Syllabus Textbooks/References Evaluation Pattern

Electrical Machines (Theory)

Introductory Lecture

Dr. Sashidhar Sampathirao

School of Electrical Sciences

January 9, 2024

Indian Institute of Technology Goa

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Syllabus Textbooks/References Evaluation Pattern

Course Contents

• Operating principles of transformers, dc, induction and synchronous

machines.
• Operating characteristics and speed control of dc and ac machines.
• Constructional features of ac and dc machines, and introduction to their
design.
• Introduction to permanent magnet and reluctance machine topologies.
• Dynamics of electric drives and electric braking.

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Syllabus Textbooks/References Evaluation Pattern

Textbooks/References
• Stephen J. Chapman, “Electric Machinery Fundamentals,” McGraw - Hill Educa-
tion, 2017.

• A. E. Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley Jr. and Stephen D. Umans, “Electric Machinery,”

McGraw Hill Education, 2017.

• R. Krishnan, “Permanent Magnet Synchronous and Brushless DC Motor Drives,”

CRC Press, 2019.

• M. G. Say, “The Performance and Design of Alternating Current Machines,” CBS,

2005.

• Duane C. Hansleman, “Brushless Permanent-Magnet Motor Design,” McGraw-

Hill Education, 1994.

• S. K. Pillai, “A first course on Electrical Drives,” New Age International Publishers,

2012

Electrical Machines (Theory) 5/8

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1 Syllabus

2 Textbooks/References

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Evaluation Pattern

• The following is the evaluation pattern for EE 211: Electrical Machines (Theory).

Description Weightage of Marks (M)

Quiz-1 10
Quiz-2 10
Mid-Semester Exam 30
Quiz-3 10
Quiz-4 10
End-Semester Exam 30
Total Marks 100

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Syllabus Textbooks/References Evaluation Pattern

Thank You

Electrical Machines (Theory) 8/8

Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

Transformers

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar

EE211 Electrical Machines

Lecture - 1

School of Electrical Sciences

Indian Institute of Technology Goa

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE211 Electrical Machines Lecture - 1

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

1 Introduction of Transformers

2 Construction Types of a Transformer

3 Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE211 Electrical Machines Lecture - 1

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

1 Introduction of Transformers

2 Construction Types of a Transformer

3 Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

Introduction

• Changes Pac at one voltage

to another voltage level
through the magnetic field.

• It consists of two or more

coils of wire wrapped around
a common ferromagnetic 图 1: The first practical modern
core. transformer, built by William
Stanley in 1855. (Courtesy of
General Electric Company.)

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

• These coils are (usually) not directly connected.

• The only connection between the coils is the common

magnetic flux present within the core.

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

Why Transformers are Important to Modern Life?

• If a transformer steps up the voltage level of a circuit → i ↓

to keep Pinput = Poutput of the device.
• ∴ power can be generated at one location and the voltage
(i) stepped up for transmission over long distances at very low
losses and
(ii) stepped down again for final use.
• ∵ transmission losses ∝ i 2 , transmission voltage ↑ →
transmission currents ↓ → transmission Plosses reduces.

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

Terminology

• The winding connected to the power source → primary

winding or input winding.

• The winding connected to the loads → secondary winding or

output winding.

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

Here,
Np - primary winding turns,
Ns - secondary winding turns, ip(t) is(t)
+
+
ip (t) - primary winding current, vp(t) vs(t)
Np Ns

is (t) - secondary winding current, - -

vp (t) - voltage applied to primary

winding and
图 2: Equivalent circuit of an ideal
vs (t) - voltage produced on transformer.
secondary winding.

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE211 Electrical Machines Lecture - 1

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

1 Introduction of Transformers

2 Construction Types of a Transformer

3 Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE211 Electrical Machines Lecture - 1

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

The transformer is mainly classified into two types:

1 Core type transformer → consists of a simple rectangular

laminated piece of steel.

2 Shell type transformer → consists of a three-legged laminated

core with the windings wrapped around the center leg.

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

Core Type Transformer

ip(t) is(t)
+ +

• Laminations → L-shape. vp(t) Np Ns

vs(t)

• ϕ is equally distributed on
the side limbs of the core.
- -

图 3: Construction of a core-form
transformer.

The core is constructed of thin laminations electrically iso-

lated from each other in order to “minimize eddy currents”.

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

Shell Type Transformer

• Laminations → E and L
Np
shapes.
Ns

• Central limb carries the

whole flux and side limbs
carry half of the flux.
图 4: Construction shell-form
transformer.

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

• The Vlow winding is placed near the core and Vhigh winding is
placed outside Vlow winding → to reducing the cost of
insulation placed between the core and Vlow winding.

