THE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL AGRA
CLASS-X
COMPUTER APPLICATION
CSS unit-2 HTML II
What is CSS?
CSS is the language we use to style a Web page.
• CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
• CSS describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on screen, paper, or in other
media
• CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at once •
External stylesheets are stored in CSS files
Why Use CSS?
CSS is used to define styles for your web pages, including the design, layout and variations in
display for different devices and screen sizes.
CSS Syntax
The selector points to the HTML element you want to style.
The declaration block contains one or more declarations separated by semicolons.
Each declaration includes a CSS property name and a value, separated by a colon.
Multiple CSS declarations are separated with semicolons, and declaration blocks are
surrounded by curly braces. example :
all <p> elements will be center-aligned, with a red text color:
p { color: red;
text-align: center; }
Example Explained
• p is a selector in CSS (it points to the HTML element you want to style: <p>).
• color is a property, and red is the property value
• text-align is a property, and center is the property value
• All CSS Simple Selectors
Selector Example Example description
#id #firstname Selects the element with id="firstname"
.class .intro Selects all elements with class="intro"
element.class p.intro Selects only <p> elements with class="intro"
* * Selects all elements
element p Selects all <p> elements
element,element,.. div, p Selects all <div> elements and all <p> elements
Three Ways to Insert CSS
There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:
• External CSS
• Internal CSS
• Inline CSS
External CSS
With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire website by changing just
one file!
Each HTML page must include a reference to the external style sheet file inside the <link>
element, inside the head section.
External styles are defined within the <link> element, inside the <head> section of an HTML
page:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="mystyle.css">
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
An external style sheet can be written in any text editor, and must be saved with a .css
extension.
The external .css file should not contain any HTML tags.
Here is how the "mystyle.css" file looks:
"mystyle.css"
body { background-color:
lightblue;
} h1 { color:
navy; margin-left:
20px; }
Internal CSS
An internal style sheet may be used if one single HTML page has a unique style.
The internal style is defined inside the <style> element, inside the head section.
Example
Internal styles are defined within the <style> element, inside the <head> section of an HTML
page:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style> body
{
background-color: linen;
} h1 { color:
maroon; margin-
left: 40px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Inline CSS
An inline style may be used to apply a unique style for a single element.
To use inline styles, add the style attribute to the relevant element. The style attribute can
contain any CSS property.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1 style="color:blue;text-align:center;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="color:red;">This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
CSS uses color values to specify a color. Typically, these are used to set a color either for the
foreground of an element (i.e., its text) or else for the background of the element. They can also be
used to affect the color of borders and other decorative effects.
You can specify your color values in various formats. Following table lists all the possible formats −
Format Syntax Example
Hex Code #RRGGBB p{color:#FF0000;}
Short Hex Code #RGB p{color:#6A7;}
RGB % rgb(rrr%,ggg%,bbb%) p{color:rgb(50%,50%,50%);}
RGB Absolute rgb(rrr,ggg,bbb) p{color:rgb(0,0,255);}
keyword aqua, black, etc. p{color:teal;}
These formats are explained in more detail in the following sections −
CSS Colors - Hex Codes
A hexadecimal is a 6 digit representation of a color. The first two digits(RR) represent a red value, the
next two are a green value(GG), and the last are the blue value(BB).
A hexadecimal value can be taken from any graphics software like Adobe Photoshop, Jasc Paintshop
Pro, or even using Advanced Paint Brush.
Each hexadecimal code will be preceded by a pound or hash sign '#'. Following are the examples to
use Hexadecimal notation.
Color Color HEX
#000000
#FF0000
#00FF00
#0000FF
#FFFF00
#00FFFF
#FF00FF
#C0C0C0
#FFFFFF
CSS Colors - Short Hex Codes
This is a shorter form of the six-digit notation. In this format, each digit is replicated to arrive at an
equivalent six-digit value. For example: #6A7 becomes #66AA77.
A hexadecimal value can be taken from any graphics software like Adobe Photoshop, Jasc Paintshop
Pro, or even using Advanced Paint Brush.
Each hexadecimal code will be preceded by a pound or hash sign '#'. Following are the examples to
use Hexadecimal notation.
Color Color HEX
#000
#F00
#0F0
#0FF
#FF0
#0FF
#F0F
#FFF
CSS Colors - RGB Values
This color value is specified using the rgb( ) property. This property takes three values, one each for
red, green, and blue. The value can be an integer between 0 and 255 or a percentage.
NOTE − All the browsers does not support rgb() property of color so it is recommended not to use it.
Following is the example to show few colors using RGB values.
Color Color RGB
rgb(0,0,0)
rgb(255,0,0)
rgb(0,255,0)
rgb(0,0,255)
rgb(255,255,0)
rgb(0,255,255)
rgb(255,0,255)
rgb(192,192,192)
rgb(255,255,255)
Building Color Codes
You can build millions of color codes using our Color Code Builder. Check our HTML Color Code
Builder. To use this tool, you would need a Java Enabled Browser.
