. Aajesh Bopity dala is a vepreasentedtion of: -aUs, concepts. es insteuction in a fowmallaed. manner wiiteble fev communicalion, interpretation, oF processing By humans ov by atuomatic: meank, Roll. to. of Studeh Name of studtul ove erampie of data. | Database ‘ so és i Adotatort is a_uelt- ovganlzid collection of data Hut ave welaed ina meahing ful uoay which tan, be accessed _in_diffevent_logital evden s. wut avd Stored nk Ste Any dala hos Hs. 1 followel ng uct propes tits. , realwerid_opplicaHon' me js lected «in --HuL. adcilas- bors ha seus. tay a 7 4 LA dolobait is a lagicallj cohacent¢ collection 4 2 of date _toflhh tome_in he eu aaa | DA dotobes vepoesentd seme arpects of HL - | | | i | @ inh wadsbananh Ves and butltitoith dale | 7 t fos a wpeciHe puspose.'@h had! an iMiendtd | 9voup of UsewS and _vpmet_precon ceived appli - caHovb_in_tol'dh Hust urows awe iwevesid An a whudents late bare , Hut UAes GMUPS are | He _administoative of ficlots of the college, | _ _ We ubudents and HL beaclusse | + GA isanipley when We tlk of Hucdatrbarse of vrudents, wie have in our’ wind covten app- | Ueations of ‘maintalvivg ve covcdd: of atlendance 2 ena naHouk, marl, ‘scholasships Cae to Bath alone Hu Me college. ! ES Scanned with CamScannerVv GO Opewettions ( like Updalt, insewt, reksieve .ekc.) on Hee dotabare can be ca mvied out ina simple and! flexible Lanay « | | Devtedocust. Managemen: dyalern ox DAMS => A dadabant: management wytem Cella called os dofabase eyalem) Consists of o collecHon of fuer velaled dofer and a wet of pO} qeanws toaccess Hat cota. Tt Is a software, that assists in omen bolning and utili ging a _— dotebart: @n simple berws,a_datebasl walem is noldvg more than a Computerized metowd kee! ping— dystora.. am tenet “ A manage mevut- con stits Sp gimp oma y* ‘A collection of imevwelated_crnd_pewsisteut —dote..This_porst_of DB MS_is_usually ‘we fered to as Ht dlattert dotabase ( DB) ] => A att of application _pvogoam_used_to_access, | _ : update -ond menage rod date. This postion | + porrmA_Hae_data. wmnolmagernent_vyttern_CMS) | Dajabase_ Management System =p ——____ | : A. dotabore management: uytiem isa collection Of puogsayws Hod encblis users bo crectkt and moaiwtain a dabetoor. The DBMS is hence a ge~ .Newal= pus pose sof tudave sysiem that ferc Li ta tA _Ht pro te sses of dotinivg, cows ExXUCH ri avd om avd puoi vg dole.bash jos Vario us. ah Scanned with CamScannerde vga databash involves. spe ci fying Ht dala Hypts, wucuses aud covstsaluts foo Hu dole to bt wWoved in HW dotabat. Gwrtou ch FHM dotebore is Mt process of whoring tht cata jtesel on komme Stowage medium. thot is Coulsoled tee He Dams. Manipulattyy a dotetootl in CLudis du ich funch ows cy que ig ine doteabart to setvie- lve upecific dota, Updotivg Ihe dababars to ceflect L cage in tht world, cmd generadng wepor ts.from = i Hut data. i LL - é CA Ze OMS fan ciows eed -dicHonasy management = t Date t lagen — The DBMS: required . tot de ni tio _of Hnt_doba elomensts and: Hats. cvelabionships Cmedak) | bestowed Ina dote di eHonasy. Al prog sams Hab access, tho dota In Hw dotabaat werk tno ——}-He bps. The DBMS unts, tre data dicHonary to Agok_up Hye -sequlved date Compo mods theuct Ps Lond relation whip, Addi Hom ollyciny Cha gis nimed2. | Nn dotetoodt whe Chume ote. eLLtD MaHcally wecordtd 4 Scanned with CamScannerYL } in to date dictionary, Howe by feceing Us foo tevin to modify alt He program that access Iki Gavgtd Lbsudruse. i 4 | | | | | | Ao Dale trowe ge. manogement: = The DBMS cseatts | Mut epmplen wWsuc-| tures vequited foo data wonage, i> soe lievivg ws, fom Hat difficutt tabk of depinivg. cmd jrxogea | yoming Ela physical clades charset bes biUs. A-mo-. dosn DEMS ty dem PrVid rovage. not_o fos) dota, bat alan fos welaled dota evbry fooms OF. Sepein_atHnibous,vepoot _doHnittons . doka Vali. 1 doHon sulis, poocdumal odd, WeuctureA bo handle — vidto aud _pickume_fotemotsi ost +3. “Security, Moarnogenneud = That DEMS eweatos o seu —— 81. a z Tes ware seiniky avd dale jedvany tailaia she dado bona Seuursiky ou Ls. dotemming tohich users ¢ Can | ___ access” tho “dojo oxt,Uohith dada _Lbern each uses. _ roy access, ctivd Lohith_caole_openatton. Cuead,. ait) i dole ov med }y.)