all th Witnesses unaimaly pronounce tit the wes of these drugs
requires plenty of ik and rich food to mody thee evil efits. Bat. shee
earcl one per cnt, ofthe copes who can provid to fod msl properly
Inthe Exch Report of 181, purgraph 13, the Hon'ble Me, MeKay,
Member of the Bosed of Reve, NW. 2. rewcked that the eomsumpion of
hemp drags doe nt depend =» mach oon Seven 318 da inte cae of Ger,
Druga rc mach chsper thn for, 30d a drug conamer would rede bis ond
soon than do witht is accustomed smal.”

65. Crime—Itis a mara act st asthe mumbo of gas smokers in

he uma asylums of Deng igh sa 455 per cent, of the. admissions
1893 ss mension in pragagh 55 of hs ot), the mamber of cml in
the shove gar cases is nt. lea than 1° ps cnt. Ths fact sone lly
proves tht the us of gia produce meaty of such type 2 mesly led
Victims to crime. Thi wil be een fom. the following stem whic gives
guts for the bt years forthe Princ of Bengal —

. [= 5 . 5 «
J wae
Sa [ls
or wl ow ow] oa
wo domi aw wes
wy 2) | w| es
Tor wo | || es
63. When take oto consideration te cus of msi of al th crs
adie he late ssloms, | God that even aon. the the. prcentage of
Those cininal whos nity as do to he so of hop drugs is 3 igh ss 410

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 NOTE OF DISSENT BY LALA HAL CHAD. -

percent. of the known esse. As the rego of the avs sym of Bengal are
mors complet than those of ha provinces, nd th consumption of gas gress
there, 1 ie the llwing sstcmen for Boal for the lat 5 yeas. The Itc
Seplampars af the prone cannot be relied spon, becave sometincs ers
anaics ae. no st 1 Uh alas for want of accommodation, bat to censl
jail, as 1 the case i he Nort Western Provinces.

Extract from Statement VIL.

64 Most of the witnesses proncnce divct ce imdiet conection between

he bemp droge and crim, which ca be scene on refering to th evidence
of vitnesce i ely 0 questions $1 10 £5. 1 give 3 few quoaions of same

IT
ninet wiacases who. have had opposites of obscving the mater under
cussion in statement IV.

65. In paragraph 490 of the Report an alla

er eft batwoen th hemp drags and fgur, opinion has been PR Sk
expressed thei, blew thera xn be i dosbt hat gas, chars, snd ur
The dicen lie in degree and quality ofthe owt
i hat theze are many nave of social poiion, ein, nd
intellect, who ithe openly o sorely use Tors, bt hee brains ac nt soi
ei. Alas 3) the European gentlemen a ths country 1s gue, bot the
Supe of thi nel and Jesring can in 20 way be doured, Oa the
contrsy, nat 8 single man of sing, and. posiion wil be found amon. those
addicted to the use of gana and chars, This clesly shows that the ve of
thes drugs should have mons njrous efects upon the brain than alcohol.
Bide his figs = kind of tic, and gives sien tothe body, ile gana
id charms cn gree no each sterith, It is observed that slcahel profuces
ft bad lcs only wh ated in excess, whl the smoking of hemp droge acts
Spon the bin even when sd fn the smallest dos,

“The prcsotages of inaity caused by Tuer, opism snd herp devs in

Beagal are given a stat i paragrah $2 of thi te fr the ast 20 years,
106

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REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS CONNISSON, 189394

od tony cel shor tht the hemp drs see the most. potent. factors of al
victim producing insanity. The folowing ale shows the percentages 31
road pangraph S24 of th Regort sa they sho confi ts view,

= li
oo ee To
Count Pcs 5 |

“Th folloing quotations es 240 neoothy i=

1 Noni Westen Pravinees, was No. 6, Me. Soler, Excise Com

misses, oral 41,1 pat these drug above Favor aed pio hee
injurious tendencies

(3) North-West Provinces, No. 8, Me. H. Fraser, Collctor and

Nagi, * | vis it wc, 30 1 be seohol tb very harmless
in comparion” "These sinelants (sist 2nd piom) as far 321
Rave. sn ee excediogly harmless <¢ do excessogly ile harm,
and 1 ik the pretest watch flocs cessy to proven. exer
ve cox of these snicks devin. consumers to the wi of the
Cheng hemp des.”

(5) North-Western Poveces, No. 34, Jon Cockburn, Sb-Deputy Ogiom

“Ageat, "All smoking is in my opin infuios, and he whe of
pe and chara nth vay nek comparable wih the dking of
Rae”

(9) North-Westem Provinces, No. 16, P. Alen, Collet, “In my

open excenive canmimplion of all bmp drug is mare fui
an of cohol, and if 1 considered that. €onoumpio vas on the
faccas 1 shold Tighe taxation on gue”

Ori My experience is that sell i not. prdictive of much harm in

dis ditt”

(9) Bomtay, No. 1, Homurale T. D. Mackens, Conisines of

"Opiam, &e—1 da nt think the abusing clsses who wie the
tops would ke 0 dts. They would rier rake to alcohol. |
ink tis woud probly do Iss harm; the uo beng addy or

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 NOTE OF DISSENT BY LATA NIIIAL CHHAND. #5

sii of good quality such as is supplied from cote isles,

i a a
than the hemp drugs”

(6) Bombay, No.5, W. Alon, Asistan Collector, Abr, Generally then

my impression isha thee are more wecks fom gan thal
in proportion ta the number of consumers, but not actly more

pescn i th Katie Ses ad 15 tls wr sv. os ww mouty

Ti by the Conaieion atch ros f wis fom in BOR
fon shld be apes 10h Repo, bt 2 0 he ace of hs Nave
Sirk reo Th ef Pdi al. As soos a
0 a) aap fst oi mets vd fr is propo da
bce cl mar gn.” Their to eva othe Nath
Sen os smd bom 4 Rept
“Uh aren and population of the Native States re 50 comsidersblo tht. they
should no lost sighol. Naive Ste evidence, generally speaking, corroborates
hat from the Bish tesitory, and very strongly shows that tho te of gana
and chara i vory delaras, tat i is mach in dsoput, that tis not connbeted
wich any socal o eligous custom, that prohibition s desrble nd feasible, and
that the Engh sysem of excie admiistesion bs been and is ficly to be
wed in the Native States, An
pis ofon
the of medical men il be

scan from the lollowng table: —

i
Some of the witnesses ave themselves Chics 4d others vo rosponstle
offices and eminent physicians of the States. 1 give below a few eatiacts to
how the tendency ofthe evidence in a goers] vay.

Hpderstad, witees Ne 5.

T.Sterivasa Rao, Hakeem, His Highness the Nizan's Civil Modical De-
para As they advance in age, moderate habia) concorcrs bosom
Vitis to he noxious fcc of hemp plant moral, menvally, nd physical. It
imi the constitution, nurs digestion, and causes amore. Smoking ysnia
as reduced many strong en to the lowes obs. 1 mean moderate suoking,
Bhan and ganja induce bi of immorality of dabeschery when the consunes

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 454 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEME DRUGS COMMISSION, 189304

in 2 in good ead Many authors n news medicine, sch as oo Al Sex,

bcm Bytar, Jali Noss, Mabormed Hussun Shera, and olhirs depo. the
ital ue of hemp pls 30 Sphrdisac is ar vic, son contd ss
rin up sea oi, an th consumer bosons potent”
Dhaai, wits No.1.
Jind Wadd Khun, Faunce Minster — Tha we of itosicsing digs is
prbibiced by religous jonctons. Siniady parsens of exry cas rend ks
Shes nll
Laka, sites Vo 1.
Nawab Ameeruddin Ahmad, Kaa Balada, 1, Chiff Lihara— Whats
eve snswers hae ive tothe shove questions, ey sr th focus of my form
ti, expire, and aeration, 0d now th is of my pian tht 1h ws
of thse tree drugs and Equa very bly ced he aoral, ek, snd she
nance of tho pul of scout, te nablaren of which be bon rendted
incapale of discharging thei dates sn secount of scene drinkin, Thousands
Hav been domed to death by hie cil. and ot ony the gen, bt la the
lowe ad th middle classes who hve Seen ined by the we of tise. toe
cats” Lan of opin that he mate of thse nonin ics sos con

abi, witers No.1.

Sorad Wasi Aland 1. Deva Sigh, oficial of the Nabha State i his
State ban sane sed bo medic ie, te. The use of gaa nd ches
ing eitted, no leses se given” *
Rejptans, wines No.3,

Suen Captain, Medics! Ofce, Brags rege

Force: The modecie ise of bang produces no noxious lets. The even
molere use of puja and charms has 8 most deariraiag elect physi,
+ moray on the sbject of the Bai.”

Bio (Boma),

(Hie of ho (Bombay) I i fete to probit he ws of any call

of these drugs if is nomcuivation be snfrcd Th profi md nt
occasion any serious discomen: amon he consumers, would the eons,
any, amon 10a. pala dang: The protien wood ox. mee
he us of any ater dr

yor, wines No.1,

BigateSurgsonitananc Colonel 1. |. MeGan, Sefer Srgeen 12d

Saitay Commision ih he Goverment. of ysre 1 Hitt modes
ss of ganja acts the. system physical, menial, and marl, produces
emaciaton, pais sppei, and somtimes dysniry or bronchi, It opus
ihe moral sen toa corti exes, induces sve, and tends 10 progucs
init. I exces say 4 well 8 preiposes to fc

7: Army separate st of selcid guesions vas famed fe the Native

and Bish Amy by the Comision sn, as he prison of Ho Excel
the. Commande Ci circulated fo anwers 373 stateméots vere sete,

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 436 REPORT OF THE INDIAN EMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1805:

(0) Tho manfacars 2d sle of spiuons Tors voce expres pro

ad, nt was arid st dtl ad. sells shold bo banked. fm the
Flo ofa King ss thoy as secre thieves and hase the subject by thee i
desde (See Chaar 1X, Soke 525 1nd 336 of Ma Sui).
(0) Tn view of thse orders for sions liaors, which are so more
deters thn fa snd hiras (sde puagraph 65 of hi ate), must bo
concldd ha th we and scl thes dregs are squaly i no. mrs stngently
police.
70. As the Mahomedan Kinga of Inf, in Gadins nso of he
Ape Abi, pasgraphs 358-58, thre 2 of tas whic wer ited by
the gress Moghul, dhe, among which were tacos on sat aud spiuous
Taos.

