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Cs Hardware and Software

ppt for computer science

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Cs Hardware and Software

ppt for computer science

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squad.info.198
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CAIE IGCSE COMPUTER SCIENCE 3. Hardware 3.1. Computer Architecture & Von Neumann architecture + The central processing unit (CPU) (also known as a ‘microprocessor or processor) is central tall modern computer systems Fhe CPt consists efthe following erchitectore: ‘+ Processor: The processor contains the Arithmetic and Logie Unit (ALU) * Control Urit: The control unit controls the operation ofthe ‘memory, processor and input/output devices ‘Arithmetic Logic Unit: Carries our the logic system Ike calculations: ++ System Clock The system clock is used to produce timing signals on the control bus Busses; Carry data through components. The following are its, types. + Address bus unidirectional + Data Bus - bi-directional + Controt Bus - unidirectional and bi-lrectional Immedicte Access Store: Stores the instructions that are to be processed, which are fetched by the CPU + The feline registers olseenistinthe erchitecture: REGISTER ‘ABBREVIATION DEFINTION Increments the value of CCurrentinstruction the instructions by 1 and G3 register also fetches the data and intone Stores the Adress ofthe wa Memenadtess “rscton con and sends itto MDR Stores the Data from the address received from the MARand sends data to cr Increments the value of the instructions by 1 and MDR Memory dats register Pe Program counter Advantages and Disadvantages of using embedded systems ‘Advantages Smallin size, therefore can easily ft into devices Disacvarteges Can be difficult to upgrade The interface can be confusing sometimes Troubleshooting is a specialist's job Often thrawn away as afficule to upgrade and faults are harder to find Increased garbage as they are thrown away ‘Any computerised system is prone to attacks Low cost to make Requires very litle power Very fast reaction to changing, input Dedicated to one task only Can be controlled remotely + Applications of Embedded devices + GPS systems Security Systems Vending Machines Washing Machines oven + Microwave 3.7. Network Hardware Network Interface Card (NIC) ‘A network interface card (NIC) is needed to allow a device to connect to 3 network (such as the interne Media Access Control (MAC) A MAC address comprises 48 bits which are shown as sik ‘groups of hexadecimal digits The frst six display the manufacturers code, and the second half shows the device serial number. ‘+ These do not change and are primarily constant for every device + there are two types of MAC addresses: the Universally ‘Administered MAC Address (UAA) and the Locally ‘Administered MAC Address (LAA) ‘The only difference between the two types are that UAA is made Universally and cannot be changed, but itis the opposite for LAA. IP Addresses + address allocation: ‘+ The network allocates IP addresses. ‘+ Two types of I addresses: static and dynamic, CAIE IGCSE COMPUTER SCIENCE + Static addresses: + Assigned manually toa device. = Does not change over time. + Dynamic IP addresses: + Assigned automatically by a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server. + Changes periodically or when the device connects to a diferent nework + [Pua (internet Protocol version 4): + Widely used protocol + Consists of four groups of decimal numbers separated by dots (eg, 192,168.0.1) + Provides approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses. + [Pv6 Internet Protocol version 8): + Developed to address the limitations of Pv + Uses eight groups of hexadecimal numbers separated by colons (ee, 2001 0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a20:0370:7334) + Provides an extremely large number of unique addresses (approximately 340 undecilion) + Differences between IPv4 and [Pv6: + Address format: IPv4 uses a 32-bit address, while V6 Uses a 128-bit address, ‘+ Address space: IPv4 provides approximately 4.3 billion addresses, whereas V6 offers around 340 Undecillion addresses, + Address allocation: v4 addresses are allocated using DHCP or manually, while IPv6 addresses are primarily assigned using stateless autoconfiguration, Routers + Router functionality: + Arouteris 3 networking device that directs d: packets between cifferent networks, + Itdetermines the mast efficient path for data transmission. + Sending data toa specific destination on a network: + Arouter examines the destination I? address of Incoming data packets. + Ituses routing tables to determine the next hop or the next router on the path to the destination, + The router forwards the data packet to the appropriate next hop. + Routers role in IP address assignment: + Arouter can act as a DHCP server (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) and assign IP addresses to devices on a local network, + Itdynamically allocates IP addresses from a predefined range to connected devices, + DHCP allows for automatic IP address configuration and simplifies network management + Connecting a local network to the Internet + A router serves as the gateway between a local network and the internet, ‘+ Itconnects the local network to an internet service Provider {ISP) network WWW.ZNOTES.ORG ‘+ The router receives data packets from devices on the Jecal network and forwards them to the internet. + Italso receives incoming data packets from the Internet and routes them to the appropriate devices fon the local network. 