T −D ɣ=Gamma
Angle of climb formula: sin ɣ=
W
θ=Theta
D−T
Angle of descent formula: sin ɣ= Φ=Phi
W
Thrust in a climb: T =D+W . sin ɣ μ=Mu
Thrust in a descent: T =D−W .sin ɣ
Lift in a climb/ Descent : L=W . cos ɣ
Drag in gliding Decent: D=W .sin ɣ
Drag in Power-on Decent: D=T +(W .sin ɣ )
T D
Gradient climb: G %= − x 100
W L
Gradient to degrees : tan
−1
( G100% )=Climb angle
Rule of thumb: 5 %=3 °
Prop Vx: Vmd x 0.76=Vmp
Lift
Load factor formula: LF=
Weight
W
Lift in Turn: L=
cos ɣ
1
Load factor in turn =
cos Φ
Load factor in climb = = cos Φ
2 M
v ( )
Turn Radius Formula: Sec
r=
g .tanΦ
Circle circumference: 2. π . r
Meters to Nautical mile: 1852m = 1nm
Feet to Nautical mile: 6080ft = 1nm
Kts to Meters / sec = kts x 0.5144
TAS
Rate of turn TAS/Radius x60: x 60
Radius
TAS
Angle of bank for rate 1 turn : +7 °
10
Distance = Time x speed
LSS= √° K
38.95
TAS
Mach No .=
LSS
1
Mach Cone: μ=
Mach
t h res h old 1 h eig h t−t h res h old 2 h eig ht
Runway slope: x 100
s h ortest TORA x 3.28
ROC (Rate of climb) : G % (¿ still air)x TAS
AoA: speed vector + longitudinal
Path angle: speed vector + horizontal
Pitch angle: longitudinal + horizontal
2
Wingspan
Tapered wing Aspect ratio=
Wing Area
Span
Aspect ratio=
Average Chord
Wing Area=Span x Average cord
Tip Chord
Taper Ratio=
Root Chord
2
−1 1
max bank angle for a given speed=cos ( )
Speed given
Spin Down ( Lift off ) :9 x √ PSI
Spin Up ( Touch down ) :7.7 x √ PSI
Aeroplane Limit Load Factor Limit Load Factor Ultimate Load Ultimate Load
Category + (Positive) - (Negative) Factor + Factor –
(Positive) (Negative)
Transport 2.5 -1.0 3.75 -1.5
Normal 3.8 -1.52 5.7 -2.28
(commuter)
Utility 4.4 -1.76 6.6 -2.64
Aerobatic 6.0 -3.0 9.0 -4.5
PERF Formulas:
fuel flow
JET Specific fuel consumption=
unit of thrust
fuel flow
¿ Specific fuel consumption=
unit of Power
TAS
Specific Air Range=
Fuel Flow mass
NM
Specific Range=
Fuel Flow mass
Acronyms
Ground Effect
L+ Lift
E+ Effective AoA
I- Induced AoA
D- Down Wash angle
ID - Induced Drag
Shock Waves Oblique Shock Waves Expansion
Solid State Drives Long Memory Term S - Static temperature
S + Static temperature S - Static Pressure
S + Static Pressure D - Density
D + Density L - LSS
L + LSS M + Mach No.
M - Mach No. T - Total Pressure
T - Total Pressure
Positive Gust Loads
Many Aviators Wont Even See Any Wind
M - Mass
A - Altitude
W - Wing loading
E + Eas
S + Surface Area
A + Aspect Ratio
W + Wing Area
