“Heat and Mass Transfer Laboratory Manual: OBJECTIVES To determine the heat transfer coefficient in free convection for THEORY Convection heat transfer takes place between a solid surface when the two are at different temperatures, When flow of | means such as pump or fan, the convection is called forced no any external means to cause the fluid flow, cor i n, the fluid layer in contact convection. In free conve its density and the cold fluid ru rises up due the decrease in the void. Thus the motion of the fluid is induced by the continuous and the heat transfer takes place due to the experiment, heat transfer coefficient is calculated for 2 rred from the external surface of the pipe by free col ‘transfer process, th Regardless of the particular nature of the convection convection is calculated from Newton's law of cooling: Q=hAT, -T,) Where Qis the heat transfer rate (W) ‘Ais the surface area perpendicular to heat tra insfer direction (m?) Tis the temperature of solid surface (K) 7,,is the temperature of ambient fluid (K) his the heat transfer coefficient (Wim? K) EXPERIMENTAL SETUP aratus consists of 2 vertical brass pipe otto open to faciitate the undisturbed natural convection ceneltions, For tne pipe. an acrylic sheet Is fitted on the front side of the enclosure. d inside the pipe to heat the wall of the The app fitted in a large enclosul (nichrome wire) is fits m outer sul dissipated 10" thermocouples are embedded inthe wall ofthe pipe to MESSHIS the (7, — Tr and another thermocouple is provided to measure the amt ‘ine input power of the heater is controled by a cimmerstat and yometer and ammeter, The schematic diagram of the Setup is sho Scanned with CamScannerction Neat and Mass Transfer Laboratory Manual: Natural Conve Wasene Figure 1: Schematic of natural ‘SPECIFICATIONS OF THE SETUP 1 Outside diameter ofthe poe a ae ceo 3. [Freosuasie |__| Heater element (Nichrome wre) “S| Types of thermocouple used, [6 |Dimmerstat PROCEDURE, 1) Put‘on’ the heater swich 2) Adjust the input power to the (approximately 75) 23) Note down the heater input 4) Wait or around 10 minutes til 5) Note dawn the readings of steady sates reaches Repeat the experment Make the dimmerstat 6 Scanned with CamScannerai convection Ei 50 55 min. 60min PRECAUTION r S ™ 41) Keep the dimmersta at zero postion before switch 2) Operate the dimmerstat gently and increase the voltage gradually. '3) Do not run the fans in the Laboratory while conducting this experiment 4) Operate the temperature indicator switch gently 5) Never apply the input voltage beyond 100 Volts to the heater CALCULATIONS, A Experimental 4) Heat tansfer area A= él (m?) 2) Heatinput=Vi aw) 3) Average surface temperature 7, — pe Tastee, - LAT ATT: Ky 4) Average heat transfer coefficient Ae (Wim? K) B. Theoretical gineering, IIT Patna Scanned with CamScannera PRE nual: Heat and Mass Transfer Laboratory Ma Peers arister | aa tion a ee ccelerat iTV ynere gis the 2 Imabove Gr; is the Grashof number, Cr, 7 Weak, Jand 1 ‘0 gravity, is the coefficient of thermal expansion (= the kinematic. viscosity, ite can ly a vertical plat The average heat transfer coefficient for natural convection from Calculated from the following relation 387Ray'* Nu =| 0.8254 _0.387 Ray U + (0.492/ Py} AL IW above Nw is the Nusselt number Na ay = Gr, Prand Pris the Prandtl number Pr a RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 1) Calculate the heat transfer coefficient for two 2) Compare the experimental results of heat I results. 3) Discuss the sources of errors and their eff Department of M Scanned with CamScannerOBJECT Using LMTD method. 2. To determine the heat ‘exchanger effectiveness for pal THEORY The double. e heat exchangers are the simplest type of heat exchangers, where the heat exchange betwieen the two fluids at diferent temperature takes place. The two pipes are concentric, one fuid flows inside the inner tube while the other fluid inside thie annulus space between the two concentric Pipes. A schematic diagram of the double-pipe heat exchanger is shown in Fig. 1. The water is heated by means of instant water heater (geyser). The hot water is then made to pass through the inner pipe of the heat exchanger while the normal tap water (cold water) flows through the annular Tegion. The heat exchange between the two fluids takes place due to the temperature difference The direction of the cold water is reversed by means of valves operation. The settings