CE-116
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Muzammil Ahmad Khan
mukhan@ssuet.edu.pk
Computer Engineering Department
WEEK NO:08
2
Array index out of bounds
• An array is a series of elements, each accessed by an index of
that array.
If I say
• int arr[5] = { 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 };
• arr has 5 elements in it, accessed through arr[0] to arr[4].
• The first element, 20, is access through arr[0].
• The second element, 30, is accessed through arr[1].
• The third element, 40, is accessed through arr[2].
• The fourth element, 50, is accessed through arr[3].
• The last (5th) element, 60, is accessed through arr[4].
3
Array index out of bounds
• If an index is "out of bounds", it means that it would be attempting to access an
array element that doesn't exist.
For example,
int arr[5] = { 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 }; // declare an array of length 5.
arr[5] = 70; // 5 here is out of bounds, because valid array indices only go from 0 to 4
arr[-1] = 42; // -1 here is out of bounds, because arrays start at index 0.
• If you were to attempt to access an out-of-bounds index, you invoke undefined
behavior, and your program is wrong.
• The best way to check for out-of-bounds array indices is to not let it happen in the
first place. Design clear logic in your loops so that it never happens.
• In C++, there is no guard against indices that are out of bounds
4
Array index out of bounds
• The output of the above
int main()
program is as follows.
{
The elements of array :
int arr[] = {1,2,3,4,5};
1
cout<<"The elements of array : ");
2
for(int i = 0; i<6; i++)
3
cout<<“\n“<<arr[i]<<endl;
4
return 0;
5
}
32765
5
Array index out of bounds
• Now let us understand the above program.
• The array arr has assigned values only till subscript 4. So
when the array elements are printed, arr[5] results in a
garbage value.
6
Arrays in memory
• Recall simple variables:
• Allocated memory in an "address"
• Array declarations allocate memory for entire array
• Sequentially-allocated
• Means addresses allocated "back-to-back"
• Allows indexing calculations
• Simple "addition" from array beginning (index 0)
7
Arrays in memory
8
Range-based for loop statement
• The C++ language introduced a new concept of the range-based for
loop in C++.
• which is much better than the regular For loop.
• A range-based for loop does not require large coding to implement for
loop iteration. It is a sequential iterator that iterated each element of
the container over a range (from beginning to end).
Syntax
for (range_declaration : range_expression ) loop statement
9
Range-based for loop statement
• range_declaration: It is used to declare a variable whose type is the
same as the types of the collected elements represented by the
range_expression or reference to that type.
• range_expression: It defines an expression that represents the suitable
sequence of elements.
• loop statement: It defines the body of the range-based for loop that
contains one or more statements to be repeatedly executed till the end
of the range- expression.
Note:
If we don't know the data type of the container elements, we can use the
auto keyword that automatically identifies the data type of the
range_expression.
10
Program to print each element of the array
using-range based for loop
• Let's consider an example to print the int and // use auto keyword to automatically specify the
double array using the range-based for loop in
C++. data type of darr container.
for ( const auto &var : darr )
#include <iostream>
{
using namespace std;
int main () cout << var << " " ;
{ }
int arr1 [5] = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50}; return 0;
double darr [5] = { 2.4, 4.5, 1.5, 3.5, 4.0 };
}
// use range based for loop Output
for ( const auto &var : arr1 ) 10 20 30 40 50
{ 2.4 4.5 1.5 3.5 4.0
cout << var << " " ;
} 11
Program to demonstrate the vector in range
based for loop
• Let's write a simple program to // display vector elements
implement the vector in range based
for loop. for ( int x : vect)
#include <iostream> {
#include <vector> cout << x << " ";
using namespace std; }
return 0;
int main() }
{ Output
int x; // declare integer variable
5 10 25 20 25
// declare vector variable
vector <int> vect = {5, 10 , 25, 20, 25};
12
Program to print the arrays using Range based
for loop in C++ with reference
• Let's consider an example to print the array itemRef *= 3;
elements using range based for loop in C++.
