Mechanics of Materials Chapter 4: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Indeterminate Systems

4.3 FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS

4.3.1 Basic Concepts
• Basic Concepts through an Example:
o As an example of the force method of analysis, consider the linearly elastic axially loaded
bar system shown in Figure 4-2.
o The initially undeformed bars are shown in Figure 4-2(a) with zig-zag lines as a reminder that
they can be treated as springs.
o On applying force 𝑃 at B, reactions 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 develop at the ends and the system deforms,
as shown in Figure 4-2(b).
o Classification of the problem and degree of indeterminacy:
▪ Since only one nontrivial equation of statics is available for determining the two reactions,
Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0
{ } 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑙, 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚.
Σ𝑀 = 0
▪ This system is statically indeterminate to the first degree.
o Sign Convention:
▪ Here the upward direction of the applied force 𝑃, as well as that assumed for 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 ,
coincides with the positive direction of the 𝑥 axis. For this reason, these quantities will be
treated as positive.
▪ With this sign convention, if an applied force acts downward, it would be taken as negative.
+ 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
+ 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
▪ A calculated reaction with a negative sign signifies that it acts in the opposite direction from
the assumed.
▪ Adherence to this sign convention is desirable, although in axially loaded bar problems, it
is not essential since the directions of deflections and reactions usually can be seen by
inspection. However, for computer solutions, as well as for the more complex problems
discussed in Chapter 17 and 18, a strict adherence to a selected sign convention becomes
necessary.

Figure 4-2: Force (flexibility)

method of elastic analysis for
a statically indeterminate
axially loaded bar.
Deformations are greatly
exaggerated.
o Solution steps:
▪ In applying the force method to axially loaded bars, one of the reactions is temporarily
removed, making the system statically determinate.
▪ Here an arbitrary choice is made to remove the upper reaction 𝑅1 , permitting the system
of two bar segments to deform, as shown in Figure 4-2(c).
▪ Such a simplified structural system is referred to as the primary system, since, from the
point of view of statics, it can, by itself, carry the applied load. (However, from the point of
view of strength, the redundant reaction may be necessary and, thus, in the actual field
situation, cannot be removed.)

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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 4: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Indeterminate Systems
▪ Note that only the bottom bar segment is stressed here. Therefore, the same axial
deformation Δ0 occurs at A, at the top of bar, as at point B. Then if the flexibility of the
lower elastic bar is 𝑓2 , the deflection:
Δ0 = 𝑓2 𝑃 Eq. 4-1
This result, shown in Figure 4-2(c), violates the geometric boundary condition at 𝐴.
▪ In order to comply, the deflection Δ1 caused by 𝑅1 acting on the unloaded bar 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is
found next; see Figure 4-2(d). This deflection is caused by the stretching of both bars.
Therefore, if the flexibilities of these bars are 𝑓1 and 𝑓2 , Figure 4-2(a), the deflection:
Δ1 = (𝑓1 + 𝑓2 )𝑅1 Eq. 4-2
▪ The compatibility of deformations at 𝐴 is then achieved by requiring that:
Δ0 + Δ1 = 0 Eq. 4-3
▪ By substituting Eq. 4-1 and Eq. 4-2 into Eq. 4-3 and solving for 𝑅1 , one has:
𝑓2
𝑅1 = − 𝑃 Eq. 4-4
𝑓1 + 𝑓2
▪ The negative sign of the result indicates that 𝑅1 acts in the opposite direction from the
assumed. As to be expected, according to Eq. 4-2, this also holds true for Δ1 .
▪ The complete solution of this statically indeterminate problem is the algebraic sum of the
solutions shown in Figure 4-2(c) and (d). After the reactions become known, the previously
discussed procedures for determining the internal forces and deflections apply.
• Inasmuch as member flexibilities are particularly useful in formulating solutions by the force
method, this approach is also known as the flexibility method of analysis.
• The principle of superposition:
o The algebraic sum of the two solutions, as before, is an application of the principle of
superposition and will be encountered frequently in this course.
o This principle is based upon the premise that the resultant stress or strain in a system due to
several forces is the algebraic sum of their effects when separately applied. This assumption is
true only if each effect is linearly related to the force causing it.
o Small deformations are necessary for premise of linear behavior:
▪ It is only approximately true when the deflections or deformations due to one force cause
an abnormal change in the effect of another force.
▪ Fortunately, the magnitudes of deflections are relatively small in most engineering
structures.
▪ In that regard, it is important to note that the deformation shown in Figure 4-2(b) to (d)
are greatly exaggerated.
▪ Moreover, since the deformations are very small, the undeformed (i.e., the initial) bar
lengths are used in calculating throughout.
• Comparison between linear and nonlinear systems:
o An illustration of force-deformation relationships for linear and nonlinear systems is shown
in Figure 4-3.