(0) Even such a king as furasgeeh di not come Wise the. taxing
of ntoxicats. On on occasion is grandson proposed 0 ax the pub ue, i,
fay wich ws aed as aa fica, ad asked th parison is grandlisher
odo so, The kings rely found nis own leer Ne oon bis ettrs-beok
ald * Rogaat Alumger?” 1s tranlaon suds ths —
Though the stabihent of 3 mar for sev ar (pl ice) ray lead
othe collection of vena et it ie impossible to sarcion such evenue, |
cannot understand what a dishonest Mult (og adviser) decor it. Tg o do
fo. You most koow that such advisers as yor ncaa fn is word and
th net. Yon out thank Almighty Gad who hus pet You i possesan of
he provinces, which se very ich and giv auch roves, ad in which every
hing is abundant and cheap. You shoud know tha the. gooduil of the
secs the arly westh either his nerd oi
(8) Fling the sm pincie of tho Mabomedan law te Mahon
inc of Kaya hs stopped he pracice of
on the ground tha it is apposed othe tenets of the Mar
deve any ove whaoese by leg ou: contacs for
a or Jy 1899, page 107)

71. spears tha p the yer 179 he ax on pecs Equa we

eolericd by the seminar, nd tt "somites then sat te spread
of drunkenness among th lower clases of te seole

These comps appar desided th Goverment upon the resumpion

of the sage on spictuons ors, Accorfingy, “on the toh Apel 1705, the
Government cecved on moral rds osu the Abr sig witht eer:
ence to other dates? (Report of the pick Commisian. of Bengal, 1834,
Tages ands),
“The above fats are corona by the ceo Comissoner of Bengal in
His memoranda of the 37th Novem 1893 propseed for he Hemp Drogs Come
mission. Ho sys, It will appa rom pacgragh 1 secion a of Haring’
nyse, volume 39, 161, that witha view Lo check immoderat consumption,
and at the sam tm 0 augment th pale reve, was juld expedit 10
Contings andexiend the duis vid on Bors and drugs when the ayer co.
Tecions wt resumed from the andhador nthe yer 1700"

75. On the 1611 Febuary 1758 the Boned of Reve sggestd ha a ky

belied on the se nd consump of (1) mada (2) gan, 5) seb (1)
mon, () barker (6) chases.

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 NOTE OF DISSENT BY LALA KUAL CAND, or

On and Math 178 the President (he Goneror Genero Coun) repli
othe Bod ss follows" Some of the rics enumerated. fn you tie we
hive teasn 1 bees, ac of so noxions 3 Quilty snd produce specics of
intoicaan 30 extremly violet, (at they cannot be used wilhnt iminent
danger to the ndidual a well to the publ, who may bo exposed fo the
fle of the tempura nsw cqunly xchod by he ss of thse drugs”
“We we of apron that tho ¥ead of any deugs of this description shoud
be togeter proibial, 4nd wo des, throm, tha, af faving mace an
anquicy with view t ascrtsin aor parietal Ue tar and act of thom
393 wil spare and sabi 0 6s 3 rgulation fr tks purpose, a well 3 for
‘bib such duos 3 may appear to yo proper on the sxe of such athr
‘rogea5 may b used witha th sana peicions eects”
“The Dowd of Rerease made enguives unde the above order and
ave at th cancion tht obec, opium, gan', bang o sbi, baker and
odd we ot for the most part resented a rodcin any very viet oF
dangeross ffs of itoscation, excep when take fo exces,” aad ha they
pear to bo sell citer in maine or onherwise” For those resins they
recommended on the 35h of May 1308 that th sl of rane of them shod bo
together protibited bt sted whst appa to them the best means of re
ring the ws of thom ad inprosing th reverse by the imposition of such
ate 1 wer best adapta to the nar of he ce.
‘Accordingly uiensed la of intoxicating drags vas rod, and daly
rates of dy o the sl of citing dg wer lave by Region V1 of 1c,
Foam 1853 th dl a was bold and 1 daty to peo por sécon gn and
chara was imposed, In 18504 fxd fs of Rs. 4 po and ws prsesbed for
‘eh nj Toone i ddon othe above ised du,
75. 10 1576 the present aps of sand ling the rte lease by
sued was ceded
74. 1871 the Government of nfs thought t dein 1 make an cnuiy
int (he ects of the wie o abuse of the herp drug, and othe 162 October

1871 al the Local Goverumnts were requested to make the shove coguiy:
nthe 17 December 1575 the Goverment of Ins, ke receiving th relics
from th Local Governments, rssed ha, with to exceptions of Born and
the Cental Province, the Local Goverment ave ok in favor of loin exist
fag arangement. His Excelncy in Councl, however, tts hat tho various
Loti Gorirmneits hod! Admisiatacs wil cndeavir, wheres 3 may Ia
possible, to discourage the consumption of gir and bang by pling ese
ion on thi culvion, preparation, and rts, and posing on thee ss igh
ate of dy as can bo avid without inducing ict pracicos”
As suggested by Si Astley Edn, th Chi Coraeisionee of Berns, the
estivaion 4nd consumpion of arf was aboltely probiied fn Beem fom
he begs of 1575,
75. On th sth Ap 1575 the Goverment of India addressed the Gover
men of Benge, and csv th “sting shoud bo dont place tmptations
nthe way of the prope tha can possibly be avoided,” aad i vas dct in
Paeagagh of the above eter hat His Honor the Lissensn-Govenor sy
fst asad of ecg the soppet of th Govnent. of Indi in any eseare
tha he may adopt for limiting the consumption of gas, snd nd th ws of
ho drags cou be ager apres wiout the fei of nding 10 is cone
aban se, such a course woud Ue usted by is dco ofcs

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448 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS CONNISSION, 189304

76 In August 15+, the Secetsry of Sat, na question pt n the House

of Conmans, asked the Government of Tada 1 expos thei views on the
fects of gaa nd whether they proposed take any father step or resi:
ng fs consumption. The Goverment of India relied on the oth August 18
and stated in uesgraph 3, Wo arnclned to believe that ganja is the most
nesious of all moicants now commonly used in Iofia and in pusgraph 5
hat lihoogh we conde it impractiabi t efor the abssuce prohibition
ofthe use of gaoj, we fly cog t ac our day to reset i copsumpton
as fa as practicable” They did ot approve of the prohibition of ganja (1)
because the consumrs wou be induced. to we tl more noxious droga He
hau, e,() because the existence of heap plas al over India made the
prbiition of ganja practical
35. It wil be sex from the sbove ct that exci revenue was unknown
this county under th naive syste of goverment, and tha the. Bish Gove
erm origally took ut of th bands of remindar the. excie admimtraon
‘wilh the main object of essing the ws of toxicants, and. tha the highest
Suhre essed tepated oder o eric of even rahi thee se, and to
ain the above object ates of dive: and indieet sation have Lec immevely
creased fo ine o ine
25. Having shown in paragraph 11-18 ofthe not tat the present system of
asin the rugs docs not check tii uso and the gradual ise in th. fxd duty
any leads people slowly bit sly to sccuston theres to the igher burden
Sod to swing and ci gin of he vendors, who exey year try. to outbid
{ei competitors at th annie ton o Hoesees, 1 cant bo recommend that,
Government shold condemn thei so by wikdrawing fs countesance and
faridding ulation of ben. plant for gun, manufacture of gare mp
tation of claras aces the fonts, and th recognized sale. of gaa and
charas, Tn shor my recommendations seo he same a6 those made by the
dian Tmarante Commision of 1555.87 in thie 1epory paragraph 8.
On recommending the prohion of hemp tay be found diel to prevent
in toto he ui of hemp, we sre convinced however, that the Knowledge that
its uss focidden by Law, wil check toa very ag extent th immodest se
of the plot by Indian migra” populton of the colony”
79. In paragraph 583 of the Repar, the question of suppressing al tox
cant has been dealt with, and the Following expressions ae made tere

(9 "ota fo ice sic sae the win vc of pe

(9) "Scareely an dogren of uy short of sbsolate necessity wil jsiy
a profbiory selation, ules i can 20 be made to_recommend
oe tthe general conscence, ules persons of andnry good
toons ibe bev already or can be fndaced to believe. that
the ting probiied is a thing which they ocght not to wish
todo?

(6) “tn the excoptonsl cases in which the expeiment. his been tended
Sith general success (sain same ofthe American Stes) the
reformation of the habit bas become sn ject of desi othe
majority of the peopl, and the enactment for promoting such
reformation has presented tl los 45a rsrstion tian 53 an
ausiry agency?”

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 NOTE OF DISSENT BY LALA NIKAL €ianD. 0

has bosn proved (separa 3520 Gf bis moe) st hove of gaa

0d chaas physical, mentally and soil very deleterios, and that tht vee
fa rliosly geobiited snd socially mach in dispeta (ode pragapha 15-09 of
{hi ct). When such is tho case, 1 ei tht th cory f ie ip for the
eduction of probity messes in rsp 10 the rf inosicens,
In paragraph ss of the repos thie views supported thas, Now a consin
umber of persons dom it 0 bs the dot of the iis Goverment s97pess
tho tadoin all toxicants n a the counties nde fs sway, 3rd ther are,
50 doubt, special circumstances in dia which render lars impossible than in
So ber counio to conor evn 40 dis ply. Thea ar. analy
ho generat sbi Sud he fon, popadar wll eligi, which
prov gai thei ui mn large sti of hs comity”
8a. Tn paragraphs 56a of the Report some doubt has ben expressed a to
hehe the are caled basish resembles th Indian products of the hemp
plant. But the folloving whriies dearly show that i Arabic huakish f+ 3
Synonymous tem or the bmp dug, especialy bang,

(1) Hashish i te Arabic ae. of hemp. Te is Bang, not class (see

pages 4 and of Hem Chandra K's repr).
(2) Dr. Wats in bis Economie Podct of India sate thst “The Arabic
Basis woud sec oe given in alsin to the green intoxicating ur”
(see page 5); that ago generally knows by th Arabic name hashish (see
Boge 31); and that sab, Nasi, bar, nd sd re syronys of bang, 12d
liars spied to he drug a well to. th noicating dik pepared from it
ee page 44)

Si. Precedents of str cuntitr—1In paragraph 557 of he Report sn

allion 5 made (0 precedents for the prolbivn of hemp. drags in other
counties, and the satements ne taken, | bee, fom the oral of the
Temperance Sci, the Abas for Joly 180, wich shoud be consid in
origi

The eduction, sl, and consumption of the hemp drs are probed
the fliwieg coutis
©. Loner Burma—By the exc of the Government of {nds dated 17th
December 187

Upper Bara —Usdes he shove ont,

5 Tisidad, » Bi lh colony (see Trdad Commission's repo, pars

Fah).
4 Maun, a Bids colony (eo shone ror, psgraph o),

5 Greeny Clear No. 2, dated Athens, March 7h, 1600, when the
of ash fn cats and ll other places wa (otidden, and ceabishments
in which it vas ound hat Basis wa sapped to persons. fsquetig them
mere clos,

6 Turkey —Under ote dated 154 March 1693, adresed by tho Grad
Vide othe Miner of Commerce,

7 Egypi—By dese of March stb, 1539, by oder of Khedive.

8. Nabbs Site the Perish (ee paragraph 755 of the Report).

108

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4% REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 180504

5. Tho protibiin of gan. in Burma has rove sccessol and of immerse

Benet 10 the. county, aad no change in the press admiseaion a seeded or
advocated, a vill bo seen fom tho following fow quotations —

(4) Letter from Mir. Bayes, Socevtary to Chiel Comissiones, dad and
Novenber 1533, paragraph — No one in Burm destes any
Chie in th excite lar, s0 fa 5 noxicadng drags are concerned.”

