THE

COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
Objectives:

Drawing to show the role each

element plays in the communication
process.

Discuss the modes of

communication and its process.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

The Sender
(or the speaker)
 The Sender (or the speaker) holds an idea
that needs to be conveyed as a message in oral or
written form influenced by experiences,
knowledge, skills, situation, purpose, and
attitude toward self and the listener. The
sender’s goal is to transfer the message by all
means.
TheReceiver
(or the listener)
 The Receiver (or the listener) decodes the
conveyed message. He/She filters the message
based on his/her frame of reference, which
includes the level of knowledge about the subject,
language proficiency, experiences, values, and
attitudes
The Message
 The Message is any idea delivered by the sender
to the receiver. A message can be in verbal form
(i.e., written or spoken words, sign language, e-
mail, text messages, phone calls, snail-mail, sky-
writing, etc.) and with non-verbal content (e.g.,
body movement and gestures, eye contact,
artifacts and clothing, vocal variety, touch,
timing, etc.).
The Channel
 The Channel is the medium or means through
which the message is transmitted.

 The primary channels in face-to-face

communication are sound and sight.
 Public announcements and advertisements are
commonly sent through radio, television,
Internet, newspapers and magazines. Other
channels communicate nonverbal messages
through the use of other human senses such as
touching, smelling, and tasting.
The Noise
 The Noise is also known as the barrier that
affects the message from being sent, received, or
understood. Noise is classified in the following
forms:
 Physical Noise is the noise from the environment
such as beeping cars, talking people, ringing phones,
barking dogs, etc.
 Semantic Noise is the different understanding of
the meaning of the message sent which considers
language, culture, or handwriting.
 Psychological Noise depends on one’s concept or
mentality towards the message or the speaker such
as prejudices, narrow mindedness, and biases.
 Physiological Noise relating to physiology/ relating
to the human’s functioning.
The Situation
 The Situation is the time and place in which
communication occurs. Communication adapts to
the setting. For example, the language of
students in the classroom is quite different from
the language they use at home.
The Feedback
 The Feedback is the receiver’s message that he
or she sends to the source in response to the
sender’s message.
 Feedback can be in the form of verbal or non-
verbal response.
THE MODELS OF
COMMUNICATION
LINEAR, INTERACTIVE AND TRANSACTIONAL
LINEAR COMMUNICATION MODEL
 Shannon and Weaver were the first to present
the Linear Model of Communication in 1949′s
The Mathematical Theory of Communication
(Gavi, 2013). This is the basic concept of
communication where a speaker simply
transmits a message to the listener.
INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION MODEL

Interactive Communication Model

(Lorente, et al., 2017)
 In the more complex interactive model, the
sender channels a message to the receiver and
the receiver then sends feedback and channels a
message to the original sender. In this context,
the interactive model is like two linear models
piled on top of each other.
 Communication is considered effective if it
receives the desired result, response or reaction
(Lorente, et al., 2017).
TRANSACTIONAL COMMUNICATION MODEL
 transactional model of communication that takes into
account “noise” or interference in communication as
well as the time factor.
 It also takes into account changes that happen in the
communicators’ fields of personal and common
experiences. The model also labels each
communicator as both sender as well as receiver
simultaneously.
 The transactional model is a more complex
understanding of communication because it considers
social, relational, and cultural contexts and their
influence to the communication.
 Social context refers to the stated rules or
unstated norms that guide communication. Some
common rules influence social contexts (i.e. do
not lie to people; do not interrupt people; thank
people when upon receiving a compliment from
them).
 Usually, guardians and teachers pass on these
rules to the young ones. These unstated norms
serve as reminders to children or students where
there could be consequences for not following
them.
 Relational context involves the social history and
relationship between/among people. Initial
interactions among people are more predictable
and ruled by norms, but in relational context,
people are more flexible whether to follow or to
get away from these social customs.
 For instance, the communication rules and norms
for a father-daughter relationship do not apply to
a employer-employee relationship or vice versa.
 Cultural context incorporates the aspects of
human identity specifically the sexual
characteristics, ethnic group, way of life, sexual
orientation, social class, and skill. Historically
marginalized identities are naturally aware of
their cultural background, which usually
influence their communication to others and
others’ communication with them.
 In communication, dominant identities of people
are rarely present, by chance, imagine how
cultural context engage in their communication.
COMMUNICATION BARRIERS
BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION
(THAT HAVE TO DO WITH THE COMMUNICATOR)
 Unwillingness to say things differently
 Unwillingness to relate to others
differently
 Unwillingness to learn new approaches

 Lack of Self-Confidence

 Lack of Enthusiasm

 Voice quality

 Prejudice
 Disagreement between verbal and non-verbal
messages
 Negative Self Image

 Lack of Feedback

 Lack of Motivation and Training

 Language and Vocabulary Level

 Lack of Self Awareness

BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION
(THAT HAVE TO DO WITH THE RECEIVER)
 Selective Perception
 Unwillingness to Change
 Lack of Interest in the Topic/Subject
 Prejudice & Belief System
 Rebuttal Instincts
 Personal Value System
 Here-and-Now internal & external factors
EXTERNAL BARRIERS IN
COMMUNICATION
 Environment
 The venue
 The effect of noise
 Temperature in the room

