THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC BAUCHI

COURSE TITLE: BASIC COMPUTER NETWORK

NATIONAL DIPLOMA II
SECOND SEMESTER 2023/2024
COURSE CODE: COM 226
ASSIGNMENT

CONDUCTED AND CONCLUDED BY GROUP TEN MEMBERS.

S/ NAMES REGISTRATION NUMBER
N
1. WISDOM JAMES 22/146429
2. TOYIB SHEHU 22/145789
3. OGUNLEYE ABIGAIL EMMANUEL 22/145559
4. ZAHARADDEEN DALHAT 22/145239
5. ABDULMALIK MUHAMMAD 21/143959
6. FAIZU SAMAILA 22/146819
7. DABOT NANRIBET EZEKIEL 21/142699
8. ADAMU KABIRU 21/143739
9. JAMES MASOYI 21/143419
10. DELE EMMANUEL SIMPA 21/143639
11. JINGIR ABEL 22/146249
12. YAHAYA KABIRU 21/142099
13. OZIGI OMEIZA 21/144259
14. IBRAHIM MUHAMMAD SANI 21/142939
15. MUHAMMAD ALAMIN AHMAD 21/142359
16. HASSAN HUSSAINI ADAM 21/144049
17. MUHAMMAD ABDULRAHMAN ISAH 21/143259
18. ALEXIS ADIA 23/152979
19. FATIMA ABDULMUMINI MAIDORAWA 22/144949
20. AHMAD MUHAMMAD MASU 22/145859
21. ISAH ABUBAKAR IBRAHIM 22/146649
22. HARUNA RABIU 22/145189
23. ABUBAKAR ISAH IBRAHIM 22/146649
24. AHMAD MUSA MUSA 21/143799
25. YUSUF MUNKAILA 22/147619
26. YUNUSA JAMILU ISAH 22/147709
27 MUHAMMAD MURTALA ZAKARI 22/147109
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS:

1. What are the seven layers of the OSI model, and the primary function of each
layer?
2. How does the TCP/IP model differ from the OSI Model?
3. Explain the role of the transport layer in both the OSI and TCP/IP models?
4. What is the function of the application layer in the TCP/IP model?
5. Describe how data encapsulation works in the context of the OSI models?
UNDERSTANDING THE OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION (OSI)

MODEL AND THE TCP/ICP MODEL.

. What are the seven layers of the OSI model, and the primary function
of each layer?
Certainly! The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework
that standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or computing system into
seven distinct layers. Here are the seven layers along with their primary functions:

1. Physical Layer:
- Primary Function: The physical layer is the lowest layer of the OSI model and
deals with transmitting raw data bits over a physical medium. It is responsible for
establishing and terminating connections, transmitting/receiving data bits, and
addressing physical signaling.

2. Data Link Layer:

- Primary Function: The data link layer provides error-free transmission of data
frames over the physical layer. It ensures reliable point-to-point and point-to-
multipoint communication by handling framing, error detection/correction, flow
control, and access to the physical media.

3. Network Layer:
- Primary Function: The network layer focuses on routing data packets between
different networks. It determines the best path for data transmission based on logical
addressing and network conditions. Additionally, it handles packet forwarding,
congestion control, and quality of service.

4. Transport Layer:
- Primary Function: The transport layer ensures reliable end-to-end communication
between systems. It abstracts the network layer's functionality and provides error-
checking mechanisms, flow control, data segmentation, and reassembly. It guarantees
data integrity and delivery.
5. Session Layer:
- Primary Function: The session layer establishes, maintains, and terminates
connections between applications. It manages dialogues (sessions) between devices,
coordinates data exchange, and provides synchronization. It also handles session
checkpointing and recovery.

6. Presentation Layer:
- Primary Function: The presentation layer deals with data translation, encryption,
compression, and formatting. It ensures that data is presented in a format that the
application layer can understand. It also handles data syntax and semantics.

7. Application Layer:
- Primary Function: The application layer is the topmost layer where users interact
with the network. It provides network services directly to end-users and supports
high-level protocols like HTTP, FTP, SMTP. It enables user applications to access
network resources and services.

Each layer performs specific functions and interacts with the adjacent layers to
facilitate communication and data exchange within a network. The layering concept
helps in modularizing network operations, making it easier to develop, troubleshoot,
and maintain networking systems.
How does the TCP/IP model differ from the OSI Model?
The TCP/IP model and the OSI model are both networking models that define
standards for how different devices communicate over a network. While there are
similarities between the two models, there are also key differences:

1. Number of Layers:
- The OSI model consists of seven layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport,
Session, Presentation, and Application.
- The TCP/IP model combines the OSI model's last three layers (Session,
Presentation, and Application) into a single Application layer, resulting in four layers:
Network Interface, Internet, Transport, and Application.

2. Functionality:
- The OSI model is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of each
layer in a network communication system.
- The TCP/IP model is more of a practical implementation, focusing on defining the
protocols and standards used for communication across the Internet.

3. Protocol Specification:
- The OSI model does not specify any specific protocols; it serves as a guideline for
developing and understanding network communication concepts.
- The TCP/IP model is tightly coupled with the TCP/IP protocol suite, which includes
protocols like TCP, IP, UDP, ICMP, HTTP, and others.
4. Flexibility:
- The OSI model offers a more rigid structure with clearly defined boundaries
between layers.
- The TCP/IP model is more flexible and adaptable, allowing for easier integration
of new technologies and protocols.