(2) From the Comission of Teagasc Divisio tothe Fanci Com

missions, Bure, dated qrh Janary 1894 — The ffcof the roe
bin syste bis undonbiedly been 0 onder it somewhat deal

and 4s {or any on 10 poses the rg, and this must have
vy rg tended to kp it ot ofthe bands of Burwans. Tn my
opinion fi system had not been adopted, ho rest would have
been disse, Burmane would very ceil have taken to use
gars. fo which thy havo no deste, aod eo ice tora character
Those who took tt would have seed i 10 excess, a the case with

opiam, which tsk in rodeion docs otc Were tho consump

Gon and even possession of ganja not. probibted fot would he

(3) Memoranda by Me, Culladen, Assisant Collector of Customs and

Superintendent, Preventive Serice dated 1x December 1593
Ganja bas snaps bon considered robbed dog in Bra, The
proton of its importtion hie no fr been succes thas he dro
as ben kept ant of the local market

is proved by fet hae, whens raced 10 ny one pomesing it,

only very small quantities of th drug Asse bon found an hem”

(4) Lette from the Deputy Commissioner, Akyab, dared 161 December
he apse of pronbicon bas on the whol Leen sccess-

(5) Colonel C. B Conk’ snawer, ge 51 ti prion should

not ome.

(6) Letter from Dspaty Commissioner, Tosgoo, dated 158 Janay 1804,
Page 5, paragraph a—'1n wy option the sysierh of robin
nis in wt, thosgho: coe
Rocce

(9) Loto from the Comision, Arar Divs, dated 19th December
1805, 1 det think there is ny neces lo losin the sysem
of probiiion i fcc in Burma”
8) Late fom the Comissaner Sushers Diiio, dated 12h January 1994
Ax fa as my experince goss, he apse of pobibiion ol ganja
Tas worked well. This i bed ca my experience in dificent places”

(9 Late rom Deputy Comission, Meru, dated ah Jamuary 1804—

“Ax far 20 the gern pac ve concerned, tho vio of ganja i
Sealy ostint

(10) Winess No 1, Colonel H.R. Sposa, Commioner— The cone

sampion of ganja would have been vty much larger among the
ives of India if there had been mo proibiien” “1s, and
shoud cominue to be sbscltly protied” "1 am excocdingly

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 NOTE OF DISSENT BY LALA NUAAL CHAND. a

ios 10 proven 5 sch as poss the Buss rom becoming.

(41) Winess No. 13, Majer. S. Fyre, Depty Comisionet—"The

essing probiien is cave” "The taal praibiion now in
{os 4 abioltely necessary. Were th use af the drug to be san

[sg
ono, the spread of he hai would be gree and the cess

(13) Wioess No.3, 3, A M. B. Irvin, Deputy Commision do vat

ink the present proliion canes any daconten, and that tore:
fore wold be aris to widow withont very song reasons,”
3) No. 3, ictenan- Colon] C. B. Cooke, Comisiosec—"
ut sl ik th probs Sho mot aan” Yes,
Tk i should bo Tf unchanged” Even if gins cou nate
abtined fom he pant 31 grown in Bar, | shld sl be verse
from ling its sn boca conser tat the casing systems
iss up 3 clas whose erent to spread conampton. 1 thik
ta ny Teensing system would be a les clean a regards the
Burmese than the present proliiion.

(44) Witness No. 14, de a Coun, Deputy Commissions! The

absolut. prohibition of the productos 41d consamption of gaa a
the Province in 1372-74 bas had the best rela and cannot be
improved pon’

(15) Witness No.3, Me. J. G. Bridges, Conmissoncs— The Burmese

enerly spprove of the potion of th drugs. As 2 peopl they
dippers th us of the dg.” And that 1 tink the prof
‘Shou be mone”

(16) Wines No. 1, Mr. H. Adamson, Deputy Comisionez— It. is

cecain ta the use of these dugs mong Durmans is que
insignia sve no dou that tis fact i doc in grt meswire
to her sae beng policed by Tn”

(47) Witness No. 16, Me. Fraser, Deputy Commissioner" The peli

[a
ion as weds Barman shoud be mantained undes peal to
oth bayer snd seller

85. Probbition desirable —Now Yun to examine. the evidence of wit

anes who bate express any opin po the gestion of 7rd,
nas specicaly pat to then to
sscensin the desiclty of proiiion, a5 ment in’ pungraph 68
oho Report, and this most of the abstained from di
pcion on he point.

1 do ot gre i the onclsion sived in prs $60 of the Rep

ha he majority of wines are agains profiton bat, on the contrary, ld
hat 3 overwbelin exidonce fr robin, and mw essons rc 4 oll
(1) Because they have een shawn to be most de dos, physically and

cially (vid pangeaphd 8-59 Ohi vee)

(3) Besar th consumption of thse aces procs bad afc spon the

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Ass REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 150594.

(5) Becanie they are mach in disrepute (vide pusgraphs 10:29)

(9) Becasee oj was probibised in Burma in 1873, and the experience

of the ast 20 yare at shoe that th prosibiion has been of in
mente good to that county, so much so tat the Gorernment offers
of that province do not advocate any chan

(5) Because it was always profited by the Hinds and Makomedan govern
ments preceding the English Goveromers,

(6) Because the Government of nia bas repeatedly acknowledged the de.
sabi of the prabibvin (ide paagraphs 73-16).
84. Proibitios foutbls ~The probibicon of guna and chars is
fasile on the allowing grounds —

(1) Chace is mporie into dia from Vardand ad othe forign cnunties,
‘nd can be stopped withou diff, as saved in paragraph 567 of
he Reger.

(5) to paragraph G of this note it

duced from the wid and unl

areas in cetin provinces, and that it culivaion and

reqines pascal knowledge, sl, and care, Theelre he. ex.
sence ofthe wild hemp plants, wherever they ar found fn. India,
would not at all afect the practical dieu. of checking and stop
pin the consumption of ganja. Paragraph 664 ofthe Report would
thro some Tight on tis pont.

(6) 1 paragraphs 10:37 of thine it bas been shown hat thee wee is
not connected with any cil and roligious customs and that thei
use held i much isepate, Therefore hei prokifon wil mot
be taken saan nererence with old customs of rested (0 by the
people. On the contrcy, the people willbe grstfl to Government
for robin.
85. Pail danger Tho consunpton of ganja and chars is confined to
beggars and low las people, whose nmber does not exceed to one man in about
very 00 ofthe populton. Therlors thers iso cance ofa public discontent
er pltical danger, The (loving statement shows that very lege msority of
itessos ld the bons opiion—

Bengt a
[Ea
us| wow om
ow | 8] af

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 NOTE OF DISSENT BY LALA NHIAL CHAND. a

[re
Matias

Bontay

Sind

Bers

Coup

Belscisn

86, have givenalitinstatement V of som witnesees of position and expe

ence who state that thers would be ro poideal danger the ws of these drugs is
prbibied, and quote here Miza [fan Al Beg, Deputy Collector, Gonda, witness
No. 47, N-W. P. who says, “the drugs can be prolibited by disalloing the
exports and imports and sales of the drgs. 1 do not think it wil caus any.
Serious discontent aang the consumers, who ars fo the most part the. Hindu
Fakics and the Brahmans, 1 was experienced in tha istit Last year, when there
mas no sale of thes drugs for about 5 ments. The people elt an ncamveicace,
asfarasit ehted to their bie, and ning bse. There be na political dange
‘nd they beg Brahmans and fabs, vould not take alcoholic stimulants. They.
will bs content with tokacco.”

87. Danger of wing are deleerions drugs —Theso is no fear that the
people will be driven (0 more deleterious drugs, such as bara, The evidence.
as cstabished that tho consumers of guna and charas very seldom wse
dara at present. Therefore thre is 50. danger of that Kind. The number
of witnesses who allude to the possi of the use of dhatura i quite sigs
ean. Inthe epost oly 31 ut of 1104 witnesses hao been mentioned. Some
of these 31, too, will on examination bs found not to hold thi opinion, =i. that
dhatars will ake the pace of ganja. For example —

(1) Bombay witness 1, the Honourable Ms. Mackensie, Commissioner

of Excise, says 1—"1 do not think the labouring clases who use
the drugs would ake to dhatura. They would rather ake to
alcohol. 1 thick ths would probably do. less harm... . than
the hemp drugs.”

(6) Bombay witness tog, Secretary, Arya Sam, who rfers simply to
sco.
(2) Bengal witness 165, Raja Sura Kata Achariya Babadur, who rlers
simply o alcohol,
109

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 434 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1805:94.

(4) Bengal wiaess 167, Rai Bahadur Radha Balas Chowdiry, who
eles simply to alc

(5) NoshWestemn Provinces witness 51, Thakur Tokman Singh, who

says that dhtues cold no be substited for ga”

(6) Punjab wiaoss 76, The Honowable P. Chander Chatteris, who

ders to sled nly.

(7) Maas wicness 23, Mr. Campbell, Collector, who rfcs to aleabol
ony.

Oooo cts 85. Pulicy of oral end restrictin—In pragraph 552 of the Report it
SRC has boc stated chat “in roged the physical efcts the Commission have
B= cone o the conclsion that the modeate. we of hemp drogs is pracically
tended by no evil rele a¢ all; that "in respect to the alleged mental
effects of the drugs, the Commission bave come to the conclusion that the

moderate use of the hemp drugs proces no furious fcc on the mind;
tha in regard to the moral effects of th drugs, the Commission ae of opinion
tht their moderate use produces no moral ojry whatever; and tt the
mocerste use of these drugs a the ule and that he excessive use is compara
tively exceptional... . The cessive may cetainly be accepted as ery
injurious, but it must be adit (ha in many excessive consumers th fury
ia ot clearly masked. Theinjuy don by the excesive use i, however, confined

almost exclusively to the consumer linsell; the effect on’ saci is rarely
appreciable.” these views ae accepted thee woud be no reason whic ought
10 esd 103 recommendation or the pole. of control and restriction of these

drugs by means of taxation, All ang it has been declared by cur benign Gove
emmen tht the infuious intoxicants are axed for the sxe of resicting (hes
consumption and ot fo th sake of revenue, When the injurious character of
thee drags his not Been established to the satisfaction of the Commision, 1
think they wero not fused fs advocating this policy of restriction fo fn the
fight of the abovs remarks made b the Comision thes drugs sl sand on
the same oxl wit ts, tobacen, and other sinfar stimulating aricles; and
ong as the attr are ot taxed there would cdl be any ground (0 tax gana
and chica, which av the futher recommendation to be et fre a thes sone
umpion i confined mostly to the poo esses aad beggars.

So. dethad of tasotion—The contivation of 3 direct duty with the auction

of privicge of vend bas bee recommends. This seems to. be gine the
general incpl of taxation fo it cannot be. denied that by the system of
Hiense of vend an indirect duty is isd, and thas the droge will be va tice,
Foc the sake of restiton perhaps i would have besa enor
high ensugh,

Judging rom the past precedenc, avs ot the east hesitation in asserts
ing that the. recommendations of the Commission wil no have any cfc i
esricin the ue of hemp droge.