_Ehi_tuaos nay pesjomm, This! 4 is especially Impostant sore eas lems lohowe many urges can access he 4 da-| toboe kee aERaeAeereEe 4 MuLLe uate access coubeo). = Te DAMS c: He teomplerw | usuckwes brat eLtows smultiuses ‘access to the doy ta. An odor bo. provide dota mde grity and asi | consisteny, Ehe DAMS uses sophisticaled | sithms to ensure Hot muttiple uasvs can ace ess Ho dotelbast Gen cuore vy: ud! Hnotch: Comp: womisivg He iwegsity of Ho atabars, ef \ Scanned with CamScannerfeo Gea | | Ss Backup cima. wecoveny manage ment = The DaMs. Povvidd> butk-| up and dota wecovery prowdses to eniuse doto Sar Lyety ond iWegnity. Currseat bag vyslen & poovids. upetiat ULI Likies. thot alow Phe DAA bo pesfosm zou Unt cind Ypedat backup cind ‘sediore poouduees. Rew Very managements deals uoith tht vecpversy of He dotebart failure, th os a bad seuot in Hu disk Loy powwew failure. ) — | 6. Data Iudegsit y_management = Tre DBMS proms @_ vd onto ie ——grity Sus _to_oliminadtt data problems, thus rninirai- Bing -datawedimdancy cind wmanimiging cata Concislency The-dala_relatonships stoned i Het.date dichona wy ——-aree_UtA_tn_enfosct_data_iulegsity SE — —Palnbase_access lang: And epplication _ ——Progvammivg ules facus = The DBMS _pyvici Us aaa —______________-___doJa_access viaia ; query lang uoge- A-qusrylavguege_iS_a_nompso tidureal —@— tanguagt — trot is ont Hot Jets Hat uses tpeci Fy wohat must loo. dont._usithout having bo_epetify how — itis to bt devi. Tit DBMS's quany Jove cowal - iWs_ £000 Components + or iMttion tar rb | Cpptd-cind a dota mlilalsn lap uage fc, : |. Dalabast_communicaHon iwerfaus = Cuore | poy et Aid DBMS. | poovidd Special communitatiows wottHued desig wud —|-bo elbow he. _databart bo acce pt: Uses ray UAts within a computes nituosk en vison med. for en ample. Hat DBMS might sprpvide. communi cations. _——[funcHons to_access Ho. database Hrsough Hailes e hut, uaivg duleswit baotosaws wuth ob Net scape. Scanned with CamScanner9 palabase Adminidtsatos =) A pesion (os a gooup Of pevsons) conboally located, with avy ovesal view of Hw datrbaat, is needtd kep tho dalobort sunning smoothly. uth a pesvon iS Cauid Iho oe The dolabaw adminidkscdos fo a even inaving culsal covtsol ves dala and poogsams peed | ng Ehot dota. DBA will be wequs ved tp carcogt Out Lome impostaut tasks. Tat tasls be + 1 coureuts {. ID al Ad minis toclos ( DBA): Lp we can doy thot , | e- gSiv a. Detidlug and aa) ChL Dakebost a Assisting and_ Anpovng ae Wb ond . —___Access_ i 3. peciding Dota sisuthurre.. 4, Rackup_and Re covery . S$. Moui tos Actual Usege x —— + Datebound designs ous. ery esponsible. fou identifying Ent clase to be womed | sins Ht_dotabert. aid [ns choosiva ee el dru Ueres bo _wepresent. avd inne Hin dote The. backs ave mostly undestaken before. = Ent dotebart is ath implemented and | Poputoled toil, data. a+ iS Hat -yespon sist! of dolabaseda-si gners to... commu nitote volt | Ol pwospettive dotabosl sexs, in oven to_ Unideruand thts mequixe ments, and bo. come! UP iH co design. that metbs there vequire | ments, Dalebaat designers crse_ses ponsible._fos | | i 4. Adaatifying the data_to.be steved in Me a dataloakd fp 7 4 Scanned with CamScanner___.4.. _App. ___computen_profe ssionals_iutesothivg |__| ald opptitaHon_poegnaMs, esewh and wlese | 3. Schama. dafi nulion sa 4. Stovage stvuduve and access metrod i dofinition ' | S. Sehoma and phywicat osgani gation modi fitation. » | Database Usess => _—_! Othes therm Hat DBA _cind. Detbotocudt | dasignes, those. -aze_many. OHUT pessovs who mosd4 use He dotabart. Those cise two kinds of Uses. _______ Applicaton Programmers => End_vsevs _ = Licotion Psogwarnmmens = __Applicabion pvO- 7 — MM LTS ABE | with He syuem | | thsough DML_coulb Om beddrd_in a _paggsam wri— | tten_iin_a_host tanguage. These _prognams ave &._End = usess 2.1 Sophid bi cated _end- uses s = tophiy bitated ee end rss Wear uoiHh Hat. vyskem_uoiHaout uomi tivg emo g ‘BAM. They fom Lwequests. by uovikivg_quesies_iin_a dotebase query Llanguags. Talo category of USEDS_ AGE. very formlias lui th Hie System and _Can_be_use the dotabare, to meet._theis complex wequite ments. _. tpecialized evd users po -ABE_Sophin ticat ed uses uosi bing -spevial_databart poogoams. These mney A. pe ciali ged end-users Scanned with CamScanner\ | | Qubschema =} i | The tubschema, which defines the postion | | } [of He database. Database State ov Snapshot => Tha data in tht dalobara af a pas- | ticuay Moment in time Is Called a database Stabe Los Snapshot. Lt is alin called Hho recent, aot | Of occurvenct ov InStanus in jhe dotabase | When we define anew datebase, we specif doedoast. schema Only Eo fhe DBMS. At Hur pojwt) @ | exe comnesponcing dalabast stale is tht_evply stabi with wo_date. At _any poiut jn tina, the dalabary Lhod_a_Curvent siah. Ie cuxvent deh is alo c- — Mid He _cursrent snapihot of He datedaark. x Sa schuma_is_tomekinuA colltd Hrs. © | bate Models =) A_dala_modd_iis_a_collection_of Legicat Leonskoucts, used to mepwesent the data_truckire and [the dota -celaHionships found within the clotebase. | Data modus corn_be_gmouped_ivto_tuoo colegowits } 4. contaptual modus. A. dmplementeHon mods 1, “onceptuat pea = Me conceptuat modu 7 itt 5 focuALs on tHe logicat natuse of Ike dala wepoesentation. The concaptuct modu is. ton dontd ‘with what is ve presenktatn Hx! datos rothas than with how ik is vepreseuted. cenuptuat modils includa the ewily welaHon ship nl Scanned with CamScannerJS Ce-R) model amd Lhe objet Osiented model & Amplamentation model = An imple rnentation model plow tht emphasis on) how the data_ave wepvesented in Ihe databast ov on now Hr data whyruchuse arse implemented to we- present what is modeled. Amplementation mods incudd the Wewaschical dotaborxe modil, Che nub— wosk dotebare modtt, bhi -welatonat dotebors — modi andthe object= oviented dodebart rnodtl. __ __ _tonuptuat_modis ual _theet_typus_of —— ~relaHon Uhips to discsibe_cssodation_among data 1 _W_one_to_many,—C_1.+ mM) — es ()_many_to_many CM tN) __s _(3)_Ova_to_om Cait) ———many _cliffesent | —)_One to_many relation sh P= _A paintes paints pou —ovilythot paises. Thus _tlaa_p aiubes ( the one") : is melated to tht paiubives (the “many”. Those= fove,.databasa dosigness | the relation ship. "PAINTER paints PAINTING as 4.2 11+ | gs, but eatla Olt of thon is paul vt ed by. A_ Student can. — Ecuke many counts, and_eath course canbe _taken_by_many Students. Dalabaat _dtsignens hobel He velabion sip " gruDENT takes COURSE” as MAN . -(8)_Many_to mang re loon sh p- (3) Ong to one ela Honship. A RAtAL school’ may | re qunize Haat ita class | be managed by ating le_etess representative Antero, Scanned with CamScanner| Cath class _acpecstuative ony raanegts a wirgle dar. There fore, the yelalionship ” . | __—_| : | | Dada AbstwatHon — of Sieg of Dota = | S| . The_majos pur poe of dosebant {ysiens_is to provide usess with on absteact view of | We doka. We have dbstvatted He data in Hreet Jovels. —______0)_Physitat level ow imlesnad view __ (@_G@nuptual Level os Conceptual View _ —(2)_Vieuo_Level_os_Logicat view _ r i i | | | 4. Physical_Level = Thi level of cuosteattion is _tenc~ 2m init Hit phyuteed_stong Habs Ht Mposmaton. Also Known as internal level it - + |_prpviddS Han. —Imiesnal views of Ht acrual playci | ‘ | Sipvege_ of dota, TE is a low Jovel sepresentecH or tt eulire dotobare, it tells us what dote is | stoved in Ho. ~dotesdaa ot erna_howd.. The._following_ows pects ave Co |. @)_stownge_attncatan (Ubi) OS (ce). Miscellaneous e.g. _douk_compre ssjon a opti misa- __tfon_of He _imlevnal_ubsucku rer. 5 —The conce-Pluat views is Hit) : Ovenald community view | oft be dotebant ond ie includes all Hat impor mation — _bhot_is_goivg to be wepreseuted in _Ho dateborre. eee eal Javel_hidis Hu.dilails of phy sical Skowege Wsucrre and con cantsakts on duscviblng — -entibits, dota typts, selation ships, uses opesalon, —}and com kwaints . Tain wvlew_is. normally move .stablo, alee _u90_vieus sf &._Conceptual Level Scanned with CamScanner3, View Level = Thin is Hit enteral vel aud is He higheuk level of cbs LoaWion. Tk ib cribes only port of Ht entive clalaboat that con cavns a pasticulay end uses. Tha enlesnal loved | ts Ht view Hod Hat indiviclual woe of Ho dota bean had. The ame doterbodse may poovide a hurib- ex_of diffevent views fox diffewent Uarrrs of ud- eSS. Each of Hurt diseviber tha past of tne doteabare thot o paskiciulas. wrs0s group is ines ested in and _hidth the west of He dotabass + from _ that gv0up_of users. | Ts this level of Bbskeathinn | is_conces ntd wibh dipjement coke govies_of Usens. 