4. Software 4.1. Types of Software 1. System Software e.g. Operating System, Utlity programs and device drivers 2. Application Software eg. spreadsheet, word processor ete System Software: + these are a set of programs which control and manage the operations of hardware + gives a platform for other software to run + itis required to allow hardware and software to run without problems + provides a humar-computer interface (HCD to the user + controls the allocation and usage of hardware resources Application Software: + allows a user to perform specific tasks using the computer's resources + maybe a single program (for example, NotePad) ora suite ‘of programs (for example, Microsoft Office) + user can execute the software as and when they require, and is mostly not automatic Examples System Software: + Compiler: Translates high-level language int ode, allowing for direct use by a computer: tasks without re-compilation + Linker: Combines object files produced by a compiler into 2a single program, allowing the use of separately written ‘code modules in the final program. + Device driver: Software that enables hardware devices to machine perform communicate with a computer's operating system, without which a device lke a printer would be unable to work + Operating system: Software that manages basic ‘computer functions such as input/output operations, program loading and running, and security management, making computers more user-friendly + Utiity programs: Software that manages, maintains, and controls computer resources by carrying out specific tasks, such as virus checking, disk repair and analysis file management, and security CAIE IGCSE COMPUTER SCIENCE Application Software: + Word Processor: Software used for manipulating text documents, including creating, editing, and formatting ext with tools for copying, deleting, spellchecking, and Importing images, + Spreadsheet: Organizes and manipulates numerical data Using a grid of lettered columns and numbered rows, with teach cell identified using a unique combination of columns and rows. can calculate using formulas, produce graphs, and do modelling and "what if" calculations: + Database: Software used to organize, analyze, and ‘manipulate data consisting of one or more tables that hold records and fields. Provides the abiliy to query and report on data and add, delete, and modify records in a table. + Control and Measuring Software: A program designed to incerface with sensors and allow a computer or ‘microprocessor to measure physical quantities and control applications by comparing sensor data with stored data and altering process parameters accordingly + Apps: Software designed to run on motile phones or tablets, downloaded from an "App Store" and ranging from games to sophisticated software such as phone banking. Common examples include video and music streaming, GPS, and camera facilities. + Photo and Video Eiting Software: Software that allows sers to manipulate digital photographs or videos, including changing colour, brightness, and contrast, applying fers and other enhancements, and creating transitions between clips. ‘+ Graphics Manipulation Software: Software that allows the ‘manipulation of bitmap and vector images, with bitmap graphics editors changing pixels to produ Image, while vector graphics editors manipulate lines, curves, and text to ater the stored image as required, a aifferent Interrupts ‘Aninterrupt sa signal sent tothe microprocessor, either froma device or software, prompting the microprocessor to pause its ongoing tasks and handle the interrupt temporarily Various factors can tigger interrupts, including: ‘+ Timing signals: Scheduled signals prompt the ‘microprocessor to pause and handle tasks at specific incervals, ‘+ InpuvOutput processes: Events such as a disk drive or printer requiring additional data cause an interruption in the microprocessor’ activities. ‘+ Hardware faults: Issues Ike a paper jam ina printer, signalling the microprocessor to haltits operations and address the hardware problem. + User interaction: Instances lke a user pressing specific keys ona keyboard (eg) leading to an interruptin the system's operation. WWW.ZNOTES.ORG + Software errors: Problems such as missing .exe files needed to initiate a program, conflicts lke two processes accessing the exact memory location, or attempts to divide by zero, These errors trigger interrupts, prompting the microprocessor to handle the issues. Source; Cambridge IGCSE and 0 Level Computer Science - Second Edition (Hodder Education) 4.2. Utility Software + Computer users have access to utility programs as part of system software + Utilty programs can be initiated by the user or run in the background without user input + Common utlty programs include vieus checkers, defragmentation software, disk analysis and repair tools, file compression and management software, backup software, security tools, and screensavers, Virus Checkers & Anti-Virus Software + Virus checkers of anti-virus software are important for protecting computers from malware. ‘+ They should be kept up to date and run in the background to maintain their effectiveness, + Antivirus software checks files before they are run or loaded and compares possible viruses against a database ‘of known viruses, + Heuristic