Design and Characterization of Patch Antenna

2022-23

Chapter 1
PREAMBLE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Communication helps us to transfer information from one place to another. Two individuals who
are near can communicate through sound waves. As the distance increases, people communicate
through wired networks with user cables to connect devices and they are tethered to a router with
one end connected to an ethernet port and the other end to a device therefore user can’t instantly
move a device from one location to another and installation and maintenance is expensive and
tedious. This is where the wireless network comes into the picture; it allows us to transfer
information without using any cables or physical medium. An antenna is a critical component of a
wireless network. The antenna is a transducer (converts energy from one form to another) that
converts electric power into electromagnetic waves and vice versa. The antennas have acquired new
significance in the last hundred years. Antennas are the communication link for aircraft and ships,
cellular phones, and all types of wireless devices link [1].
The antenna is a transducer element developed for the transmission of electromagnetic waves from
the source station to the destination. An antenna generates electromagnetic waves from the supply
given to it. The antenna converts the electrical signal into electromagnetic waves at the source
station and in the destination station, the receiver antenna amplifies the received electromagnetic
waves and converts them to an electrical signal. The movement of electrons involved in an energy
supply makes invisible radio waves when it is connected to a metal antenna. The generated
electromagnetic waves carry the information available in the electrical signal given to the antenna.
The transmission of the signal takes place at the speed of light [2].
From the very beginning of the era of wireless communication, antennas have been a topic of
interest for all engineers, scientists and wireless planners. However, in the past few decades,
antennas have taken a huge leap from large dish-like structures to foldable small printed
components inside mobile phones or watches. With the changing time, the design of antenna and its
printing has been getting easier with the introduction of Microstrip patch antenna. Microstrip patch
antennas were first proposed in 1953; however, Munson and Howell developed the first practical
Microstrip patch antenna in the 1970s. A Microstrip Patch Antenna, in its simplest form, consists of

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Design and Characterization of Patch Antenna
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a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate, and a ground plane on the other side of the
substrate. The Microstrip Antennas have numerous advantages over a traditional antenna such as
low weight, small size, small volume, and ease of fabrication using printed circuit technology. With
increasing requirements for personal and mobile communications, the demand for smaller and low-
profile antennas has brought Microstrip patch antennas to the forefront [3].

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

1. Conventional antenna exhibits large size, high cost, difficulty in feeding, and non-compatible at
microwave frequencies. There is a need to reduce the size of the antenna to the advent of new
standards and for implementation in compact wireless devices.
2. Patch antennas operate at low frequencies, which is not possible in traditional antennas.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE MINI-PROJECT

1. Design a patch antenna to resonate at 2.4 GHz.
2. Simulate the designed patch antenna using HFSS.
3. Study the characterizing parameters of the designed antenna.

1.4 LITERATURE SURVEY

Indra Sen Singh and Dr V.S. Tripathi [3] made a theoretical survey on microstrip patch antenna.
In this, the author comes to know that microstrip patch antennas are preferred over conventional
microwave antennas, because of their lighter weight, low volume, low cost, and smaller dimension.
The authors also learned that all microstrip antennas are divided into four basic categories:
microstrip patch antenna, microstrip dipoles antenna, printed slot antenna, and microstrip traveling
wave antennas. The authors also discussed popular feeding techniques like coaxial probe feed,
microstrip line feed, aperture coupling feed, and proximity coupling feed. The authors also discuss
some applications, where we use microstrip patch antennas like Global positioning system (GPS),
Radio frequency identification (RFID), Worldwide interoperability for microwave access
(WiMAX), RADAR, and Rectenna Applications.

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Design and Characterization of Patch Antenna
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Akash Bansal and Richa Gupta [4] made a comparison of four feeding methodologies. Here
authors Considered the rectangular patch antenna which consists of radiating patch on one side of
the dielectric substrate and a ground plane on the other side of the substrate. Here authors use FR4
substrate as dielectric material and it is designed for 2.45 GHz. The authors were going through a
comparative study on microstrip line feed, insert line feed, and coaxial line feed. By comparing the
four feeding methodologies the authors concluded the magnitude of the signal at 2.4 GHz is much
better in coaxial feed, and comparative output can also be seen for insert feed but direct feed or
microstrip feed does not provide the optimum response at 2.4 GHz. Further authors use an array
antenna which enhances the output more than any other feeding technique. The array antenna
presented uses insert fed for all the antennas.

