UNIT 3

PROTOCOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES BEHIND IOT

IoT protocols

IoT devices communicate using IoT protocols. Internet protocol (IP) is a set of rules that dictates
how data gets sent to the internet. IoT protocols ensure that information from one device or
sensor gets read and understood by another device, a gateway, a service. Different IoT protocols
have been designed and optimized for different scenarios and usage.

1. IPv6
Internet Protocol version 6 (Ipv6) is the newest version of the Internet Protocol (IP),
which is the concept of communications protocol that provides an identification and location
system for computers on networks. The main purposes of an Internet Protocol are routing traffic
across the Internet, packet-switched internetworking, and allowing end-to-end datagram
transmission. IPv6 was developed to deal with the problem of IPv4 address exhaustion and is
expected to replace IPv4.

Devices with Internet connection are assigned a unique IP address, however, since the
rapid growth of the Internet in the 1990s, far more addresses than the available space of IPv4 are
needed, which ultimately lead to the development of IPv6. IPv6 also provides other technical
benefits besides a larger addressing space. Multicasting, an optional but commonly implemented
feature in IPv4, received changes and improvements in IPv6. Multicasting allows the
transmission of a single packet to numerous destinations with only one send operation.
Furthermore, the packet header in IPv6 is simpler than the IPv4 header, and therefore, the
process of packet forwarding by routers has been simplified. Other aspects including device
mobility, configuration, and security have been considered in the development and
implementation of this protocol as well.

Ipv6 is the latest version of the internet protocol. Devices that use the internet are
recognized by their own ip addresses so that internet communication can work. Ipv6 in
iot identifies these devices so that they can be located through the internet easily.
IPv4
Ipv4 has 32-bit addressing which is able to support about 4.5 billion devices. But because of the
large number of laptops, computers, smartphones, and the internet of things devices, it was
proved that more addresses are required for the devices. Ipv6 was created in 1998 which uses
128-bit addressing. It supports approximately 350 trillion devices. The addressing method
of ipv6 includes eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, while the ipv4 addresses used to have
four sets of one to three digits numbers.
Advantages Of IPv6 In The Internet Of Things
• Iot is a vast field of technology. This field includes a large number of devices and
their working is mainly focused via the internet. Ipv6 is capable of giving out
various ip addresses to these iot devices so that they can be easily recognized on
the internet and can work efficiently to transfer data from one iot device to
another.
• Ipv6 networks have auto-configuration capabilities which are quite simple and
can be managed easily in larger installations. With the help of this feature of ipv6,
configuration effort and deployment cost in the field of iot reduces drastically.
• Ipv6 is capable of sending large data packets simultaneously to conserve
bandwidth. With the help of fast transmission of data due to ipv6 in iot, devices
used in iot will also be able to interact with each other.
• Ipv6 provides far better security than ipv4. It provides confidentiality,
authenticity, and data integrity as well. This security given by ipv6 is of utmost
importance to iot because of its high dependency on network.
• Ipv6 in iot has a highly efficient multicast communication feature that eliminates
the requirement for routine broadcast messaging. This improvement helps in
preserving the battery life of iot devices by reducing the number of packets
processed.
• Ipv6 provides multiple addresses to devices. Its routing mechanism is also
distributed in a better way than ipv4. With the help of this feature, programmers
will have the liberty to assign iot end-device addresses that are consistent with
their own applications and network practices.
2. 6LoWPAN
What is 6LoWPAN?

6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks), is a low power wireless

mesh network where every node has its own IPv6 address. This allows the node to connect

directly with the Internet using open standards.

6LoWPAN came to exist from the idea that the Internet Protocol could and should be applied

even to the smallest devices, and that low-power devices with limited processing capabilities

should be able to participate in the Internet of Things.

Advantages of 6LoWPAN:

• It works great with open IP standard including TCP, UDP, HTTP, COAP, MATT

and web-sockets.

• It offers end-to-end IP addressable nodes. There’s no need for a gateway, only a

router which can connect the 6LoWPAN network to IP.

• It supports self-healing, robust and scalable mesh routing.

• Offers one-to-many & many-to-one routing.

• The 6LoWPAN mesh routers can route data to others nodes in the network.

• In a 6LowPAN network, leaf nodes can sleep for a long duration of time.