7 | | These. ~cam_loe_imany_vie ud level ales txathions of | He dame date, wheseak there is onl ove. ae Jovet of alos toathHon, - ue_fov__Pada_AbStoathion | —a J = = OR, Trwee views of Hu. data i ‘Scanned with CamScannerThoee view 16 Logica vies Employee name. [employee odd Lemployee, 22°. | t Views of pata Employee Hawn Emaplegee 5 Logical. wecotd 2 plogen add vaplojen eal. Sal Logical. cecneel 2 . © ee Employee name + String leenceptuat | Employee sec-No. 2 Kea : {View Employee add. 2 String a Employee Ski 2 stoing Employee ani got: inieges view_ be Autewmal __| se | Name: _stuing length &© offset 0 _| ec-Noi a dac_offset &S owiqui [ Bepastmenk t sksing Tengih €Opjser se jAdd Sb uing_long th S\_offset 40 —Stlng_tength do_offset al | Fes Aa dec offser il Scanned with CamScannerDAMS Agcki tectuse > am thin secon we dasetiba an archi tedave fow dodebase vystern, cadad Hoi thsee- schema arechitcUuse. Thin is asp known | as tht ANstispare atchibectuse, ANST 1 SPARC CAmesican National stanclasds Institue. | standards! Plawnig AND Requisernents Commitee) Peoduud an | Intesim_seporst_in 1472 followed bya final -cepo ost. M_1877_vohich_proposed _an_aechi bectutal frameusosk. fos_databases. The bea thse. Schers.of Hao. acdai=| —~o- techrse_ase_ capthivg but Ho three altenent fiveial =| “bf abstuathions of Hd daka. The thweesheradatabare _asckii tecture allows a cltors separations of Hie 1 a osmation_mecnivg Ctencep iat viewo) feowo tht exctewral ___ . data_wepre seatnton and_feorm Ent physical dota Ste cana ou ete_loyout (The_viewd_at each Ob bchese levels is oe discribed bya schema A_sehema_is_an_outtina| ___ “os a plan_that déscribes the wecosds_cmnd relate; nships eristing in He view. an Hid aschi techs: _sohornah_ on, ee _levels | a | t “Exbenal_Level = The_evtesnal view -cvibed by a _mmeans of schema _ Pave an entevnal Schorna. Each evtesnat | schema _descsibeS Ent past of thr databara thou a pattiuuas user gooup_is_intewesked in and hides, the rest of Hit database foom thak «sed _gooup. The | extewnal schema. consists the method of dlesiving| eho objets in Had. ewternad tovel fiom Eke objects | | i) HAL Wwntiptuat view. The objects Include evita, attsibultd, and, welation ship. a Conceptual Level = The conuptuat lovet Md a conceptual. schema,_tohi Scanned with CamScannerBenuibet ce siabie pl Lie. tokele dodaband tor 1A community Of Users. Tha conupluat schoma | hits Ehe dolails of physical slooaga weucrese and Ldonantyeutts on AU coibivg enlibiws, dota Eypes, [welaHionship, Uses opesaliond cimd Coustsaivds. These is_Only ont conceptual schema pew database. Tha schema} A alson containa the rnethod of desiving the objects | in +he conceptual level foorn Eht objeUs in Ha inte _wnat_tevel. | ~—@ | 8, Intesnattevel = The inkewnal level nots an imt | _____esnal_schema, which dasesibes) the physical Stooge ste ucure Dt Mt dolebase. The + inlesmal_schemauses_c_physical_cota “modeled Ee -disemibes. Ent complet details of doba Steno and _ ee ee a ————_|-__—_Fig-_for_thee-schema_ crechi beckuee, ND. Neen EXTERNAL + | EXTERNAL . LEXTERNAL, view-L WA! VIEW-2 LEVEL L - sa Mapping ponpliecey Dems = + CONCEPTUAL ___}concePTVAL SCHEMA eee semeeas j—tever_ : £ E Z at ee Orr sugprieaby-D BMS / 0s 1 a ne) INTERNAL, INTERNAL SCHEMA LEVEL = STORED DATABASE Scanned with CamScannerDota Indepencenct_=> Data Andependonw is a maj ov _objettive of dalebare ty stems. The dala enw is implemented thio omcnbetkise. Cuda thot change ct ON. schermdoes | _ Not effeck Eke application 6s definition ab He othes_ schema. We con define two Lypea_of data indepen dena. —_ 3 — 3 Lepicat dala _aadipendon. ot Phyl date Sedipendecit __] Le gital dala @adipenden a= isthe obility to modify tht Ingicat (conaps schema ual bhouds Cour ig opplication + —to_be.sevoritten_os_ang