U. Tata, H. Huang, R.L. Carter, and J.C. Chiao [5] made a study on Exploiting a patch antenna
for strain measurements. The authors concluded that patch antennas can be effectively utilized for
strain measurement. The resonance frequency of a patch antenna is influenced by the size of its
metallic patch, and when strains are applied, the dimensions of the patch change, resulting in a shift
in the antenna's resonant frequency. By measuring the changes in resonant frequency, the applied
strains can be determined. The experimental measurements of strain sensitivity obtained from the
study aligned well with the analytical predictions, further validating the effectiveness of the patch
antenna for strain measurement. Therefore, based on the results, it can be concluded that patch
antennas show promise as a reliable method for measuring strains, offering potential applications in
various fields.

U. Chakraborty, S. Chatterjee, S. K. Chowdhury, and P.P. Sarkar [6] made a study on

Compact microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication. The authors introduce a compact
rectangular microstrip antenna design that incorporates a triangular slot and an additional triangular
patch to enhance its performance. The antenna demonstrates a significant size reduction compared
to a conventional square microstrip patch antenna, while still achieving a wide bandwidth and low
return loss. The antenna's simple configuration, low profile, and easy fabrication make it suitable
for wireless communication system applications. It has been specifically designed to operate within
the WiMAX frequency range of 3.2-3.8 GHz. Overall, the presented antenna design offers a

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compact and efficient solution for wireless communication systems, with the potential for improved
performance in terms of frequency range and bandwidth.

Muhammad Umar Khan, Mohammad Said Sharawi, and Raj Mittra [7] made research on
Patch antenna miniaturization techniques. In their study authors discuss some of the principal
techniques that have been reported in the literature to reduce the size of a microstrip patch antenna.
These miniaturization techniques include material loading, reshaping the antenna, shorting and
folding, introducing slots and defects in the ground plane, and the use of metamaterials. After trying
different miniaturization techniques authors conclude that Some methods provided greater
miniaturization, whereas others only achieved a moderate level of miniaturization in an attempt to
keep a balance between a decrease in bandwidth and loss of efficiency while reducing the size.

G. Christina [8] made a Review on how to increase the performance of microstrip patch antennae
for various applications. The author says the gain and bandwidth are the primary factors describing
the efficiency of microstrip patch antennas. There are several ways available for improving the gain
and bandwidth of an antenna. The feeding method of a microstrip patch antenna is a primary one
for attaining better gain and bandwidth. The basic feed methods are line feed and coaxial probe
field. Aperture-coupled feeding is a recent feeding technique developed for attaining larger gain
with reduced space occupation.

C. L. Mak, K. M. Luk [9] made an Experimental study of a microstrip patch antenna with an L-
Shaped probe. The author says an L-shaped probe is an attractive feed for the thick microstrip
antenna and the performance of this new feeding technique is quite similar to that of a U-Shaped
slot patch antenna. After conducting the experiment author come to the conclusion that both L and
U-shaped probe exhibit broad-band and high-gain characteristics. The bandwidth and gain of the
proposed antenna are 36% and 7 dB, respectively.

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1.5 REPORT ORGANISATION

Chapter 1: The introduction, problem statement, literature survey and objective of the project are
discussed.
Chapter 2: In this chapter, the Structural diagram, Antenna parameters, Formulas, Different Shapes
of Dielectric Resonators, and Different Types of Feeding Techniques of an antenna are mentioned,
and a table of measurements is discussed.
Chapter 3: This chapter describes Ansys HFSS Software and the Design process.
Chapter 4: In this chapter Result, conclusion and Future Scope is discussed in Detail.

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Chapter 2

METHODOLOGY

2.1 STRUCTURAL DIAGRAM

Figure 2.1. shows the diagram of the ‘Structure of rectangular microstrip patch antenna’. The
antenna basically consists of a dielectric substrate, in which one side of the substrate comprises a
dielectric resonator and another side with the ground plane.