5. Adoption:
- The OSI model is a theoretical model that is widely used for educational purposes
and as a reference point for understanding network communication concepts.
- The TCP/IP model is the de facto standard for the Internet and is widely used in
practice for designing and implementing network systems.

In summary, the OSI model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding

networking principles, while the TCP/IP model is a practical and widely adopted
model for implementing networking protocols, particularly for internet
communication.
Explain in details the role of the transport layer in both the OSI and TCP/IP
models?
The transport layer plays a crucial role in both the OSI model and the TCP/IP model
by ensuring reliable end-to-end communication between devices. Here's a detailed
explanation of the role of the transport layer in each model:

OSI Model:
In the OSI model, the transport layer is Layer 4, sitting above the network layer
(Layer 3) and below the session layer (Layer 5). The main functions of the transport
layer include:

1. Segmentation and Reassembly: The transport layer divides the data received from
the session layer into smaller segments for transmission over the network. It also
reassembles these segments back into the original data at the receiving end.

2. End-to-End Error Recovery: The transport layer ensures that data is transmitted
reliably and error-free between the source and destination. It implements error
detection, retransmission of lost data packets, and error recovery mechanisms to
guarantee data integrity.

3. Flow Control: The transport layer manages the flow of data between devices by
regulating the transmission speed and buffering of data to prevent overwhelming the
receiving device.

4. Multiplexing and Demultiplexing: The transport layer assigns different identifiers

(port numbers) to different communication sessions within a single device. This allows
multiple applications to run concurrently on the same device and ensures that the
data from each session is sent to the correct application.
TCP/IP Model:
In the TCP/IP model, the transport layer is responsible for providing reliable data
delivery services across the Internet. The key protocols at this layer are TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).

1. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol):

- Connection-Oriented: TCP establishes a connection before transferring data,
ensuring reliable and ordered delivery of packets.
- Error Checking: TCP implements error detection and correction mechanisms to
ensure data integrity.
- Flow Control: TCP uses windowing and acknowledgments to control the flow of
data between sender and receiver.
- Congestion Control: TCP dynamically regulates the rate of data transmission to
prevent network congestion.

2. UDP (User Datagram Protocol):

- Connectionless: UDP does not establish a connection before sending data,
resulting in faster transmission but sacrificing reliability.
- Low Overhead: UDP has minimal header information, making it suitable for real-
time applications like video streaming and online gaming.

In summary, the transport layer in both the OSI and TCP/IP models ensures reliable
end-to-end communication by segmenting data, providing error detection and
recovery, managing flow control, and multiplexing/demultiplexing data streams. TCP
and UDP are the prominent protocols used at the transport layer in the TCP/IP model,
each offering distinct advantages based on the specific requirements of the
application.
What is the function of the application layer in the TCP/IP model?
Application Layer: TCP/IP Model
The application layer is the topmost layer in the TCP/IP model, responsible for
providing services and interfaces for applications to communicate with each other. Its
primary functions are:

1. Application Services: Providing services such as email, file transfer, and web
browsing.
2. Interface Definition: Defining interfaces for applications to interact with the
network.
3. Data Representation: Converting data into a format that can be understood by
the receiving device.
4. Error Handling: Detecting and correcting errors that occur during data
transmission.
5. Session Management: Establishing, maintaining, and terminating connections
between applications.

Key Protocols:

 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): For web browsing and web services.
 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): For email services.
 FTP (File Transfer Protocol): For file transfer and management.
 DNS (Domain Name System): For domain name resolution.
 Telnet: For remote access and terminal emulation.

The application layer serves as an interface between the network and applications,
enabling them to communicate and exchange data. It plays a crucial role in
facilitating communication between devices and is responsible for providing services
that enable us to use the internet as we know it today!
DESCRIBE HOW DATA ENCAPSULATION WORKS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE
OSI MODELS?
Data Encapsulation in OSI Model
Data encapsulation is the process of wrapping data from one layer of the OSI model into
another layer, enabling communication between devices on a network. Here's how it
works:

1. Application Layer (Layer 7): Data is generated by an application, such as a text

file or an image.
2. Presentation Layer (Layer 6): The data is formatted into a format that can be
understood by the receiving device.
3. Session Layer (Layer 5): The formatted data is divided into manageable chunks,
and a header is added to each chunk.
4. Transport Layer (Layer 4): A transport layer header is added to the chunk,
containing source and destination port numbers, sequence numbers, and error-
checking data.
5. Network Layer (Layer 3): A network layer header is added, containing source and
destination IP addresses, and routing information.
6. Data Link Layer (Layer 2): A data link layer header and trailer are added,
containing physical addresses (MAC addresses), frame sequencing, and error-
checking data.
7. Physical Layer (Layer 1): The encapsulated data is transmitted as a raw bit
stream over the physical network.

Encapsulation Process:

 Each layer encapsulates the data from the layer above it by adding a header (and
sometimes a trailer).
 The encapsulated data is then passed to the next layer below.
 This process continues until the data reaches the physical layer, where it is
transmitted over the network.

Decapsulation Process:

 The receiving device receives the encapsulated data and decapsulates it by

removing the headers and trailers.
 Each layer decapsulates the data from the layer below it, using the header
information to guide the process.
 The original data is reassembled and delivered to the application layer.

Data encapsulation enables communication between devices on a network by providing a

standardized way of packaging data for transmission. It allows different layers of the OSI
model to work together seamlessly, ensuring reliable data transfer.