checking is used to identity possible viruses that are not yet on the database, + Infected files are put into quarantine for automatic deletion or for the user to decide. + Antivirus software must be updated as new viruses are constantly discovered + Full system scans should be carried out regularly to detect dormant viruses, Disk Defragmentation Software ‘Defragmentation software rearranges the data blacks on 2a hard disk drive (HDD) to store files in contiguous sectors, reducing head movements and improving data access time, + Asan HDD becomes full, blacks used for files become scattered all ver the disk surface, making it lower to retrieve data as the HOD read-write head needs several movements to find the data, + Whena file is deleted or extended, new data does not fl the vacant sectors immediately, causing the files to become more scattered throughout the disk surfaces. CAIE IGCSE COMPUTER SCIENCE + Adisk defragmenter rearranges the data blocks to store flles in contiguous sectors wherever possible, allowing for faster data access and retrieval. ‘+ The defragmentation process can free up previously ‘occupied sectors and empty sorme tracks. Backup Software + Backup software isa utility software that helps create and ‘manage backup copies of data fles and programs. ‘+ Manual backups using memory sticks or portable hard drives are good practices, but operating system backup utilities are also recommended. + Backup utilities allow scheduling backups and only backup files if changes have been made to them. ‘+ There could be three file versions for total security: the current version stored on the internal HODISSD, a locally backed-up copy on a portable SSD, and a remote backup fon cloud storage. Security Software + Security software is a utilty software that manages ‘access control, user accounts, and links to other utilities such as virus and spyware checkers. + italso protects network interfaces using firewalls to prevent unauthorized access, + Security software uses encryption and decryption to ensure intercepted data is unreadable without a decryption key. + Itoversees software updates to verify legitimate sources ‘and prevent malicious sofware from being installed. + Access control and user accounts use IDs and passwords to secure user data and prevent unauthorized access. ‘Screensavers + Screensavers display moving and stillimages on the monitor screen after a period of computer inactivity. + They were originally developed to protect CRT monitors from ‘phosphor burn. + Screensavers are now mostly used for customizing 3 device and as a part of computer security systems. + They are used to automatically log out the user after 3 certain period of inactivity. + Some screensavers activate useful background tasks Ike Virus scans and distributed computing applications. Device Drivers + Device drivers translate data into a format that can be Understood by the hardware device they are associated with, + Without the appropriate device driver, a hardware device cannot workwith a computer and may not be recognised by the operating system. + USB device drivers contain descriptors, which include a vendor 1D (VID), product 10 (PID) and unique serial WWW.ZNOTES.ORG ‘number that allow the operating system to identiy the device. + Serial numbers must be unique to avold confusion if two ‘devices with the same serial number are plugged into a computer simultaneously 4.3. Operating Systems + Operating Systems are designed to establish ‘communication between the user and the computer ‘+ Funetions of atypical operating system - managing files = handling icerrupts = providing an interface = managing peripherals and drivers = managing memory managing multitasking = providing a platform for running applications ~ providing system security ~ managing user accounts + WIMP - Windows, Icons, Menu, and Pointing Devices Advantages and Disadvantages of CLI and GUI ‘Source: Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Computer Science - ‘Second Eeition (Hodder Education) ‘+ Memory Management- Manages the RAM and the HDD/SSD during the execution of programs + Security Management- Providing security features such 25 Anti-Virus, System updates and soon + Hardware Peripheral Management - Managing the device dives, Inputs, Qurputs, Queues and buffers + Fle Management - Opening, Creating, Deleting Renaming, and many more functions + Multitasking - OS would share the hardware resources with each of the processes ‘+ Management of User Accounts - 0S would allow multiple users to customise thelr account individually Running of Applications + The computer starts its 05 (booting up the computer) through the bootstrap loader. CAIE IGCSE COMPUTER SCIENCE + The BIOS (Basic InputOurput System) tells the computer the location ofthe OS inthe storage. + BIOS is often referred toas the firmware Interrupts + Signal that causes the operating system to stop what its| doing and service a task ‘+ Ensures important tasks are dealt with on a priority basis + tcan be a sofware or a hardware interrupt + Itcan be generated by peripherals lke a keyboard & + Differentinterrupts have different levels of priority ‘After interruption is dealt with, the previous process continues 4.4. Programming Languages, Translators and IDEs + Computers can only understand machine code; therefore, translators are needed High-Level Languages ‘tis easier to read and understand as the language is closer to human language. + Easier