Unde the present system of Bengal a class of hols vendors has. been
creatol whose interest lie in stimulating the spply of gar and ance class
of etl vendoss whos terest les in publishing, and simulating the dean,
There i 2 gud class created, who are called brokers, Al these are agents
for the sgeead of (consumpion. The resco of use i.clealy agi tek
personal interest,

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 cans. pe
0. Intrusive of Bewgal syste its the priser —1 is sn aiced
fac tha the consmpianl gan. in Bengal i mars exten tha in ay oes
province and tht is oil effects sr alo ore port thre, Under the circum:
stances is dict to wndctand the grad on which the ncodution of ow
apse i recommend {oe be provinces wher tho consumption tl vey
ow and no acre ba yet bee nade to grom chs doug of 4 super sas

ot. distin of the fsol price end. grant of hls lisse mre
Srsely und withind charge in the. Gtr] Prosivei—The. recommends
Son of the. Commission to sbulh th fed rte 3: which the iulesle
Senor in the Cantal Provinces te at preset bound In sel gas to the
rt vendors will, 1 eleve, esl fn ering the profit of the hielo
vende, The netted pofte and grant of seni mre freely and wibows
Chic, will ete smb of wholes edors, who il ot fi 0 mpeove snd
do renting in thi poms to simulate th. reduction ad nrese th son
supp.
“The present system of Haring Ged prc its the procs of fe hele
le vendo, ad he rs has bee th hie mambo snot 30 lage ne the
Consumption a reat min Beogal, where the pris is Il in dhe bas of he
\endor,

92. Gradial tasative of heros —When in Bgl the te of eet dry is

Rog gc sec on chic gan, 1 nt ndrstoad why the Commision recom
mended so low a tie a5 Ra 3 5 scr lor clas inthe Pity, the. churn
ing evden adit to ba mach scone than gf. Although paragraph
(Gp) mast adi, 5 note that hi aout bas ben recomended 25 one
at shouldbe impose 1 Segin with” and slately the tacacon is fo be
derably rege bog had 10 prevent he (rade beg seosly
Tho policy bore. sams eidatly {ob oe 0 fake 24 mach as the
peopl can pay and nc she {ll mous. which ight fad 0 je sh nde and
Fiop consunin
95: Opens of mex opt —New shop re. resommended 0 be apened
ati 3 comin wth maipal members, ee, aboat the neces or
opening them. 18a: statd who. ahold be. th propose for these shope
1 hie the opin of ne shops wil ay aff rete faci for conn
on and wil cua theo obsoxions dng to reach thee new convents. t
wold perhaps have ben mrs fn hoping th te races of ts Comision
if the ew shops at cst bad Gs stopped. Ba if pe shops mast bs oped
the only strate ta 1 Base 10 sgt is 10 propose the condition tha Un:
applica shoul be mado by tho nba of th ph.
4. Sule of ganja in Burman thes propos she Corson ave
recommend sie of gor is Dur fe the belt of the Taives of dis
“The only good which hs propos will do, if exvied ou, wil bs to render
nil he protein wich th proliion of is sl that. coniry at eset
fords tothe Burmese, Fo 1 ave sot te leat dob st. tho contagion
of ts ote will saan sptcad to the Barsana from the Indians, asd ht the
maives of that comiry will son lea the. Taxon of consuming this drug
by pocuing & troogh thee fda fads; and limatly when they have
suk dsp in he vice, grounds vill be sade oat to extend the see of these
1 mast ot om that al the Berm aici
ito hardy 3 single exception, bav sated tat thre 0 ned 1 change

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 EE
OTE OF DISSENT BY LALA MIIAL CHAND. 51

STATEMENT L—Swial and eligi cxstonss (Paras 37 of th ne)

Bengal.

mL rCTiEe bE ee
L=Geaien Noth Pl Sob Divison) Oise —umber of itcsi—45.

2 Dag Ban, Cote Cleats tmbe of siacimi3

Ae ee omg fg i Ti I dy fot
dete doses commune by a cunts of Hocus on 15 doy te Dd
aes Chand Nyt, Prin, Covermen Colse of Sami, Coletiom
i wine.
25 Gua soar se ei i

=P Chante Roy, Exche Dty Collet, Pts — lor of its.

Soma Kama Mie, Scr, Rahat Aviation Nome o itai—35

BTL a ee lo oto i red he vn

Gold Chand Da, Exe Dry Clon — Nile of sitss—51.
Tap wie of thee dros Bn sha in die No rpectabe pers
molt VE co vb ER Ef bang 1 4
0.571 an wv bared tat pfs ers ae a coed ssf
EC Chey, 3 ee eh be aed by A spe pa:

55 Mba] Raghanath Sen Soph De, Zui — Nima of sifntsi—i53

0. 321 0 eid te wd fie
Te Dos Naan Mie Nero sits
1m an oil ion, com ich
0 WN ame Cerny here ste pars
nl ona Stone ee, dp sed
Emad
THR
Feseraly to be found
Sn te CAE 21S a ats ol soe ha Ein opaacs to
mies 32d moves ink ro say orto mii

le Chander Kir, Sle Rein sd Temion Dpty Color sod At

5 ie exes 0 Copa Ve 5 iS

SERRE RR ea
ai ra oy md ans ue
selmi
EC
SE To
ee ee Re
Be
Sel es
mete
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453 REONT OF THE INDIAN HEN? DRUGS COMMISSION, 1805-04

mLaksmiant Balog], Secrets Tapa Byte” Aceon Nair of

st Se en TEL
0 33 The cossunpt 1 ga is looked vion with blest. Gare sme

he wh se he en wo wmey a

REE13a Nth Clangiskot, esr Nor of stnro—i

vt ony bem, Vt of 2 Itointio orgs

North-Western Provinces.

15—The Hori the Raj of Diag, 5s Nomber of wises—if,

pe po ES ail
toned i oe Ste, TS Bs
72" Ths ia 20 oc lim Gu n(n gat Vener Tha

14—eauh Vinge Ma reticed Deputy Collar =e of lst,

ap Ties ho toy Cot gn agin sey

0 33 Conan of Wangs ot skied spon wit avo, at ther sm gener
pe im EU ten of ar Lota vpn Sh 5 Sk
Ba ne lect “Tif 2 cht of woking the be
13—Thskae Token Sigh, ZacindaeNamer of wirs—si
0. 33 The san of thee drugs iv stil oii fn i Vda and Sac,
he grok isn Toe oS 1 my roiied Amend
Medan
“The gman porns ako pth Ini fo vant of gions doctines, Darin
eer cue hrs di en § a i
the ol Ca ole of Hh cs se (uh. propa os Soy mol
Ess pat of te rlgon cto, ad st sen?

26 Chasdii Gas Ram, lendovse, Mtb —Nerlr of ifs.

0. 35" The fon of th ropes san

17 Dds Mai Sie Noi, Secs, Masia Hse, Ago —Nomder

eines!
10.33=The we of thse drugs in gently coiled tobe disputable wih
the ence of iat, Thi 0 Bare ET EL Te
el act al Se a Se ER SEE
Ke Ram Rly roche Number of wlacisis,
0-32 wil x lions cus

stances dae i a
0. 33" To coma of es doug re ted and dpe Uy sc

10. 3a. Ort Thc in regions jn ta ak the dga”

15M. Haskmat Uh, io Mgitene—Nomder f siasio=n

Xo com, socio lion, may bo estos in ed to the commento
olay of deg Uo of sy Bo wo cei oi ed 157

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40 REPORT OF THR INDIAN HEM? DRUGS COMMISSION, 185394:

Balan ase Vidya, 1A Neher of siti

0, 31 Ther i 10 caso, eins or ci, cg to te common of
Scie ke spon a with contempt, af produces ei llects 0 the
ty ba nd hg ed Ye hi TEE
1D. Gunes rn Gale, 345 — er of minor,

at TR TRIN, $y
3" Skin of gai o cham fs gency roped. by Nghe 30d id)

S1.~Surgeon oe K. R. Kier 0s —Nimbor of sithii—13.

ou an ne oe abi I eet ih th 4
otf SG acy am ig he we of wih of hse dra andl

40 Tolar Rango Rae Clair — Number of sinei—st.

01.39 No casa, soci or gious, nse th convumptionof ny of tek
rage ih ie the Souther Mabaras county + pas:
0. 33" The cosmic ny of hese dab ges roid an vie”

St Ardei Databy Md, LAL and S.J, —Nmer of wii—07

sil lis ctor amen. 4 Patch ah Lc. on

Madras.

35-30, RR. Divan Bodo S Vek Ramiice—Nomber of sitnss—35,

0 92 Ther bs 0 caso, sch a evant ofa
56S Hav, price —Number of sisi,
0 eit. Aigi
comidered 3s ements to sai o sions ce

a A Neston mbes of mtssi—izh

[I p———— eon and sce do. ut

SB —Vioadian Gavia Seti umie of itso,

Fie ve of pf ed bsng edd bad lb. sce men
35The Toni A, Subaathy Moola, Rai Dat chars of
The wel
ie a all sig soe vi 7
yt Intima of hs presidency is pobiied by

59 Ganj sakes Wi rice ae Toked spon 0 poole who words

com do hE of a of Sn golf laa 1 Dsept one
di eee fn elie ol LT RT
ipotiatian tds te oe Sonn bt HSE and under a faBuesee

40 Sobran yc Caiman Naber of ilnsi—i45

33 The we is nt excournged by any rial co
comilitd To be cath in sh wey ei ee Md iprernted by the
Soy pated and adden by Flo

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 OTE OF DISSENT BY LALA NAL CARD. -

Searmt [Cit of Mefizl Witness wh pronouns the moderate wi of

Fons and cares he dll ns some 0s ftsions No 55, 45, ond 1.
(Fregrapiss of the nites

Sogn ge tC Sn

ES Sn Fa tl
Sr Hy Cot ER
sur
i i So, Ocal Co Meat Ofct
EE SR,
Suto

5 HE Re
i {BN hatha Ament Seren.

wo es
ol lame
Fl re be Potions, Set,

ol ee ¥
| i ix Ral i
aaa Pan Gta, Med Psion
Stir
sunt scan, Cts
ise Meh, Cit Seti Ofc.

27 Fl lf peed citi fen poe

Prise Dyson
of Da | aot Chand Sir, Medic: Pcie.
SE
SNR fm Te Ce
HERR E D1 oh Sun.

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we

| Supeiori—eons
4 931. C. Elis rtcd Ci Surgeon,
2} SiicenCaain KR. WA. Stperitendent, Cone Pion.
58 | SECON. Nat, Supceintadeas Cont Pin,
§

37 | Soon icmensut Coon KA. K. Thome, Sopetendent

Ci hon
7

Subrdin

os | Bln Sih, Gomes Sein, Modi Dept

8 | Nobin Chthdra Chakraar, Austin Surgeon:
58 | Sei a
15s atic,
| Chad Hasan the Hospital Asistant.
Hi | Wart Al Hol raat
1 NRE EE Rn,
to Garg ingh Ait Soren. Rai
hyEeREA
KrTo cree
136 | Bhaget Ram, Howial Assistant.