Figure 4-3: Comparison of force-displacement relationships between linear and

nonlinear systems.
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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 4: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Indeterminate Systems
o For the linear systems considered, here doubling a displacement, say from Δ1 to Δ2 , also
doubles the load. This is not so for a nonlinear system.
o Therefore, for linear systems experiencing small deformations, the sequence or number of loads
is immaterial.
• Concluding comments of the force method:
o The procedure just described (the force method) is very general for linear systems, and any
number of axial loads, bar cross sections, different material properties, as well as thermal
effects on the length of a bar system can be included in the analysis.
o However, the force method is not favored in practice because a systemic selection of the
redundants for large problems is difficult.
4.3.2 Series versus Parallel Systems
• As has been discussed in Chapter 3, the structural systems may be classified into:
o Series system:
This structural
arrangement may have a common force but cumulative displacements through the system.
o Parallel system:
This structural arrangement has a common
displacement, but the applied force is distributed
among the members of the system.
• The previous discussion of article 4.3.1 has been
prepared in terms of a series system. Related examples
and homeworks have been presented in article 4.3.3.
• Analysis of a parallel system using the force method
has been presented in article 4.3.4.

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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 4: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Indeterminate Systems
4.3.3 Examples and Homeworks for in Series Statically Indeterminate Systems
Example 4-1
Determine the reactions for the
indicated bar assuming that ends
A and D are held. Let 𝐸 = A1= 1000 mm2 390 kN 200 kN A = 1000 mm2
RA 3 RD
200 𝐺𝑃𝑎.
Solution A A2= 2000 mm2
• Consider the reaction at
D
𝐷 to be redundant, the
primary system would be:

A1= 1000 mm2 390 kN 200 kN A = 1000 mm2

RA 3 RD
A A2= 2000 mm2 D
• For the primary system, the deformation at D would be:
Δ𝐷 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = Δ𝐵 + Δ(𝐶 |𝐵) + Δ(𝐷 |𝐶 )
The deformations Δ𝐵 , Δ(𝐶 |𝐵) , and Δ(𝐷 |𝐶 ) 390 kN 200 kN A = 1000 mm2
PAB 3 RD
can be determined with refereeing to the
internal forces presented in the indicated A2= 2000 mm2
FBDs:
D
𝑃𝐴𝐵 = 390 − 200 = 190 𝑘𝑁 (𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛) 200 kN A = 1000 mm2
𝑃𝐵𝐶 = 200 𝑘𝑁 (𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
3 RD
PBC
𝑃𝐶𝐷 = 0
𝑃𝐴𝐵 𝐿𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐵𝐶 𝐿𝐵𝐶 𝑃𝐶𝐷 𝐿𝐶𝐷 D
Δ𝐷 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = + +
𝐸𝐴1 𝐸𝐴2 𝐸𝐴3
190 × 103 × 2000 RD
Δ𝐷 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = PCD
200 × 103 × 1000
200 × 103 × 1000 D
− + 0
200 × 103 × 2000
= 1.4 𝑚𝑚 ⟶
• The complementary system:
To maintain the the boundary condition at joint 𝐷 (Δ𝐷 = 0), the reaction 𝑅𝐷 has been applied
as presented below:

RA A1= 1000 mm2 A3= 1000 mm2 RD

A A2= 2000 mm2 D
The internal forces in members AB, BC, and CD are equal to the reaction 𝑅𝐷 :
𝐿𝐴𝐵 𝐿𝐵𝐶 𝐿𝐶𝐷
Δ𝐷 Complementary = 𝑅𝐷 ( + + )
𝐸𝐴1 𝐸𝐴2 𝐸𝐴3
2000 1000 1500
Δ𝐷 Complementary = 𝑅𝐷 ( + + )
200 × 10 × 1000 200 × 10 × 2000 200 × 103 × 1000
3 3
Δ𝐷 Complementary = 2 × 10−5 𝑅𝐷
• To maintain the the boundary condition at joint D (Δ𝐷 = 0):
Δ𝐷 Complementary + Δ𝐷 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 0
1.4
2 × 10−5 𝑅𝐷 + 1.4 ⟹ 𝑅𝐷 = − = −70000 𝑁 = −70 𝑘𝑁
2 × 10−5
Then
𝑅𝐷 = 70 𝑘𝑁 ⟵ 𝐴𝑛𝑠.