• It also offers thorough support for the PHY layer which gives freedom of

frequency band & physical layer, which can be used across multiple

communication platforms like Ethernet, WI-Fi, 802.15.4 or Sub-1GHz ISM with

interoperability at the IP level.

• It is a standard: RFC6282
6LoWPAN Application Areas
With many low power wireless sensor networks and other forms of wireless networks designed
to tackle specific problems, it is essential that any new wireless system has a defined area which
it addresses. While there are many forms of wireless networks including wireless sensor
networks, 6LoWPAN addresses an area that is currently not addressed by any other system, for
example, that of using IP, and in particular IPv6 to carry the data.

The overall system is aimed at providing wireless internet connectivity at low data rates and with
a low duty cycle. However, there are many applications where 6LoWPAN is being used:

• Automation: There are enormous opportunities for 6LoWPAN to be used in many

different areas of automation.
• Industrial monitoring: Industrial plants and automated factories provide a great
opportunity for 6LoWPAN. Major savings can be made by using automation in
every day practices. Additionally, 6LoWPAN can connect to the cloud which
opens up many different areas for data monitoring and analysis.
• Smart Grid: Smart grids enable smart meters and other devices to build a micro
mesh network. They are able to send data back to the grid operator’s monitoring
and billing system using the IPv6.
• Smart Home: By connecting your home IoT devices using IPv6, it is possible to
gain distinct advantages over other IoT systems.
6LoWPAN Security
• 6LoWPAN can use AES-128 link layer security which is defined in IEEE 802.15.4. This
provides link authentication and encryption.

• Further security is provided by the transport layer security mechanisms. This is defined in
RFC 5246 and runs over TCP.

• For systems where UDP is used, the transport layer protocol defined under RFC 6347 can
be used.

3. MQTT protocol

MQTT stands for Message Queuing Telemetry Transport. MQTT is a machine-to-machine

internet of things connectivity protocol. It is an extremely lightweight and publish-subscribe
messaging transport protocol. This protocol is useful for the connection with the remote location
where the bandwidth is a premium. These characteristics make it useful in various situations,
including constant environment such as for communication machine to machine and internet of
things contexts. It is a publish and subscribe system where we can publish and receive the
messages as a client. It makes it easy for communication between multiple devices. It is a simple
messaging protocol designed for the constrained devices and with low bandwidth, so it's a
perfect solution for the internet of things applications.

Characteristics of MQTT

The MQTT has some unique features which are hardly found in other protocols. Some of the
features of an MQTT are given below:

o It is a machine-to-machine protocol, i.e., it provides communication between the devices.

o It is designed as a simple and lightweight messaging protocol that uses a
publish/subscribe system to exchange the information between the client and the server.
o It does not require that both the client and the server establish a connection at the same
time.
 o It provides faster data transmission, like how WhatsApp/messenger provides a faster
delivery. It's a real-time messaging protocol.
o It allows the clients to subscribe to the narrow selection of topics so that they can receive
the information they are looking for.

MQTT Architecture

To understand the MQTT architecture, we first look at the components of the MQTT.

o Message
o Client
o Server or Broker
o TOPIC

Message

The message is the data that is carried out by the protocol across the network for the application.
When the message is transmitted over the network, then the message contains the following
parameters:

1. Payload data
2. Quality of Service (QoS)
3. Collection of Properties
4. Topic Name

Client

In MQTT, the subscriber and publisher are the two roles of a client. The clients subscribe to the
topics to publish and receive messages. In simple words, we can say that if any program or
device uses an MQTT, then that device is referred to as a client. A device is a client if it opens
the network connection to the server, publishes messages that other clients want to see,
subscribes to the messages that it is interested in receiving, unsubscribes to the messages that it is
not interested in receiving, and closes the network connection to the server.
In MQTT, the client performs two operations:

Publish: When the client sends the data to the server, then we call this operation as a publish.

Subscribe: When the client receives the data from the server, then we call this operation a
subscription.

Server

The device or a program that allows the client to publish the messages and subscribe to the
messages. A server accepts the network connection from the client, accepts the messages from
the client, processes the subscribe and unsubscribe requests, forwards the application messages
to the client, and closes the network connection from the client.

TOPIC

The label provided to the message is checked against the subscription known by the server is
known as TOPIC.

