Operating System
CS(407)
Lecture 2
Instructor
Sibgha Zia
Department of Computer Science
UAF Sub Campus Burewala
29/09/2021
Time Sharing Systems
Multi user, Multi process and interactive systems
Allows Multiple users to share computer simultaneously.
Used when several users are linked through communication networks to a single
computer. it then goes to next user task. it is accomplished through time slicing.
Each task gets a time slice in round ribbon fashion.
Time sharing system use CPU scheduling and multi programming .
In Time sharing systems the prime focus is on minimizing the response time,
while in multiprogramming the prime focus is to maximize the CPU usage.
Time sharing system
Multiprogramming systems : several programs use the computer system
Time-sharing systems : several (human) users use the computer system
interactively
Characteristics
Using multiprogramming to handle multiple interactive jobs
Processor’s time is shared among multiple users
Multiple users simultaneously access the system through terminals
Personal computer system
Personal computers - computer system dedicated to a single user.
I/O devices - keyboards, mice, display screens, small printers
User convenience and responsiveness.
Can adopt technology developed for larger operating system
May run several different types of operating systems (Windows, MacOS, UNIX,
Linux)
Personal computer Operating system
Personal computer operating system provides a good interface to a single
user.
Personal computer operating systems are widely used for word processing,
spreadsheets and Internet access.
Personal computer operating system are made only for personal.
You can say that your laptops, computer systems, tablets etc.
are your personal computers and the operating system such as windows 7,
windows 10, android, etc. are your personal computer operating system.
Single Processor System
A single processor system contains only one processor. So only one process can be
executed at a time and then the process is selected from the ready queue. Most
general purpose computers contain the single processor systems as they are
commonly in use.
As diagram, there are multiple applications that need to be executed. However, the
system contains a single processor and only one process can be executed at a time.
Single Processor System
Multiprocessor System
multiprocessor or parallel systems are increasing in importance nowadays
Tightly coupled system processors
These systems have multiple processors working in parallel that share the computer clock,
data structure, memory, bus, peripheral devices etc.
Example: Unix is one of the widely used multiprogramming system
Advantages:
1. Increase throughput (complete their work in less time)
2. Reduce cost (multiple processor share same resources)
3. Increase reliability(failure of one process does not effect the other process though it will
slow down the machine)
An image demonstrating the multiprocessor architecture is
Advantages Multiprocessor System
Increased throughput: By increasing the number of processors, we expect to get more work done in
less time. When multiple processors cooperate on a task, a certain amount of overhead is incurred
in keeping all the parts working correctly. This overhead, plus using the shared resources, low the
expected gain from additional processors.
Reduce Cost: Multiprocessor systems can cost less than equivalent multiple single-processor systems,
because they can share peripherals, mass storage, and power supplies. If several programs operate
on the same set of data, it is cheaper to store those data on one disk and to have all the processors
share them than to have many computers with local disks and many copies of the data
Increased reliability: If functions can be distributed properly among several processors, then the failure
of one processor will not halt the system, only slow it down. If we have ten processors and one fails,
then each of the remaining nine processors can pick up a share of the work of the failed processor.
Thus, the entire system runs only 10 percent slower, rather than failing altogether.
Multiprocessor System
Multiprocessor System
Multiprocessor System Types
Two types
1. Asymmetric Multiprocessing
2. Symmetric Multiprocessing
Asymmetric Multiprocessing
In which each processor is assigned to a specific/particular task.
Only Master processor run the tasks of Operating System
it has one master processor and reminder process called slaves
I/O usually done by master only.
The master distributes tasks among the slaves( Master-slave relationship)
Example: Disk Management where responsibilities of managing disk is performed by
microprocessor
Multiprocessor System Types
Symmetric Multiprocessing
Each processor contributes(work together) to executing the tasks in the Operating System.
No master–slave relationship exists between processors
All processors are peers.
I/O usually done on any processor
Example: The most common systems use symmetric multiprocessing (SMP).
Distributed System
Distribute the computation among several physical processors called distributed systems.
Loosely coupled system each processor has its own local memory, processors
communicate with one another through various communication lines
Advantages of distributed systems
Resource Sharing
Computation speed up
load sharing
Reliability
Distributed System
Real Time System
Basic requirement :
A system that must produce output for a given input within a well defined time period, else
the output is useless
For example:
Industrial control systems
Aero plan guidance
flight control system,
Medical devices
real time monitors etc
Hard Real Time
A hard real time system guarantees that job will complete within specified time period.
This type of system can never miss its deadline. Missing the deadline may have disastrous
consequences.
Example: Flight controller system.
Soft Real Time System
This type of system can miss its deadline occasionally with some acceptably low probability.
Missing the deadline have no disastrous consequences.
Example: Telephone switches
Audio, video task on system
