ENGINEERING

DATA ANALYSIS
2ND SEMESTER SY 2023-2024

ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR V

Isabela State University

City of Ilagan Campus
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
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 t-TEST

TOPIC 8
 TOPIC 8 –
t-Test
STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING

1. Formulate the Null Hypothesis and

Alternative Hypothesis
• ഥ = μ / Ho: X
Ho: X ഥ ≥ μ / Ho: X
ഥ≤μ
• ഥ ≠ μ / Ho: X
Ha: X ഥ < μ / Ho: X
ഥ>μ
2. Set the Level of Significance (α)
3. Determine the Appropriate Test
Statistic to be Used (Test Statistics Table)
• σ is given or n ≥ 30 → Z-Test
• σ is not given → t-Test
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE

• Two-Tailed Test (≠)

• One-Tailed Test (>, <)
 TOPIC 8 –
t-Test
STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING

4. Compute the Value of the Statistical

Test (from Test Statistics Formulas) and
Compare to Tabular Value (from
Statistical Tables)
• NOTE: Tabular Value is also known as Critical Value
5. Draw the Conclusion
• If |Computed Value| > | Tabular Value|, Reject Ho
• If |Computed Value| < | Tabular Value|, Accept Ho
ALTERNATIVE
• If P-value < α, Reject Ho
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE

• If P-value > α, Accept Ho

6. Interpret Results
 TOPIC 8 –
t-Test
TEST STATISTICS
Comparison Degree of Assumptions/
Formulas
of Means Freedom Given
t-Test Normal distribution.
Unknown ഥ−𝝁
𝑿
of one population σ. 𝒕 = 𝑠
n–1
sample n < 30 ൗ 𝒏
mean
Normal distribution.
Unknown
ഥ𝟏 − 𝑿
𝑿 ഥ𝟐
t-Test population σ. 𝒕 =
of two 𝟏 𝟏
n1 + n2 – 2 𝑺𝒑 𝒏 +
sample 𝟏 𝒏𝟐
means 𝒏𝟏 − 𝟏 𝑺𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏 𝑺𝟐 𝟐
𝐒𝐩 =
𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 −𝟐

Since we are
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE
ultimately
concerned with the ഥ 𝑑 − 𝝁𝑑
𝑿
difference between
Paired
n–1 𝒕 =
t-Test
two measures in 𝑆𝑑
one sample, the ൘
paired t-test 𝒏
reduces to the one
sample t-test.
 TOPIC 8 –
EXAMPLE OF ONE-SAMPLE MEAN t-TEST
t-Test

Prob1. A group of civil engineering students is

conducting research on the compressive
strength of their proposed concrete mixture.
They hypothesize that the mean compressive
strength of their concrete mixture exceeds 40
MPa. To test this hypothesis, they molded 20
samples of the concrete mixture and perform
compressive strength tests.
The sample mean compressive strength is
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE
found to be 38.5 MPa with a standard deviation
of 3 MPa. Conduct a hypothesis test at a
significance level of 0.01 to determine whether
there is enough evidence to support their
hypothesis.
 TOPIC 8 –
EXAMPLE OF ONE-SAMPLE MEAN t-TEST
t-Test

Sol’n1:
1. Formulate the Null Hypothesis and
Alternative Hypothesis
• Ha: The mean compressive strength of the
ഥ > 𝟒𝟎 𝐌𝐏𝐚.
concrete exceeds 40 MPa, 𝐗
• Ho: The mean compressive strength of the
concrete mixture does not exceed 40 Mpa,
ഥ ≤ 𝟒𝟎 𝐌𝐏𝐚.
𝐗
2. Set the Level of Significance (α)
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE
• α = 0.01
3. Determine the Appropriate Test Statistic to
be Used
• t-test for one sample mean is to be used.
 TOPIC 8 –
EXAMPLE OF ONE-SAMPLE MEAN t-TEST
t-Test

4. Compute the Value of the Statistical Test and

Compare to Tabular Value
ഥ −𝝁
𝑿 𝟑𝟖.𝟓−𝟒𝟎
• 𝒕 = 𝑠 = 3 = −𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟔
ൗ 𝒏 ൗ 𝟐𝟎
• Tabular Value = 2.539
(From t-Table with DF = 20 - 1 = 19 @ α = 0.01 )

ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE

 TOPIC 8 –
STUDENT’S t-DISTRIBUTION
t-Test
1-tailed 0.50 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.005 0.001 0.0005
2-tailed 1.00 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.010 0.002 0.0010
1 0 1.0000 1.3764 1.9626 3.0777 6.3138 12.7062 31.8205 63.6567 318.309 636.619
2 0 0.8165 1.0607 1.3862 1.8856 2.9200 4.3027 6.9646 9.9248 22.3271 31.5991
3 0 0.7649 0.9785 1.2498 1.6377 2.3534 3.1824 4.5407 5.8409 10.2145 12.9240
4 0 0.7407 0.9410 1.1896 1.5332 2.1318 2.7764 3.7469 4.6041 7.1732 8.6103
5 0 0.7267 0.9195 1.1558 1.4759 2.0150 2.5706 3.3649 4.0321 5.8934 6.8688
6 0 0.7176 0.9057 1.1342 1.4398 1.9432 2.4469 3.1427 3.7074 5.2076 5.9588
7 0 0.7111 0.8960 1.1192 1.4149 1.8946 2.3646 2.9980 3.4995 4.7853 5.4079
8 0 0.7064 0.8889 1.1081 1.3968 1.8595 2.3060 2.8965 3.3554 4.5008 5.0413
9 0 0.7027 0.8834 1.0997 1.3830 1.8331 2.2622 2.8214 3.2498 4.2968 4.7809
10 0 0.6998 0.8791 1.0931 1.3722 1.8125 2.2281 2.7638 3.1693 4.1437 4.5869
11 0 0.6974 0.8755 1.0877 1.3634 1.7959 2.2010 2.7181 3.1058 4.0247 4.4370
12 0 0.6955 0.8726 1.0832 1.3562 1.7823 2.1788 2.6810 3.0545 3.9296 4.3178
13 0 0.6938 0.8702 1.0795 1.3502 1.7709 2.1604 2.6503 3.0123 3.8520 4.2208
14 0 0.6924 0.8681 1.0763 1.3450 1.7613 2.1448 2.6245 2.9768 3.7874 4.1405
15 0 0.6912 0.8662 1.0735 1.3406 1.7531 2.1314 2.6025 2.9467 3.7328 4.0728
Degree of Freedom (DF)

16 0 0.6901 0.8647 1.0711 1.3368 1.7459 2.1199 2.5835 2.9208 3.6862 4.0150
Excel Formula
17 0 0.6892 0.8633 1.0690 1.3334 1.7396 2.1098 2.5669 2.8982 3.6458 3.9651
18 0 0.6884 0.8620 1.0672 1.3304 1.7341 2.1009 2.5524 2.8784 3.6105 3.9216 = -T.INV(0.01,19)
19 0 0.6876 0.8610 1.0655 1.3277 1.7291 2.0930 2.5395 2.8609 3.5794 3.8834 2.539483
20 0 0.6870 0.8600 1.0640 1.3253 1.7247 2.0860 2.5280 2.8453 3.5518 3.8495
21 0 0.6864 0.8591 1.0627 1.3232 1.7207 2.0796 2.5176 2.8314 3.5272 3.8193
22 0 0.6858 0.8583 1.0614 1.3212 1.7171 2.0739 2.5083 2.8188 3.5050 3.7921
23 0 0.6853 0.8575 1.0603 1.3195 1.7139 2.0687 2.4999 2.8073 3.4850 3.7676
24 0 0.6848 0.8569 1.0593 1.3178 1.7109 2.0639 2.4922 2.7969 3.4668 3.7454
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE 25 0 0.6844 0.8562 1.0584 1.3163 1.7081 2.0595 2.4851 2.7874 3.4502 3.7251
26 0 0.6840 0.8557 1.0575 1.3150 1.7056 2.0555 2.4786 2.7787 3.4350 3.7066
27 0 0.6837 0.8551 1.0567 1.3137 1.7033 2.0518 2.4727 2.7707 3.4210 3.6896
28 0 0.6834 0.8546 1.0560 1.3125 1.7011 2.0484 2.4671 2.7633 3.4082 3.6739
29 0 0.6830 0.8542 1.0553 1.3114 1.6991 2.0452 2.4620 2.7564 3.3962 3.6594
30 0 0.6828 0.8538 1.0547 1.3104 1.6973 2.0423 2.4573 2.7500 3.3852 3.6460
40 0 0.6807 0.8507 1.0500 1.3031 1.6839 2.0211 2.4233 2.7045 3.3069 3.5510
60 0 0.6786 0.8477 1.0455 1.2958 1.6706 2.0003 2.3901 2.6603 3.2317 3.4602
80 0 0.6776 0.8461 1.0432 1.2922 1.6641 1.9901 2.3739 2.6387 3.1953 3.4163
100 0 0.6770 0.8452 1.0418 1.2901 1.6602 1.9840 2.3642 2.6259 3.1737 3.3905
1000 0 0.6747 0.8420 1.0370 1.2824 1.6464 1.9623 2.3301 2.5808 3.0984 3.3003
10000 0 0.6745 0.8417 1.0365 1.2816 1.6450 1.9602 2.3267 2.5763 3.0910 3.2915
Confidence Level 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 95% 98% 99% 99.8% 99.9%
 TOPIC 8 –
EXAMPLE OF ONE-SAMPLE MEAN t-TEST
t-Test