Fig.2.1: Structure of rectangular microstrip patch antenna

A ground plane is made of high-conductivity metal (copper). We can find the dielectric material on
top of the ground plane; different materials can be used as per the requirement.FR4 dielectric
material was used as substrate in our project and its dielectric constant can vary from 3.8-4.8. A
radiating material present above the dielectric material is known as a patch which is made up of
high-conductivity metal (copper). Different shapes of patches are available but, in the project, we
considered rectangular shape patch.

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2.2 ANTENNA PARAMETERS

2.2.1 Directivity
Directivity is defined as the “maximum radiation intensity in a given direction to the radiation
intensity averaged over all direction”. Directivity is a measure of the increase in maximum power
density at a fixed distance in W/m2 (or equivalently, radiation intensity in W/m2/steradian),
compared to that from a hypothetical isotropic radiator. Directivity, D, is a unit-less power ratio,
usually expressed in dB, using 10logD. A higher directivity indicates a strong concentration of
energy in a particular direction, and lower directivity implies a broad radiation pattern [10].

Directivity can be evaluated if the radiation pattern, F (θ, ∅), is known for all angles, using

4π
D= (1)
A

2π π

Where, A=beam solid angle=∫ ∫ ¿ f ( θ , ∅ )∨¿ sinθdθ d ∅ ¿

2

0 0

f ( θ , ∅ ) = radiation pattern normalized to unity peak

2.2.2 Radiation Pattern

A radiation pattern, also known as an antenna pattern, is a graphical representation of the strength
and distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted by an antenna, intensity of the radiated
electromagnetic waves varies with respect to direction. The radiation pattern is typically presented
in two or three dimensions. In two dimensions, the radiation pattern is usually shown as a polar
plot, with the radiation source located at the center. In three dimensions the radiation pattern is
often displayed as a three-dimensional plot taken at different angles. This representation provides a
more comprehensive view of how the radiation intensity varies in different directions around the
antenna. Radiation properties include power flux density, radiation intensity, field strength,
directivity, phase or polarization.” Figure 2.1 shows the coordinates. The maximum energy radiates

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2022-23

in the main lobe and the side lobes indicate the energy wasted by radiating in other directions. Side
lobes levels below -20dB are usually not suitable for many applications [11].

Fig. 2.2: Radiation Pattern Shown in Antenna Coordinates

Fig. 2.3: Radiation Pattern Showing all the Lobes

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2.2.3 Wavelength
“The distance among consecutive maximum (peak) or consecutive minimum(valleys) is known as
the wavelength”. The distance between the two positive peaks and the negative peak is none other
than the length of the wave. As frequency increases wavelength becomes shorter and vice versa
[11].

Fig. 2.4: Wavelength

Mathematical Expression of Wavelength is given by

c
λ= (2)
f

Where,  = wavelength
c = speed of light (3∗108 meter / second)
f = frequency
2.2.4 Gain

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The gain of an antenna is defined as “the ratio of the intensity in a given direction to the radiation
intensity that would be obtained if the power accepted by the antenna were radiation isotopically”
[10].

4 π radiation intensity
Gain = (3)
total input ( accepted ) power

Mathematical Expression of Gain is given by

G = ηeD (4)
Where, G = gain of an antenna
ηe = antenna’s efficiency
D = directivity of an antenna

2.2.5 VSWR
“The ratio of the maximum voltage to the minimum voltage of a standing wave is called the voltage
standing wave ratio”. VSWR is a sign of the quantity of mismatch between an antenna and the feed
line connecting to it. The variety of values for VSWR is from 1 to ∞. A VSWR below 2 is taken
into consideration as appropriate for maximum antenna application [11].

2.2.6 Bandwidth
The bandwidth of an antenna refers to the range of frequencies over which the antenna can
effectively transmit or receive signals with acceptable performance. It represents the frequency span
within which the antenna operates efficiently and maintains desired characteristics such as
impedance matching, radiation pattern, and gain [11][12].