 Other People – Status, Education

 Time
COMMUNICATION
PRINCIPLES
 the communication principles serve as the
fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the
foundation for effective communication.
 When people are aware of these principles, they
know what to apply in their everyday
communication with others.
 They significantly decrease the
likelihood of misunderstanding and conflict
and increase the chances of successful and skillful
communication.
 Basically, effective communication is the goal in all
human relations.
 Ideally, fast, simple, and accurate communication is
the basis of any successful business transaction,
classroom discussion, family affairs, etc.
 This kind of communication develops productivity,
boosts competence, and lessens errors among
people. Indeed, strong communication skills help
one to excel in any operation such as sending
emails, winning a client, or conducting research.
 The principles of communication describe the
characteristics of communication which people
need to understand and learn. The notion of the
basic principles of general communication builds
relationships with people. Understanding the
seven key principles (Duck and McMahan, 2012)
may help avoid communication breakdown
among people.
Communication
involves symbols.
 Communication involves symbols.

A symbol is an arbitrary representation of something

else – an object, an idea, a place, a person, a
relationship, a word, a movement, a sound, a picture, a
logo, a gesture, or a mark. Verbal communication
involves language, while nonverbal communication
involves all other symbols. For example, the shape of a
heart is a symbol of love; a star on the shoulder is a
symbol of rank and power; a touch on the arm could be
a symbol of sympathy or love; a large car could be a
symbol of wealth, power, and status.
Communication
requires meaning.
 Communication requires meaning.
Communication requires that symbols convey
meaning: What a symbol represents is said to be
its meaning. Particular meanings, however, are
not tied to only one symbol but can be conveyed
in multiple ways using different symbols. For
example, happiness can be conveyed by giving a
thumbs-up sign, or by jumping up and down
when your team scores. Furthermore, because
they are completely arbitrary, symbols have the
potential for multiple meanings subject to change
such as the following:
 Communication requires meaning.
Furthermore, because they are completely arbitrary,
symbols have the potential for multiple meanings
subject to change such as the following:

Social construction of meaning involves the way

in which symbols take on meaning in a social context or
society as they are used over time.

The meaning of symbols within a society or a

relationship does not develop overnight but instead
results from continued use and negotiation of meaning
within that society or relationship.
 Meaning and context may vary. A single symbol
or message can also have multiple meanings
when used in different contexts.

 Verbal and nonverbal influence on Meaning.

Accompanying verbal and nonverbal symbols will
also impact meaning. For instance, the same
words send different messages depending on how
they are delivered.
 Meaning and the medium are interconnected.
The medium, or the means through which a
message is conveyed, will also impact meanings
of a message. A medium might include sound
waves or sight—especially when interacting face-
to-face with someone. It can also include cell
phones, text messages, e-mail, instant
messaging, chat rooms, social networking sites, a
note placed on someone’s windshield, smoke
signals, or many other methods of
communication.
Communication is
culture related
 Communication is culture related. The diversity
of cultures establishes various assumptions and
takes different knowledge for granted. Each time
a person talks to someone, from one culture or
another, he/she is taking knowledge for granted
doing what his/her culture expects, and treating
people in ways the culture acknowledges. This
person is doing, performing, and enacting his/her
culture through communication. Ultimately,
culture influences communication while
communication creates and reinforces these
cultural influences.
 Communication is relational. All communication
contains both a content (message) level and a
relational level, which means that, as well as
conveying information, every message indicates
how the sender of a message and the receiver of
that message are socially and personally related.
Sometimes the relational connection between
sender and receiver is obvious, such as when
formal relational terms (e.g. dad) or terms unique
to a relationship (e.g. sweetie or stinky) are
included.
Communication
involves frames.
 Communication involves frames. Communication is
very complex, but the use of frames helps people
make sense of things.

 Frames are basic forms of knowledge that provide a

definition of a scenario, either because both people
agree on the nature of the situation or because the
cultural assumptions built into the interaction and
the previous relational context of talk give them a
clue (Wood & Duck, 2006, as cited in Duck and
McMahan, 2012).

 For example, a student’s understanding of the

classroom frame will inform him/her of what he/she
should do as a student and how he/she should interact
with the teacher and classmates.
Communication is
both presentational
and representational
 Communication is both presentational and
representational.

 Communication is never neutral; it always

conveys the perspective or worldview of the
person sending a message.

 Representation describes facts or conveys

information; presentation displays the particular
version of the facts or events. One’s
communication with other people presents them
with a way of looking at the world that is based
on how that person prefers them to see it.
Communication is a
transaction
 Communication is a transaction.
 An even more sophisticated way to see
communication is communication as transaction,
or the construction of shared meanings or
understandings between two (or more)
individuals. This constitutive approach to
communication maintains that communication
creates or brings into existence something that
has not been there before.
RECORDED SPEECH 1 – COMMUNICATION
PROCESS

Record a one-minute
speech video about your
personal understanding
of the communication
process.