to write in a shorter time + Easier to debug at the development stage + Easier to maintain ance in use Low-Level Largueges + Refer to machine code ‘Binary instructions thatthe computer understands perl guetortountrerane cee tee ‘Source: Cambridge IGCSE and 0 Level Computer ‘Science - Second Edition (Hodder Education) ‘Assembly Language ‘+ Few programmers use assembly language to- + Make use of special hardware WWW.ZNOTES.ORG “+ Write code that doesrit take up much space “+ Write code that runs very auickly “+ Assembly language must be translated into machine code using an assembler to run, Translators Compiler + Translates a program written in a high-level language into machine code + Used without compiler + Executable file of machine code produced ‘+ One high-level language translated into several machine code instructions + Used for general use Interpreter + Executes a high language programa statement ata time + No executable file of machine code produced + One high-level language program statement may require several machine code instructions to be executed. + Interpreted programs cannot be used without an Incerpreter + Used when the program s being developed Assembler + Translates 2 lowlevel language program into machine code + Executable file of machine code produced + One low-level language translated into one machine code Instructions + Tecan be used without an assembler + Used for general use Compiler Interpreter Assembler Trorsinesanigh | EESESSNE rors alow fveliongage SCUBTEES Te assemty programing PCBTAMONE —rarguage program macinecade, “SETETERS mace code ‘Anexecutable fle No executable file | An executable file ‘of machine code is of machine code is of machine code is podced | peded | waded Greil | gore PIP Tap tee targuage TORY ag ase seatementeanbe SSM ements translated into a translated into one rnchin cod sevralmacine | aC tn cade Coe eran ieucin mcd Iierprered Aseria ‘Compiled programs ‘are run without the compiler, programs cannot programs are used be un without the without the Interpreter, assembler. CAIE IGCSE COMPUTER SCIENCE Compiler Interpreter ‘Assembler ‘compiled Aninterpreteris.__ Anassembled program is ususlly often used when a program's usually distributedfor —programis being distributed for ‘general use. developed. general use. Source: Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Computer Science - Second Edition (Hodder Education) Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) ‘+ ANIDE would usually have these features - * Code Editor + Translator + Debugger + Error Reports + Auto-Completion and Auto-Correction + Auto-Documenter + Pretty Printing 5. The Internet and Its Uses 5.1. The Internet and the World Wide Web Internet Uses transmission protocols suchas TCP and IP (Internet Protocols) Allows the user to communicate with other users via chat, email calling and more Worldwide Collection of Interconnected Networks and Devices ‘World Wide Web (WWW) Collection of webpages and ‘other information on websites Uses HTT®(S) protocols that are written using Hypertext Marlcup Language (HTML) URLs (Uniform Resource Locator) are used for the location ofthe web pages Web browsers can access web pages. Uniform Resource Locator (URLs) + URLs are used to locate and access web pages. The ‘ypical format of URLS is ~ protocolidwebsite address/pathvle name ‘+ The protocol would usually be HTTP or HTTPS ‘+ The website address would contain - + domain host (www) + domain name (website name) + domain type (.com,.org,.net,.gov) or sometimes country codes (.uk,.n,cy) ‘+ The path would usually become the fle directory roots. for ‘example, httoss/Avn znotes,com/computer-sclence + The /computer-science isthe file name WWW.ZNOTES.ORG HTTP and HTTPS: + HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol, and HTTPS stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol secure + They are safety protocols maintained while transmitting data. Web Browsers + tis software used to connect tothe internet ‘+ Iesranslates the HTML code + ensures SSL & TLS security can be established ‘Offers additional features Ike search history & ad blockers Retrieval and Location of web pages + The browser sends the URL to the domain name server (Ons) + DNS stores the index and matches Ie with the + Pig sentto the browser if exists +The browser sends a request to the IP of the webserver + Browser interprets the HTML Cookies + Cookies are small files stored on the user's computer ‘+ They are used to track data about the users and autofll forms or give suggestions accordingly + Types of Cookies - ‘Session Cookie Persistent Cookie Remembers the users login details so the user doesnt have to log in every time they Visita website Temporary cookies are stored Inthe RAM till the browser is closed ‘Stored on the hard disk on the computer until their expiry date or the user deletes them Doesrit collect any information on the user ‘A good example isthe virtual shopping basket on e commerce websites. 5,2. Digital Currency + Form of payment to pay for goods and services ‘+A few examples are DebivCredit Cards, Apps (Paypal ‘Apple Pay, Bank Transfers and many more) + Cryptography was later introduced due tothe problem in centralised banking systems, + Cryptocurrency uses cryptography to maintain track of transactions. + Cryptocurrency is also more secure because Ituses Blockchain Network Blockchain Network

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