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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 4: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Indeterminate Systems
Example 4-2
Resolve example above but in terms the flexibility for members 𝐴𝐵, 𝐵𝐶, and 𝐶𝐷:
Solution
• By definition, the flexibility is the deformations due to a unit force.
𝐿𝑖
𝑓𝑖 =
𝐸𝑖 𝐴𝑖
Hence, the flexibilities for members AB, BC, and CD would be:
𝐿𝐴𝐵 2000 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝐴𝐵 = = 3
= 10 × 10−6
𝐸𝐴1 200 × 10 × 1000 𝑁
𝐿𝐵𝐶 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝐵𝐶 = = = 2.5 × 10−6
𝐸𝐴2 200 × 103 × 2000 𝑁
𝐿𝐶𝐷 1500 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝐶𝐷 = = 3
= 7.5 × 10−6
𝐸𝐴3 200 × 10 × 1000 𝑁
• Formulated in terms of flexibility, the primary and complimentary solutions would be:
𝑃𝐴𝐵 𝐿𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐵𝐶 𝐿𝐵𝐶 𝑃𝐶𝐷 𝐿𝐶𝐷
Δ𝐷 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = + + = 𝑓𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐴𝐵 + 𝑓𝐵𝐶 𝑃𝐵𝐶 + 𝑓𝐶𝐷 𝑃𝐶𝐷
𝐸𝐴1 𝐸𝐴2 𝐸𝐴3
𝐿𝐴𝐵 𝐿𝐵𝐶 𝐿𝐶𝐷
Δ𝐷 Complementary = 𝑅𝐷 ( + + ) = (𝑓𝐴𝐵 + 𝑓𝐵𝐶 + 𝑓𝐶𝐷 )𝑅𝐷
𝐸𝐴1 𝐸𝐴2 𝐸𝐴3
• To maintain the the boundary condition at joint D (Δ𝐷 = 0) (see Eq. 4-3):
Δ𝐷 Complementary + Δ𝐷 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 0
(𝑓𝐴𝐵 + 𝑓𝐵𝐶 + 𝑓𝐶𝐷 )𝑅𝐷 + (𝑓𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐴𝐵 + 𝑓𝐵𝐶 𝑃𝐵𝐶 + 𝑓𝐶𝐷 𝑃𝐶𝐷 ) = 0
Solving for 𝑅𝐷 to have (see Eq. 4-4):
(𝑓𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐴𝐵 + 𝑓𝐵𝐶 𝑃𝐵𝐶 + 𝑓𝐶𝐷 𝑃𝐶𝐷 )
𝑅𝐷 = −
(𝑓𝐴𝐵 + 𝑓𝐵𝐶 + 𝑓𝐶𝐷 )
(10 × 10−6 × 190 + 2.5 × 10−6 × (−200) + 7.5 × 10−6 × 0)
𝑅𝐷 = − = −70 𝑘𝑁
(10 × 10−6 + 2.5 × 10−6 + 7.5 × 10−6 )
Then
𝑅𝐷 = 70 𝑘𝑁 ⟵ 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
Example 4-3
Determine the reactions for the 2 𝑖𝑛2 constant cross-sectional
elastic bar shown in the figure. Let 𝐸 = 10 × 103 𝑘𝑠𝑖. 1 2 3
Solution
• By definition, the flexibility is the deformations due to a
unit force.
𝐿𝑖
𝑓𝑖 =
𝐸𝑖 𝐴𝑖
Hence, the flexibilities for members 1, 2, and 3 would be:
𝐿1 6 𝑖𝑛
𝑓1 = = 3
= 0.0003
𝐸𝐴 10 × 10 × 2 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝐿2 12 𝑖𝑛
𝑓2 = = = 0.0006
𝐸𝐴 10 × 103 × 2 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝐿3 6 𝑖𝑛
𝑓3 = = 3
= 0.0003
𝐸𝐴 10 × 10 × 2 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
• As the resultant for the two applied forces acts to RL RR
the right, the reactions have been assumed to act 1 2 3
to left as presented below:
• Considering the right reaction as a redundant, the
primary system would be:
RL
1 2 3

The corresponding axial forces in members 1, 2, and 3 would be:

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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 4: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Indeterminate Systems
𝑃1 = 40 − 20 = 20 𝑘 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑃2 = 40 𝑘 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑃3 = 0
• The corresponding complementary system would be:
RR
1 2 3

• To maintain the the boundary condition at joint D (Δ𝑅 = 0) (see Eq. 4-3):
Δ𝑅 Complementary + Δ𝑅 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 0
(𝑓1 + 𝑓2 + 𝑓3 )𝑅𝐷 + (𝑓1 𝑃1 + 𝑓2 𝑃2 + 𝑓3 𝑃3 ) = 0
Solving for 𝑅𝑅 to have (see Eq. 4-4):
(𝑓1 𝑃1 + 𝑓2 𝑃2 + 𝑓3 𝑃3 ) (0.0003 × 20 + 0.0006 × 40 + 0.0003 × 0)
𝑅𝑅 = − =− = −25 𝑘
(𝑓1 + 𝑓2 + 𝑓3 ) (0.0003 + 0.0006 + 0.0003)
𝑅𝑅 = 25 𝑘 ← ∎
Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0 → + ⟹ 𝑅𝐿 = (40 − 20) − 25 = −5 𝑘 ⟹ 𝑅𝐿 = 5 𝑘 ⟶ ∎
5k 25 k

Example 4-4
An aluminum bar with enlarged ends in order to minimize
stress concentrations is to be designed to carry a completely
reversing 7.5 kN load for 5 × 108 cycles. Determine the 1 2
required cross section of the bar having a safety factor of 1.8.
With the indicated number of cycles, the fatigue strength
would be 127 MPa. Assume that the bar has a constant cross
section.
Solution
• By definition, the flexibility is the deformations due to a unit force.
𝐿𝑖
𝑓𝑖 =
𝐸𝑖 𝐴𝑖
Hence, the flexibilities for members 1, 2, and 3 would be:
𝐿/3 1 𝐿 1
𝑓1 = = = 𝑓
𝐸𝐴 3 𝐸𝐴 3
2
𝐿 2 𝐿 2
𝑓2 = 3 = = 𝑓
𝐸𝐴 3 𝐸𝐴 3
• The formulation is prepared in terms of the force 𝑃 to act to the right.