2.2.7 Antenna Efficiency

Antenna efficiency is defined as “the ratio of power radiated (Prad) by the antenna to the input
power supplied to the antenna” [11].
P rad
Antenna efficiency , e= (5)
Pt

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Where, Prad = radiated power

Pt = total power

2.2.8 Impedance Matching

Impedance matching can be defined as "The estimated impedance of the transmitter if it matches or
vice versa with the estimated impedance of the receiver is called impedance matching." The antenna
and the circuit must be impedance matched. There is a need to match three components, which are
the impedance of the feed line, and antenna, and to obtain the maximum strength [11][12].

2.2.9 S11 Parameter

The S11 parameter, also known as the reflection coefficient or return loss, is a key parameter used
to characterize the impedance matching and reflection properties of a two-port network, such as an
antenna system. The amount of reflection attenuation is the difference between the incident power
and the reflected power. This is usually expressed in decibels [12].
Return loss is usually calculated as follows:
Pi
R=10log10 ( ) (6)
Pr

Where, Pi = incident power

Pr = reflected power

2.3 DESIGN

2.3.1 Formula to Calculate Length and Width of Patch.

1. Width of the patch can be calculated
c
W=
2f o
√ ℇr +1
2
(7)

Where, fo= operating frequency

c = speed of light in free space
ℇr = relative dielectric constant
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2. The length of the patch can be calculated

L = Leff - 2∆L (8)

Where, Leff = Effective length

∆L=Extension length

To calculate the Effective length, Leff,

c
Leff = (9)
2 fo √ ε eff

Where, c = speed of light in free space

ℇeff = Effective dielectric constant

The effective dielectric constant, ℇeff is given by,

( )
−1
ℇr +1 ℇr −1 h 2
ℇeff = + [1+ 12 ] (10)
2 2 w

The extension length, ∆L given by,

w
( ℇ eff +0.3 )∗( + 0.265)
h
∆L=0.412*h* (11)
w
( ℇ eff −0.258 )∗( +.8)
h

Where, ℇeff = Effective dielectric constant

ℇr = relative dielectric constant
h = height of the substrate
w = Width of the patch

2.3.2 Formula to Calculate Length and Width of Substrate.

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In our design, we considered FR4 epoxy as substrat material with a dielectric constant of 4.4 with a
substrate height 1.6 mm.
1. Width of the substrat, Ws can be calculated,
Ws = 6h+W (12)
2. Length of the substrat, Ls can be calculated

Ls = 6h+L (13)

Where, h = height of the substrate

W = Width of the patch
L= length of the patch

2.3.3 Rectangular patch antenna

Here required measurements to design a rectangular patch antenna is depicted in Table 2.1
Substrate Ground Plane patch
Length 60 mm 60 mm 29.4 mm
Width 60 mm 60 mm 38 mm
Height 1.6 mm - -

Table 2 .1: Dimensions of Rectangular patch antenna

Here length and width of ground plane is same as substrat except height.

2.4 DIFFERENT TYPES OF FEEDING TECHNIQUES

2.4.1 Coaxial Probe Feed

The most popular feeding method for DRAs is the coaxial probe feed. To excite the antenna, a
coaxial probe must be inserted into or close to the resonator cavity. The probe's length and position
can be changed to alter the resonance frequency and impedance matching of the antenna.

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Fig. 2. 5: Coaxial Probe Feed

This technique offers high radiation efficiency and low losses, but it requires additional components
and can be difficult to integrate into certain devices [13][14][15].

2.4.2 Microstrip Line Feed

Microstrip feed is a popular technique used in planar antennas, such as patch antennas. A
microstrip transmission line is used to connect the antenna to the feeding network. The microstrip
line is typically printed on a dielectric substrate and is connected to the radiating element through a
feed probe or aperture.

Fig. 2. 6: Microstrip Line Feed

This technique is simple and easy to implement, but it can result in low radiation efficiency and
high losses due to the proximity of the feed to the ground plane [13][16][17].

