Standard English Conventions - Form, Which choice completes the text so that it

Structure, and Sense level 4. conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

1. Despite being cheap, versatile, and easy to A. are

produce, ______ they are made from
B. were
nonrenewable petroleum, and most do not
biodegrade in landfills. C. have been
Which choice completes the text so that it D. was
conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. there are two problems associated with 4. The artistic talents of Barbara Chase-Riboud,
commercial plastics: most known for her 1979 historical novel Sally
Hemings and the conversation it inspired, ______
B. two problems are associated with commercial
limited to the realm of prose: she first excelled in
plastics:
sculpture, where her affinity for bronze—a
C. commercial plasticsʼ two associated problems material she described as “timeless” due to its use
are that across eras and cultures—became part of her
artistic identity.
D. commercial plastics have two associated
problems: Which choice completes the text so that it
conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

2. During the American Civil War, Thomas Morris A. hasnʼt been

Chester braved the front lines as a war
B. wasnʼt
correspondent for the Philadelphia Press.
Amplifying the voices and experiences of Black C. isnʼt
soldiers ______ of particular importance to
Chester, who later became an activist and lawyer D. arenʼt
during the postwar Reconstruction period.

Which choice completes the text so that it 5. Working from an earlier discovery of
conforms to the conventions of Standard English? Charpentierʼs, chemists Emmanuelle Charpentier
and Jennifer Doudna—winners of the 2020 Nobel
A. were Prize in Chemistry—re-created and then
reprogrammed the so-called “genetic scissors” of a
B. have been
species of DNA-cleaving bacteria ______ a tool
C. are that is revolutionizing the field of gene technology.

D. was Which choice completes the text so that it

conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

3. In the 1970s, Janaki Ammal, a prominent A. to forge

botanist, emerged as a powerful voice in Indiaʼs
B. forging
environmental conservation movement. Her
exhaustive chromosomal survey of plants in Silent C. forged
Valley, a pristine tropical forest in Kerala, India,
that is home to nearly 1,000 species of native flora D. and forging
(many of which are endangered), ______
instrumental in the governmentʼs decision to 6. In assessing the films of Japanese director Akira
preserve the forest. Kurosawa, ______ have missed his equally deep
engagement with Japanese artistic traditions such Which choice completes the text so that it
as Noh theater. conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Which choice completes the text so that it A. Morocco gained its independence two years
conforms to the conventions of Standard English? before the publication of Chraïbiʼs debut novel,
which
A. many critics have focused on Kurosawaʼs use
of Western literary sources but B. Chraïbiʼs debut novel, published two years
before Morocco gained its independence,
B. Kurosawaʼs use of Western literary sources has
been the focus of many critics, who C. Chraïbi wrote a debut novel that, published two
years before Morocco gained its independence,
C. there are many critics who have focused on
Kurosawaʼs use of Western literary sources, but D. published two years before Morocco gained its
they independence, Chraïbi wrote a debut novel that

D. the focus of many critics has been on

Kurosawaʼs use of Western literary sources; they 9. Planetary scientist Briony Horgan and her
colleagues have determined that as much as 25
percent of the sand on Mars is composed of impact
7. Known as Earthʼs “living skin,” biocrusts are spherules. These spherical bits of glass form when
thin layers of soil held together by surface- asteroids collide with the planet, ejecting bits of
dwelling microorganisms such as fungi, lichens, molten rock into the atmosphere that, after cooling
and cyanobacteria. Fortifying soil in arid and solidifying into glass, ______ back onto
ecosystems against erosion, ______ Marsʼs surface.
Which choice completes the text so that it Which choice completes the text so that it
conforms to the conventions of Standard English? conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. a recent studyʼs estimate is that these crusts A. to rain
reduce global dust emissions by 60 percent each
year. B. raining

B. an estimated 60 percent reduction in global dust C. having rained

emissions each year is due to these crusts,
according to a recent study. D. rain

C. these crusts reduce global dust emissions by an

estimated 60 percent each year, according to a 10. Compared to that of alumina glass, ______
recent study. silica glass atoms are so far apart that they are
unable to re-form bonds after being separated.
D. a recent study has estimated that these crusts
reduce global dust emissions by 60 percent each Which choice completes the text so that it
year. conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. silica glass is at a significant disadvantage due

8. In the canon of North African literature, to its more dispersed atomic arrangement:
Moroccan author Driss Chraïbiʼs 1954 novel The B. silica glass has a more dispersed atomic
Simple Past (Le Passé simple) looms large. A arrangement, resulting in a significant
coming-of-age story, a social meditation, and a disadvantage:
sober gaze into the dark maw of French
colonialism, ______ interrogates systemic power C. a significant disadvantage of silica glass is that
with memorable intensity. its atomic arrangement is more dispersed:
D. silica glassʼs atomic arrangement is more Which choice completes the text so that it
dispersed, resulting in a significant disadvantage: conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. already served
11. In 2016, engineer Vanessa Galvez oversaw the
installation of 164 bioswales, vegetated channels B. was already serving
designed to absorb and divert stormwater, along C. already serves
the streets of Queens, New York. By reducing the
runoff flowing into city sewers, ______ D. had already served

Which choice completes the text so that it

conforms to the conventions of Standard English? 14. Bengali author Toru Duttʼs A Sheaf Gleaned in
French Fields (1876), a volume of English
A. the mitigation of both street flooding and the translations of French poems, ______ scholarsʼ
resulting pollution of nearby waterways has been understanding of the transnational and multilingual
achieved by bioswales. contexts in which Dutt lived and worked.
B. the bioswales have mitigated both street Which choice completes the text so that it
flooding and the resulting pollution of nearby conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
waterways.
A. has enhanced
C. the bioswalesʼ mitigation of both street flooding
and the resulting pollution of nearby waterways B. are enhancing
has been achieved.
C. have enhanced
D. both street flooding and the resulting pollution
of nearby waterways have been mitigated by D. enhance
bioswales.
15. Researchers studying the “terra-cotta army,”
12. Author Madeline LʼEngle, ______ to create a the thousands of life-size statues of warriors found
suspenseful tone that draws the reader in, begins interred near the tomb of Emperor Qin Shi Huang
her novel A Wrinkle in Time with descriptions of of China, were shocked to realize that the shape of
“wraithlike shadows” and “the frenzied lashing of each statueʼs ears, like the shape of each personʼs
the wind.” ears, ______ unique.

Which choice completes the text so that it Which choice completes the text so that it
conforms to the conventions of Standard English? conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. looked A. are

B. looks B. is

C. is looking C. were

D. looking D. have been

13. A second-generation Japanese American, 16. In 1453, English King Henry VI became unfit
Wataru Misaka ______ in World War II (1941-45) to rule after falling gravely ill. As a result,
and won two amateur national basketball Parliament appointed Richard, Third Duke of
championships at the University of Utah when he York, who had a strong claim to the English
joined the New York Knicks for the 1947-48 throne, to rule as Lord Protector. Upon recovering
season, becoming the first non-white basketball two years later, ______ forcing an angered Richard
player in the USʼs top professional league.
from the royal court and precipitating a series of
battles later known as the Wars of the Roses.

Which choice completes the text so that it

conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. Henry resumed his reign,

B. the reign of Henry resumed,

C. Henryʼs reign resumed,

D. it was Henry who resumed his reign,

17. A model created by biologist Luis Valente

predicts that the rate of speciation—the rate at
which new species form—on an isolated island
located approximately 5,000 kilometers from the
nearest mainland ______ triple the rate of
speciation on an island only 500 kilometers from
the mainland.

Which choice completes the text so that it

conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. being

B. to be

C. to have been

D. will be