1 2

• The corresponding reactions have been assumed to act to the left:

RL RR
1 2

• Considering the right reaction as a redundant, the primary system would be:

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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 4: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Indeterminate Systems

1 2

The corresponding axial forces in members 1, and 2 would be:

𝑃1 = 7.5 𝑘𝑁 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑃2 = 0
• The corresponding complementary system would be:

RR
1 2

• To maintain the the boundary condition at joint D (Δ𝑅 = 0) (see Eq. 4-3):
Δ𝑅 Complementary + Δ𝑅 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 0
(𝑓1 + 𝑓2 )𝑅𝐷 + (𝑓1 𝑃1 + 𝑓2 𝑃2 ) = 0
Solving for 𝑅𝑅 to have (see Eq. 4-4):
1 2
(𝑓1 𝑃1 + 𝑓2 𝑃2 ) ( 𝑓 × 7.5 + 𝑓 × 0)
𝑅𝑅 = − =− 3 3 = −2.5 𝑘𝑁 ⟹ 𝑅𝑅 = 2.5 𝑘𝑁 →
(𝑓1 + 𝑓2 ) 1 2
( 𝑓 + 𝑓)
3 3
Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0 → +⟹ 𝑅𝐿 = 7.5 − 2.5 = 5 𝑘𝑁 ⟵
• The internal forces in members 1, and 2 would be:

5 kN 2.5 kN
2
1

𝑃1 = ±5 𝑘𝑁 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛
𝑃2 = ±2.5 𝑘𝑁
• Design for fatigue:
𝑃 𝑃 (5 × 1000)
∵ 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = ⟹ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = = = 70.866 𝑚𝑚2 ∎
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 127
( )
1.8
Homework 4-1
An elastic bar of variable cross section, held at
both ends, is loaded as shown in the figure. The
flexibilities of the bar segments are 𝑓/2, 𝑓, and
𝑓. Determine the reactions.
Ans:
𝑃 6
𝑅𝑅 = ⟵ 𝑅𝐿 = 𝑃 ⟶
5 5
Solution
• Members’ flexibilities are already given in the problem statement.
• As the resultant for the two applied forces acts to the left, the reactions have been assumed to
act to right as presented below:
RL RR

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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 4: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Indeterminate Systems
• Considering the right reaction as a redundant, the primary system would be:

The corresponding axial forces in members 1, 2, and 3 would be:

𝑃1 = 𝑃 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑃2 = 𝑃 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑃3 = 0
• The corresponding complementary system would be:
RR

• To maintain the the boundary condition at joint D (Δ𝑅 = 0) (see Eq. 4-3):
𝛥𝑅 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 + 𝛥𝑅 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 0
(𝑓1 + 𝑓2 + 𝑓3 )𝑅𝐷 + (𝑓1 𝑃1 + 𝑓2 𝑃2 + 𝑓3 𝑃3 ) = 0
Solving for 𝑅𝑅 to have (see Eq. 4-4):
1
(𝑓1 𝑃1 + 𝑓2 𝑃2 + 𝑓3 𝑃3 ) (− 𝑓𝑃 + 𝑓𝑃 + 𝑓 × 0) 𝑃
𝑅𝑅 = − =− 2 =−
(𝑓1 + 𝑓2 + 𝑓3 ) 1 5
( 𝑓 + 𝑓 + 𝑓)
2
𝑃
𝑅𝑅 = ⟵
5
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝑃 6
𝑅𝐿 − = (2𝑃 − 𝑃) ⟹ 𝑅𝐿 = 𝑃 ⟶
5 5
6P/5 P/5

Example 4-5
The fixed-end bar ABCD consists of three
prismatic segments, as shown in the figure. The
end segments have cross-sectional area 𝐴1 =
840 𝑚𝑚2 and length 𝐿1 = 200 𝑚𝑚 . The
middle segment has cross-sectional area 𝐴2 =
1260 𝑚𝑚2 and length 𝐿2 = 250 𝑚𝑚. Loads
𝑃𝐵 and 𝑃𝐶 are equal to 25.5 𝑘𝑁 and 17.0 𝑘𝑁,
respectively. 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎.
Determine the reactions 𝑅𝐴 and 𝑅𝐷 at the fixed supports.
Solution
• The flexibilities for members would be:
𝐿1 200 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝐴𝐵 = 𝑓𝐶𝐷 = = 3
= 1.19 × 10−6
𝐸𝐴1 200 × 10 × 840 𝑁
𝐿2 250 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝐵𝐶 = = = 0.992 × 10−6
𝐸𝐴2 200 × 103 × 1260 𝑁
• As the resultant for the two applied forces acts to the right, the reactions have been assumed to
act to left as presented below:

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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 4: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Indeterminate Systems

RA 25.5 kN 17.0 kN RD

• Considering the right reaction as a redundant, the primary system would be:

RA 25.5 kN 17.0 kN

The corresponding axial forces in members 1, 2, and 3 would be:

𝑃𝐴𝐵 = 25.5 − 17.0 = 8.5 𝑘𝑁 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑃𝐵𝐶 = 17.0 𝑘𝑁 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑃𝐶𝐷 = 0
• The corresponding complementary system would be:

RD

• To maintain the the boundary condition at joint D (Δ𝑅 = 0) (see Eq. 4-3):
Δ𝑅 Complementary + Δ𝑅 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 0
(𝑓𝐴𝐵 + 𝑓𝐵𝐶 + 𝑓𝐶𝐷 )𝑅𝐷 + (𝑓𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐴𝐵 + 𝑓𝐵𝐶 𝑃𝐵𝐶 + 𝑓𝐶𝐷 𝑃𝐶𝐷 ) = 0
Solving for 𝑅𝑅 to have (see Eq. 4-4):
(𝑓𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐴𝐵 + 𝑓𝐵𝐶 𝑃𝐵𝐶 + 𝑓𝐶𝐷 𝑃𝐶𝐷 )
𝑅𝑅 = −
(𝑓𝐴𝐵 + 𝑓𝐵𝐶 + 𝑓𝐶𝐷 )
(1.19 × 10−6 × 8.5 + 0.992 × 10−6 × (−17.0) + 1.19 × 10−6 × 0)
𝑅𝐷 = −
(1.19 × 10−6 + 0.992 × 10−6 + 1.19 × 10−6 )
𝑅𝐷 = 2.00 𝑘𝑁 → ∎
Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0 → +
+𝑅𝐴 + 25.5 − 17.0 + 2.0 = 0 ⟹ 𝑅𝐴 = −10.5 𝑘𝑁 ⟹ 𝑅𝐴 = 10.5 𝑘𝑁 ← ∎

10.5 kN 25.5 kN 17.0 kN 2 kN

Homework 4-2
A homogeneous rod of constant cross section is
attached to unyielding supports. It carries an axial load
𝑃 applied as shown. Prove that the reactions are given
by 𝑅1 = 𝑃𝑏/𝐿 and 𝑅2 = 𝑃𝑎/𝐿 . (Note that these
reactions are equivalent to those of a simply supported beam carrying a concentrated load.)
Solution
• During the solution, the reactions are assumed to be in the positive direction:

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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 4: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Indeterminate Systems

• By definition, the flexibility is the deformations due to a unit force.

𝐿𝑖
𝑓𝑖 =
𝐸𝑖 𝐴𝑖
Hence, the flexibilities for members 1, 2, and 3 would be:
𝑎 𝑏
𝑓1 = 𝑓2 =
𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
• Considering the right reaction as a redundant, the primary system would be:

The corresponding axial forces in members 1, 2, and 3 would be:

𝑃1 = 𝑃 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑃2 = 0
• The corresponding complementary system would be:

• To maintain the the boundary condition at joint D (Δ𝑅 = 0) (see Eq. 4-3):
𝛥𝑅 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 + 𝛥𝑅 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 0
(𝑓1 + 𝑓2 )𝑅2 + (𝑓1 𝑃1 + 𝑓2 𝑃2 ) = 0
Solving for 𝑅𝑅 to have (see Eq. 4-4):
𝑎 𝑏
(𝑓1 𝑃1 + 𝑓2 𝑃2 ) ( 𝑃+ × 0) 𝑎𝑃 𝑎 𝑎
𝑅𝑅 = − = − 𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴 =− =− 𝑃= 𝑃←∎
(𝑓1 + 𝑓2 ) 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝐿 𝐿
( + )
𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝐿 𝑏 𝑏
𝑅1 + 𝑃 − 𝑃 = 0 ⟹ 𝑅1 = 𝑃 − 𝑃 = ( − ) 𝑃 = − 𝑃 ⟹ 𝑅1 = 𝑃 ⟵ ∎
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿

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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 4: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Indeterminate Systems
4.3.4 Examples and Homeworks for in Parallel Statically Indeterminate Systems
Example 4-6
If a load of 1 kip is applied to a rigid bar suspended by
three wires as shown in the figure, what force will be
resisted by each wire? The outside wires are aluminum
( 𝐸 = 107 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ). The inside wire is steel ( 𝐸 = 30 ×
106 𝑝𝑠𝑖).
Solution
• Since only one nontrivial equation of statics is
available for determining the two reactions,
Σ𝐹 = 0
{ 𝑥 } 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑙
Σ𝑀 = 0
i.e., satisfied but not useful in solving the problem.
This system is statically indeterminate to the first
degree.
• This example presents the statically indeterminate analysis for a parallel system where all
members have a common displacement; but they support a specific share of the total applied
force.
• Based on the assumption of a rigid bar suspended, the deflected shape of the system would be:
ΔSt