Sree herna. Logical _independoniw is hasdes_to_achieve. inde pendt=| nthe thsee Schema. ee { | | We rneuy chavo the conuptual schema to eepey. nd the C Odding a tetord type ov_| data_jtem), os _to_wreduce the catalan Ct Bemoving a_vecovd .Lype_ow data item ).omly| be view definition and the mappil etd be | Changed ino DeMs__that Supports Jegicat dota | indepen dena. The Chomgr twoutd be abworved by_| Elbe. mapping between —Ehe ex temnal_and_concipeé- |. _ al __sSchema- a. Physical data, ivdipen dence _= = Phyto data ind pendence. Ehe capacity bo_thange bho _inlesnal schema vol th- out havirg_to_chonge the _conuptuct Cor enternat) scLomabs. Charges bo the. iulesnal schoma may be nee dtd_tetaiu dome physical piles had bo be. scot gan) ts ged tow epameple, by creating addi tionat« access vhuc buses to improve the pestoomance of vetvival “ow Scanned with CamScannerYY aT do Ene schema is changtd of vere loved, Lee Schema ak Hae newt highis Jevel cermainh uncharged, 7 Louly Eke mapping belwoon Eht two levels is than | Hence.» ApPLicalion poogvams sefewsing to Hye hig how | level Schema need hot be Ohotvg-td. __|_pams Lang uagus = A_darjabeor. Syulernpapvidis tuo _ eo different EypOs of Jovy uagus. These — typ ts_crme codegori ged based on difjevewh levels of dota —abstwathion_facilities prnvidid by 0 _DB11S. These lem ua — ae _orsie_t — . ——— 4 Data Des evipiom Languages (ppv) 9 2 __4._Datta_manipu lalion_Lavg agus C Dima) Data Desesip tion Languages = _A_doda defini tion_ tai i eye. Cpps) is_used. to dtrctibe the details of He data. he concptuat — '@ | scnema_is_specified bya set_of de finibfows ep p- lwessel by thin epected lan + Anolon mine | stowage oe Hon lag = ks used ooo. | che _ileonat_sehema._The mapping between Ewo tary —tan_be_specified by any one of Het Jeng uae jes: In_aome Dams » these_is__ouly ont lang Mage tohich hos both DDL_and Spt Cajoabj tities Tt -becomes_a_ compre hon sive ine gucchect_amg Loge __| thed includts cours trutts for con ceptctal _ gehema _ldopition, view oltfiniHons,.deda mati prlatton ane. Urosage dapini tows, A typicat ewaple is SQL. ec the dav age Scanned with CamScanner a. Deda Manipalalion larg uage (DML)a Used to mawiprlatt clecka_in dt _doterbouse_is celled data_mawi prlabionleing age —CPr.¢)._ Dake, Mawipectation| language ase of Jolloucivy too kypts. (2) Poocredusar OL Ub)_Non pte Colurscut_DM.L Pooctduwal pms vequlve Q Q._ Poo ceclutat_DM.L __ave_mneedtadl and how_to get those daria, Procectursat_} omc must _be_e mbeclitd_in_a_geneset pampose_poggsa~ —mmivg lang tioge. Tha_type of DML. typically setsieved, _itndividued secords_es objects foo tht _deckabero and! processes each _ Separately. This_typts_of DM Ls_ai _also_catled wecosd_cot atime DMLs_becarre of bin pris. —______tlsed_to_upeei fy What dota | poopesty. Proc unel DMs ase olso crtttd te ee ae bs -Monproudunal pili = Non pooctdusol: fabs 7eq= | tite urns _to_upedi py whet data_orse_meedtd -uoithout _eped fyig how to _geb_those_data._Non pio ctcLursal DI s_arse tanta | ecules _ bo _Leamn_and_use_than_ave_pooctdusat pts. | Nonproawcedusal PMLs ave allio cabled high level DMLs. Nonpreciduree PMs. cin _vpetify and retrieve many we conds in _a_vingle shatiment and ane hen ce_| cold Set-ata time en set osiowted DMs. vuch | pMts_ave_clin cellid declawative, whenever. DML tom mands. uahe Hos high vel or loro Level. ae embe ddtd in. a_genewat_| | putpose_pra goamming_to ngucge., Het angie eh -cotlid eho host lewguage and Hit Dis tht —doda.vutle hag shengp Scanned with CamScanner= —| sedate Ley eee : “ke infos metton Cdoda) about the dato fina datmbart is calltl the metaclala. This inbos ration tea nowmally include hod dala is Stored, hour it ___| is stewed. who hos_access. to. what parts of it. vbsudwe of: delabore, Coustvaits, applicahous avd j toon. | —____| Detta_vichonany— > . = —e- fo ee tala dictionary qywrems oo infos mation me positorits, tollch_erse mil pes thot — manage metadata. Tavs -data_dictimasy is a file thot ton ——__taiws_dada_alooet data_tobich is cotbod metadata. Tis leis _tomtirtted hefowe ‘athual dala ase wend om medi Hed init clan bore eywlem These ave often _us | @d__as_an_ imieguctt tol fos lube metHow wewpUwet —__manogemeut._Tuso_main_types of dota dicHonawita eniit i hea. ae = ta legnaed clade ctictionany _ 2 4. Siand_alawe data dickionary . = L Ancingegrvalel dala_cittionary is neludiel woth bho = ——DaMs:_fox evample, all eeloHonal PRAMS vinelude — — pa butit in data. chon usy 0% y Urem—cotetloy thot a —-is_frequeatty accessed and tipdated by lho RDBMS = —- Ober AMS. -erpecioully otdon typtr:, do uot havea —— | eutit_in_doste dictonasy ins Kad. Hho DRA mely Uae ~ | thitd part gy, wane - Alone dale_dicHonary_vyatens Deu. distin’ S97 Can clin be classi Hed ad. 7 - S Active date_dictienny ——__&._fassive data dichonayy | Tam active data dictionary. ts. automatically updated | Scanned with CamScannerby Ht DAMS WIth every cladabee crccess, Muse by Ketping His accesS$ infemmation up to dete. Tuo clata dictionary Wed by Assi} DAMS Gofltodse C Seeunity | And CLUKO TE solion Miu sytem, Contpiless clad poe comp! Hevs. App li cediony Pooyoans and Repoor qenesatons | Awd Aulegrity Conbtociad Eryeonces. A passive dete dictionary iS Nol Updated Ao mod fectly and Usuody Tagtives a beech process to be oun, thin dota didlo, | By Nyslem is tise owl) by olsiqness, Users and | and adminis taetoss Aithough these 1S Wp vlandarl,__| format jos Ho imtowmation dosed in te data dic- Honary. A_use fel dota dicHonasy wy whem thoctel love and manage. —He_follousing types _of —ivtos. mation + - = + DescmipHon_of Ht schemas of Ho databare, ystems. bs Detnilid infos ation —on_physical database. a design + uh, ob stowage ubsulume , Access Paths, and file cind wetomd siges. a : 7 ne i —dotebore usess and | | | c. Description of fo adwiwatouess of He database, there | ssespon si bili Hes,_and _tnels_access rights. _ ad. High Livel_dase-sjplon_of Ho dolebase beans ations ond applicaHons emda of Hw wela: How\Wips_of sess to__twas artHons. @._ Access authorigations jos alt users of aul database. { ela Honships_among clcitq domed, volich ole-| ments arse involved, wheHus the welabion| i | a Scanned with CamScannerships _ave_mandafosy ov opHonal, tha Connectivi'ty and Corset nati ty wequivemoenls, avd wo on. ¢ Andexes dajined for eath database table. for eath inden Hw PBMS Stoves cu tart Ha index name, Ho abbribults used, Hho Location, Speuifie indge | chawackesistir,cnd +o creation dot. che _Prognans Hat access Hit _databouse roUudi ng | sereen_formeutsvepost _josmets, applicoHon_ —— | —__pipgoams.,_SOL_qu evies, and Joon. _@_|_— : . - | ‘Scanned with CamScanner| Emtities = | | » AN ewlily 's_eln_object Nat exists and is cist- | iyaishable from othes objets.] + An entity Ws a Ebiug fn the weal worl wih on independont existence. + Embiby_is_cin_obyed in weal_vooril thet how's o Cestain pooper Hes. i ___sim_tne Cams }hod—en_ewHhy is. vinaply« O_pexion| plat, evento Hung fox tohich we intend fo collett_dlata. Tw, n_eutify can be _conexett ike. | —___c._pewion,o bok) on abstmtt Clike_holiday,o day | [es _ og tlads obec). foo erample._in_a_uwivessi ey en vixonment, entHes nugkt be studeats, faculty _mem- ben s,_toussesamd_to_an.An_euhity is represented by — |________a_-rectamgle eowlaiuing Mie ewtibys none. - Entity. fut =p : — 8 gaouping of welated ents’ beto- _—_-mes_an_entity th For ewample, tlt pesos having an_accoumt in _sat_is_an_ entity set. —Uinailasy att —studevels “ Re (ese) is_am_entity och Atk buts > = ss \ each entify had _comlain. chorale vis Liv known Us cUksibucliA. for example » He thule entity might include He. folowing ctthri betes > | Studewt number, name, dott of bith, homme address, | phone numbers and soon, Eath atiaibubt whould be, named_eppropriaitely to wemind He uses_of— its tonlewss. fos enample, 1} He ewliky is STUPENT, Q | | d ‘Scanned with CamScanner: ae i [Stack atlsibuclt "pectt of Bivth" might be stewect ev STU- POR. Asi bULL aldo heive a clomain. A dornain cis Phe cl sibutts eet of possible yaltuth. The domain L fos He Ceharvatkes) athributt sex consists of only two _possibities M Crate) om PC Rernctlt). A bEsiu- te\ ave__-wepwesewtect by OVals_emd_erse connected to He eutiby with a line. Each oval Containd the Name_of He attribute it wepresewhs. far