2.4.3 Proximity Feed

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Proximity coupling involves placing the feeding structure, such as a microstrip line or a waveguide,
close to the radiating element of the antenna without any physical connection. To match with input
impedance, the feed line is moved to a lower level below the patch. Here the power transfer from
the feed to the patch takes place through electromagnetic field coupling.

Fig. 2.7: Proximity Feed

Since the feed line has been moved to a lower level, feed line radiation has been reduced to a great
extent and also this technique allows planar feeding. This technique offers higher radiation
efficiency and lower losses than the microstrip feed, but it requires careful tuning of the gap width
and position to achieve optimal performance [13][16][17].

2.4.4 Aperture Feed

The aperture-coupled feed is an innovative approach to feeding rectangular patch antennas. The
patch must be connected to a parallel metal strip on the opposite side of the substrate in order to do
this. A small hole must be cut in the ground plane underneath the patch. the feed dielectric substrate
and the antenna dielectric substrate, specifically. Power from the feed line is transferred to the metal
patch via electromagnetic field coupling. The microstrip feed line induces magnetic polarization in
the ground plane slot, which in turn excites the metal patch. The patches and the slot's centers must
line up for maximum coupling to occur.

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Fig. 2.8: Aperture Feed

This technique offers high radiation efficiency and low losses, and it also provides good isolation
between the feed and the ground plane. However, it requires precise alignment of the aperture and
the metal strip for optimal performance [13][16][17].

Chapter 3
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 Ansys HFSS Software
Ansys HFSS evaluation version 15 is the software used for designing proposed antenna and to
simulate it to analyze the antenna parameters. The accurate solution is provided based on the
physics or electromagnetics of the design. This is possible by automatic adaptive mesh refinement.
For resolving a wide range of antenna designs and integration issues, it provides automatic accuracy
within multiple distinct modelling technologies. Large scale issues can be effectively and quickly
solved when combined with high performance computing techniques like domain decomposition or
hybrid solving. More over the software is easy to work. Where in simulation we can recreate a real-

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world process in a controlled environment which allows to change parameters values and helps us
to obtain efficient antenna design.

Fig. 3.1: Design Window in Ansys HFSS Software

3.2 Design Process

3.2.1 Substrate
Materials with a dielectric constant in the range of 2.2 ≤ ℇr ≤ 12 can be used as the substrate.
Changing the substrate material and thickness will change the performance of the antenna. The use
of high dielectric constant substrate materials in the design of CDRA reduces antenna performance
but reduces antenna size. If the thickness of the substrate is increased it will the resonant frequency
but helps to improve the bandwidth. On the basis of price, effectiveness, and size, the right substrate
must be chosen. In this model, we have considered FR4 epoxy as the substrate, which has a
dielectric constant value of 4.4 and height as 1.6 mm.

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Fig 3.2: Structure of Substrate in HFSS Software

In this project, we have considered the dimensions of the substrat as 60 mm x 60 mm by using
standard formulas.
3.2.2 Ground Plane
In design, the bottom layer is considered as a ground plane, which is usually made up of copper.
Usually ground plane is used to serve as a mirror for radio waves coming from other antenna
elements. The ground plane plays a major role in the performance of a Patch antenna, especially in
terms of gain, radiation pattern, and axial ratio. In this project we have considered the dimension of
ground plane as 60 mm x 60mm same as substrat dimension.

Fig. 3.3: Structure of Ground Plane in HFSS software

3.2.3 Patch
A patch is a radiating material that can be mounted on the surface of the dielectric substrate.
Patches are available in different shapes like rectangular, circular, triangular, or any geometrical shape, we
have to select shape as per our requirement. We can calculate length and width of patch by using standard formula
as mentioned in chapter 2. In this project we have considered rectangular shape patch with dimension
29.4 mm x 38mm.

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Fig. 3.4: Structure of Patch in HFSS software

3.2.4 Feeding Method

In the Microstrip line feed the edge of the microstrip patch is directly connected to a conducting
strip. The width of the strip is smaller than the patch so the feed can be etched on the same substrate
to provide a planar structure. It is simple to model and easy to match by controlling the inset
position. From here we can load the required information directly or with the help of an SMA
connector.