ΔAl
ΔAl

• Based on the geometry of the deformations:

Δ𝐴𝑙 = Δ𝑆𝑡 (1)
As the flexibility, 𝑓, has been defined as:
Δ
𝑓=
𝑃
hence, Eq. (1) can be reformulated in terms of members’ flexibilities to have:
𝑓𝑆𝑡
𝑓𝐴𝑙 𝑃𝐴𝑙 = 𝑓𝑆𝑡 𝑃𝑆𝑡 ⟹ 𝑃𝐴𝑙 = 𝑃 (2)
𝑓𝐴𝐿 𝑆𝑡
• Based on equilibrium conditions:
Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 2𝑃𝐴𝑙 + 𝑃𝑆𝑡 = 1 𝑘 (3)
• Substitute Eq. (2) into Eq. (3)
𝑓𝑆𝑡 1
2 𝑃𝑆𝑡 + 𝑃𝑆𝑡 = 1 𝑘 ⟹ 𝑃𝑆𝑡 = (4)
𝑓𝐴𝐿 𝑓
2 𝑆𝑡 + 1
𝑓𝐴𝐿
• Form the example statement, the flexibilities are:
𝐿𝐴𝑙 25 × 12 𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝐴𝑙 = = 7 = 150 × 10−6
𝐸𝐴𝑙 𝐴𝐴𝑙 10 × 0.2 𝑙𝑏
𝐿𝑆𝑡 50 × 12 −6
𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑆𝑡 = = = 66.7 × 10
𝐸𝑆𝑡 𝐴𝑆𝑡 30 × 106 × 0.3 𝑙𝑏
Substitute these values into Eq. (4) to have:

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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 4: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Indeterminate Systems
1
𝑃𝑆𝑡 = = 0.529 𝑘 ∎
66.7
(2 ( ) + 1)
150
Substitute into Eq. (3) to have:
2𝑃𝐴𝑙 + 0.529 = 1 ⟹ 𝑃𝐴𝑙 = 0.236 𝑘 ∎
Example 4-7
If, in the system shown in Example 4-6, the applied force of 1 k is replaced by a mass of 500 lb attached
to the beam, what would be the natural vertical frequency of vibration? The frequency of vibration is
given as
1 𝑔
𝑓= √ 𝐻𝑧
2𝜋 Δ
where 𝑔 is the gravitational acceleration and Δ is the statical deflection of the system at the middle.
Solution
• Based on the results from Example 4-6, the force in the steel bar is:
0.5
𝑃𝑆𝑡 = = 0.246 𝑘
66.7
(2 ( ) + 1)
150
• The corresponding displacement in the steel bar would be:
𝑖𝑛
Δ𝑆𝑡 = 𝑓𝑆𝑡 𝑃𝑆𝑡 = (66.7 × 10−6 ) × 𝑃𝑆𝑡 = (66.7 × 10−6 ) × (0.246 × 1000) = 0.164 𝑖𝑛
𝑙𝑏
• Substitute into the frequency relation to have:
1 𝑔 1 9.81 × 3.28 × 12 𝑖𝑛⁄𝑠 2
𝑓= √ = √ (√ ) = 7.72 𝐻𝑧
2𝜋 Δ 2𝜋 0.164 𝑖𝑛
Example 4-8
The column is constructed from high-strength concrete and six steel
reinforcing rods. If it is subjected to an axial force of 150 kN,
determine the force resultant in the concrete and in steel. Each rod has
a diameter of 20 mm. 𝐸𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 29 𝐺𝑃𝑎 and 𝐸𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎.
Solution
• Based on the geometry of the deformations:
Δ𝐶𝑜𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = Δ𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 (1)
As the flexibility, 𝑓, has been defined as:
Δ
𝑓=
𝑃
hence, Eq. (1) can be reformulated in terms of members’
flexibilities to have:
𝑓𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑃𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 𝑓𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝑓𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 𝑃 (2)
𝑓𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
• Based on equilibrium conditions:
Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑃𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 + 𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 150 (3)
• Substitute Eq. (2) into Eq. (3)
𝑓𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝑃𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 + 𝑃 = 150 𝑘𝑁
𝑓𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
150
𝑃𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = (4)
𝑓𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
1+
𝑓𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
• Form the example statement, the flexibilities are:
𝐿𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 1.2 × 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = = 2 = 1.32 × 10−6
𝐸𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 (29 𝜋 × 200 𝑁
× 103 ) × ( )
4
𝐿𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 1.2 × 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = = 2 = 3.18 × 10−6
𝐸𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐴𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 (200 𝜋 × 20 𝑁
× 103 ) × 6 × ( )
4
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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 4: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Indeterminate Systems
Substitute these values into Eq. (4) to have:
150 150
𝑃𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = = = 106 𝑘𝑁 ∎
𝑓𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 1.32 × 10−6
1+ 1+
𝑓𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 3.18 × 10−6
Substitute into Eq. (3) to have:
106 + 𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 150 𝑘𝑁 ⟹ 𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 44 𝑘𝑁 ∎
Example 4-9
If column AB is made from pre-cast concrete and
reinforced with four 20 mm diameter steel rods,
determine the maximum allowable floor loadings 𝑃.
The allowable normal stress for the concrete and the
steel are 𝜎𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 18 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and σSteel =
170 𝑀𝑃𝑎 , respectively. 𝐸𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 29 𝐺𝑃𝑎 and
𝐸𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎.
Solution
• Based on the geometry of the deformations:
Δ𝐶𝑜𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = Δ𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 (1)
As the flexibility, 𝑓, has been defined as:
Δ
𝑓=
𝑃
hence, Eq. (1) can be reformulated in terms of
members’ flexibilities to have:
𝑓𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑃𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 𝑓𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝑓𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 𝑃 (2)
𝑓𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
• Based on equilibrium conditions:
Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑃𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 + 𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 2𝑃 (3)
• Substitute Eq. (2) into Eq. (3)
𝑓𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝑃𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 + 𝑃 = 2𝑃
𝑓𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
2𝑃
𝑃𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = (4)
𝑓
1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝑓𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
• Form the example statement, the flexibilities are:
𝐿𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 3 × 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = = 3 2
= 2.04 × 10−6
𝐸𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 (29 × 10 ) × (225 ) 𝑁
𝐿𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 3 × 1000 −6
𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = = 2 = 11.9 × 10
𝐸𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐴𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 (200 𝜋 × 20 𝑁
× 103 ) × 4 × ( )
4
Substitute these values into Eq. (4) to have:
2𝑃 2𝑃 70
𝑃𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = = = 𝑃
𝑓 2.04 × 10−6 41
1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 1 +
𝑓𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 11.9 × 10−6
Substitute into Eq. (3) to have:
70 12𝑃
𝑃 + 𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 2𝑃 ⟹ 𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 =
41 41
• The allowable floor loadings 𝑃 in terms of 𝜎𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 18 𝑀𝑃𝑎:
70 70 70
𝑃𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 𝑃 ⟹ 𝜎𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 𝑃 ⟹ 18 × 2252 = 𝑃
41 41 41
𝑃 = 534 × 103 𝑁 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛
• The allowable floor loadings 𝑃 in terms of σSteel = 170 𝑀𝑃𝑎:
12𝑃 12𝑃 𝜋 × 202 12𝑃
𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = ⟹ 𝜎𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐴𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = ⟹ 170 × 4 × ( )= ⟹ 𝑃 = 730 × 103 𝑁
41 41 4 41
• Therefore, the allowable floor loadings 𝑃 is:
𝑃 = 534 𝑘𝑁 ∎
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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 4: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Indeterminate Systems
Homework 4-3
The indicated concrete post is reinforced axially with four
symmetrically placed steel bars, each of cross-sectional area
900 𝑚𝑚2 . Compute the stress in each material when the 1000 𝑘𝑁
axial load is applied. The moduli of elasticity are 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎 for steel and
14 𝐺𝑃𝑎 for concrete.
Solution
• Based on the geometry of the deformations:
Δ𝐶𝑜𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = Δ𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 (1)
Δ
As the flexibility, 𝑓, has been defined as: 𝑓 =
𝑃
hence, Eq. (1) can be reformulated in terms of members’
flexibilities to have:
𝑓𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑃𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 𝑓𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝑓𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 𝑃 (2)
𝑓𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
• Based on equilibrium conditions:
Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑃𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 + 𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 150 (3)
• Substitute Eq. (2) into Eq. (3)
𝑓𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝑃𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 + 𝑃 = 1000 𝑘𝑁 ⟹ 𝑃𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝑓𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
1000
= (4)
𝑓𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
1+
𝑓𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
• Form the example statement, the flexibilities are:
𝐿𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝐿 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = = 3
= 7.94 × 10−10 𝐿
𝐸𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 (14 × 10 ) × (300 × 300) 𝑁
𝐿𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐿 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = = = 13.9 × 10−10 𝐿
𝐸𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐴𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 (200 × 103 ) × 4 × (900) 𝑁
• Substitute these values into Eq. (4) to have:
1000 1000
𝑃𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = = = 636 𝑘𝑁 ∎
𝑓 7.94 × 10−10
1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 1 +
𝑓𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 13.9 × 10−10
• Substitute into Eq. (3) to have:
636 + 𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 1000 𝑘𝑁 ⟹ 𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 364 𝑘𝑁 ∎
Example 4-10
The indicated beam is hinged at one end. It is also supported by two
steel rods of equal length. Before the load is applied, the beam hangs
level. Find the forces in the rods after the load is applied. Neglect
bending of the beam. Answer. 𝐹𝐴 = 11,760 𝑙𝑏.
Solution
• Based on the geometry of the deformations:
Δ𝐴 Δ𝐵 6
= ⟹ Δ𝐵 = Δ𝐴 (1)
4 6 4