Architecture of MQTT
Now we will look at the architecture of MQTT. To understand it more clearly, we will look at
the example. Suppose a device has a temperature sensor and wants to send the rating to the
server or the broker. If the phone or desktop application wishes to receive this temperature value
on the other side, then there will be two things that happened. The publisher first defines the
topic; for example, the temperature then publishes the message, i.e., the temperature's value.
After publishing the message, the phone or the desktop application on the other side will
subscribe to the topic, i.e., temperature and then receive the published message, i.e., the value of
the temperature. The server or the broker's role is to deliver the published message to the phone
or the desktop application.

MQTT Message Format

4. COAP Protocol

COAP is a lightweight, RESTful protocol designed specifically for the Internet of Things. COAP
is optimized for low-power devices and networks with limited resources. The COAP protocol
was designed to provide a low-overhead channel of communication that is ideal for IoT devices’
requirements for low latency, small packet sizes, and low power consumption.

COAP is based on similar principles as HTTP, but there are also some significant differences.
COAP is intended for usage on low-power, low-bandwidth, and unstable networks, such as those
present in IoT environments, in contrast to HTTP. With a number of characteristics that support
preventing unauthorized access and ensuring the privacy of communication, COAP is also
intended to be more secure than HTTP.
Features of COAP Protocol

The COAP protocol provides several benefits that make it a desirable choice for IoT
connectivity. These features include:

▪ COAP utilizes URIs (Uniform Resource Identifiers) to identify resources on a

server, providing a standardized and easily-understood naming convention for
resource requests.

▪ COAP provides the ability to cache messages, reducing the number of messages
transmitted between clients and servers and improving performance.

▪ COAP offers support for encryption, providing a secure communication channel

between devices and the internet.

▪ The ability of COAP to handle asynchronous communication is one of its

fundamental characteristics. This implies that devices don’t have to wait for a
response before sending or receiving data. This is particularly important in IoT
environments, where devices often have limited resources and may be unable to
handle large amounts of data at once.

▪ Another key feature of COAP is its support for resource discovery. This allows
devices to discover resources that are available on other devices, and to determine
the type of data that can be requested from those resources. In IoT environments,
resource discovery is crucial because it enables devices to find and communicate
with other devices even if they are not directly connected.

Advantages of COAP

The COAP protocol offers a number of advantages over other protocols, particularly in the
context of IoT:

• Low power consumption: COAP’s low overhead means that it uses less power than other
protocols, making it ideal for battery-powered IoT devices.
• Low latency: The COAP protocol is designed to have low latency, providing fast
communication between devices and the internet.
 • Small packet sizes: COAP’s small packet sizes reduce the amount of data transmitted
between devices and the internet, helping to reduce network congestion and improve
performance.
• Easy integration: COAP is designed to be easily integrated into existing IoT ecosystems,
making it simple for developers to add COAP support to their devices and for existing
IoT systems to adopt COAP as their communication protocol.
• Security: COAP provides support for encryption, helping to protect against security
threats such as eavesdropping and tamperi

Use Cases for COAP

The COAP protocol has a number of potential use cases, including:

• Smart homes: COAP can be used to provide communication between IoT devices in a
smart home, such as smart thermostats, smart locks, and smart lighting systems.
• Industrial automation: COAP can be used in industrial automation to provide
communication between IoT devices, such as sensors and actuators.
• Finally, COAP is designed to be highly scalable. The protocol can be used in both small
and large-scale IoT networks and can support tens of thousands of devices. This
scalability is achieved through the use of a hierarchical structure, where devices can be
organized into groups and resources can be divided among different devices.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a form of wireless communication that
incorporates the use of electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency portion
of the electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal or person. It uses radio
frequency to search, identify, track and communicate with items and people. it is a method that
is used to track or identify an object by radio transmission uses over the web. Data digitally
encoded in an RFID tag which might be read by the reader. This device work as a tag or label
during which data read from tags that are stored in the database through the reader as compared
to traditional barcodes and QR codes. It is often read outside the road of sight either passive or
active RFID.
Kinds of RFID:
There are many kinds of RFID, each with different properties, but perhaps the most fascinating
aspect of RFID technology is that most RFID tags have neither an electric plug nor a battery.
Instead, all of the energy needed to operate them is supplied in the form of radio waves by
RFID readers. This technology is called passive RFID to distinguish it from the (less common)
active RFID in which there is a power source on the tag.
UHF RHID (Ultra-High Frequency RFID). It is used on shipping pallets and some driver’s
licenses. Readers send signals in the 902-928 MHz band. Tags communicate at distances of
several meters by changing the way they reflect the reader signals; the reader is able to pick up
these reflections. This way of operating is called backscatter.
HF RFID (High-Frequency RFID). It operates at 13.56 MHz and is likely to be in your
passport, credit cards, books, and noncontact payment systems. HF RFID has a short-range,
typically a meter or less because the physical mechanism is based on induction rather than
backscatter.
There are also other forms of RFID using other frequencies, such as LF RFID (Low-Frequency
RFID), which was developed before HF RFID and used for animal tracking