Fig. 3.5: Structure of microstrip feedline

3.2.5 SMA Connector

SMA Connectors are 50 Ohm RF Coaxial connectors that operate up to 18 GHz. These connectors
have screw-type coupling mechanism which minimizes reflections and attenuation by ensuring
uniform contact. SMA connectors are one of the most used RF connectors. They are used in a wide
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range of applications including antenna connections for most sub-6 GHz technologies like Wi-Fi
and Bluetooth.

(a) Back view (b) Front view

Fig. 3.6: Structure of SMA Connector in HFSS Software

There are different types of SMA connectors, such as standard-polarity, reverse-polarity, straight,
right-angle, edge mount, panel mount, bulkhead fitting, etc. They are also available in a variety of
different materials, including brass, stainless steel, and nickel. SMA connectors are available in two
versions Male and Female

Fig. 3.7: Structure of male and female SMA Connector

Chapter 4
RESULT CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

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4.1 Result
4.1.1 S11 or Return Loss
Figure 4.1 shows the simulated plot for return loss and the maximum fall is at -21.977 dB at a
frequency of 2.49 GHz for the Rectangular patch antenna.

Fig. 4.1: S11 Parameter for Rectangular patch antenna

4 .1. 2 VSWR
An indicator of impedance mismatch between the transmitter and receiver antenna is the VSWR.
The VSWR at unity indicates a perfect match. Practically the input impedance of an antenna should
be 50 . As shown in figure 4.2 the VSWR obtained at 2.49 GHz frequency is 1.38.

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Fig. 4.2: VSWR at 2.49 GHz.

4 .1. 3 Radiation Pattern

The term radiation is used to indicate the strength of a wavefront when it is transmitted or received
at an antenna. Figure 4.3 shows the radiation pattern of the designed antenna at phi = 0 & 90 deg.

Fig. 4.3: Radiation pattern at 2.49 GHz

4 .1. 4 Directivity
The term directivity is defined as “maximum radiation intensity in a given direction to the radiation
intensity averaged over all directions”. Figure 4.4 shows the directivity of the designed antenna at
phi = 0 & 90 deg.

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Fig. 4.4: Directivity at 2.49 GHz

4 .1. 5 Gain
The gain of an antenna is defined as “the ratio of the intensity in a given direction to the radiation
intensity that would be obtained if the power accepted by the antenna were radiation isotopically”.
Figure 4.4 shows the gain parameter of the antenna.

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Fig. 4.5: Gain at 2.49 GHz

4 .1. 5 Peak Gain

Peak gain in antenna design is a measure of how well the antenna converts input power into radio
waves headed in a specified direction, compared to an isotropic radiator that emits equally in all
directions. Peak gain depends on the antenna’s radiation efficiency and directivity. . As shown in
figure 4.6 the Peak gain obtained at 2.49 GHz frequency is 33.3 dB.

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XY Plot 1 HFSSDesign1
34.00

32.00

30.00

28.00
dBm(PeakGain)

26.00

24.00

22.00

20.00

18.00

16.00
1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
Freq [GHz]

Fig. 4.6: Peak Gain at 2.49 GHz

4.2 Conclusion
The designed antenna is simulated using HFSS. The proposed antenna is a low-profile antenna thus
it is very compact, is also easy to fabricate, and is fed by a microstrip feedline via an SMA
connector which makes it an attractive structure for current as well as future applications. SMA
connectors provide a strong and durable connection that minimizes reflections, limits attenuation,
and makes it a great choice when working with microwave frequencies. The designed antenna is
resonating at 2.49 GHz with VSWR 1.3 and peak gain of 33.3 dB which is acceptable as per IEEE
standards.

4.3 Future Scope

1. Resonating Frequency and other parameters shall be tuned according to the design by
varying design parameters.
2. The designed antenna to be fabricated and characterized.

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402-410, 1960.

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15. Jeffrey W. Honchell, Ash L. Miller Purdue University, W. Lafayette ‘Antenna Design,
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17. Sourabh Bisht, Shweta Saini; “Study The Various Feeding Techniques of Microstrip Antenna
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