Computer Science

1st semester

ICT

Abbreviation of ICT:

I: Introduction + Information

C: Communication

T: Technology

• Introduction/Information
It generally refers to data which can be recorded, organized and interpreted which can context in order to convey
meaning.

Example: Actually, Nadra is an organization which

collect National Database and
Nadra (National Database and Registered Administration) Registered Administration data from
people. The data is basically organized
• Communication or compiled with the help of computers
for generating computerized National
Communication is generally the transfer of ideas and
Identity Card
messages among people through different systems devices

or media such as computer internet, cell phones, telephone, television or radio etc.

• Technology
Technology is generally defined as making modification, adaption and use of tools and techniques, system or
machine for the purpose of solving problems or achieving goals in less time period. It is used to transfer ideas or
messages among people to solve their problems in short time periods.

Example:

Math type (A software to solve math problems).

Cell
Internet Phone Computer

Team
Email Facebook Twitter Catalog Message Zoom Any Desk
Viewers

ICT Explanation
• It is generally use of new or modern technologies to aid or help in analysis, storage processing as well as
communication of information.
• It is basically considered to include the manufacturing as well as assembling of various ICT equipment.

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 • A variety of numerous, services, activities ranging from telecommunication to software development.
• ICT provides a huge wide range of new and essential communication capabilities to society. ICT have already
a global village by which people can easily communicate and share their ideas with each other.
• Internet provides a lot of facilities to users in various ways such as Email, Facebook, Twitter or LinkedIn etc.
or numerous search engines such as Google, Google Scholars.

• Main use of ICT

• With the significant of communication and information and technology the people can communicate with
each other and share their views easily. Overall ICT can be said that this technology connects people with
each other

History Of •Computer

What is Computer?

• A Computer is an electronic device that can solve our problems (instructions) and perform computation

based on those instructions.

• A computer is an electronic device that manipulates "information" or "data". It has the ability to store

retrieve and process data. You can use a computer to type documents, send emails and browse the

internet. You are also used to handling spreadsheet, accounting, database management presentations,

games, and more

History And Development of Computer

The word "history" means the activities of the event that has passed away. The history and development of

computers help us keenly observe the evaluation of the computer. It decorates different parts of the computer

and their working. It includes different components of a computer like a bus, port, microprocessor, and main

memory. The history of computers describes the advancement and growth of Computer technology. It is

divided into different eras and has its root starting from the pre-history era.

Pre-history of Era 4th Century BC to 1930

• Abacus Machine

The abacus machine is a mechanical device that can perform basic arithmetic problems like addition etc. The

first machine was invented in the 4th century BC

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 • Napier Bones

John Napier a Scottish theology and mathematician invented logs in 1614 which were able to perform

multiplication and division

• Wilhelm Schickard

Wilhelm Schickard built a mechanical calculator in 1623 which was able to process multiplication. This device

support 6-digit capacity

• Balise Pascal

Balise Pascal bus, a French mathematician built a machine calculator in 1642, which could add and subtract two

numbers directly and multiply and divide by repetition. This divide supported 8-digit capacity.

• Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage designed a "defense engine" in 1820 which could perform mathematicians and statistical

table. In 1842 Charles Babbage invented another device with the name of an analytical engine the

mathematical computer that was able to perform basic mathematician problems at an advantageous speed of

addition per minute.

Generation of Computer
With the passage of time several changes made in Computer technology to meet the challenges of the age.

These changes for modification were classified into different periods and were also named the "Generation of

Computer".

• First Generation of Computer (1951-1958)

The first generation of computers used vacuum tube technology. Vacuum tubes were like glass tubes which

consume more electricity due to more glowing time. Punch cards and Magnetic tape were used in first-

generation devices. Magnetic tape was able to access large data but they process it sequentially. The first-

generation computer used machine language which consists of binary 0's and 1's.

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 • Limitation

Vacuum tubes generate much more convert a bit of space punch consumed a large number of cards even for

small programs. Magnetic tapes enable to retrieval of large amounts of data quickly into a sequential medium.

• Third Generation of Computer (1965-1970)

1) Silicon chip
2) Thousands of transistors
3) keyboard and monitors
4) I/O device
5) pascal's high-level language

Example
Intel 4004, intel 8008

Advantage
1) More reliable
2) Cheaper
3) Less electricity
4) Similar in size as compared to the second generation

• Fourth Generation of Computer (1971-1980)

1) LSI (large-scale integration) 50K Support
2) VLSI (Very-large-scale integration) 1M Support
3) Keyboard and monitor I/O devices
4) Magnetic tape is also used as I/O devices for storage devices

Example
Apple1, IBM-PC, Macintosh

• Fifth Generation of Computer (late 1980)

1) Voice recognition (speech recognition)
2) It is the ability of a device to receive and interpret dictation
3) Optical Fiber Technology for communication. It is normally made of glass through which light can pass.
4) Artificial intelligence Technology introduced
5) Robot artificial intelligence made our computer have thinking power and reasoning

Example
IBM(PC-AT), intel 80486

Some popular inventions

Classification / Types of computers
Www, HTML, web TV, DVD, YouTube
1) Size Power bank by apple (1991)
2) Purpose
Pentium microprocessor by Intel (1993)

Sun Ultra workstation (1996)

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 • Size
Science deals with physical appearance. According to the size, computers are further classified into the following
subclasses

1) Micro computer
2) Mini computer
3) Mainframe computer
4) Laptops
5) Handheld
6) Palmtop (pen)
7) PDA (personal digital assistant)

• Purpose
Analog, digital, hybrid

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