4. Compute the Value of the Statistical Test and

Compare to Tabular Value
ഥ −𝝁
𝑿 𝟑𝟖.𝟓−𝟒𝟎
• 𝒕 = 𝑠 = 3 = −𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟔
ൗ 𝒏 ൗ 𝟐𝟎
• Tabular Value = 2.539
(From t-Table with DF = 20 - 1 = 19 @ α = 0.01 )
5. Draw the Conclusion
• Since |C.V.= -2.236| < |T.V.= 2.539|, accept
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE
Ho: 𝐗ഥ ≤ 𝟒𝟎 𝐌𝐏𝐚.
6. Interpret Results
• There is not enough evidence to conclude
that the mean compressive strength of the
concrete mixture exceeds 40 MPa.
 TOPIC 8 –
EXAMPLE OF TWO-SAMPLE MEAN t-TEST
t-Test

Prob2.
A civil engineering firm is comparing two different types of
concrete mixtures for their compressive strength. They
collected number of samples from each type of mixture and
perform compressive strength tests. The results are as
follows:
Sample 1 (Type A):
• Sample size = 25
• Sample mean = 38.7 MPa
• Sample standard deviation = 3.243 MPa
Sample 2 (Type B):
• Sample size = 30
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE
• Sample mean = 35.3 MPa
• Sample standard deviation = 2.101 MPa
Conduct a hypothesis test at a significance level of 0.05 to
determine whether there is a significant difference in the
mean compressive strength between the two types of
concrete mixtures.
 TOPIC 8 –
EXAMPLE OF TWO-SAMPLE MEAN t-TEST
t-Test

Sol’n2:
1. Formulate the Null Hypothesis and
Alternative Hypothesis
•Ha: There is a significant difference in the mean
compressive strengths between the two types
of concrete mixtures, 𝑿ഥ1≠𝑿 ഥ 2.
•Ho: There is no significant difference in the
mean compressive strengths between the two
types of concrete mixtures, 𝑿 ഥ1=𝑿 ഥ 2.
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE
2. Set the Level of Significance (α)
• α = 0.05
3. Determine the Appropriate Test Statistic to
be Used
• t-test for two sample means is to be used.
 TOPIC 8 –
EXAMPLE OF TWO-SAMPLE MEAN t-TEST
t-Test

4. Compute the Value of the Statistical Test and

Compare to Tabular Value
ഥ −𝑿
𝑿 ഥ
• 𝒕 = 1
1
2
1
𝑆𝑝
+
𝑛1 𝑛2

𝑛1 −1 𝑆1 2 + 𝑛2 −1 𝑆2 2
• 𝑺𝒑 =
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 −2