There are two types of RFID :

1. Passive RFID –
Passive RFID tags does not have their own power source. It uses power from the
reader. In this device, RF tags are not attached by a power supply and passive RF
tag stored their power. When it is emitted from active antennas and the RF tag are
used specific frequency like 125-134KHZ as low frequency, 13.56MHZ as a high
frequency and 856MHZ to 960MHZ as ultra-high frequency.

2. Active RFID –
In this device, RF tags are attached by a power supply that emits a signal and there
is an antenna which receives the data. means, active tag uses a power source like
battery. It has it’s own power source, does not require power from source/reader.
Working Principle of RFID :
Generally, RFID uses radio waves to perform AIDC function. AIDC stands for Automatic
Identification and Data Capture technology which performs object identification and collection
and mapping of the data.
An antenna is an device which converts power into radio waves which are used for
communication between reader and tag. RFID readers retrieve the information from RFID tag
which detects the tag and reads or writes the data into the tag. It may include one processor,
package, storage and transmitter and receiver unit.

Working of RFID System:

Every RFID system consists of three components: a scanning antenna, a transceiver and a
transponder. When the scanning antenna and transceiver are combined, they are referred to as
an RFID reader or interrogator. There are two types of RFID readers — fixed readers and
mobile readers. The RFID reader is a network-connected device that can be portable or
permanently attached. It uses radio waves to transmit signals that activate the tag. Once
activated, the tag sends a wave back to the antenna, where it is translated into data.

The transponder is in the RFID tag itself. The read range for RFID tags varies based on factors
including the type of tag, type of reader, RFID frequency and interference in the surrounding
environment or from other RFID tags and readers. Tags that have a stronger power source also
have a longer read range.

Features of RFID :
• An RFID tag consists of two-part which is an microcircuit and an antenna.
• This tag is covered by protective material which acts as a shield against the outer
environment effect.
• This tag may active or passive in which we mainly and widely used passive RFID.
Application of RFID:
• It utilized in tracking shipping containers, trucks and railroad, cars.
• It uses in Asset tracking.
• It utilized in credit-card shaped for access application.
• It uses in Personnel tracking.
• Controlling access to restricted areas.
 • It uses ID badging.
• Supply chain management.
• Counterfeit prevention (e.g., in the pharmaceutical industry).

Advantages of RFID:
• It provides data access and real-time information without taking to much time.
• RFID tags follow the instruction and store a large amount of information.
• The RFID system is non-line of sight nature of the technology.
• It improves the Efficiency, traceability of production.
• In RFID hundreds of tags read in a short time.

Disadvantages of RFID:
• It takes longer to program RFID Devices.
• RFID intercepted easily even it is Encrypted.
• In an RFID system, there are two or three layers of ordinary household foil to dam
the radio wave.
• There is privacy concern about RFID devices anybody can access information about
anything.
• Active RFID can costlier due to battery.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an infrastructure-less wireless network that is deployed in
a large number of wireless sensors in an ad-hoc manner that is used to monitor the system,
physical or environmental conditions.
Sensor nodes are used in WSN with the onboard processor that manages and monitors the
environment in a particular area. They are connected to the Base Station which acts as a
processing unit in the WSN System.
Base Station in a WSN System is connected through the Internet to share data.
WSN can be used for processing, analysis, storage, and mining of the data.

