Chapter 4:
Network Access
Introduction to Networks
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Chapter 4: Objectives
Students will be able to:
Explain how physical layer protocols and services
support communications across data networks.
Build a simple network using the appropriate.
Explain the role of the data link layer in supporting
communications across data networks.
Compare media access control techniques and logical
topologies used in networks.
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Chapter 4
4.1 Physical Layer Protocols
4.2 Network Media
4.3 Data Link Layer Protocols
4.4 Media Access Control
4.5 Summary
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Getting it Connected
Connecting to the Network
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Getting it Connected
Connecting to the Network
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Getting it Connected
Network Interface Cards
Connecting to the Wireless LAN with a Range Extender
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Purpose of the Physical Layer
The Physical Layer
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Purpose of the Physical Layer
Physical Layer Media
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Purpose of the Physical Layer
Physical Layer Standards
Standard
Networking Standards
organization
• ISO 8877: Officially adopted the RJ connectors (e.g., RJ-11, RJ-45)
ISO • ISO 11801: Network cabling standard similar to EIA/TIA 568.
• TIA-568-C: Telecommunications cabling standards, used by nearly all
voice, video and data networks.
• TIA-569-B: Commercial Building Standards for Telecommunications
EIA/TIA Pathways and Spaces
• TIA-598-C: Fiber optic color coding
• TIA-942: Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers
ANSI • 568-C: RJ-45 pinouts. Co-developed with EIA/TIA
ITU-T • G.992: ADSL
• 802.3: Ethernet
IEEE • 802.11: Wireless LAN (WLAN) & Mesh (Wi-Fi certification)
• 802.15: Bluetooth
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Fundamental Principles of Layer 1
Physical Layer Fundamental Principles
Physical Frame Encoding Signalling
Media
Components Technique Method
• UTP • Manchester Encoding • Changes in the
• Coaxial • Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) electromagnetic field
• Connectors techniques • Intensity of the
Copper • NICs • 4B/5B codes are used with electromagnetic field
cable • Ports Multi-Level Transition Level 3 • Phase of the
• Interfaces (MLT-3) signaling electromagnetic wave
• 8B/10B
• PAM5
• Single-mode Fiber • Pulses of light • A pulse equals 1.
• Multimode Fiber • Wavelength multiplexing using • No pulse is 0.
• Connectors different colors
Fiber Optic
• NICs
cable • Interfaces
• Lasers and LEDs
• Photoreceptors
• Access Points • DSSS (direct-sequence spread- • Radio waves
Wireless • NICs spectrum)
media • Radio • OFDM (orthogonal frequency
• Antennae division multiplexing)
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Fundamental Principles of Layer 1
Bandwidth
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Fundamental Principles of Layer 1
Throughput
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Fundamental Principles of Layer 1
Types of Physical Media
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Network Media
Copper Cabling
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Copper Cabling
Characteristics of Copper Media
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Copper Cabling
Copper Media
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cable
Coaxial cable
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Copper Cabling
Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) Cable
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Copper Cabling
Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) Cable
Braided or Foil Shield
Foil Shields
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Copper Cabling
Coaxial Cable
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Copper Cabling
Cooper Media Safety
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UTP Cabling
Properties of UTP Cabling
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UTP Cabling
UTP Cabling Standards
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UTP Cabling
UTP Connectors
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UTP Cabling
Types of UTP Cable
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UTP Cabling
Testing UTP Cables
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UTP Cabling
Testing UTP Cables
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Fiber Optic Cabling
Properties of Fiber Optic Cabling
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Fiber Optic Cabling
Fiber Media Cable Design
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Fiber Optic Cabling
Types of Fiber Media
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Fiber Optic Cabling
Network Fiber Connectors
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Fiber Optic Cabling
Testing Fiber Cables
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Fiber Optic Cabling
Fiber versus Copper
Implementation issues Copper media Fibre-optic
Bandwidth supported 10 Mbps – 10 Gbps 10 Mbps – 100 Gbps
Relatively short Relatively High
Distance (1 – 100 meters) (1 – 100,000 meters)
High
Immunity to EMI and RFI Low
(Completely immune)
High
Immunity to electrical hazards Low
(Completely immune)
Media and connector costs Lowest Highest
Installation skills required Lowest Highest
Safety precautions Lowest Highest
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Wireless Media
Properties of Wireless Media
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Wireless Media
Types of Wireless Media
• IEEE 802.11 standards
• Commonly referred to as Wi-Fi.