3oe | Pam
RAB fs
168 Mammut Abia Rai, Khas Tata tat Surgeon:
a
Re
Private Pracitivnrs,

20 [7 Roy, Mii Ana

33 Rar Neti Te
28 Kuk: pean and Hest Ofc
[em Ker Pacer
135 {Gok Chand Pree edt Pras

16k | A%Aat Smad, kin

eset es
163 Mom ri ho, Tk
153 | REBAR ai, Nip Bonds
is Salon
te ATfksin.
167 | S31 Aut Hone aki,
ER | Bam Ket 2 Nd preter
io | AEA Smt a eri Fein

fo a
13 {Mab Veohad Town, Pracions n Nelo 10d Su
Ae Saban, Mec] Practise

EAE Gor De i Fc ones

iobmtaa an Nol rs

re
Shel TisLa iNaterac
Gaye Gord Dec
Lachman Dios, Hii,
Di Veli Pacgine
Em Ri Ned Pctioe,
Aer RR EG bcs:
ATU, Mi cc
il Sand ici sense
Ram Sat: otc:
DR) DE Sc ad cian
kip,
SAL Yoon yc
173 | Ri Ch, Nan Pcie.
1 Wha ai, Piiche.

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 NOTE OF DISSENT BY LALA MIIAL CHAND. Hs

SE a) Tip.

Salil
Tato Ko Satoh est Prac

FrealE ie Nese Prin

Superior.

Serzen Mio] A. Cursing, Cid Suro.

RIE BIC VE som
StrgionAlco GV. 1. Desay, Civ Sorgen sed Spe
LE Nop
BE Raa i
Sinfonia TL Bae, fect Gescrl of rises,

1 i rn
Jase ki fosptal Avstant.

3 RBI TE ee ye
4 fone Eo at fri
Privat Practise

11 Cad Sr. ial Psi,

Rs Dla
PIER od
ie Fc
SER aca” Spero,

35 [Hop Seca) E His, Ot Sr

Sutin.
1 | zae , rdnd Hl sn
i Do sen Rete”
| Private Practitioner. |

ee ie
| Re. 0, Lt, Mian |

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48 REFORT OF TIE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 180394.

Superior.
5 | Sorgen sir . 6. King, Aci Seay Commisiane.

| Sitar A Sr Didfater on.

03 Sorgconilor S.C! Sarken, Dit
8 Eh at, Go
Mar alge, ce Mele
ws pACast
| Shs ic CF.
omer,
esi,
| Seman ior ba. Saban,
Sebrdiati,
tot | Motwmmad Aas, Cit Apher

15 | mee
ii CnSS?Et ond
14 A
1231 V elimi Co Aon
Hes
4 ni Asian,
$13 Tugun Pandit, Hor] Asistant,

11 [3 Fanlicarai Chet, Hoi Assos

Tos | WH BAR TRA
Privat Breiner

2) 5m] EEE
19) D0. | 152 | skin umn Miya Medi Pacis

| Superior.
Hontar,| 73 | Sorgeanatior KR ici, Civ Sarge,
| PB] Seon Co gies 1 mend biel Ofer,
Be] 8 SRN Tu Bes se Go Tt
Da | 6s | Dale Surgeon Livatensot Come! J. Acutt, Piyecan fn
lige 5 Gergen Holl,
Subrdinse
ELS Dias Ami Chobh, Ansan Suse,
Bf Rent NT Se Tr srry ana
Dia Sacha Gil Homi! Avstant.
FRET Homa orate:
Jini ann Go a Anat.
SNES Co Mogi Ain
eal bE EG HF
Partin Sgt Ci Hopial iiss
A Sarasa, At 5 —-

rivet Practitioners,

Dhani sb Daria, Media Psion,

| Re Debora rdf Bacon Mec le
a Cop
Bh vet pe
i Nuscewant, Mein Prcioser.
TE ibn ies Prac
Supe

Big Saryore Listers Cos] Keith, il Surgeon sod

Sten, Lost Rega
Die Sirgen Liters Cosel Bail, Civil Segeon.

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 NOTE OF DISSENT BY LALA NAL CHAN, us

SAE MLE,
15 |B Macken, Aunt Sgn
Em: Rut Sa see Moe Sekt
|DS.ins Frm
k,n Or
Sepertorn,

aR. Ro Smt,

i ERR Be
3 AHIR wy
32 J barton, GO Sor

| Surin in Cabo. Fane St Surgeon

Susrinte

2:
ee Por gt ow
i he de gcAes

3 Ng 6 Mie i Pine
Sergent DF ae, Co Surge,

ghee A Kian, Hosgl Arion.

Drieste Practitioners

Be nl gh

Ht
B22] 7[ LATED: Sh np ores Pron a
oy og
Sebi
[ptm ey
5 | Blongwaa Dam, Hopi Auitan | 7 At

Tor
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 ——
To nd ots he hs nds, rg
ee
46 REPORT OF THE INDIAN ENT DRUGS COMMISSION, 150304

en.

Ee Se i
Bengal
Sogn Mor Mods, Co commits,
Te eb oy ec Che Ce
LT mE LR Sn
esa ras
Ba Kans Sn Ans Sr a Co ee hr timber of

sr mim sp mr i mt ria
Rede idee pee
TRE Fn eee me ih cd

Em poe me Bm ie)
ie EE Ce St hee me en fee
ar
et
i fm2 Ln
I
Ge cts th rp nin ne th ig
li SAE eer
@ mistaie to have put them under the moderate wie. I i ed

tr
oir ees os dir i od i
2 A Acs LL
Tv hy os mk i me fh ig, 0 sd
Sse ates le {Sen =
Ze
Ly BE
eR nd
i TE Ty A ol
3 asic Lal Dt Sargon 1 ost Coen, 1M, 5, Otcning Cid Sires,
Ro nt Sig 8 C0 sre
Wiens » a
om raion nd sapinats sd. co wi
ling of thes prgasfanslct the nervns ssc ely sad
——
Th lag oF tia Tt a as on de ny
ine rope tn sens Coed Sa foset than Fiking or caring the mame drugs. Hor, of
lin or Ski o cst procs
0] ate ui twas Baca a tots 0 fend common.

rome
0,45 reyhedmSemillon
he Wb of Sly dpicd
(ie ends 5 mt
EET AX malvern of $s oF hero 5 mst debe of SAE

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 re
ee ee
me ER
Le ere
ee
448 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893:94

er)
Te Cana ee
Tia
wl shat rt estoMeac pewh
on nS i aml Bel dr te
SR pee UR
Lopes than ab
i eS het re
ge te le ee A
iEee IC es
a oh rk nd ho a se CE
esl le ne se oe eis
sien
TB er as Raat LE
ba

cE EEE oie eR RR TR
Sea i tr
no ae Sn Sa
anna
i rs 1 i RAI
pr dem pk Secu
wi ard re
i ara SET coy Ia
ed

spt
i a LL
ag dis le hoe ts Stet or,
bein, Dr. Reyeoti spe

EG
SF omeimes ogee ‘seman Sn tn bed om a
sles he
frees
wares
Ge etaELeste
mes aE LeAR
BE ives pa serie ve ie

Ethene
enquire hatha i lh
inn cenSt ee z
or not.
Star Molan Ses Avast Secgoon— Numer of witssmi36,
0. 11s ad a study of thesbiet with a vi t deena the cfc ofthe
ogo comin of ke, | Lav sd pros) me gos an eed os
0 41=Toe burner, the bests

xcnbias or expontte sd sleine

Te A
iougeand schibiinicn Wale on REF acter ma ai To ate
oni s dine wag sdb Hes
Comat nec uk ts 2 wih pra
robin ete Te Cecol U1 Land cb hd nds Sree)
Tesla at a rad wht a encom “To 1 he
pet hes, et lie Se moot
fr he bia wa of te dng Se Sey do scam as
0 5—Vew, gan so carat ptt
(Gals mpi the coun in moe tas ne way
vo

You,

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 ne
OTE OF DISSENT DY LALA NUIAL HAND. wo

Te ahi or i re es aa be. He

ia EeRea RIA
et
vc bt haga x
16s a Senn tlc sogathr, pratima of slat tes
A BLN Eee vs LT la
el gel as 3 gas cement iT 45h pemaneen
ut oe forgetting: ie PAYA wns whe 4 ed sd ml

ho ee mia
Se ly i A ee so abe eS
et Em aie bd toned hi i
rio, 21s Le al eich m1 hs of SLE ce CH
xc excess Tn pica as BS ok Tse:

SE ER
ile priya bud cscs stb sad cis iis
i
Sil pc and an may cot ay ac of during while 10 hE,

cif Tats oe hi prs oh of (5 med cl pre

toner ee off ids he
re nthe a

ok Ug:
Ted cafe why be i take othe ae Sil baara it
rs ac i ee wo Se ps a
0 0 Thts re rs Yona or sof ds igs. Ths sop shoud ba

Dats Dass Lai, Ndi! Psetiioss— Numero nitnsimi3.

0 +r heson wis hep dogs.
0. sso.
So

seats
ee bee,
5. {hs wn sr ay el rl metined win les model uti sry

nl
ho

# morse epic by the excessive

er TR Cre AON
10.—Bijoya Ratna Sea, Kavirsj —Nawbor of witners—13t.

sae, sas
Ses aEmiLE
Kevan, Koi] —Nulr of sifisi—5

rea Rr a cro ny pn no
DE TER Sel Clb i ey
alii. .
rockin dies, and ations, 1¢ oii is mors see snd
Tobareio ad ines x
I prdace nani, bo emporily and perma

pe The ce iy fo bs came i

uy

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50 REPORT OF TIIE INDIAN HNP DRUGS CONMISSION, 1805.94

ToD: Sern 8 i, Gogo, Media Misia —Nmber of ifn c1=175

BE es of tha drag, and have dhnerved ito offect physicaly and

moray on some natives, in whora | ac iatereated as head of (i miss.

(dos re stoppers thd tl si) Semi fe

(0) 10s move wind wy» fohelioges indeed, i & gaaja-smokes has an attack of
@ Teer, he. dare not indulge fa Mis usual pipe, as it aggravaies hin condi

ni
abs brn by saa
oS wd Rs atl hn 05 wat Tie as bacon fase andy bt

13—pya S erty og Medial

0 11 am 8 medial practioner nd ave pecmaly oes caves of gas oc

Bees em ES
EERE
\batesiire ts the Seg

Dir En Res
Shei i fs ong contnsed

Ee
Ege idan
rlytor lng
tyie protons
tr tod is
Py rine . : 5
Een Tous are trig,

spl BE i
OF al he pfs tot { ves, ove sen ag mono eligi msn

erable ET
peste sat, goncly saan. Delusions of seven, 8 sort of dsl con:
5 Jia Seas mize, eakay Lo avs ba: msgs li a

ES a ot ron Soma ment, ad cone aes of ade apy

EL La i tft fh anion

aoe SL8 oes

TEtot eects
Te leBT Ua i elRR
a yao Tn hm dg ich ba ve few hi tobe pan ais 6
AT
il lia
Spit bot bE
Ey ufo a verte pee ar sos he nt vi rene
I conciion Le to ig to te mice of the rnnivias hat ss the mise

Sl Te tt Ee Tl i eT
hE agian Corrmmett o delves a grid pls ro eres gn.
SA mpion i ha pa of he iid and wesk pol vis se ng he
Bh 8 i ont frog bai Te 5 san tt

or i i ie a i,
ing yet aad to exit

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 steele
pore
la Tots A
PO
14a Mobos Kain, Nate Physi — ember wir
0 doi ms cio ei
comme com a of edly
eat mpi ts contin
Yor ire a digenion ad nly cure oss of spe,

ondTRATES EL a
awh 0 nif sts
oe snd onsen sd he

ene a nde acs and bbs of impli,

7h af she” dg ton fra eas. Yor: Poros BOER sons

ot.