Browser Safe Colors
Here is the list of 216 colors which are supposed to be most safe and computer independent colors.
These colors vary from hexa code 000000 to FFFFFF. These colors are safe to use because they
ensure that all computers would display the colors correctly when running a 256 color palette −
000000 000033 000066 000099 0000CC 0000FF
003300 003333 003366 003399 0033CC 0033FF
006600 006633 006666 006699 0066CC 0066FF
009900 009933 009966 009999 0099CC 0099FF
00CC00 00CC33 00CC66 00CC99 00CCCC 00CCFF
00FF00 00FF33 00FF66 00FF99 00FFCC 00FFFF
330000 330033 330066 330099 3300CC 3300FF
333300 333333 333366 333399 3333CC 3333FF
336600 336633 336666 336699 3366CC 3366FF
339900 339933 339966 339999 3399CC 3399FF
33CC00 33CC33 33CC66 33CC99 33CCCC 33CCFF
33FF00 33FF33 33FF66 33FF99 33FFCC 33FFFF
660000 660033 660066 660099 6600CC 6600FF
663300 663333 663366 663399 6633CC 6633FF
666600 666633 666666 666699 6666CC 6666FF
669900 669933 669966 669999 6699CC 6699FF
66CC00 66CC33 66CC66 66CC99 66CCCC 66CCFF
66FF00 66FF33 66FF66 66FF99 66FFCC 66FFFF
990000 990033 990066 990099 9900CC 9900FF
993300 993333 993366 993399 9933CC 9933FF
996600 996633 996666 996699 9966CC 9966FF
999900 999933 999966 999999 9999CC 9999FF
99CC00 99CC33 99CC66 99CC99 99CCCC 99CCFF
99FF00 99FF33 99FF66 99FF99 99FFCC 99FFFF
CC0000 CC0033 CC0066 CC0099 CC00CC CC00FF
CC3300 CC3333 CC3366 CC3399 CC33CC CC33FF
CC6600 CC6633 CC6666 CC6699 CC66CC CC66FF
CC9900 CC9933 CC9966 CC9999 CC99CC CC99FF
CCCC00 CCCC33 CCCC66 CCCC99 CCCCCC CCCCFF
CCFF00 CCFF33 CCFF66 CCFF99 CCFFCC CCFFFF
FF0000 FF0033 FF0066 FF0099 FF00CC FF00FF
FF3300 FF3333 FF3366 FF3399 FF33CC FF33FF
FF6600 FF6633 FF6666 FF6699 FF66CC FF66FF
FF9900 FF9933 FF9966 FF9999 FF99CC FF99FF
FFCC00 FFCC33 FFCC66 FFCC99 FFCCCC FFCCFF
FFFF00 FFFF33 FFFF66 FFFF99 FFFFCC FFFFFF
• The background-color property is used to set the background color of an element.
• <html>
• <head>
• </head>
•
• <body>
• <p style = "background-color:yellow;">
• This text has a yellow background color.
• </p>
• </body>
• </html>
Output:
This text has a yellow background color.
Specify the background color with a HSLA value:
body {background-color: hsla(89, 43%, 51%, 0.3);}
Specify the background color with a HSL value: body
{background-color: hsl(89, 43%, 51%);}
Specify the background color with an RGBA value: body
{background-color: rgba(201, 76, 76, 0.3);}
Specify the background color with an RGB value:
body {background-color: rgb(201, 76, 76);}
Specify the background color with a HEX value:
body {background-color: #92a8d1;}
Definition and Usage
The border-style property sets the style of an element's four borders. This property can have
from one to four values.
Examples:
• border-style: dotted solid double
dashed; o top border is dotted o right
border is solid o bottom border is
double o left border is dashed
• border-style: dotted solid double; o
top border is dotted o right and left
borders are solid o bottom border is
double
• border-style: dotted solid; o top and
bottom borders are dotted o right and
left borders are solid
• border-style: dotted; o all four
borders are dotted
Value Description
none
Default value. Specifies no border
hidden The same as "none", except in border conflict resolution for table elements
dotted
Specifies a dotted border
dashed Specifies a dashed border
solid Specifies a solid border
double
Specifies a double border
groove Specifies a 3D grooved border. The effect depends on the border-color value
ridge Specifies a 3D ridged border. The effect depends on the border-color value
inset
Specifies a 3D inset border. The effect depends on the border-color value
outset Specifies a 3D outset border. The effect depends on the border-color value
initial Sets this property to its default value.
inherit Inherits this property from its parent element.
Example:
p.one {border-style: dotted solid dashed double;}
p.two {border-style: dotted solid dashed;}
p.three {border-style: dotted solid;}
p.four {border-style: dotted;}
div { border-style:
outset; border-color:
coral; border-width:
7px; }
CSS Margins
The CSS margin properties are used to create space around elements, outside of any defined
borders.