}
#include <iostream>
#include <array> cout << endl << " After modification of the elements: "
<< endl;
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std; for (int x : data){
int main(){ cout << x << " ";
Int x; }
array<int, 7> data = {1, 3, -2, 4, 6, 7, 9}; cout << endl;
cout << " Before updating the elements: " << endl; return 0; }
for (int x : data){
Output
cout << x << " ";
Before updating the elements:
}
// pass the references 1 3 -2 4 6 7 9
for (int &itemRef : data){ After modification of the elements:
13
3 9 -6 12 18 21 27
What is the difference between traditional for
loop and range-based for loop?
traditional for loop range-based for loop
• A traditional for loop is used to repeatedly • On the other hand, we have a new range-
execute the block of code till the specified based for loop available in the C++ . It has
condition is true. A traditional for loop has two parameters, range declaration, and the
three parameters, initialization of the range_ expression. It is also used to
repeatedly execute the block of code over a
variable, specify the condition, and the range.
last one is counter that is incremented by
one if the condition remains true.
Syntax
Syntax:
for ( range_declaration : range_ expression )
for ( variable_initialization;
specify_condition; updated_counter) {
{ loop _statement;
// statement to be executed;
// statement to be executed;
}
}
14
What is the difference between traditional for
loop and range-based for loop?
• The range_declaration is used to declare the type of
variable related to the range_expression (container).
• range_expression:
It is just like a container that holds the same types of
elements in a sequential manner.
• The loop_statement
The statement which is executed inside for loop.
15
Advantages of the range-based for loop
• It is easy to use, and its syntax is also simple.
• A range-based for loop does not require the calculation of the
number of elements in a containers
• It recognizes the starting and ending elements of the containers.
• We can easily modify the size and elements of the container.
• It does not create any copy of the elements.
• It is much faster than the traditional for loop.
• It usually uses the auto keyword to recognize the data type of the
container elements.
16
Use defined constant for the Size of an Array
• Array indices always start at 0 and end with a value one less than the
size of the array.
• Consider changing a program where the size of an array (say 50)
appears several dozen times over thousands of lines.
• You might be looking for 49, 50 or perhaps 51. You must understand
every instance where a number in this range was used. You might have
to find where 25 ( = 50/2) was used. You can’t be certain you have
completed the job.
• In order to write code that is easily and correctly modifiable, you
should use a defined constant for the array size.
• Define a constant SIZE, and use that. Then you have only one point
where you need to change the size:
• const int SIZE = 50;
17
#define
#define is a useful C++ component that allows the
programmer to give a name to a constant value before
the program is compiled.
18
Program initializing an array with a declaration
output
#include <iostream> while ( grades[idx] > MAX_GRADE )
using namespace std; {
#define MAX_GRADE 100 cout<< "\nThe highest grade possible is “
#define STUDENTS 10 << MAX_GRADE<<endl ;
int grades[STUDENTS], idx; cout<< "\nEnter correct grade: " ;
cin>>grades[idx] ;
int total = 0; //used for average
}
main()
total += grades[idx];
{
}
for( idx=0;idx< STUDENTS;idx++)
cout<< "\n\nThe average score is "<<(total /
{ STUDENTS);
cout<<"Enter Student "<<idx return 0;
+1<<"\'s grade: "; }
cin>>grades[idx] ; 19
Program initializing an array with a declaration
Output Enter Student 1's grade: 122
Enter Student 1's grade: 77 The highest grade possible is 100
Enter Student 2's grade: 88
Enter Student 3's grade: 90
Enter correct grade:
Enter Student 4's grade: 66
Enter Student 5's grade: 43
Enter Student 6's grade: 65
Enter Student 7's grade: 87
Enter Student 8's grade: 23
Enter Student 9's grade: 65
Enter Student 10's grade: 76
The average score is 68 20
Multidimensional arrays
• A multidimensional array has more than one subscript.
• A two-dimensional array has 2 subscripts; a three-dimensional array has 3
subscripts, and so on.