Vl weak Inet mon Sp 154 Jy Uy tn of be Ags.

15D, bsmead Sede Hg Ned citiose Necro
pe Ta Es A BT Be Re
Te ee a Ee ee
RSL, meen, od cmciation are Shs wcmate resale PT
10 4r1=Tht ie vp fhe prparitosYave sieas bs rion
(2) Tos of thee ve ela an sce o Gigi oh
18) das nt podocstain pre ue dc ove tgs
(0) They ar seve wd a ror.
0. These this icf mes witht ny ar.

hs
0. Cortney prod veins Sf oh map dp

FE ier mitin=140
iy ols

CEE EE es 0
Sanne
EE ri
nen Facedremyee by esis A
be slbay shen

seme of wits—14r.

nly iol me with ts farm

0 1—Spscit ain
Soy attr

Io apis ty GH Con She i.

CEE ROR TE Vr
Tob ots the wo oe es, ho 1 ob ried og,

bh
2, bl cscs te st css of ey re 11 ied
lend mpeec

18. Niew] Charan Dv Mobic Frsctoaes—Nomber of itis,

© 45 ver opus conmtin
Yau

Yer

Cori dos,

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45% REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1803.94

Yea; thy denon the nol snd radu moray rc

10 4p Yt] ther wd by pris phe
Hea, 1 ken or 3 ong ime, rods mpoence,

EA eh
15 Darga Noh Chukar, Avast Sing Tn chase of Togai Dipensry (My

so0451cd on ey et
0 11am resent of Toop nd practhing hee os the lee yer

subi of ok BARA We Za
dn a i hi madarte se to bs bmi and seceeny, They ae

0. g5Prodace eadeny to ake fa exec .

Soka oe EE
Gena css dystery ftr ong wi,
Geary Occ fnsly we ck sch acs

Temporey ts kre olen Eger Hs Seips S36 Sas wows 8

sen ARE Se Hn
0. 961 hav seen som Lrsty porons who bcuseae snr exces gaia:

en i EER
ae ice seville exit te ihe itr CFL referee
Ton 3 hd i kn fr ad and ano sna wy good eters
Fe rg athe ne 2 EE
0 Ta Nath il, LS, Ve me, Benga of minei=1a3:

Ee
cf om er a RUBS EE SE
+ a mic pin 11s Ft 1 Fone om nh facie
Se LE LA To ar Some docu sci
0. vives

Same
i eee ee
Yor

lt er sla
gs dry ed bin cos sy ne be
de

Eee
oe
mE >
Se eTsaei
ered
ein oo YS ot st th i
SATEEN A i ity sa
=Jpine br

RL TA SL A a al ne, U8
Toate and ceed of i RC iin rots Uy ly
Fm
Tr teh
Se a dhe,
3 FlereBlBkWES EE ond
Wt Eat, Gr mei
YA
Ppre se mr ool hs oe Born ba
at. Nocone Chander Der, Me Proton —Nember o sifasi—1t
0,71 wa a te medical vic of Goersmuat sad a non mde) yee:
orld 36 Jes have psec vay Genel WHC | ao cocbEE in med pln

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 EXT BY LALA NAL CAND. 4

an a Ca dove a ro oh (Reb i 6 oS
ER acum ie an roc 5 pace cn of ie roe

de TT
iS, Yo he Sit mado sn sa dng, iodsces Soin AEE
inti Coton oes Gaon o chs of Speke

ST ling cxune of aasiy wher the i ered of the dense,

(Ae Toe aes ba hed sve ce)

1a ln Nel Medel Freie obo of sisi.

J natn ta Govern Nic Seat at Cita, sagt
dic GEES {cane Ch Homie ial a es oA
al SC ast a vt
0 al et he como It dis prope
sets
Gri lis dns lcs meaty my and hcl Ti
ne Py were Ms mae ot te ruse,
ter) Yolo ro Ls womdek io
eto be as Fd bth ba ng ers
0 oS 1 ps sty he xc. The liu dts
S55 Geo of a. morass Comets Te x St Wha take 8 pach a3 Mi bk

Emhd wi
Eycom de fo eh ca
iene Sa ah et tr ee weth
SL nk oe en mdr nf when ed ml
SSE fn SAR SR
Sy—Sipres Con 1 © Vase TG Chae. Bi. Dit Seprstendnt of

0p The bait matte sof bing J Vd oo ot

ih onc gare
1 ci ie snd gry me digetin, 1 mderly ved
nee spe WRIA pope Tok ot ies ens cnae Speen
EE Fre lk mari of dei.
dete Ll 321i int of permanent
rhs wi bck Sd he mes wh Et, TT
LS Numero itimsgr.

Sluts
Hes nd oe
1k eywe
ond by

BE re ee
bys dvd ce eter
Sr eel See te Bh le
HEREC I SE
Fone nd ee Pa
ed RC
fA, fee Be
FE oly we th to pf Cistaa e mate o
Gh meat la Je Nott als co 5 Sc wind
i, Be ae re HIE my ceive a

Seon 14. Co Tc r——

Punjab.

oP earsis

wo1 are TR BRR SE ER

es foi nif hr of tices a cll mena
a

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454 RETORT OF THR INDIAN ENP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1553-94.

face motes wef ep dogs ie Ll. cone

eso roll prelptined The bab eof ei dre ds 10 Faso of 14
EE Bret Eh ie! od hed akan Tle die
bos a cri, che acs
0rd The ian mode enn pecs lots ty mid temo bing

sit oe tore sod colts, No ml dts: Th coe

Coreand eta smoked would pie igen. Charss and ganja swoted snse

tn tyeis be
sad of, ch ml ett, oul on
ek te ec nd 1 ped son dices sly of th sal rm,

Ts
fei he ee ms
licey BE
Gate nr
cong nd ly Tech bu nals pole | mig domo.”
lice cata (if th dg Int
CV eR oR a rat Th Tae” 7%
gsr oft oi sk ova Te Uo 0
tePf en SE SR
ae ome a EeTSme a
ee eR SEM ey See lyre i sel sit doe.
vel eds et dc iin,
2: Rabis Kan, Kh Dado, Iorarey Sureon, Sup cnn, Medic Ska,
atm of Simin 2
(0.1 ou cea nth Pua (5 ek ad my cones wich ht oe
dali fi abo Met Cole Hgil fo th me pos: Eo ried
epee of ming iota EAE i a snd 2 lecia 400 les
teion wih be gn
nd45mieCharahe soa LE wrk 2 s L
mo hy and moder we f chars bigs e les flim

emit chica fie th abet and may Bing oa

Maral mt ie an mmc x, bn (capable fo way

aent
aa rhsAE Ea ttRY
me RT
Wher chic prces kn scl empresa the syaploms my be
rs yma
chara om ls
wn Lg Bm pact,
2 cy,

alec Sei chp sins BLS

EE
Sarge ofr Gots Dee, SPARSE Nf ha Lanai Asp af. Doli

lr bn C0 St i he Pri di he bt nd
foe fe VE a Sl oF ET Be
SEER dn 0 the ae of far droge i
0.43 Fave agen sever nts who seca seen Viens 3 ik
Sal fr 3 ere We Chet LEC LE Le
Hadas
Sort me 150 waked, ave Lod mois hd 3 scotch a sh bi

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 NOTE OF DISSENT BY LALA IAAL CHAND, wn

Tie x
5—Jhanée laa, Hugo Ants, No.7, iy New. Lach Dloemeay—Nomder
of wiser

i Ee EE Se aie ee
0 11a plate practi have tes re puis wh irs bint cars

FE TE a
prota poston, estes to bead idly,
crea Sfptin ad eles the coms Fe The hang oF Stok desta

fT dt cf hee dre iy fo proc ions of tomy

et ie
eu: the Un imi incited 1d wink
Sd pet sort nd see urs dion,
Ya

Rt ber eit, ih frases depo |

Tae ty i a SL
seo iy Sli TRY atch it Uo bus i, hl Be

"0 sh Tir ita excessive consumes ecome que worthy 15d aad
0,373 1m uss oda we srs The so pata

Mane Ea
Deaton alo roe is cca deny Lo xc

Fes LEE eT
10m Nari. Avant Svgeon, Db —Nelo f wincii—is.

0 ies te es od) to gad bak A

Si pe a SL UTS
Cay Cor Charlies cats snes etn md rd

EE eae
Bel Ba ta Up
SR as yd dhe RU
SE
Ee i=
le el
Hl FA ed Eu
LE MS SE
dey ty
SE ay
Aosta Sern S46 Dis Gerament seve, n.d charge of bsg
Mihi Numi of SAC ts
0. 1 Dungy vic of ove 6 ewe av ows
er pose vlo con
edo Shee pas
nd chara 3, ot ot

Yes an ad abr do,

Notun
ns

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 [Er ———

wel die! &

10 r=Yon ula 34 don eo pds etc
57 Yer, bd chakra oe si rl bbe comms

12 Kirn Ei, Horst Avant nb Sore of win “

ot iopial a usm with Appin of Hers ose

Sra
md al Ty Beni othe work Du DAKE dvs sok ace the phe 5 sock

a fe
bcs dco, whee roa te aac of She Srv of ihe

er
sity, Vex; dirci elcid sue ested froin of nas, xen

Bevin Todt eng rata of chy sprees

33—Gopl as gtd Anan ond Dept Sait
ui a Lanse gan, Di
Namter sy Cis.

el fo ee or ds fo Pus dhe 1 yk, sd

i tl of TS rg fs amphi con
mee pe eo AEE Ck de
Dsus ces bit om nt ep a pres tet
Te Leh xin css 5 ib dpi Foe a en
eve addei
Cie Cog 0
Th mie bray of sm xsl and vey Kid he gaint soni do

Fe Ts
0.4, Tox econo of chivas crn prods oi say,
1b Hes Chasen Sa, LAS, Medi Voeitonsz—umer of wiss.
10 1 fave bd eqn can 0 tr orm chp r, ad cn

i er
yom sou by oe Porm ekig 4s no Vapi i SE

AI AES, Nn
amd dein the lr cual (sculon 1 hese ¢ Secu ae peopLed prudent bp emimeet

il we CE eles)
mt AT ST
Ee at ee 0 Sf pe de
fe Rn ETT A ane
SE ERPS Bin, co bang As fr ct gf
En at SN Si Shen nent, Chat vier
re 0 my cho ey of ae ti”

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 NOTE OF DISSENT BY LALA NUIAL CitavD, wo

15s Dan, Neff Prcionss — bro wines

ita
antes
& priest
Lg et cabo by ee ps lady bd
tes scqeed with god
orb eect o a rug PH
Bata A RE
10. 25Tie umetio fhe do, whe sete