Applications of WSN:

1. Internet of Things (IoT)

2. Surveillance and Monitoring for security, threat detection
3. Environmental temperature, humidity, and air pressure
4. Noise Level of the surrounding
5. Medical applications like patient monitoring
6. Agriculture
7. Landslide Detection
Challenges of WSN:

1. Quality of Service
2. Security Issue
3. Energy Efficiency
4. Network Throughput
5. Performance
6. Ability to cope with node failure
7. Cross layer optimization
8. Scalability to large scale of deployment
A modern Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) faces several challenges, including:
• Limited power and energy: WSNs are typically composed of battery-powered
sensors that have limited energy resources. This makes it challenging to ensure that
the network can function for
long periods of time without the need for frequent battery replacements.
• Limited processing and storage capabilities: Sensor nodes in a WSN are typically
small and have limited processing and storage capabilities. This makes it difficult to
perform complex tasks or store large amounts of data.
• Heterogeneity: WSNs often consist of a variety of different sensor types and nodes
with different capabilities. This makes it challenging to ensure that the network can
function effectively and
efficiently.
• Security: WSNs are vulnerable to various types of attacks, such as eavesdropping,
jamming, and spoofing. Ensuring the security of the network and the data it collects
is a major challenge.
• Scalability: WSNs often need to be able to support a large number of sensor nodes
and handle large amounts of data. Ensuring that the network can scale to meet these
demands is a significant
challenge.
• Interference: WSNs are often deployed in environments where there is a lot of
interference from other wireless devices. This can make it difficult to ensure
reliable communication between sensor nodes.
• Reliability: WSNs are often used in critical applications, such as monitoring the
environment or controlling industrial processes. Ensuring that the network is
reliable and able to function correctly
in all conditions is a major challenge.
Components of WSN:
1. Sensors:
Sensors in WSN are used to capture the environmental variables and which is used
for data acquisition. Sensor signals are converted into electrical signals.
2. Radio Nodes:
It is used to receive the data produced by the Sensors and sends it to the WLAN
access point. It consists of a microcontroller, transceiver, external memory, and
power source.
3. WLAN Access Point:
It receives the data which is sent by the Radio nodes wirelessly, generally through
the internet.
4. Evaluation Software:
The data received by the WLAN Access Point is processed by a software called as
Evaluation Software for presenting the report to the users for further processing of
the data which can be used for processing, analysis, storage, and mining of the data.
Advantages of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN):
• Low cost: WSNs consist of small, low-cost sensors that are easy to deploy, making
them a cost-effective solution for many applications.
• Wireless communication: WSNs eliminate the need for wired connections, which can
be costly and difficult to install. Wireless communication also enables flexible
deployment and reconfiguration of the network.
• Energy efficiency: WSNs use low-power devices and protocols to conserve energy,
enabling long-term operation without the need for frequent battery replacements.
• Scalability: WSNs can be scaled up or down easily by adding or removing sensors,
making them suitable for a range of applications and environments.
• Real-time monitoring: WSNs enable real-time monitoring of physical phenomena in the
environment, providing timely information for decision making and control.
Disadvantages of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN):
• Limited range: The range of wireless communication in WSNs is limited, which can be
a challenge for large-scale deployments or in environments with obstacles that obstruct
radio signals.
 • Limited processing power: WSNs use low-power devices, which may have limited
processing power and memory, making it difficult to perform complex computations or
support advanced applications.
• Data security: WSNs are vulnerable to security threats, such as eavesdropping,
tampering, and denial of service attacks, which can compromise the confidentiality,
integrity, and availability of data.
• Interference: Wireless communication in WSNs can be susceptible to interference from
other wireless devices or radio signals, which can degrade the quality of data
transmission.
• Deployment challenges: Deploying WSNs can be challenging due to the need for
proper sensor placement, power management, and network configuration, which can
require significant time and resources.

Big data analytics

What is Big data?

In addition to sensors and devices, data can originate from various software programs and digital
devices, such as social media platforms such as Facebook or Twitter.

Traditional database systems are inefficient when they perform complex tasks such as storing,
processing, and analyzing large amounts of data (or big data). The volume of structured,
unstructured, or semi-structured data generated by these sources, on the other hand, is steadily
rising. As a result of this huge data production, we have “big data.”

Big data can be divided into three aspects:

• Data source
• Data analytics
• The presentation of the results of the analytics.
Big data analytics

Analyzing big data includes exploring and mining databases to enhance business
performance. In big data analytics, enormous datasets, including various data kinds, are analyzed
to discover previously unknown patterns such as consumer preferences and other relevant
business data. An organization’s capacity to evaluate huge volumes of data can assist it in
dealing with important information that could harm its operations. Defined in this way, big data
analytics’ primary goal is to help businesses better understand their data and make better
decisions.

