DevOps Shack
LINUX Best Practices
Click Here To Enrol To Batch-5 | DevOps & Cloud DevOps
1. Keep System Updated
• Regularly update your system to ensure you have the latest security patches and
software versions.
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade
2. Use Package Managers Efficiently
• Use apt, yum, dnf, pacman, or other package managers to install, update, and remove
software.
sudo apt install package_name
3. Manage Services with Systemd
• Control services using systemd to start, stop, and manage services.
• sudo systemctl start service_name
• sudo systemctl enable service_name
sudo systemctl status service_name
4. User and Group Management
• Add, modify, and delete users and groups to manage permissions and access control.
• sudo adduser username
• sudo usermod -aG groupname username
sudo deluser username
5. File Permissions and Ownership
• Use chmod, chown, and chgrp to set appropriate file permissions and ownership.
• sudo chown user:group filename
sudo chmod 755 filename
6. Use SSH for Remote Management
• Securely manage servers and remote systems using SSH.
ssh user@remote_host
7. Set Up SSH Key-Based Authentication
• Enhance security by using SSH keys instead of passwords.
• ssh-keygen
ssh-copy-id user@remote_host
8. Monitor System Performance
• Use top, htop, and glances to monitor system performance and resource usage.
top
9. Automate Tasks with Cron Jobs
• Schedule and automate recurring tasks using cron.
• crontab -e
• # Add a job, e.g., to run a script every day at midnight
0 0 * * * /path/to/script.sh
10. Use Aliases for Efficiency
• Create aliases to simplify and speed up command execution.
alias ll='ls -la'
11. Backup and Restore Data
• Regularly backup important data using tools like rsync or tar.
rsync -avh /source/directory /backup/directory
12. Use Scripting to Automate Tasks
• Write Bash scripts to automate repetitive tasks and processes.
• #!/bin/bash
echo "Hello, World!"
13. Understand and Utilize Redirection
• Use >, >>, 2>, and | to redirect output and errors.
• ls > output.txt
• ls >> output.txt
• ls 2> error.txt
ls | grep pattern
14. Use Text Processing Tools
• Utilize grep, awk, sed, and cut for text processing and manipulation.
• grep "search_term" file.txt
• awk '{print $1}' file.txt
• sed 's/old/new/g' file.txt
cut -d',' -f1 file.txt
15. Manage Disk Usage
• Use df, du, and ncdu to monitor and manage disk space.
• df -h
• du -sh /directory
ncdu
16. Secure Your System with Firewalls
• Use ufw, iptables, or firewalld to configure firewalls.
• sudo ufw allow 22
sudo ufw enable
17. Use Version Control
• Manage code and configurations using Git.
• git init
• git add .
git commit -m "Initial commit"
18. Use Environment Variables
• Set and use environment variables for configuration and scripts.
• export VAR_NAME=value
echo $VAR_NAME
19. Secure Sensitive Information
• Store sensitive information in environment variables or use secret management tools.
export DB_PASSWORD='securepassword'
20. Set Up a Firewall
• Configure a firewall to protect your system from unauthorized access.
• sudo ufw enable
sudo ufw allow ssh
21. Install Software from Source
• Compile and install software from source when necessary.
• ./configure
• make
sudo make install
22. Create and Manage Virtual Environments
• Use tools like virtualenv for Python projects to manage dependencies.
• virtualenv venv
source venv/bin/activate
23. Use Containers for Isolation
• Utilize Docker or Podman for containerizing applications.
docker run -it ubuntu
24. Monitor Logs
• Use journalctl and log files in /var/log to troubleshoot issues.
• journalctl -xe
tail -f /var/log/syslog
25. Set Up Network Configurations
• Configure network interfaces and settings using ip, ifconfig, and nmcli.
• ip addr show
sudo ifconfig eth0 up
26. Optimize System Performance
• Use sysctl to configure kernel parameters for better performance.
sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
27. Use Disk Partitioning Tools
• Manage disk partitions with fdisk, parted, and lsblk.
• sudo fdisk /dev/sda
• sudo parted /dev/sda
lsblk
28. Implement RAID for Redundancy
• Set up RAID using mdadm for data redundancy and performance.
sudo mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=1 --raid-devices=2
/dev/sd[ab]
29. Encrypt Sensitive Data
• Use tools like gpg and openssl to encrypt data.
• gpg -c file.txt
openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -salt -in file.txt -out file.enc
30. Configure System Backups
• Schedule regular backups using tools like rsnapshot or duplicity.
• rsnapshot configtest
rsnapshot hourly
31. Use Process Management Tools
• Manage running processes with ps, kill, pkill, and nice.
• ps aux
• kill -9 PID
• pkill process_name
nice -n 10 command
32. Set Up Swap Space
• Configure swap space to improve system stability.
• sudo fallocate -l 4G /swapfile
• sudo chmod 600 /swapfile
• sudo mkswap /swapfile
sudo swapon /swapfile
33. Implement Security Best Practices
• Follow security guidelines and practices to harden your system.