TO Se a a Ye she
Iba) iy 8 oi om cic oa cto at he nf chs

eI REL
GryTis15Doris
i 8 ai Ln
od reSc i ns
ef ag dm he competi oe, isso 1 tor
Uni dharani api
Dish 2 ced by ce Uno

pT de dt
i sd conga cued by cacy conc of bs tog he

RNR a a oe
BER esas coe pedi on

- ym Se A an a EC rie, They rt
Ebon ys ater gino tt eo Se rv. Tei mot ere
a ety ag wl a 0 1 pion of tele 3K, they cnt

fed Tn he Seng Pek os seve oa

bod i
ches of mote x ps fm of iba) flee, fs ban ws

Ei rei
15 Pit abe, Hai Sime of miss,

RE
mma in aR ER
17am Sua, cae
Amst Noe Tin an sme ome of
Cat Bee sts &
ey Ton Te tr corte

neta sie
id ere Eee Te
these addicted 13 lang, .
isa a comisced atte sv of Shang chi 3

Fan AT Th TR aa RR
and Co Ue, iy fits
camsequeitly faachores,
casnot smoke hyea ’

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 OTE OF DISSENT BY LALA NIHAL CHAND. i

STATENENT 1V.—Opfaion o sme witnesses a erie. (Para. 04.f th ne)

pp irl eee
Bengal (Crime).

i
4 RL emer of Boo Revnsen- Namo of trict

alr fm of cine

iCCoearia
Lh ant Fo Vin ate sy Ba iy
Rit dy SE
aroha NrCySEES elSa
Hi SRL a
hora Ti ein ie 1 is ner Vl ba is
(A RT
A he haa ha
aia war
Sr ao dri Tie 5 hpi To Tests youre Ni 3 nd

fr re A
Be LC. Willams, LCS Timber of witnrs.
102 ee nove tai ous Ws avis
0.551 ll hia dug cre 1th ope on scout wht docs in te nyt.

Wiis Cotes Tape Spacil Doty Clic, SemNembr of

Linen
9g ya resides Re Sue gy yee Auton Come
ind wah minagereat of br Extn masters ce 11s fa Oras 0

TS RTS
cy10 Coie
gto bd asta navy goss snd
its se of Si kerf thasge Tesase

iS per nt
1 To umes cues of wi 5 coed. nnn amok wick oes fn

50. 1. Mansy, Colt f SmneAvmor of wisc—i

on yd Co li ec 10. Ne
Tray po -
Ga whe ne a ihn cont ci
so0. Pani
hesac Se FH RS inn
ow or that ey speeded ims

SL se le
Me. 11, Cork, Ot Commer Number o =
on fee ect ctl tee, in ih 1 av seed 51 duit fa
ged tht devto oa ba cds mt so ie sag

i ie apenas ll och
0.53 Undoubtedly 1 eee 1 am 51 ein hs

wo 3S z 7 its
Is sob mpc tht thy ty Vd by cts oor et Gt

551: Fino, Dict Sep TRTaat of Pollen —Nimbr of sisi

na PE Sent of of Bs A pa i cle
051 Yon. 3 ge rope ek hf ted t,o dehy asd ext
comascan
ETtscof
Sernthod,es Shh
ra chs
5 SAA
+ er Cope
Tapes im ol, he Biter
Src ad
ne

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 463 RERORS OF THE INDIAN HEME DRUGS COMMISSION, 16051.

Ge IL Torker, Sette ol Poe —uler of mite

re, gig ma nd rr, od eh or exe
aed PS EI a Ls
Vo ca lene fg es mast spremedied sin,

A Radia Govind, Ra Sb bmi — Nile of wins

0.1m a otic wih ern wh we dog,
0:55 Exceie wn of ga ces spramediscd ing

© Sasi Gi Nak Roy, ibd, Zumiades —Nwmer of sicis

0.605 hag orl bd i ice

Seco wih cimes of any great o pee corse OB 1 0 dit cone

loa Neh Badia VirsShan, sn, Dep Maghirt sad Doty

Cie ome o wir
se BT GE
0.1m be dvd my expe he Fale rp Cactr of tn Dit

wedi ah Ss
0,59 caran prop of had chs re bal modes esse of

el 104ThegosGa
wo are dete to ccm ae of of Hse dre sc

vg sa in ge ey of dee dos nd

pone Ry, Cos eee Gove os

0.52 exceniv se fhe duis cannon ao Sladen
0 53 Popie nging fn xc wf us may ome vik and commit
cmb Fie se ees Aled wh bot en dS

r= orb St Mp Be od eo
he0 1hanion
tc of mp raion 4 pty ed omy experi sad pay on
hae eee i fs os ee
9, ped sd or bo he igo
Ee ah) a we el pl wa by
cena having Se sei chain fo the si of Fun bu 10 Ely Be
Eel ean and ene be a ek te Ear

nls eo mb Ee ey
nad Re {my
Sot i a i aod bp i
14m VT. Ricketh, Mase, Ng Site —Sumer of ici,
Fi ie Dicer, thes Mae of he Exc Adin he Not

an Ge ee it gle
51st romp of th uf 20d anh nl obit toi,
i el, 5S Gr ars oe sn by ss fe comming

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 NOTE OF DISSENT BY LALA NiHAL CHAD. os

a ga or en TE
a i AL Se
oly Lascelles Wath, Dic Seiten of Polen of
0. 5 ar sve te Pole Deetiocat oe 14 eu

win Eo seddaty ied 5 iodo becuse bt wos an vp

LE
FH 5g ave hard of pn ag wid oct cms
con hemline we of Voces PESmn tte
6b Nob Conds Son, ob Divi Oc — um of wines,
1 51—Novlnt cnn ick aa severe but nd ses dup evi

es pian a
ib iling
0 gi fos. Tks fone exe wher met wos comitd ude ths na
ence Ee oe wei yr

Ee
ee ER ee ees rr.
=a
een Stee me
amie
Ras Camas Gh, Blin, Pemianr Sabet ad Linder —
Nir heen
0 1 was poe ofc snd served an te ld sd

oy of fom Ed corsa ar be moni omnes gis

i Dacua sad rors geaealy we gus 1 cy themes oso ines
wit Se Dene

19Nieys Nada Roy, Merch and Zaid — Nowe of wines,

0, 5y=Tier are many wily bu carte, that wa the dro merlin dey
tre ty sha at ase Se Sad cr Sete a PeRRE
LE oe i chy 1s oe whch a
SE Th aa of et sad aterm an

mR sy SD i 18, Go in

Ee
Sena a
©. sbi omnes of hse dogs ae had dre

re En ee)
Ee ee
A Kits Acton Coombs Numero sts.

is poi

0 soem beer ty grow ap moc vce sada Jon he ening veo gas.
2c Lal Ban Dog Collector —Nambo of assis.
0, 1—Exguinac gaa dain the core of my fl case nd pina cx

srry cst thse opoct le ote, Fon

SE BIL Sl Bi
he anton of the cnn rly Abemaiee fo he act Mosk prooably

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 OTE OF DISSENT BY LALA NIIAL CIAND. 465

Wil cies of vee,

oy BSE oe es cs wei comin hd 1s em

end ~The
Si aeidecesoin el
generally given histo te man 1s vag beyond bs
8 sep men i home: =
33 Abas Saad, Deputy Maite any Collector —Nimbr of aitnsimss.
Or rea consested wih exch ada teion ce 1857,
frien cn Sas so ai, on
0g a Suara
Ela Lave awoke of abi before saying loth om ae exprdian
ety tits are fin commited by. Torys given 0 gus soa bt havo v0

Smid em
41 Excein indlgence ng s bleed 0 aie ty speeded rm,
Dado AR AE empprny ho lay,
3327, C. AS, Bde, Daty Commioinss Number o fur
Fis ts comncd y foe vio ar
SrA cammivicd by tone wade te tfocees ofthe droge
5 Sain the dete wage sting ad main ca,

SMe E.R. rae, spect Gener Voice, Dor Numer of wines.

Anime of Criminal cg.
Some Diet Sein
is dors end 1a he

nie ene,
To i cl state he wits says ha ot of 1408 bal characters 100 at i
diced "the i oF ganja ah 40 a 35d to tak Dang, Sil soe as. Sho bn Ake
ln nd BT er SE Se a sr bd cara
35=Me WV. 10 Grime Comino of Chota Nvgoree— Nor of sits,

al view maT
Excuse of gai I hired tad 1, sings 1 beings 4

© fuddarace Ta gana fs Sid ta keto remotatod ccs and to

wagon vowel nen.

36m ih so, Dy rc sod Dept Cocina of

0: sts Sg haat sain of (os kr

Cia es ne
; Numer of situs.
Assam (Crime).
Me. Grensics, Deputy Cos

omen et a ach sats 1, on sop 4 Saget 1 Mk

i aa eee
Sot pin: ef do (aml a cons i prporion of 1 Lad hracterof he
Sigbeioo
om le ce go rovoction be
peakve big
annU4cas
secaofAasins fo bcm
teamed Bs losE, SALRELE Cane

ae 0 A le HE SILER
Vis, wot undue. Porions sbosing undo pecwin dlim prodsced

$5051 W. Nacmamacs, sr Gel Sargon Namie of tno,

rls oc orders, 7 8 PE
tae fic 15 yaa ben among. people wo asks ue of emp products to

ny

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 Tren
465 REPORT OF TUE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMISSION, 1835.04.

Coie, bt woo aan, gos wich the we of these drags cams ascertain whether ghsfs

390.1. Anderson, Oficiting Commimianer of Excise—Numbr of witneii—s.

. 1=1 bv rc in sage of ts xc ditt of wey, sey dit

in Ai da peat oi Suing 5 Conese AF Exc

sand, and TS a TE
(0. Tho ony hie] cinta te eines tthe Masslns ive dacs

na LS WT AE
10 50a Known of cane which the madre se of ga anos ts garden

rr
{ami J 5, W, Dayne Ca Dt Sestenden of Polker—Nimer of

0. twenty ene sevice Tdi

se eT Ti TS ey
0 512 in min vl dy edo hae de aol
The Cxtenive me of gaojs mae oich hun sat lads Ko <rime AmoRpt th bo

ten Koss Sry Sec Ue ope Ky Avatar of

0 11nd ange ppc of viding drat paces of his dict od fee
suena HL paso ied mm
0 5 Taco ins 0 gnosis ioe cs 0
andGass gives
rt Ek sie{are
hints pdspm
sn aks
st, ino
To espaar
Ses bers
nS only ble
Vin kom 1 fonts When was Steamer Agent at Bev ths ota

For be rE in
7 in wd 10 gee nie Ve nae of ok a 3 Se tm od
TET ata amd sn ber lone aes sia ies me roe Sp

elma TL pl
mi. J Rivet Coan, Disc Separate of Pole — Nimo of ists,
57 tos dnc hin Un cao nla ean et fh to
ak seers a
Ses” exgarcnce ae Pl ofc EE ne
3M F.C, Norse, To Pastor Number of wiario—ss

on0 go—Ver: mire. 1 3 case of 3 man my glen who cu of Mi wiles

ST ant de ee io Bh

SC ee ee
ANP. 1, On, Dep Commie Number of itso

Rede
eens SeligEm
folie ech
cr =
45K Chases Catoadiys— Nor of itis

any ido mpm, re

Hove 1 to dl vith cay cossaser and die of the des snd psn:

(3am of 3 cae in which sn exci sj sma ill a ind of

wit To sy Seok cmt ff aia e

oS

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 nd
| NOTE OF DISSRNT BY LALA NIHAL CHAD. “

North Western Provinces (Crime).