Using big data analytics, data miners and scientists can examine a vast volume of data
that would otherwise be unusable using standard techniques. Massive amounts of structured,
unstructured, and semi-structured data must be transformed into a more understandable data
format and metadata for analytical processes using big data analytics technology and tools.

Relationship between IoT and big data analytics

Analytics of big data is quickly becoming one of the most essential IoT initiatives for
improving decision-making. On the Internet of Devices, one of the most significant aspects is
analyzing data about linked things. With the Internet of Things, big data analytics demands
analyzing a substantial quantity of data on the go while also storing the data in several different
ways. For big data projects to be successful, companies must quickly analyze and make choices
based on massive amounts of unstructured data acquired from web-enabled devices. Sensors and
actuators are interconnected, allowing information to be shared across platforms through a single
architecture and a common operational picture to be developed, enabling novel applications.

In IoT applications, there is a clear need to incorporate big data. These two technologies
are already well-known in the IT and commercial worlds, respectively. These technologies are
linked and should be developed together, even though the growth of big data is behind. Big data
analytics may be applied and developed when IoT devices are deployed since they increase the
amount of data in terms of quantity and kind. En outre, IoT research and business models are
accelerated by using big data technology. The following graphic illustrates the connection
between IoT and big data.
Example of Data analytics in IoT systems

Among the IoT application use cases, smart metering generates a huge quantity of data
from many sources, including smart grids, tank levels. Decision-makers may collect and analyze
data from smart meters in an IoT context to anticipate power usage.

An IoT-based smart transportation system intends to promote the notion of smart cities.
One of the main goals of smart transportation is to use powerful and modern communication
technology to govern smart cities.

With the help of IoT sensors and gadgets, a smart traffic light system keeps an eye on the
presence of automobiles as well as bicycles and pedestrians. Using the IoT data gathered by the
system, real-time analytics processing is required to perform necessary. Smart traffic lights can
change the timing cycles based on traffic conditions. Moreover, they can also send signals to
nearby traffic lights and recognize vehicles that use IoT sensors and devices to prevent long
queues or accidents.

IoT and Cloud Computing

One component that improves the success of the Internet of Things is Cloud
Computing. Cloud computing enables users to perform computing tasks using services
provided over the Internet. The use of the Internet of Things in conjunction with cloud
technologies has become a kind of catalyst: the Internet of Things and cloud computing are
now related to each other. These are true technologies of the future that will bring many
benefits.
Due to the rapid growth of technology, the problem of storing, processing, and
accessing large amounts of data has arisen. Great innovation relates to the mutual use of the
Internet of Things and cloud technologies. In combination, it will be possible to use powerful
processing of sensory data streams and new monitoring services. As an example, sensor data
can be uploaded and saved using cloud computing for later use as intelligent monitoring and
activation using other devices. The goal is to transform data into insights and thus drive cost-
effective and productive action.
Benefits And Functions of IoT Cloud:
There are many benefits of combining these services –
1. IoT Cloud Computing provides many connectivity options, implying large network
access. People use a wide range of devices to gain access to cloud computing
resources: mobile devices, tablets, laptops. This is convenient for users but creates
the problem of the need for network access points.
2. Developers can use IoT cloud computing on-demand. In other words, it is a web
service accessed without special permission or any help. The only requirement is
Internet access.
3. Based on the request, users can scale the service according to their needs. Fast and
flexible means you can expand storage space, edit software settings, and work with
the number of users. Due to this characteristic, it is possible to provide deep
computing power and storage.
4. Cloud Computing implies the pooling of resources. It influences increased
collaboration and builds close connections between users.
5. As the number of IoT devices and automation in use grows, security concerns
emerge. Cloud solutions provide companies with reliable authentication and
encryption protocols.
6. Finally, IoT cloud computing is convenient because you get exactly as much from
the service as you pay. This means that costs vary depending on use: the provider
measures your usage statistics. A growing network of objects with IP addresses is
needed to connect to the Internet and exchange data between the components of the
network.
It is important to note that cloud architecture must be well-designed since reliability, security,
economy, and performance optimization depends upon it. Using well-designed CI/CD
pipelines, structured services, and sandboxed environments results in a secure environment and
agile development.

