CS10003:
Programming & Data Structures
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Autumn 2020
Iterations and
Loops – contd.
An Example
int main() {
int fact, i;
fact = 1; i = 1;
while ( i<10 ) { /* run loop –break when fact >100*/
fact = fact * i;
if ( fact > 100 ) {
printf ("Factorial of %d above 100", i);
break; /* break out of the while loop */
}
++i;
}
return 0;
3}
Test if a number is prime or not
int main() {
int n, i=2;
scanf (“%d”, &n);
while (i < n) {
if (n % i == 0) {
printf (“%d is not a prime \n”, n);
break;
}
++i;
}
if (i == n) printf (“%d is a prime \n”, n);
return 0;
}
More efficient??
int main() {
int n, i = 2, flag = 0;
double limit;
scanf (“%d”, &n);
limit = sqrt(n);
while (i <= limit) {
if (n % i == 0) {
printf (“%d is not a prime \n”, n);
flag = 1; break;
}
i = i + 1;
}
if (flag == 0) printf (“%d is a prime \n”, n);
return 0;
}
continue Statement
continue
Skips the remaining statements in the body of a
while, for or do/while structure while (expr)
Proceeds with the next iteration of the loop statement;
do {
while and do/while
statements;
Loop-continuation test is evaluated immediately } while (expr);
after the continue statement is executed
for ( expr1; expr2; expr3)
for structure statement;
Increment expression is executed, then the loop-
continuation test is evaluated.
expr3 is evaluated, then expr2 is evaluated.
An Example with break and continue
int main() {
int fact = 1, i = 1;
while (1) {
fact = fact * i;
++i;
if ( i <=10 )
continue; /*not done yet! Go to loop for next iteration*/
break;
}
return 0;
}
Some Loop Pitfalls
while (sum <= NUM) ; for (i=0; i<=NUM; ++i);
sum = sum+2; sum = sum+i;
for (i=1; i!=10; i=i+2)
sum = sum+i;
double x;
for (x=0.0; x<2.0; x=x+0.2)
printf(“%.18f\n”, x);
Nested Loops: Printing a 2-D Figure
How would you print the following diagram?
*****
*****
*****
repeat 3 times
repeat 5 times
print a row of 5 *’s
print *
Nested Loops
const int ROWS = 3; row = 1;
while (row <= ROWS) {
const int COLS = 5;
/* print a row of 5 *’s */ outer
... loop
col = 1;
row = 1;
while (col <= COLS) {
while (row <= ROWS) {
printf (“* “);
/*print a row of 5 *’s*/ inner
col++; loop
}
... printf(“\n”);
++row; ++row;
} }
2-D Figure: with for loop
Print const int ROWS = 3;
***** const int COLS = 5;
....
***** for (row=1; row<=ROWS; ++row) {
***** for (col=1; col<=COLS; ++col) {
printf(“* ”);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
Another 2-D Figure
Print const int ROWS = 5;
* ....
** int row, col;
for (row=1; row<=ROWS; ++row) {
*** for (col=1; col<=row; ++col) {
**** printf(“* ”);
***** }
printf(“\n”);
}
2d-figure.c
Yet Another One
const int ROWS = 5;
Print
....
***** int row, col;
**** for (row=0; row<ROWS; ++row) {
*** for (col=1; col<=row; ++col)
** printf(" ");
* for (col=1; col<=ROWS-row; ++col)
printf("* ");
printf ("\n");
}
break and continue with nested loops
For nested loops, break and continue are matched with
the nearest loops (for, while, do-while)
Example:
while (i < n) {
for (k=1; k < m; ++k) {
if (k % i == 0) break;
}
i = i + 1; Breaks here
}
int main()
{
int low, high, desired, i, flag = 0;
scanf(“%d %d %d”, &low, &high, &desired);
i = low;
while (i < high) {
Example for (j = i+1; j <= high; ++j) {
if (j % i == desired) {
flag = 1;
break;
} Breaks here
}
if (flag == 1) break;
i = i + 1;
Breaks here
}
return 0;
}
The comma operator
Separates expressions
Syntax
expr-1, expr-2, …,expr-n
where, expr-1, expr-2,… are all expressions
Is itself an expression, which evaluates to the value of the
last expression in the sequence
Since all but last expression values are discarded, not of
much general use
But useful in for loops, by using side effects of the
expressions
Example
We can give several expressions separated by
commas in place of expr1 and expr3 in a for loop to do
multiple assignments for example
for (fact=1, i=1; i<=10;++ i)
fact = fact * i;
for (sum=0, i=1; i<=N; ++i)
sum = sum + i * i;
Homework
Compute the following function given a value of x
with the accuracy of 10-6:
f(x)= 1-x2/2! + x4/4! –x6/6! + …..
You should not use any math library functions
or C function to calculate factorial.
Computing standard deviation
N
1 2
The Steps
N
(x )
i 1
i
1. Read N
N
2. Read Xi 1
3. Compute Mean
N
x
i 1
i
4. Compute Standard Deviation
The Problem
Thank You!