• sudo ufw enable
sudo fail2ban-client status
34. Use Monitoring and Alerting Tools
• Implement tools like Nagios, Zabbix, or Prometheus for monitoring.
sudo apt install nagios
35. Set Up and Manage Databases
• Install, configure, and manage databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL, or MongoDB.
• sudo systemctl start mysql
sudo -u postgres psql
36. Optimize Network Performance
• Use tools like iperf and netstat to optimize network performance.
• iperf -s
netstat -tuln
37. Use Virtualization Tools
• Utilize KVM, VirtualBox, or VMware for virtualization.
• sudo apt install qemu-kvm libvirt-bin
sudo virt-manager
38. Manage Configuration Files
• Use version control for configuration files to keep track of changes.
• git init
• git add /etc/config_file
git commit -m "Initial config file"
39. Use Network File Systems
• Set up and use NFS, SMB, or CIFS for network file sharing.
• sudo apt install n
fs-kernel-server sudo exportfs -a ```
40. Implement Logging and Auditing
• Use auditd and logging tools to track system activity.
• sudo apt install auditd
sudo auditctl -e 1
41. Use Screen and Tmux for Terminal Management
• Manage multiple terminal sessions using screen or tmux.
• screen
tmux
42. Optimize Boot Time
• Reduce boot time by disabling unnecessary services.
sudo systemctl disable service_name
43. Use Disk Quotas
• Implement disk quotas to limit user disk usage.
• sudo apt install quota
sudo edquota username
44. Set Up DNS
• Configure DNS settings using bind or other DNS servers.
• sudo apt install bind9
sudo systemctl start bind9
45. Use Tools for Disk Recovery
• Utilize fsck and testdisk for disk recovery and repair.
• sudo fsck /dev/sda1
sudo testdisk
46. Implement High Availability
• Set up high availability with tools like keepalived or HAProxy.
• sudo apt install keepalived
sudo systemctl start keepalived
47. Use Load Balancing
• Distribute load using tools like Nginx, HAProxy, or LoadBalancer.
• sudo apt install nginx
sudo systemctl start nginx
48. Use Caching Mechanisms
• Improve performance with caching tools like Memcached or Redis.
• sudo apt install redis-server
sudo systemctl start redis
49. Use Ansible for Configuration Management
• Automate configuration management using Ansible.
ansible-playbook -i inventory playbook.yml
50. Implement Continuous Integration/Deployment
• Use CI/CD tools like Jenkins, GitLab CI, or Travis CI.
• sudo apt install jenkins
sudo systemctl start jenkins
51. Understand and Use SELinux
• Enhance security using SELinux policies and tools.
• sudo setenforce 1
sudo getenforce
52. Use AppArmor for Security
• Implement security profiles using AppArmor.
• sudo apt install apparmor
sudo aa-status
53. Set Up and Use LDAP
• Configure LDAP for centralized authentication.
• sudo apt install slapd
sudo dpkg-reconfigure slapd
54. Use Nginx or Apache for Web Serving
• Set up web servers using Nginx or Apache.
• sudo apt install nginx
sudo systemctl start nginx
55. Use Fail2Ban to Protect Against Brute Force Attacks
• Install and configure Fail2Ban to protect your system.
• sudo apt install fail2ban
sudo systemctl start fail2ban
56. Use Snort for Intrusion Detection
• Set up Snort for network intrusion detection.
• sudo apt install snort
sudo systemctl start snort
57. Use ClamAV for Antivirus Protection
• Install and use ClamAV for virus scanning.
• sudo apt install clamav
sudo clamscan -r /
58. Set Up a Mail Server
• Configure a mail server using Postfix, Sendmail, or Exim.
• sudo apt install postfix
sudo systemctl start postfix
59. Use Rsync for Efficient File Transfers
• Synchronize files and directories efficiently using Rsync.
rsync -avh source/ destination/
60. Configure and Use Proxy Servers
• Set up and manage proxy servers using Squid or HAProxy.
• sudo apt install squid
sudo systemctl start squid
61. Implement Two-Factor Authentication
• Enhance security with two-factor authentication.
• sudo apt install libpam-google-authenticator
google-authenticator
62. Use Tools for Packet Analysis
• Analyze network packets using tools like Wireshark or tcpdump.
• sudo apt install wireshark
sudo tcpdump -i eth0
63. Set Up and Use VPNs
• Configure VPNs using OpenVPN or WireGuard.
• sudo apt install openvpn
sudo systemctl start openvpn
64. Use Configuration Management Tools
• Use tools like Puppet, Chef, or Salt for configuration management.
• sudo apt install puppet
sudo systemctl start puppet
65. Use Load Testing Tools
• Test and optimize system performance with tools like ab or JMeter.
ab -n 100 -c 10 http://example.com/
66. Set Up DNS Caching
• Configure DNS caching with tools like dnsmasq.
• sudo apt install dnsmasq
sudo systemctl start dnsmasq
67. Use Centralized Logging
• Implement centralized logging using tools like Logstash or Fluentd.