Comparison of Internet of Things and Cloud Computing:

Cloud is a centralized system helping to transfer and deliver data and files to data centers over
the Internet. A variety of data and programs are easy to access from a centralized cloud system.
The Internet of Things refers to devices connected to the Internet. In the IoT, data is stored in
real-time, as well as historical data. The IoT can analyze and instruct devices to make effective
decisions, as well as track how certain actions function.
Cloud computing encompasses the delivery of data-to-data centers over the Internet. IBM
divides cloud computing into six different categories:

1. Platform as a Service (PaaS) –

The cloud contains everything you need to build and deliver cloud applications so
there is no need to maintain and buy equipment, software, etc.
2. Software as a Service (SaaS) –
In this case, applications run in the cloud and other companies operate devices that
connect to users’ computers through a web browser.
3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) –
IaaS is an option providing companies with storage, servers, networks and hubs
processing data for each use.
4. Public cloud –
Companies manage spaces and provide users with quick access through the public
network.
5. Private cloud –
The same as a public cloud, but only one person has access here, which can be an
organization, an individual company, or a user.
6. Hybrid cloud –
Based on a private cloud, but provides access to a public cloud.
Now, the Internet of Things refers to connecting devices to the Internet. Everyday devices such
as cars and household appliances may have an Internet connection, and with the advancement
of the Internet of Things, more and more devices will join this list.

Pairing with edge computing:

Data processing at the network edge or edge computing is used with IoT solutions and enables
faster processing and response times. To get a better understanding of how this works, consider
a large factory with many implemented IoT sensors. In this situation, it makes sense, before
sending data to the cloud for processing, to aggregate it close to the border to prevent cloud
overload by reducing direct connections.
 Data centers with this approach make data processing much faster. Yet, an approach
that is only based on the edge will never provide a complete view of business operations. If
there is no cloud solution, then the factory only controls each unit individually. Also, it has no
way of imagining how these units work in relation to each other. This is why only the
combination of the edge and the cloud will enable businesses to benefit from IoT
developments.

The Role of Cloud Computing on the Internet of Things:

Cloud computing works to improve the efficiency of daily tasks in conjunction with the
Internet of Things. Cloud computing is about providing a path for data to reach its destination
while the Internet of Things generates a huge amount of data.
According to Amazon Web Services, there are four benefits of cloud computing:

1. No need to pre-guess infrastructure capacity needs

2. Saves money, because you only need to pay for those resources that you use, the
larger the scale, the more savings
3. In a few minutes, platforms can be deployed around the world
4. Flexibility and speed in providing resources to developers
Thus, the role of cloud computing in IoT is to work together to store IoT data, providing easy
access when needed. It’s important to note that cloud computing is an easy way to move large
data packets across the Internet generated by the IoT.
In conclusion, cloud computing in combination with the Internet of Things will make
fundamental changes to the life of mankind, particularly in how information is managed. The
cloud is the only technology that can analyze, store, and access the IoT depending on the
deployment model. Because of the nature of on-demand information, cloud computing with an
Internet connection is available on any device at any time. As hybrid cloud adoption grows,
many companies are realizing its benefits and the need to implement it. Cloud computing will
continue to open up new opportunities for the IoT for a long time to come.
The three main components of the cloud listed below will revolutionize the Internet of Things: -

1. Computing power
2. Reliability
3. Connectivity
Embedded Devices (System) in (IoT)

It is essential to know about the embedded devices while learning the IoT or building the projects
on IoT. The embedded devices are the objects that build the unique computing system. These
systems may or may not connect to the Internet.

An embedded device system generally runs as a single application. However, these devices can
connect through the internet connection, and able communicate through other network devices.

Embedded System Hardware

The embedded system can be of type microcontroller or type microprocessor. Both of these types
contain an integrated circuit (IC).

The essential component of the embedded system is a RISC family microcontroller like
Motorola 68HC11, PIC 16F84, Atmel 8051 and many more. The most important factor that
differentiates these microcontrollers with the microprocessor like 8085 is their internal read and
writable memory. The essential embedded device components and system architecture are
specified below.

Fig: Basic Embedded System

Embedded System Software

The embedded system that uses the devices for the operating system is based on the language
platform, mainly where the real-time operation would be performed. Manufacturers build
embedded software in electronics, e.g., cars, telephones, modems, appliances, etc. The embedded
system software can be as simple as lighting controls running using an 8-bit microcontroller. It
can also be complicated software for missiles, process control systems, airplanes etc.