• Uses CSMA/CA
• Variations include:
• 802.11a: 54 Mbps, 5 GHz
• 802.11b: 11 Mbps, 2.4 GHz
• 802.11g: 54 Mbps, 2.4 GHz
• 802.11n: 600 Mbps, 2.4 and 5 GHz
• 802.11ac: 1 Gbps, 5 GHz
• 802.11ad: 7 Gbps, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 60 GHz
• IEEE 802.15 standard
• Supports speeds up to 3 Mbps
• Provides device pairing over distances from 1 to
100 meters.
• IEEE 802.16 standard
• Provides speeds up to 1 Gbps
• Uses a point-to-multipoint topology to provide
wireless broadband access.
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Wireless Media
Wireless LAN
Cisco Linksys EA6500 802.11ac wireless router
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Wireless Media
802.11 Wi-Fi Standards
Maximum Backwards
Standard Frequency
Speed compatible
802.11a 54 Mbps 5 GHz No
802.11b 11 Mbps 2.4 GHz No
802.11g 54 Mbps 2.4 GHz 802.11b
802.11n 600 Mbps 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz 802.11b/g
1.3 Gbps 2.4 GHz and 5.5
802.11ac (1300 Mbps) GHz
802.11b/g/n
7 Gbps 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz and
802.11ad (7000 Mbps) 60 GHz
802.11b/g/n/ac
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Purpose of the Data Link Layer
The Data Link Layer
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Purpose of the Data Link Layer
Data Link Sublayers
Network
LLC Sublayer
Data Link
MAC Sublayer
Bluetooth
Ethernet
802.15
802.11
Wi-Fi
802.3
Physical
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Purpose of the Data Link Layer
Media Access Control
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Purpose of the Data Link Layer
Providing Access to Media
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Data Link Layer
Layer 2 Frame Structure
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Layer 2 Frame Structure
Creating a Frame
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Data Link Layer
Layer 2 Standards
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Layer 2 Standards
Data Link Layer Standards
Standard
Networking Standards
organization
• 802.2: Logical Link Control (LLC)
• 802.3: Ethernet
• 802.4: Token bus
IEEE • 802.5: Token passing
• 802.11: Wireless LAN (WLAN) & Mesh (Wi-Fi certification)
• 802.15: Bluetooth
• 802.16: WiMax
• G.992: ADSL
• G.8100 - G.8199: MPLS over Transport aspects
ITU-T • Q.921: ISDN
• Q.922: Frame Relay
• HDLC (High Level Data Link Control)
ISO • ISO 9314: FDDI Media Access Control (MAC)
ANSI • X3T9.5 and X3T12: Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
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Topologies
Controlling Access to the Media
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Topologies
Physical and Logical Topologies
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WAN Topologies
Common Physical WAN Topologies
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WAN Topologies
Physical Point-to-Point Topology
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WAN Topologies
Logical Point-to-Point Topology
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WAN Topologies
Half and Full Duplex
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LAN Topologies
Physical LAN Topologies
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LAN Topologies
Logical Topology for Shared Media
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LAN Topologies
Contention-Based Access
Characteristics Contention-Based Technologies
• Stations can transmit at any time • CSMA/CD for 802.3 Ethernet networks
• Collision exist • CSMA/CA for 802.11 wireless networks
• There are mechanisms to resolve
contention for the media
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LAN Topologies
Multi-Access Topology
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LAN Topologies
Controlled Access
Characteristics Controlled Access Technologies
• Only one station can transmit at a time • Token Ring (IEEE 802.5)
• Devices wishing to transmit must wait • Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
their turn
• No collisions
• May use a token passing method
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LAN Topologies
Ring Topology
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Data Link Frame
The Frame
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Data Link Frame
The Header
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Data Link Frame
Layer 2 Address
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Data Link Frame
The Trailer
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Data Link Frame
LAN and WAN Frames
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Data Link Frame
Ethernet Frame
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Data Link Frame
Point-to-Point Protocol Frame
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Data Link Frame
802.11 Wireless Frame
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Network Access
Summary
• Physical Layer Protocols
• Network Media
• Data Link Layer Protocols
• Media Access Control
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