• sudo apt install logstash
sudo systemctl start logstash
68. Implement Security Audits
• Regularly perform security audits using tools like Lynis.
• sudo apt install lynis
sudo lynis audit system
69. Use Certificate Management Tools
• Manage SSL/TLS certificates using tools like certbot.
• sudo apt install certbot
sudo certbot --nginx
70. Set Up Remote Desktop Access
• Configure remote desktop access using xrdp or VNC.
• sudo apt install xrdp
sudo systemctl start xrdp
71. Use Docker for Containerization
• Simplify application deployment and management using Docker.
• sudo apt install docker.io
sudo systemctl start docker
72. Implement File Integrity Monitoring
• Use tools like AIDE or Tripwire for file integrity monitoring.
• sudo apt install aide
sudo aideinit
73. Use GPG for Secure Communication
• Encrypt and sign communications using GPG.
• gpg --gen-key
gpg --encrypt --recipient user@example.com file.txt
74. Set Up and Manage Caches
• Use caching mechanisms like varnish to improve performance.
• sudo apt install varnish
sudo systemctl start varnish
75. Use Python Virtual Environments
• Isolate Python environments using virtualenv or venv.
• python3 -m venv myenv
source myenv/bin/activate
76. Implement Data Encryption
• Use LUKS or other encryption tools to secure data.
• sudo cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sda1
sudo cryptsetup open /dev/sda1 encrypted
77. Use Load Balancing Techniques
• Distribute load using Nginx or HAProxy.
• sudo apt install haproxy
sudo systemctl start haproxy
78. Implement High Availability Clustering
• Use tools like Pacemaker for high availability clustering.
• sudo apt install pacemaker
sudo systemctl start pacemaker
79. Use Terraform for Infrastructure as Code
• Manage infrastructure using Terraform.
• terraform init
terraform apply
80. Implement Continuous Monitoring
• Use tools like Zabbix or Prometheus for continuous monitoring.
• sudo apt install zabbix-server-mysql
sudo systemctl start zabbix-server
81. Configure Multi-Factor Authentication
• Set up multi-factor authentication for enhanced security.
• sudo apt install google-authenticator
google-authenticator
82. Use Kubernetes for Orchestration
• Manage containerized applications with Kubernetes.
• sudo apt install kubectl
kubectl cluster-info
83. Set Up Logging with ELK Stack
• Use Elasticsearch, Logstash, and Kibana for centralized logging.
•
bash sudo apt install elasticsearch logstash kibana sudo systemctl start elasticsearch
logstash kibana ```
84. Use Let's Encrypt for SSL Certificates
• Obtain free SSL certificates using Let's Encrypt.
• sudo apt install certbot
sudo certbot --nginx
85. Implement Rate Limiting
• Protect against abuse by implementing rate limiting.
• sudo apt install nginx
sudo vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
86. Use Fail2Ban for Security
• Protect your server from brute force attacks using Fail2Ban.
• sudo apt install fail2ban
sudo systemctl start fail2ban
87. Optimize Database Performance
• Tune database settings for optimal performance.
sudo vim /etc/mysql/my.cnf
88. Use Network Monitoring Tools
• Monitor network traffic using tools like iftop or nload.
• sudo apt install iftop
sudo iftop
89. Implement Disk Encryption
• Encrypt disks using tools like LUKS for added security.
• sudo cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sda1
sudo cryptsetup open /dev/sda1 encrypted
90. Use Python for Automation
• Write Python scripts to automate tasks.
• #!/usr/bin/env python3
print("Hello, World!")
91. Set Up NTP for Time Synchronization
• Ensure accurate system time using NTP.
• sudo apt install ntp
sudo systemctl start ntp
92. Use Log Rotation
• Manage log file sizes using logrotate.
sudo vim /etc/logrotate.conf
93. Implement IDS/IPS Systems
• Use tools like Snort for intrusion detection and prevention.
• sudo apt install snort
sudo systemctl start snort
94. Use Cloud Services
• Integrate with cloud services like AWS, Azure, or GCP.
aws configure
95. Set Up Web Application Firewalls
• Protect web applications using WAFs like ModSecurity.
• sudo apt install libapache2-mod-security2
sudo systemctl start apache2
96. Use Centralized Configuration Management
• Manage configurations centrally using tools like Puppet or Chef.
• sudo apt install puppet
sudo systemctl start puppet
97. Implement SSL/TLS Encryption
• Secure communications using SSL/TLS.
• sudo apt install openssl
openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -keyout /etc/ssl/private/server.key
-out /etc/ssl/certs/server.crt
98. Use LXC for Lightweight Containers
• Create and manage lightweight containers using LXC.
• sudo apt install lxc
sudo lxc-create -t download -n mycontainer
99. Implement Disaster Recovery Plans
• Prepare for disasters with comprehensive recovery plans.
rsync -avh /data /backup
100. Regularly Review and Update Security Policies
• Keep security policies up to date and review them regularly.
sudo vim /etc/security/policies.conf