for the parallel and counter flow arrangements have been mentioned in Fig. 1. The flow rate of the hot and cold water streams are measured by the rotameters and the temperature of the two fluid streams at the inlet and the outlet of heat exchanger are measured by means of thermometers. ey ral pi Be Hot we Water out | | ‘Counter Flow Settings | Wi Vales Vs & Va open | a Vibe Wa Vs ae Parallel Flow Settings Wate Heater Vales Vi 8 Vs pen . (Geysen) r Valves Vs 8 Ve cose tarneter ota C. _ ae ve rig. Schematic diagram of double-pipe Meat exchanger apparatus ‘9 ee ‘ngineering, 11T Patna Department of Mechanical E Scanned with CamScannereT Lab Manual: Double Pipe Heat Exchang fluid streams along the length of the heat excha exchange, the temperature of hot water strean Fig. 2 Temperature variation of hot and cold uid streams (a) parate! low (8) counts: flow Hx t exchangers, namely, LMTD (fog mean femot st There are two ways of analyzing the heal <£ (effectiveness) approzch. difference) approach and another is NTU (number of transfer units) Y LMTD Approach This method is applicable when the temperatures of the hot and cold flu streams st btet OF tel heat BYERANEeIEIere Known, (t's proposed to calculate the heat transier rate double pipe heat exchanger using the following relationship Q-uaar, where, the overall heat transfer coefficient, U, is given by the inlet a U= J —_ Alb inele | hyA, 2rkL A, ‘and fe are the inner and outer radi of the inner tube of the double pipe heat exchanses ‘Ac is the outer surface area of the inner tube, and Lis the length of the inner tube. cesped Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Patna Scanned with CamScannerTogarithmic function in the LMTD. In these method based on the effectiveness ofthe heat 1 heat exchanger effectiveness is defined as acs energy gained by the cold fluid Qamas = Hye, (Ty, ~T, The max possible heat transfer can be determined if o change equal to the maximum temperature difference 1 this maximum temperature difference will be the one wk heat is minimum because as per the energy balance, he: heat lost by another fluid; nm 7.) Assuming cold fluid as the minimum fluid and the p represented by C (capacity rate). i After simplification, the effectiveness can be expresses For parallel flow arrangement : expl(-UAL Can 1+ Ce 1G, phe Tce (Cam 1 expl(-UA/ Cua) 1= Ca 1G] 1 (Cm [Cam )@NPU-VATC For counter flow arrangement 6 A/C is called the numberof wafers STU) AS represen sizeof teh The werm VAI Cin exchanger. Department of Mechanical Engineering, 117 patna Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScannerfu = AD, tk; The hydraul lic diameter Dy'is sven by the folowing relation: Dy =44,1P, i Where A, perimeter is the cros a }€ cross-sectional area and P, is the well F inside the tube prea Toh i (12a) D,=4 ie! (12b) pled? 4) (120) For annulus region hh, (132) ae (138) ple(D? Ei) re) RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Compare tre expetimental vue of'U wit ts heoretical vale 2nd calculate the percentage error — ete te posable reasons of devaionom me kMeOeH=| YAN ~ Gaompare the performance of pert nd courig Tai arrangements ‘Wich arrangement is better and hy? wit aiscussion on ine result obined CONCLUSIONS n the results obtained Draw conclusions 0° PRECAUTIONS sen on te neater afer he few of srateris set through the rotamer connecting R= 4. Aways switen O° geyser Handle thermore valves vert .e experiment ce caretuly wie zara the ean cea ach ot tho geyser it and then close atthe VaNSS after finishing In nical Engineering, 11T Patna Scanned with CamScanner-and-Tube Heat Exchanger _ — Heat & Mass Transfer Lab Manual: Shell opsecr i TTAReMnI® the overatheat vente cocci or set-andiute he LTD method OR etter grectanoss or eer one Jers using at exchangers {ube heat exchanger ber of tubes. The The shelhand-ube heat exchanger consis 6f a cylindrical shell containing a num Deepa Wp At GLEE A ova Gc iousanece scx ns uve nex ne are ae Known quantity of hot water trom the Balser fe nat ofthe (i eschenGer (foes) end thn cums tam ne peer unre through the heat exchanger length (P8852) and finaly goes out ofthe hy ffecve then the single pass heat the length gets doubled. The cots umber of bate plates and fina emai ranser occurs pateen te {Wo seams though th vids of ttes. The bate sce wre Provided to increase Tee ee mello Bom theming ocean ayers of he cola toes then nae heat tear {nei essed fom tis arangement as compared to double pine heat oxchorger Scanned with CamScannerFig. 