25−1 3.243 2 + 30−1 2.101 2

• 𝑺𝒑 = = 2.679
𝟐𝟓+𝟑0−2

ഥ −𝑿
𝑿 ഥ 3𝟖.𝟕−3𝟓.𝟑
• 𝒕 = 1
1
2
1
= = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟖𝟔
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE 1 1
𝑺𝒑
+
𝑛1 𝑛2 2 6𝟕𝟗
+
. 2𝟓 3𝟎

• Tabular Value = 2.006

(From Excel formula with DF = 25+30-2 = 53
@ α = 0.05 – two-tailed test)
 TOPIC 8 –
STUDENT’S t-DISTRIBUTION
t-Test
1-tailed 0.50 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.005 0.001 0.0005
2-tailed 1.00 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.010 0.002 0.0010
1 0 1.0000 1.3764 1.9626 3.0777 6.3138 12.7062 31.8205 63.6567 318.309 636.619
2 0 0.8165 1.0607 1.3862 1.8856 2.9200 4.3027 6.9646 9.9248 22.3271 31.5991
3 0 0.7649 0.9785 1.2498 1.6377 2.3534 3.1824 4.5407 5.8409 10.2145 12.9240
4 0 0.7407 0.9410 1.1896 1.5332 2.1318 2.7764 3.7469 4.6041 7.1732 8.6103
5 0 0.7267 0.9195 1.1558 1.4759 2.0150 2.5706 3.3649 4.0321 5.8934 6.8688
6 0 0.7176 0.9057 1.1342 1.4398 1.9432 2.4469 3.1427 3.7074 5.2076 5.9588
7 0 0.7111 0.8960 1.1192 1.4149 1.8946 2.3646 2.9980 3.4995 4.7853 5.4079
8 0 0.7064 0.8889 1.1081 1.3968 1.8595 2.3060 2.8965 3.3554 4.5008 5.0413
9 0 0.7027 0.8834 1.0997 1.3830 1.8331 2.2622 2.8214 3.2498 4.2968 4.7809
10 0 0.6998 0.8791 1.0931 1.3722 1.8125 2.2281 2.7638 3.1693 4.1437 4.5869
11 0 0.6974 0.8755 1.0877 1.3634 1.7959 2.2010 2.7181 3.1058 4.0247 4.4370
12 0 0.6955 0.8726 1.0832 1.3562 1.7823 2.1788 2.6810 3.0545 3.9296 4.3178
13 0 0.6938 0.8702 1.0795 1.3502 1.7709 2.1604 2.6503 3.0123 3.8520 4.2208
14 0 0.6924 0.8681 1.0763 1.3450 1.7613 2.1448 2.6245 2.9768 3.7874 4.1405
15 0 0.6912 0.8662 1.0735 1.3406 1.7531 2.1314 2.6025 2.9467 3.7328 4.0728
Degree of Freedom (DF)