6 Kr, Peon of in =i
et oe he rt sh wwe The mae oc mney tes rg, he

47E. Beri, Deputy laspecor Gesaral of Pole Number of witness.

1 ged 3 iy bag goprion of te ome cus of Ne bd ce:
fe on ET es Comin We en

fee Sa
Vleet cm. Usiorventey | anak Soe a rec

Be. R. Puss Dict Soper eto Pon Sembee of i

ant eT ee (1 1 hn sv tse

4 Js exon in pricy ily 0 procs ety resin

Som. abamed We, Dipty olor

2. gt Ter we ue

a ree et amis
ost an EA a SR
0 To me 0 excvive ie of sed

CE il
ET
Se
I al amin i

Eo ft tg

Eee
EE
seth
52-80 CP. Koy, Dict Sept
at al
eB Humihon, Dist SpTRERIaT of Pine of wisi =73:
2 Srmtnte shy tims

pr —
syn

55K Di ye A Re ee Ramp Conc of ery.

fee aio eh ee die of te ded immer,

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465 REPORT OF TUE IXDIAK HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 159394.

te L111 Toman, Dict Sesion feof olin — onder of wlnei—60

lan a a A a RE ER RT
71s baler 30 3 ci of couse exces deence dre nck 12
Fe ie wi hay do mi

7D Ma eb Tew, win
Ecosis Nolo so Sus Neer
So of the
Cuan bd chucks
cx Wack be iavd.
i molt copsgo
(0 he of geo
orf
Ae SU ES RR Sl Crt ty bam end 14
aei abe Es
A iS
Ei Ems
herCine
Li 2 xf. they Fl th Comms Eoboeey od Ut ol

Yes cain cama ws ae a4) sy of tek doy rly thrales

yr eg 14rd td cf Vince orate r,t ek ket

REIL 0, Robart, fot Magri a Exch Ofc — Numer of wir —35.

thes awl) conf while casa, cei hn fcc
atu
LS AoEEls SR SA SL
ke IN
os i LeFo LL
oe
eo ys Ud i Ely Bree
$9 Pact, LCS, Dogo Camminiton Numer of sir 30

Bens ad Carvel a 20
oud yr he Gi Sc he Sc Ween rics
Gta a ist fod rman rns of ence se pray

enti on SC hy Soe DTH ae i, Td We

BIg a wher us ron cht, Bots vient amd dmgeroun,
fou Ponirard Selmar, Regina NA 36 Veter of
0. 61 ar portion of bd hit rs bial mada cons of there
drvgh 34 Thay oh genera id spec] me
1. 51 The anniv su ofthat drugs somes nce 2 cies

ted ed wd w crm 5
0 §y—Tha ciclo Voie droga fry heels to comnit a pre i

0. Taal Abdi, Kian Bor, Deut Clon — amber of wibiri—3

The itor bas hd vied expeccnce of may ye

Tia prion of bd cscs al mre

Grays to need of mans Uo Loy dress fo cremmapion.

3A Mahomed Khan, Pessioner.— Naber of witaeit—364.

Faas Ei, Le
Een
ET
een Sa done Ty theme 1 en herd ht sweicr Lve beck

653K Hass Kian, Taine Nebr of mini

dee
0 61—Gonsel ogues sed vegas we the neni, Sock tasters
es im Beige Ga

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 отв ок бнт ву бм Міны. лхо. ө

ніні

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 NOTE OF DISSENT BY LALA NIA CikKD. i”

2 Poe eT reoe dope cine {ae oes carro

Fon of th cam, bee 0 lic tut lave bd fsck cr A
romero
Lm anEt a0 EL, ie eee Un dpLdded
18. Waban amber of ihr.

ai he neato hs dng. De th cass oo S00 a Dn

ented Provinces (Crime)

39a 1 sgh Hallet Ot esocionConrs of Poles asd Pi

le ie et yo
Namie sf eins.

mf IAS REA Sen

0. 7a uty i ud chaste i Soman ts gre or fo degre,

Voi, Rang ek oi pg rt of csi

mrt br od os beter
aif

Lahoud shy tat ee a wi th aliore Tul the erengy wo

eh = le arte mms trl .

mes
i es EE SLSR LIT

Ese
Tiki Be bs ec to CLS les AEM rope hen Wh re oi

Nuwbir of witweit—32, onto

SE rE
od oe. 115 comme:

ie 28d
fot
wake 1b8 omaners we vii
io as od fom tmp ts iis
ct Sh VL Sh os ea by ee
ey 4 Fal come he fa i
et cies 2 tn of hh deg ad 0 i dn lr tn wien

EE
Fo
mo ede
eTCe
ES
—— 0 Specimens of Flee unde of nits

Eee te
10 To cnr of thors dv nds ot coms

a 1ABR I SRR Sine en

swine so be dnt scl ps, oad fo pes.

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 Se ce E
Ee
473 REPORT OF THE INDIAN ENE DR

Saba
a a i Cai re od Gn RISE Tht

ie 1 i cs mr hr iy
Fab fc at %
Sa—The Hon'ble Gasgadiaran ates Chima Hoprsy Mogitct, Neder of the
rays Covell Niner of winch

© ge pS cris of ci ey
SAT eK He ES BRE
he
ts cht ef me ae
given ta thelis acd other off: : . ba

xcloetof th wh ul pein

85 Tinta Site, Comasonr and Divan of the Soap Stae—Nmer of

Sins
0. 59—The excmive indulges in praemolig faces ( aprenediated
te Sloe |S cf a a wat ed Sug Cx Eo
SPATE it ihe ot mi he ld ison sels who 1d emis ah
Him Tit wh oe tute thom. There was so in fo he. mies ex.
emai 2h ws a ae i I the of Bh
Sr rat bem fey | dan to 1 ma, 0 me
me mit
a ets Te The a
SET hy et
S135: Ml

eens YE
Soe

rite i seine np sgn

Er a eT
85-Mr Pay, anpcte of Pike 3nd Soprnrnden of Cy Plc, Tbilpare
Nir of mk, Josie
0611 do ot ink tt ore thn 3a ger et. of the bud chic of is

a.
0 51 Abou ps coef bd chrctos fh ity ree cemi asm:
cm 2 ec sg Bp ho ores bt Some py Sis
Rn Se Sn for wan of and ca te drm
I $3 The acme cof thi dig Ec bd chute fo ih pop
aod hh te Dymo a slo mh alee ko te Day
$20 hare Sn nhac 13 WHR oa adhe hea: Skcled whe tt chee
ligt i us, Ke ews.
Madras (Crime).

Bi—Cotone Chrys, Dept asec Geers a Pele Nu of wits,

0. 57—The lowest clue of Nuhamuadios aon whom tere are 3 onl sey
na flier me ani Sod Dhan. prersec fei e Koc ot Soni
Ed amino Segue ar sd 6 ehh Lgl. Then bes sos comm

§7—Captain CM Kennedy, Communit, 1 Psners—omier of sbsn—31.

Tm who conn tem we geal, fom 4 min pit of ve,

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 NOTE OF DISSENT BY LALA NIHAL CHAND. an

0. saver: pic ols

Jeli i Tn I
ry oer cae hc by sotn, lcs wih ba scared of ent

(5. 1. Gulden, Sopaiaiaden, Coats Jims of witei—73.

fF ee st of ml ri en is ii
Sumroc
9,7 ia dcr on se fo sd We no we bic)

91. Naissnn, &. 1, hecoe of Eos —Numer of wits

0 1th bes 17 yur fn th Plc Deparcent sod thee sees ther

ee Ta Ee ERT 5
1S Vsnes Kms De, Zmitc Modo of ssi
2th mare Lm ans | sad ke
RT EEL
Te ei ae aL
i ti tics bd chaste tdi cms,

Seti tid 0 ab one Dara Chara that wih the crcl eLtion of marion

J Mays tly Gd thoi cay cca nbs vile

ana Sie)

0 rapes of ey 20 ys
055i sed oy cs ed colle bowie

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 ed, ES ne
474 RATORT OF THE LNDIAY JEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 18054.

dete Un fit) commune woth fhe wre 10nd: to ace,

TH BS as
et do a che a hich
amo ba Tork wh hea wk sed oko
ot, Eh od vein Fan pe

8 PIL Dasa Pe

La es in a1Casas ie
Pitas bata

sealed
Ro CLEei Cem
eteca |
Sok avi of ty ess In 3 ih 1 at La To 4 mea Eom (rey

8 CG. Doig, 1: se Nite awd Aisa Collector

Niners sitet
laa. Tn my xperince he ase of the rug Bo 5 th conmecton wih crise,
0 gia
PEE mere,
09051, uml C1 —Namber of witnii—,
vs sg yee src is al ikon of 5 presi fvopt Sod).

a de CL BE ET
dog snd mes Be ert J can cine, mode 3 es An Oe

ch Tih Se my ce. On the ate a, | ave ec sold th he dg wake

Sind (Crime).

ea % is
£00.De, 3. Kl, M5, Li ity Read of wei—3,
ree mel gracias of 11 ean? sola wd ax medic SESE of
pen Td Se o ening scmed ae temp Begs So
Fi, chpeciy tn Kori
0. 5 The ob modrte eves, iy of cass, es bd haat

110. 5. Sar Sa Oo ny Conpinismr—3mie of

slit CE
0 61 Turon chiming to be abit ( eased chr ave ca Kowa to

51 apncas th re wh le i ang wm xsl poked sad bosoms

excel i, and tn ety esate fre he Toei of hn aed
CE Se mn snd omaiied OF pris died 3
re ly co Sher spor o omg
one Bar Kal ko Gl i, i. Deputy Collie —Nanter

©. 2 have served in al th ast

sn fd LTT BLAS se me es 3p,
geTe come
angrte dos
hes dos remoiis
bs ie pmlc ime

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 o as
t dr,
pares i6 ih te)

Shri
Ti Monta Zuni

gd ESE lids
El nT Ch
Any Romie Maite, iewdv, Secret, Rasta Aviation 334

phn Sa, zis, tsi

i Bc Ee wai | 17

i EE
ERE Doe Bio Commi
ig, Senay be Tipe By

hs El

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416 REPORT OF THE INDIAN MEME DRUGS COMMISSION, 18051

BREE Raf fad ene i

BE ton ean Sg, Medien Cos %

| Gee IE, 5
glo ott: Dlcaing Conalutndf of Eis
88 | Di | ugk Nth Ruy Eton Adwistast Comsisiozer |

EN SEE :
£4, ms st, Mil Cis

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 a

Cp &]
Df De, De igo de o

[3

KN vii, Pees Taspectar

Er

i Bal EC

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