2 Sh Hand-tube heat exchangers (a) cul-section (b) exploded view Fig) shows the cut section and the exploded view of the shet-andtube heat exchanger. if the hes exchanger other than the double pipe is us factor applied to the LMITD for 2 counter flow O= Fuaat Als the cuter surface area of al the tubes (m*) is the overall heat transfer coafficient (Wim?-K) Values of correction factor F are plotted in Fig. 3 for double-pass #4, the heat transfer is calculated by using a correctol Souble-pipe arrangement, o heat exchanger. Scanned with CamScannerManual The overall heat transter coctfciony, y is given by ; i 4{—! Gia Rand te are the inner and outer ca ofthe inner tube of the double pipe he ‘c's the outer surace area of the inner tube Cis the length of the inner tube and The log mean temperature diference, Tn, is glven by the following equati ‘The aclual heat lransfer may be computed by calculating ether the energy lst by the hot fd or he energy gained by the cold fuid, ‘ Quins = Maal Th, )= rie, (M, =T, ) The max possible heat transfer can be determined if one of the fk heat is minimum because as per the energy balar e) hheat lost by another fluid Prax = (ite) (Ty = represented by C (capacity rate), ‘After simplification, the effectiveness can be exp For parallel flow arrangement Scanned with CamScannerHeat & Mass Transfer Lab Manual: Shell-and ‘ube Heat Exchanger ! For counter flow arrangement - 1 expl(-UA/C,,. (1 —€ in! Cae I ~~ 1(C wma Crus )OXDICUATC I=. 16 OI The term U/C... is calle 4 the number of transfer units (NTU) ag exchanger. represents size of the heat EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP DETAILS ‘The specifications of the experimental Setup are tabulated below |__| Parameters —— __ [Material 15; mensions | Mild Steet D.= 270mm |__| (©0ld water) |p, tae | Copper T= | (hot water) (K=385 Wim-k) | do= 13.95 mm a Hength of the heat exchanger () - — i . [05m [@ | Number of passes (nj [2 | 5] Number of tubes e \2 PROCEDURE 1. The experiments will be carried out for at least thr ee sets of mass flow rales of cold water keeping the hot water flow rate constant Set the flow of water through the two pipes (inner and ou iter) by opening the valves V18 ‘The flow rate may be set to some desired value using the rotameters R1 and ‘Switch on the geyser Record the temperature of the entering and leaving hot and cold st and digital temperature indicator placed on the control panel, shown in Fi steady-state is reached. Repeat the experiment for other flow rates of cold water, Department of Mechanical Engii Scanned with CamScanner= z ENO Heat & M, OBSERVATION TABLE “HOT WATERSIDE a Rotameer ] Mass flow er aetare |. ‘Rotameter | Mass fow Ta | Te Reading | rate (ec) ec) Reading rate. (cy ec) | = + (LPH) a) | (LPH) — has) af SS t—+ — - —+ — — = —— iS = -——-— | NOTE: Mie fe eds Se eee ony ater dey stale fas reached ——_— SAMPLE CALCULATIONS ‘Sample calculations are to be done for at least Procedure for calculation is as follows (Please ~ Calculate the LMITD using the temperature dat coefficient (U). (Substiute Eq. (5) in Eq (1) Compute the effectiveness (cof the shel-and:-ube heat exchanger To determine the theoretical value of U', use Eq. 2) The values of ut using the Dittus-Boetter correlation Nu = 0.023" pe! ® where Nu= hb, 1k Re=pYD,Iui — Pr= pu, /k (10) The hyraucslameter Os given bythe folowing relation D,=44,1P, 1) Where Ais the cross-sectional area and P, For inside the tube: et) For anni region oa D,=D,-d, th Few Department of Mechanical Engine ass Transfer Lab Manual: Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger ‘one set of reading for each type of arrangements. The 90 through theory section for details) 'a and evaluate the overall heat transfer w is the wetted perimeter ~ COLD WATER SIDE hand he can be found Scanned with CamScannerHeat & Mass Transfer Lab Manual: Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS - Compare the ©xperimental value of 'U' with its theoretical value and calculate the Percentage error ~ White the possible reasons of deviation from the theoretical value CONCLUSIONS Draw conclusions on the results obtained PRECAUTIONS 1. Always switch on the heater after the flow of water is set through the rotameter connecting the geyser. 2. Operate the vaives gently. $. After finishing the experiments, switch off the geyser first and then close all the valves. Scanned with CamScanner