16 0 0.6901 0.8647 1.0711 1.3368 1.7459 2.1199 2.5835 2.9208 3.6862 4.0150
17 0 0.6892 0.8633 1.0690 1.3334 1.7396 2.1098 2.5669 2.8982 3.6458 3.9651
18 0 0.6884 0.8620 1.0672 1.3304 1.7341 2.1009 2.5524 2.8784 3.6105 3.9216
19 0 0.6876 0.8610 1.0655 1.3277 1.7291 2.0930 2.5395 2.8609 3.5794 3.8834
20 0 0.6870 0.8600 1.0640 1.3253 1.7247 2.0860 2.5280 2.8453 3.5518 3.8495
21 0 0.6864 0.8591 1.0627 1.3232 1.7207 2.0796 2.5176 2.8314 3.5272 3.8193
22 0 0.6858 0.8583 1.0614 1.3212 1.7171 2.0739 2.5083 2.8188 3.5050 3.7921
23 0 0.6853 0.8575 1.0603 1.3195 1.7139 2.0687 2.4999 2.8073 3.4850 3.7676
24 0 0.6848 0.8569 1.0593 1.3178 1.7109 2.0639 2.4922 2.7969 3.4668 3.7454
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE 25 0 0.6844 0.8562 1.0584 1.3163 1.7081 2.0595 2.4851 2.7874 3.4502 3.7251
26 0 0.6840 0.8557 1.0575 1.3150 1.7056 2.0555 2.4786 2.7787 3.4350 3.7066
27 0 0.6837 0.8551 1.0567 1.3137 1.7033 2.0518 2.4727 2.7707 3.4210 3.6896
28 0 0.6834 0.8546 1.0560 1.3125 1.7011 2.0484 2.4671 2.7633 3.4082 3.6739
29 0 0.6830 0.8542 1.0553 1.3114 1.6991 2.0452 2.4620 2.7564 3.3962 3.6594 Excel Formula
30 0 0.6828 0.8538 1.0547 1.3104 1.6973 2.0423 2.4573 2.7500 3.3852 3.6460
=T.INV.2T(0.05,53)
40 0 0.6807 0.8507 1.0500 1.3031 1.6839 2.0211 2.4233 2.7045 3.3069 3.5510
60 0 0.6786 0.8477 1.0455 1.2958 1.6706 2.0003 2.3901 2.6603 3.2317 3.4602 2.005746
80 0 0.6776 0.8461 1.0432 1.2922 1.6641 1.9901 2.3739 2.6387 3.1953 3.4163
100 0 0.6770 0.8452 1.0418 1.2901 1.6602 1.9840 2.3642 2.6259 3.1737 3.3905
1000 0 0.6747 0.8420 1.0370 1.2824 1.6464 1.9623 2.3301 2.5808 3.0984 3.3003
10000 0 0.6745 0.8417 1.0365 1.2816 1.6450 1.9602 2.3267 2.5763 3.0910 3.2915
Confidence Level 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 95% 98% 99% 99.8% 99.9%
 TOPIC 8 –
EXAMPLE OF TWO-SAMPLE MEAN t-TEST
t-Test

5. Draw the Conclusion

• Since |C.V.= 4.686| > |T.V. = 2.006|, reject
ഥ1 = 𝑿
Ho: 𝑿 ഥ 2.
ഥ1≠𝑿
• Therefore, accept Ha: 𝑿 ഥ 2.

6. Interpret Results
• There is a significant difference in the mean
compressive strengths between the two
types of concrete mixtures.
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE • The mean compressive strength of Type A
mixture is significantly higher than that of
Type B mixture.
 TOPIC 8 –
EXAMPLE OF PAIRED t-TEST
t-Test

Prob3. BSCE-2D students Student

Pre-module Post-module
score score
X1 X2
were given a diagnostic test 1 18 22
2 21 25
before studying a particular 3 16 17
4 22 24
module and then again after 5
6
19
24
16
29

completing the module. We 7

8
17
21
20
23
9 23 19
want to find out if, in general, 10
11
18
14
20
15

the teaching leads to 12

13
16
16
15
18

improvement in students’ 14
15
19
18
26
18
16 20 24

ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE

knowledge/skills (i.e. test scores). 17
18
12
22
18
25
19 15 19
Use alpha equal to 5%. 20 17 16

(NOTE: A paired t-test is used when we are interested

in the difference between two variables for the same
subject. Often the two variables are separated by time.)
 TOPIC 8 –
EXAMPLE OF PAIRED t-TEST
t-Test

Sol’n3:
1. Formulate the Null Hypothesis and
Alternative Hypothesis
•Ha: There is a significant difference between the test
scores before and after, 𝑿ഥ1≠𝑿 ഥ 2 or 𝑿
ഥ1−𝑿
ഥ2≠0
•Ho: There is no significant difference between the test
scores before and after, 𝑿ഥ1=𝑿 ഥ 2 or 𝑿
ഥ1−𝑿
ഥ2=0
2. Set the Level of Significance (α)
• α = 5% = 0.05
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE
3. Determine the Appropriate Test Statistic to
be Used
• Paired t-test is to be used.
 TOPIC 8 –
EXAMPLE OF PAIRED t-TEST
t-Test