E.g., int table[5][3];
// 5 rows and 3 cols and store integer
table[0][0] table[0][1] table[0][2]
table[1][0] table[1][1] table[1][2]
table[2][0] table[2][1] table[2][2]
table[3][0] table[3][1] table[3][2]
table[4][0] table[4][1] table[4][2]
21
Multidimensional arrays
E.g.,
int n[5][3] = { { 20,43,45 }, { 65,4,34 },
{ 23,56,67 }, { 45,56,78 }, { 66,76,90 } };
22
Multidimensional arrays
E.g.,
int n[5][3] = { { 20,43,45 }, { 65,4,34 },
{ 23,56,67 }, { 45,56,78 }, { 66,76,90 } };
• To display all the data in array n,
for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
cout<<n[i][j];
23
Multidimensional arrays
24
Multidimensional arrays
#include <iostream> for ( int j = 0; j < 2; j++ )
using namespace std; {
int main () { cout << "a[" << i << "][" << j << "]:
// an array with 5 rows and 2 columns. ";
int a[5][2] = { {0,0}, {1,2}, {2,4}, cout << a[i][j]<< endl;
{3,6},{4,8}}; }
// output each array element's value return 0;
for ( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ ) }
25
Multidimensional arrays
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following
result −
a[0][0]: 0
a[0][1]: 0
a[1][0]: 1
a[1][1]: 2
a[2][0]: 2
a[2][1]: 4
a[3][0]: 3
a[3][1]: 6
a[4][0]: 4
a[4][1]: 8
26
Multidimensional arrays
#include<iostream> cout<<"Printing a 2D Array:\n";
using namespace std; for(i=0;i<4;i++)
main( ) {
{ for(j=0;j<2;j++)
int arr[4][2] = { {
{ 10, 11 }, cout<<"\t"<<arr[i][j];
{ 20, 21 }, }
{ 30, 31 }, cout<<endl;
{ 40, 41 } }
}; }
int i,j;
27
Multidimensional arrays
28
Multi Dimensional Arrays
▪ A multidimensional array is an array with more than one dimension.
▪ It is the homogeneous collection of items where each element is accessed
using multiple indices.
▪ Multidimensional Array Declaration
datatype arrayName[size1][size2]...[sizeN];
where,
▪ datatype: Type of data to be stored in the array.
▪ arrayName: Name of the array.
▪ size1, size2,…, sizeN: Size of each dimension.
29
Multi Dimensional Arrays
▪ int arr1 [2] [4];
▪ The array int arr1 [2] [4] can store total (2*4) = 8 elements.
▪ In C++ int data type takes 4 bytes and we have 8 elements in the
array ‘arr1’ of the int type.
▪ Total size = 4*8 = 32 bytes.
30
Two Dimensional Arrays
▪ A two-dimensional array in C++ is a collection of elements organized
in rows and columns.
▪ It can be visualized as a table or a grid, where each element is
accessed using two indices: one for the row and one for the column.
▪ Like a one-dimensional array, two-dimensional array indices also
range from 0 to n-1 for both rows and columns.
31
Two Dimensional Arrays
Syntax of 2D array:
data_Type array_name[n][m];
Where,
n: Number of rows.
m: Number of columns.
32
Two Dimensional Arrays
// c++ program to illustrate the two dimensional array // Printing the element of 2D array
#include <iostream> for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
using namespace std; for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
int main() cout << array1[i][j] << " ";
{ }
int count = 1; cout << endl;
int array1[3][4]; }
// Initialize 2D array using loop
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { return 0;
for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) { }
array1[i][j] = count;
count++;
}
} 33
Two Dimensional Arrays
// C Program to print the elements of a Two-Dimensional array
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
// an array with 3 rows and 2 columns.
int x[3][2] = { { 0, 1 }, { 2, 3 }, { 4, 5 } };
// output each array element's value
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
printf("Element at x[%i][%i]: ", i, j);
printf("%d\n", x[i][j]);
}
}
return (0);
} 34