With CSS, you have full control over the margins. There are properties for setting the margin
for each side of an element (top, right, bottom, and left).
Margin - Individual Sides
CSS has properties for specifying the margin for each side of an element:
• margin-top
• margin-right
• margin-bottom
• margin-left
All the margin properties can have the following values:
• auto - the browser calculates the margin • length - specifies a margin in px, pt, cm, etc.
• % - specifies a margin in % of the width of the containing element
• inherit - specifies that the margin should be inherited from the parent element
• Tip: Negative values are allowed.
• Example
• Set different margins for all four sides of a <p> element:
• p {
margin-top: 100px; margin-
bottom: 100px; margin-right:
150px; margin-left: 80px;
}
Margin - Shorthand Property
To shorten the code, it is possible to specify all the margin properties in one property.
The margin property is a shorthand property for the following individual margin properties:
• margin-top
• margin-right
• margin-bottom
• margin-left
So, here is how it works:
If the margin property has four values:
• margin: 25px 50px 75px 100px; o top margin is 25px o right margin is 50px o bottom
margin is 75px o left margin is 100px
Example
Use the margin shorthand property with four values:
p { margin: 25px 50px 75px
100px; }
If the margin property has three values:
• margin: 25px 50px 75px; o top
margin is 25px o right and left
margins are 50px o bottom
margin is 75px
Example
Use the margin shorthand property with three values:
p { margin: 25px 50px
75px; }
If the margin property has two values:
• margin: 25px 50px; o top and bottom
margins are 25px o right and left
margins are 50px
Example
Use the margin shorthand property with two values:
p { margin: 25px
50px; }
If the margin property has one value:
• margin: 25px; o all four
margins are 25px
Example
Use the margin shorthand property with one value:
p {
margin: 25px;
}
The auto Value
You can set the margin property to auto to horizontally center the element within its
container.
The element will then take up the specified width, and the remaining space will be split
equally between the left and right margins.
Example
Use margin: auto:
div { width: 300px;
margin: auto; border:
1px solid red;
}
The inherit Value
This example lets the left margin of the <p class="ex1"> element be inherited from the
parent element (<div>):
Example
Use of the inherit value:
div { border: 1px
solid red; margin-
left: 100px;
}
p.ex1 { margin-left:
inherit; }
CSS Layout - float
The CSS float property specifies how an element should float.
The CSS clear property specifies what elements can float beside the cleared
element and on which side.
The float Property
The float property is used for positioning and formatting content e.g. let an image float left
to the text in a container.
The float property can have one of the following values:
• left - The element floats to the left of its container
• right - The element floats to the right of its container
• none - The element does not float (will be displayed just where it occurs in the text).
This is default
• inherit - The element inherits the float value of its parent
In its simplest use, the float property can be used to wrap text around images.
Example
img { float:
right; }
CSS Height and Width
The CSS height and width properties are used to set the height and width of an element.
The CSS max-width property is used to set the maximum width of an element.
CSS Setting height and width
The height and width properties are used to set the height and width of an element.
The height and width properties do not include padding, borders, or margins. It sets the
height/width of the area inside the padding, border, and margin of the element.
The height and width properties may have the following values:
• auto - This is default. The browser calculates the height and width
• length - Defines the height/width in px, cm etc.
• % - Defines the height/width in percent of the containing block
• initial - Sets the height/width to its default value
• inherit - The height/width will be inherited from its parent value
Example
div { height: 200px; width:
50%; background-color:
powderblue; }
Setting max-width
The max-width property is used to set the maximum width of an element.
The max-width can be specified in length values, like px, cm, etc., or in percent (%) of the
containing block, or set to none (this is default. Means that there is no maximum width).
div { max-width: 500px;
height: 100px; background-
color: powderblue;
}
Property Description
height Sets the height of an element
max-height Sets the maximum height of an element
max-width Sets the maximum width of an element
min-height Sets the minimum height of an element
min-width Sets the minimum width of an element
width Sets the width of an element
CSS Outline Style
The outline-style property specifies the style of the outline, and can have one of the
following values:
• dotted - Defines a dotted outline
• dashed - Defines a dashed outline
• solid - Defines a solid outline
• double - Defines a double outline
• groove - Defines a 3D grooved outline
• ridge - Defines a 3D ridged outline
• inset - Defines a 3D inset outline
• outset - Defines a 3D outset outline
• none - Defines no outline
• hidden - Defines a hidden outline
The following example shows the different outline-style values:
Example
Demonstration of the different outline styles:
p.dotted {outline-style: dotted;}
p.dashed {outline-style: dashed;}
p.solid {outline-style: solid;}
p.double {outline-style: double;}
p.groove {outline-style: groove;}
p.ridge {outline-style: ridge;}
p.inset {outline-style: inset;}
p.outset {outline-style: outset;}