4. Compute the Value of the Statistical Test and

Compare to Tabular Value
Pre-module Post-module
ഥ 𝒅 −𝝁𝒅 d
𝑿 Student score score
𝒕= X1 X2
(X2 - X1)
𝑺𝒅 / 𝒏
1 18 22 4 3.8025
𝑑 = 𝑋2 − 𝑋1 2 21 25 4 3.8025
3 16 17 1 1.1025
σ𝑑 4 22 24 2 0.0025
𝑋ത𝑑 = = 2.05 5 19 16 -3 25.5025
𝑛
6 24 29 5 8.7025
𝜇𝑑 = 𝑋ത1 − 𝑋ത2 = 0 7 17 20 3 0.9025
8 21 23 2 0.0025
9 23 19 -4 36.6025
σ(𝑑−𝑋ത 𝑑 )2 10 18 20 2 0.0025
𝑆𝑑 = 11 14 15 1 1.1025
𝑛−1
12 16 15 -1 9.3025
13 16 18 2 0.0025
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE
152.95 14 19 26 7 24.5025
𝑆𝑑 = = 2.837 15 18 18 0 4.2025
20−1
16 20 24 4 3.8025
𝟐. 𝟎𝟓 − 𝟎 17 12 18 6 15.6025
𝒕= 18 22 25 3 0.9025
𝟐. 𝟖𝟑𝟕/ 𝟐𝟎 19 15 19 4 3.8025
20 17 16 -1 9.3025
𝒕 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟑𝟏 Mean 18.4 20.45
2.05
152.95
 TOPIC 8 –
STUDENT’S t-DISTRIBUTION
t-Test
1-tailed 0.50 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.005 0.001 0.0005
2-tailed 1.00 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.010 0.002 0.0010
1 0 1.0000 1.3764 1.9626 3.0777 6.3138 12.7062 31.8205 63.6567 318.309 636.619
2 0 0.8165 1.0607 1.3862 1.8856 2.9200 4.3027 6.9646 9.9248 22.3271 31.5991
3 0 0.7649 0.9785 1.2498 1.6377 2.3534 3.1824 4.5407 5.8409 10.2145 12.9240
4 0 0.7407 0.9410 1.1896 1.5332 2.1318 2.7764 3.7469 4.6041 7.1732 8.6103
5 0 0.7267 0.9195 1.1558 1.4759 2.0150 2.5706 3.3649 4.0321 5.8934 6.8688
6 0 0.7176 0.9057 1.1342 1.4398 1.9432 2.4469 3.1427 3.7074 5.2076 5.9588
7 0 0.7111 0.8960 1.1192 1.4149 1.8946 2.3646 2.9980 3.4995 4.7853 5.4079
8 0 0.7064 0.8889 1.1081 1.3968 1.8595 2.3060 2.8965 3.3554 4.5008 5.0413
9 0 0.7027 0.8834 1.0997 1.3830 1.8331 2.2622 2.8214 3.2498 4.2968 4.7809
10 0 0.6998 0.8791 1.0931 1.3722 1.8125 2.2281 2.7638 3.1693 4.1437 4.5869
11 0 0.6974 0.8755 1.0877 1.3634 1.7959 2.2010 2.7181 3.1058 4.0247 4.4370
12 0 0.6955 0.8726 1.0832 1.3562 1.7823 2.1788 2.6810 3.0545 3.9296 4.3178
13 0 0.6938 0.8702 1.0795 1.3502 1.7709 2.1604 2.6503 3.0123 3.8520 4.2208
14 0 0.6924 0.8681 1.0763 1.3450 1.7613 2.1448 2.6245 2.9768 3.7874 4.1405
15 0 0.6912 0.8662 1.0735 1.3406 1.7531 2.1314 2.6025 2.9467 3.7328 4.0728
Degree of Freedom (DF)