ΔA ΔB

As the flexibility, 𝑓, has been defined as:

Δ
𝑓=
𝑃
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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 4: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Indeterminate Systems
hence, Eq. (1) can be reformulated in terms of members’ flexibilities to have:
6 6 𝑓𝐴
𝑓𝐵 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑓𝐴 𝑃𝐴 ⟹ 𝑃𝐵 = ( ) 𝑃𝐴
4 4 𝑓𝐵
Form the example statement, the flexibilities are:
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝑓𝐴 = = 𝑓𝐵 = =
𝐸𝐴𝐴 1.0 × 𝐸 𝐸𝐴𝐵 1 × 𝐸
2
𝐿
6 1.0 × 𝐸 𝑃 ⟹ 𝑃 = 3 𝑃 (2)
𝑃𝐵 = 𝐴 𝐵
4 𝐿 4 𝐴
1
( 2×𝐸 )
• Based on equilibrium conditions:
Σ𝑀𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 0 ↺ +⟹ 𝑃𝐴 × 4 + 𝑃𝐵 × 6 − 10000 × 10 = 0 (3)
• Substitute Eq. (2) into Eq. (3):
3
𝑃𝐴 × 4 + 𝑃𝐴 × 6 − 10000 × 10 = 0 ⟹ 𝑃𝐴 = 11765 𝑙𝑏 ∎
4
Substitute into Eq. (3) to have:
10000 × 10 − 11765 × 4
11765 × 4 + 𝑃𝐵 × 6 − 10000 × 10 = 0 ⟹ 𝑃𝐵 = = 8823 𝑙𝑏∎
6
Homework 4-4
As shown a rigid beam with negligible mass is pinned
at one end and supported by two rods. The beam was
initially horizontal before the load 𝑃 was applied. Find
the vertical movement of 𝑃 if 𝑃 = 120 𝑘𝑁.
Ans. Δ𝑃 = 3.55 𝑚𝑚
Solution
• Based on the geometry of the deformations:

ΔSt
ΔP
ΔAl

Δ𝑆𝑡 = 1⁄2 Δ𝐴𝑙 (1)

As the flexibility, 𝑓, has been defined as:
Δ
𝑓=
𝑃
hence, Eq. (1) can be reformulated in terms of members’ flexibilities to have:
1 1 𝑓𝐴𝑙
𝑓𝑆𝑡 𝑃𝑆𝑇 = 𝑓𝐴𝑙 𝑃𝐴𝑙 ⟹ 𝑃𝑆𝑇 = 𝑃
2 2 𝑓𝑆𝑡 𝐴𝑙
Form the example statement, the flexibilities are:
𝐿𝑆𝑡 4 × 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑓St = = 3
= 0.333 × 10−6
𝐸𝑆𝑡 𝐴𝑆𝑡 (200 × 10 ) × (600) 𝑁
𝐿𝐴𝑙 3 × 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝐴𝑙 = = = 0.476 × 10−6
𝐸𝐴𝑙 𝐴𝐴𝑙 (70 × 103 ) × (900) 𝑁
−6
1 0.476 × 10
𝑃𝑆𝑇 = × ( ) 𝑃 ⟹ 𝑃𝑆𝑇 = 0.715𝑃𝐴𝑙 (2)
2 0.333 × 10−6 𝐴𝑙

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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 4: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Indeterminate Systems
• Based on equilibrium conditions:
Σ𝑀𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 0 ↺ +⟹ 𝑃𝑆𝑇 × 3 + 𝑃𝐴𝑙 × 6 − 𝑃 × 5 = 0 (3)
• Substitute Eq. (2) into Eq. (3):
0.715𝑃𝐴𝑙 + 𝑃𝐴𝑙 × 6 − 𝑃 × 5 = 0 ⟹ 𝑃Al = 0.745𝑃 (4)
Substitute into Eq. (3) to have:
0.745𝑃 × 3 + 𝑃𝐴𝑙 × 6 − 𝑃 × 5 = 0 ⟹ 𝑃𝐴𝑙 = 0.460𝑃
• For a force 𝑃 of 120 𝑘𝑁 the deformation in aluminum bar would be:
(𝑃𝐴𝑙 𝐿𝐴𝑙 ) (0.745𝑃𝐿𝐴𝑙 ) (0.745 × (120 × 1000) × 3000)
Δ𝐴𝑙 = = = = 4.26 𝑚𝑚
(𝐸𝐴𝑙 𝐴𝐴𝑙 ) (𝐸𝐴𝑙 𝐴𝐴𝑙 ) (70 × 103 ) × (900)
• From the similar triangles:
Δ𝑃 Δ𝐴𝑙 5 5
= ⟹ Δ𝑃 = Δ𝐴𝑙 = × 4.26 ⟹ Δ𝑃 = 3.55 𝑚𝑚
5 6 6 6

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