enamp- le He _STUMENT ewHty includts He attsibuctis STU_LNAME,_STU- FNAME, ond STUINITIAL.. Grw-.name) i! Givin) 2 Only omt roll nuMbes tind Oup name. vo name, “coll mumbes, arse_vingle_valuupcubrei butts. ae Mustivalued A Eepibuts = Malti veld eth a i bitts_ car rve, __ many Yeluth. Pes. example_o_pessom may have -Sevenal dogtee,—c_household metry have _Severwctt_ pa passage = ingle vellettA | Mm have. | only O_vingle Valut, foxs_example any shident,.e have} ‘Scanned with CamScannerdifferent phones, €ach coilh ils tem nUmMbes. Cimi lrsly a Car's color may be Subdividel ino coloss ot eof, Pomel Nhe smn cubbvelutel AUsIEUES are Sholom by ct double line Conneuing He cud oibute lo the entity. boey. and trim. In an &- nh mutivelutd cttlsibeutis exish, He docigner must de- | __cido_en_owe of two _passible_coussth of atHon i 1. Within He_oniginal eulihy. create teverat_mewd_cl - pibates. one fo each of Hit_osiginat mctlblve tied ole TibLLELS components. Pow emcimple, we con getit He CAR ewity's ctmibute CAR corar to_cveate +e new cttoibults CAR- TOPCOLOR, CAR-BOPYcoLoR, cand —__ CAR-TRIMCOLOR and assign them fo He car entity. 2. Cveddt_a_mew evtity @emprsed of te original mmettivaltuid cles) butts compo nevis « The new Cindorerded) _ cotor ewtily is Hon weleded to fhe oviginal CAR entity Lina 21M selon ehip. Note thet veich or cheimge alles ——H_designes_to dofine color fradifiencde sectows of | Hee cos Scanned with CamScannerSECTION. COLOR | oe Tor. white | Body Prue, epee ce | —Trim Green = (cag Bony. Rady zl = t esses _ et a -Splilivg tee Mutbivelitd Abo buts fhe Net Atibuts | A Neto eubity set composed of a mettivatucd cithri butts | 1 CoMCPONe LS « LL ‘Scanned with CamScannerIs, Composite Aba buts = A composite ab sibetis_is ay cH oibute thot can _be [fustles eubdivided ilo additional cts butt. Fos example . the al sibutt APPRESS cen be wrulividtd. iulo stvect, city, State, arid pin code. | de Winple AMaibelts = The AH olbudlts that ae not divisible ave Cottd dinple ow cowie coi ocuts \. S.Devived Attoi beet =[A dedved oH vi butts fs an - At sibutl, whose velut “cen be devived pom Hho Value_of como Her _attsi outs “fs example,_a_pemon's AGE ctttyibutt can be ew Ved_loy wen brathing te. date pf bitth (Do) fom Ho t datt:]vo a demived_atttsibutt need not be _physicoully_s toxed_twithin 40, dotabare, ind bead _ _ is dovived by cuting cnn _ctlgosithm, A_dewived — ai bite fa Iiteadd bys shed Oe cme -@ Hye_attributs and tho eubity. 7 ‘Scanned with CamScannerRelationships =>, oo oo z | \A -velationthip 1s an associ= | ation between entteies. An_a_basiness envison-|_ 7 ) ment entities idewect uoith ecith ofhes_and jhe | —__ = iulevathiowds _crve. capturmect. Hroough Hye Con erp Of selation thip. p:)Relotionwhips ave wepoesewed by diamond - shepéct tymebols- Follo using hig nee a aelaHonulip between wo ewities named ¢lAS | | | | | | | cmd _PROPESSOR. Lines awe cise to Comnect the {| —_ | | entities fo one _cnoHes, Passing Hysough the dia | __ mond_thaped welabionthip—dymbo}e—_________ au - = = @ __|PRORESSOR heathen: e i. LA 1 ce AN €nlity Relaljonship.. __ Relation: xhip's Dognee eu red_euti indicodes_the numbes_ob_< Assoc a selationship type of deawee one_is_calued unary elation thip._A_Ungry welfHorapip exixts odhen foo | ewhitigs cpfe_associated . A_velationthip type of degsee -09_i$_called_binersy election Ship. A binary | telationship_exists_uohen two. entitles ave _asse cic ted. Anelaliondiip type of dogwee Ehvee is cateed | | | -—| r beonary:| A tevnawy velecHonehip exists tole tnrea| entities ave associated. A unary weletonerip | erists. When an cassociatfon fs maintained tofthin | —a_vingle entity. we have Chown a feco types of | __ relation shjps_i9 following Hg, ______ ‘Scanned with CamScanner7 @ Lee Unarey Relationship ¢ < a Sse (ae Pefation ship ate. classified | — using anoles prvpesly coulltcl carsclinali ty. Thin propeoty indicates Keto Many instances from cme enkiky | set maybe velaled to an entity from anehhos | entity tur The_concept is_veoy useful fos _binosy sclalinships for dirtinyuishing difleseut weal ve; — Bld sikuatiows. Mased on numbes of enti Ho ve, —loted