Digital BioSignal Processing:
An Introduction and Some Examples
(1)
Contents
• What is DSP?
• What is DSP used for?
– Speech & Audio processing
– Image & Video processing
– Adaptive filtering
• Summary & Conclusions
Slide 2
What is DSP?
• Digital Signal Processing – the processing or manipulation of signals
using digital techniques.
• Without DSP, scientists, engineers, and technologists would have no
powerful tools to analyze and visualize data and perform their design.
Slide 3
What is DSP Used For?
…And much more!
Slide 4
Biomedical Signal Processing
• The main objective is to extract clinically,
biochemically or pharmaceutically relevant
information for medical diagnosis and finally
provide an optimal medical decision making.
• The main task of processing biomedical signals is
to reduce noisy background using proper filtration
and to reduce the redundant data stream to only a
few, but relevant parameters.
Slide 5
Biomedical Signal Processing
• The processing of biomedical signals usually consists of at least
four stages:
Measurement or observation, that is, signals acquisition
Transformation and reduction of the signals
Computation of signal parameters that are diagnostically
significant, and
Interpretation or classification of the signals
Slide 6
Types of Biological Signals
• Types of biological signals classified into two main
groups:
– the deterministic. The deterministic group is subdivided
into
• periodic,
• quasiperiodic,
• and transient signals.
– the stochastic (or statistical) signals. The stochastic (or
statistical) signals are subdivided into
• stationary and
• non-stationary signals
Slide 7
Types of Biological Signals
Slide 8
Biological Signals noise
• A primary source of noise is the electrical or magnetic signals
produced by nearby devices and power lines.
• Moreover, inaccuracies in the sensors, poor contact between sensor
and source (patient), and disturbances from signals produced by
physiological processes other than the one being studied (e.g.,
respiration interferes with the recording of ECG) are other common
sources of noise.
• A characteristic of noise is its relatively random pattern in most cases.
• Filtering algorithms can be used to reduce the effect of noise.
• Repetitive signals, such as an ECG, can be integrated over several
cycles, thus reducing the effects of random noise.
• When the noise pattern differs from the signal pattern, Fourier analysis
can be used to filter the signal in the frequency domain.
Slide 9
Basic Digital Signal Processing
Examples in Block Diagrams
• Digital Filtering
– processing a digitized noisy signal x[n]
Slide 10
Basic Digital Signal Processing
Examples in Block Diagrams
• Digital Filtering
– Signal Frequency (Spectrum) Analysis using fast Fourier transform (FFT).
Slide 11
Biological Signals Artifacts
• Example: a typical sinus rhythm electrocardiogram (ECG)
There are two
types of noise
inherent in this
signal: baseline
wandering (due to
respiration) and
powerline
interferences.
Slide 12
Basic Digital Signal Processing
Examples in Block Diagrams
• Interference Cancellation in Electrocardiography
Slide 13
Basic Digital Signal Processing
Examples in Block Diagrams
• Interference Cancellation in Electrocardiography cont.
Slide 14
Biological Signals Artifacts
Slide 15
Biological Signals Processing: case study
• The segment from the Q wave to the S wave (known as QRS segment), is useful in indicating certain
pathological variations in the heart’s electrical system. For example an ECG waveform from a subject with
an ectopic beat of Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC) type.
Slide 16
Examples of Common Biological Signals
• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Slide 17
Examples of Common Biological Signals
• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Slide 18
Special case: maternal heart rate (MHR) with fetal heart rate (FHR)
Slide 19
Examples of Common Biological Signals
• Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Slide 20
Examples of Common Biological Signals
• Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Slide 21
Examples of Common Biological Signals
• Electromyogram (EMG)
Slide 22
Examples of Common Biological Signals
• Phonocardiogram
Slide 23
Examples of Common Biological Signals
• Other Biological Signals: such as arterial blood pressure signal (ABP) generated by
changes in blood pressure which are recorded on the upper arm; electroculogram
(EOG) signals, which measures the eye movements and oxygen saturation (SpO2)
signals.
Slide 24
Digital Signal Processing
Applications
Slide 25
Summary
Slide 26