• In addition to various power transformers, two special-purpose

transformers are used

1 Potential transformers.

2 Current transformers.

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

Ideal Transformer

• An ideal transformer is a
lossless device with an ip(t) is(t)
input and output + +
winding. vp(t) Np Ns vs(t)

• The relationship between - -

vp (t) and vs (t) of the

transformer is
图 5: Equivalent circuit of an ideal
vp (t) Np transformer.
= = a. (1)
vs (t) Ns
Where, a - turns ratio of the transformer.

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

iP(t) iS(t)
NP NS
+ +

vp(t) vs(t)
Np ip (t) = Ns is (t). (2)
- -

The relationship between iP(t) iS(t)

NP NS
ip (t) and is (t) of the + +
transformer is
vp(t) vs(t)
ip (t) 1
= . (3) • - -
is (t) a
图 6: Parameters of an ideal
transformer.

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

Power in Ideal Transformer

• The power supplied to the transformer by the primary circuit is

Pin = vp ip cos θp . (4)

Where, θp - angle between the vp and the ip .

• The power supplied by the transformer secondary circuit to its
load is
Pout = vs is cos θs . (5)
Where, θs - angle between vs and the is .

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

Contd...

• The primary and secondary windings of an ideal transformer

have the same power factor.

Pout = vp ip cos θp = vs is cos θs = Pin . (6)

• The same relationship applies to reactive power Q and

apparent power S.

Qin = vp ip sin θp = vs is cos θs = Qout . (7)

Sin = vp ip = vs is = Sout . (8)

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

Impedance Transformation Through a Transformer

IL
IP IS
+ +
+

VL ZL VP VS ZL

- -
-

图 7: Definition of 图 8: Impedance scaling through a

impedance. transformer.

The impedance of a device or an element is

VL
ZL = . (9)
IL

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

• The relation between secondary current Is and the secondary

voltage Vs in terms of impedance of the load is
Vs
ZL = . (10)
Is
• The apparent impedance of the primary circuit of the
transformer is
Vp
ZL′ = . (11)
Ip
• ∵ Vp = a Vs and Ip = Is / a.
• Then the apparent impedance of the primary is

Vp a Vs Vs
ZL′ = = = a2 = a 2 ZL . (12)
Ip Is / a Is

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE211 Electrical Machines Lecture - 1

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

1 Introduction of Transformers

2 Construction Types of a Transformer

3 Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

Instructor: Dr. S. Sashidhar EE211 Electrical Machines Lecture - 1

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

Operation of a Transformer

The basis of transformer ip(t)

operation can be derived + +

vp(t) Np Ns vs(t)
from Faraday’s law - -

dλ
eind = . (13)
dt 图 9: A real transformer secondary open
circuited.

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

Induced Voltage in a Transformer

ɸ, Flux
The flux linkage λ is the sum of
the flux passing through each
turn in the coil added over all the
turns of the coil
∑
N
λ = ϕi . (14) ℱ, MMF
i=1

λ
ϕ = . (15)
N
dϕ
eind = N . (16) 图 10: The hysteresis curve of a
dt
typical transformer.

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

The ‘ϕ’ in the primary coil

can be divided into two ɸM
Ip Is
components: + +
ɸLS
Vp ɸLP Vs
1 Mutual flux → which -
-
remains in the core
ɸM
and links both
windings.
图 11: Mutual and leakage fluxes in a
2 Small leakage flux. transformer core.

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

Voltage Ratio across a Transformer

ϕP = ϕM + ϕLP . (17)
Where,
ϕP - total average primary flux,
ϕM - flux component linking both primary and secondary
coils and
ϕLP - primary leakage flux.

Similarly the flux in the secondary winding is

ϕS = ϕM + ϕLP . (18)

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

dϕP dϕS
Vp (t) = Np . (19) Vs (t) = Ns . (20)
dt dt

dϕM dϕLP dϕM dϕLS

Vp (t) = Np + Ns . Vs (t) = Ns + Ns .
dt dt dt dt

Vp (t) = eP (t) + eLP (t). Vs (t) = eS (t) + eLS (t).

eP (t) Np
= = a. (21)
eS (t) Ns

∴ The ratio of eP (t) to eS (t) caused by the mutual flux = turns

ratio of the transformer.

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

∵ In a well-designed transformer ϕM >> ϕLP and ϕM >>

ϕLS → the ratio of the total voltage on the primary to
secondary of a transformer is approximately

Vp (t) Np
= = a. (22)
Vs (t) Ns

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

References

1 A. E. Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley. Jr, Stephen D. Umans

“Electric Machinery," McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 6th
edition, 2003.

2 Stephen J. Chapman, “Electric Machinery Fundamentals,"

McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 4th edition, 2005.

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Introduction of Transformers Construction Types of a Transformer Operation of a Real Single-Phase Transformer

Thanks!

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