16 0 0.6901 0.8647 1.0711 1.3368 1.7459 2.1199 2.5835 2.9208 3.6862 4.0150
17 0 0.6892 0.8633 1.0690 1.3334 1.7396 2.1098 2.5669 2.8982 3.6458 3.9651 Excel Formula
18 0 0.6884 0.8620 1.0672 1.3304 1.7341 2.1009 2.5524 2.8784 3.6105 3.9216 =T.INV.2T(0.05,19)
19 0 0.6876 0.8610 1.0655 1.3277 1.7291 2.0930 2.5395 2.8609 3.5794 3.8834
20 0 0.6870 0.8600 1.0640 1.3253 1.7247 2.0860 2.5280 2.8453 3.5518 3.8495
2.09302405440831
21 0 0.6864 0.8591 1.0627 1.3232 1.7207 2.0796 2.5176 2.8314 3.5272 3.8193
22 0 0.6858 0.8583 1.0614 1.3212 1.7171 2.0739 2.5083 2.8188 3.5050 3.7921
23 0 0.6853 0.8575 1.0603 1.3195 1.7139 2.0687 2.4999 2.8073 3.4850 3.7676
24 0 0.6848 0.8569 1.0593 1.3178 1.7109 2.0639 2.4922 2.7969 3.4668 3.7454
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE
25 0 0.6844 0.8562 1.0584 1.3163 1.7081 2.0595 2.4851 2.7874 3.4502 3.7251
26 0 0.6840 0.8557 1.0575 1.3150 1.7056 2.0555 2.4786 2.7787 3.4350 3.7066
27 0 0.6837 0.8551 1.0567 1.3137 1.7033 2.0518 2.4727 2.7707 3.4210 3.6896
28 0 0.6834 0.8546 1.0560 1.3125 1.7011 2.0484 2.4671 2.7633 3.4082 3.6739
29 0 0.6830 0.8542 1.0553 1.3114 1.6991 2.0452 2.4620 2.7564 3.3962 3.6594
30 0 0.6828 0.8538 1.0547 1.3104 1.6973 2.0423 2.4573 2.7500 3.3852 3.6460
40 0 0.6807 0.8507 1.0500 1.3031 1.6839 2.0211 2.4233 2.7045 3.3069 3.5510
60 0 0.6786 0.8477 1.0455 1.2958 1.6706 2.0003 2.3901 2.6603 3.2317 3.4602
80 0 0.6776 0.8461 1.0432 1.2922 1.6641 1.9901 2.3739 2.6387 3.1953 3.4163
100 0 0.6770 0.8452 1.0418 1.2901 1.6602 1.9840 2.3642 2.6259 3.1737 3.3905
1000 0 0.6747 0.8420 1.0370 1.2824 1.6464 1.9623 2.3301 2.5808 3.0984 3.3003
10000 0 0.6745 0.8417 1.0365 1.2816 1.6450 1.9602 2.3267 2.5763 3.0910 3.2915
Confidence Level 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 95% 98% 99% 99.8% 99.9%
 TOPIC 8 –
EXAMPLE OF PAIRED t-TEST
t-Test

4. Compute the Value of the Statistical Test and

Compare to Critical Value (cont’d.)
• Computed Value of t = 3.231
• Tabular Value = 2.093
(From t-Table with DF = 20 - 1 = 19 @ α = 0.05 – two-tailed test)

5. Draw the Conclusion

• Since |C.V. = 3.231| > |T.V. = 2.093|, reject Ho.
• ഥ1≠𝑿
Therefore, accept, Ha: 𝑿 ഥ 2.
6. Interpret Results
ENGR. ALEX M. BALUBAL, MEE, CSEE
• There is enough evidence that the test
scores of the students are different from the
pre-module to the post-module.
• It is also evident that the teaching leads to
improvement in students’ knowledge/skills.
 ANY
QUESTIONS
CLASS?

Q&A
 See you in the
next topic:
CHI SQUARE

TOPIC 9
 Wagner, William (2017). Using IBM SPSS Statistics for Research
Methods and Social Science Statistics, 6th Edition. Sage
Publication, Los Angeles, USA.

Bueno, David C. (2016). Introduction to Statistics (Concepts and

Applications in Research). Great Books Trading, Quezon City.

Narag, Edlyn C.R. (2010). Basic Statistics with Calculator and

Computer Application. Rex Book Store, Quezon City.

Various internet sources.

REFERENCES