woith each _othes fr two entity sets | —__ A_and_@,_toe_may classify bho mela Hom ships bet —______ —tuoeen Harm eis one of tho follo. lever eee —Het one, eubty ina mety be. -assesiabed—a}zz _|—o— a 1._Tha_welation ship moy be one to ont, indicative | —_st_wikhe ont ewHiky in B. —An_escmple of Hin! welaHonakip could be betwen counse ond | = ext beok._Foo_ont course , woe may have fe pmo dpecipie text took_only. Anois example) ___teutd Re Hie welation ship petweon depest ne 7 ae = ae ol. _A_one_ fo_mang_velaHon shi p_from_entity set, ewtity_in_A_ts associated sit %es0_o8_movel entities in 8. Howeves, one enHty in_& an A_bo_ut B exists tohen_use find that ene | he associated wat th ot mest_ ene_entily pj _om_A.__One _erample of Hain _coutd.be the elation Ship _fsom_depaptmeut fo ae e€S.| ~welaHon ahip i 3. The mang to ont relaHonahip_is Hw swevensel oF one bo ad Os _given_obeve... a Eee 4. The many fo mang. “relationship _ exist_beluseen | _ A_and B_i}an_instance_in__A_is asseciatect| woi}la_many —entikies in Band vices veosa. | Scanned with CamScannerS ml Existence pepen doney = a T{_cm_ewliky's eristenee atpends of Hi existence of One oO Mase OO ———-emtilles ik _is_seid Jo be existence- dupendont. fou_exantple.a_class must be teurgld by a Prejesses, class is existence - dependouk on pan- fessev in ie 11M welationship ' proressog | _teaclus ¢lAss” (one assumes Hot cd. élass wou ——_1d_be canceled _if Huse _toewe no_pwo jesse to rene it.) | PRoressor CLAS CLASS is enistence _dapendomt on PROPESSoR, Cardinal qe So lL ie Bees Cosdinalik} ex paess tht sped— t ficnumbes_of enHiy occummen th asseciabed vot |one_occusence of te neloted entity. The ackiat, ——|humbes_e}cisseciated ewti ties usually is 4 funttion +S} cn _engaul gationh policy. fos: example eollege acl - tminis toaton Limits He. Pro fessom_to_feocllig aman) ———__|mum_o} _Hiwee classes pem Semesies. Teselose He a -Caodi noLity wale govesnivg Hse PROPE ssok — CLASS. a ee ______| Up_te_thtee classes pes _semes ics”, PROPESSOR, ‘Scanned with CamScannerfo HD ER dimomm contain ctl fhe. welevaut Gretinality intosmation. Note the following fealurses Tn Hat PROFESSOR~ CLASS selationship. 1. The velationthip belween pRoPESsoR and euAsSs is J 1. a. The cawdinati ky Limits ase (0.3) fos PROFESSOR, inaicabing Het a poojesscs may leach 4 minimum ef 3e00_ armel _a_mnarni mum» & ~_____Hree_classes. 8.__The_coivdinaliky Limit{_ave C4,1) fo He cuass — entity, indicotirg thet He minimum nunvses | __@ 0} pmojessens mequived lo Koch a class | 1s ene_,cds_is Hie meusi mum _numibe sof — ___poofessorss. _ Domains _| atl Goch _simple_atinibutt of am_entity | type is assecicded uoits c Volut ue om clomain i Of Vous, which epeciHeA Hie tuk of VaLUts thed ™ -be_assigned_} FO Hie: cud bevte for each inddviclucdl _evbibes Faw_ewample ff Hie 9 Boge of agth cUlLowed fox empiayces TS betwen 16° | and 70, We can apecify Has voli sat of Hae Age AH aL of ErPLoYEE to be Ma set of ine Jeges numbews between jo_cnd_70. xintLero ly domain for Ht Ccharackes) ati butt sex consists of only #490 PossiblUHeA, Mos P. Neak Entitivs => ae Avseak entity 1s one thot G) Is existenck- dopendout 3 trod is, ik comnot ‘Scanned with CamScannerj erist toithout Hhke entity toh tohidh ik hes a. selationwthi p. (@)_Has a pdmary key fhod is pasHally o ttally derived form fe. pawevd entily in tho. *seloHonship, cated hy a dowble rectangle. — . Fex_enample_a__Company insure ce_ polity moy insure emn_employee ema _his|hes_dipendowts fo HL pus @ —}-pose_of descstbivg enn insu san ct policy, an EMPLOYEE may on _moy not have _@ pePeNbENT,_ — but Ht De PENDENT must be associated toi an 1 | | | | | { | | The enisienee of a voeak eutity is indi | | without He EM PLAYEES thot is, Yni connect get _ |— ___ Ins usrence cover t the YZ Ons poration ak |______La_dependowt_uniess yor_hanpen in be a dtopendest { Of_cm_employee working fos He XYZ Cosposation, — vers (an ols woescds, DEPENDENT js_the ueak entity. — | in He relationship. " EMPLOYEE hos DEPENDENT”, | DE PEN DENT. | [ee a ee z Cony OLD. PUM a EMP_NOM. EMP_ NAME, BEP_ NUM EMP. FNAME DEP_PNAME EMPL INITIAL DEP_ DoR, _EMP._poR Scanned with CamScanner