1

CSEC Mathematics

Section 8 – Geometry and Trigonometry

Geometry is a branch of Mathematics that

deals with points, lines, surfaces and solids.
It examines their properties, measurement
and mutual relations in space.

Basic Geometric Concepts

Exercise

Use each of the following word/phrase only

once to write on the line provided to make
the statement true.

perpendicular lines, plane, parallel lines,

polygon, ray, line segment, point, solid,
line, vertex

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1. A ________ is a location in space or on a

surface that occupies no space. A point is so
tiny that it is said to have position but no
magnitude. Points are often described by
their co-ordinates as in Graphical work.

2. A _______ extends indefinitely, it has a

thickness of zero, and a volume of zero.

Straight line Curved line

3. A ____________ is a portion of a line

betweenA two given
B points, it has a thickness
of zero and a volume of zero. A line
segment has finite length e.g. AB.

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4. A _________ is a straight line extending

indefinitely in one direction from a fixed
point called the origin. It has a thickness of
zero, and a volume of zero.

5. ___________ are lines that never meet no

matter how far they are extended. They are
always the same distance apart and will
never intersect. For example, a pair of
railway lines.

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6. __________ are lines that meet (or cross,

or intersect) at right angles (i.e. 900).

7. A ________ is a closed plane figure

bounded by three or more sides. Each side is
a line segment.
8. A geometric ________ can be defined as
the part of space bounded by sides. It is a
three-dimensional figure. It occupies some
volume in it. Thus, it has a length, width and
a height.

9. A _________ may be described as the

surface of an object or figure.

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Angles
When two straight lines meet at a point they
form an angle. The point where the two
lines (or sides or arms) meet is called a
vertex. An angle is a measure of the space
or ‘opening’ between the two straight lines
(or sides or arms) that extend from the
common point (or vertex). A protractor is
used to measure the size of an angle.

The magnitude or size of the angle can also

be defined as the amount of turn from one
line (or side or arm) to another about the
vertex.

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An angle ‘A’ can be represented by the

symbol  or ÐA where the symbols ˆ and Ð
both mean ‘angle’.

The magnitude of an angle is not

proportional to the lengths of the sides or
arms forming the angle. That is, the greater
the magnitude of the angle does not does not
mean the longer the lengths of the sides or
arms forming the angle. And vice versa.

Types of Angles
An acute angle has a measure between 00
and 900.

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A right angle has a measure of 90˚.

An obtuse angle measures between 90˚ and

180˚.

A straight angle measures 1800.

A reflex angle measures between 180˚ and

360˚.

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Complementary angles are two angles that

have a sum of 90˚. Each angle is said to be
the complement of the other. For example,
500 and 400; 270 and 630.

270
400 630
500

Supplementary angles are two angles that

have a sum of 180˚. Each angle is said to be
the supplement of the other. For example,
100˚ and 80˚; 75˚ and 105˚.
1050 750

1000 800

Vertically opposite angles are equal. In the

diagram below angle e = angle m and

= . a
e m
y

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Adjacent angles on a straight line sum up

to 1800. In the diagram below
.
b
n z

Angles at a point sum up to 360˚. In the

diagram below .
w d
t

Four right angles or 360˚ may be described

as a complete revolution or a complete
turn.

Three o’clock (3 o’clock) can be associated

with one right angle (90˚), which would be a
quarter of a revolution.

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Parallel Lines and Transversal

Transversal

b c
a d

f g
e h

Corresponding Angles

When a transversal cuts two parallel lines

then the corresponding angles formed are
equal. Corresponding angles are angles that
are in corresponding positions.
Corresponding angles are also referred to as
F angles. Thus, the corresponding angles
are: a and e – bottom left positions, b
and f – top left positions, c and g – top right
positions, d and h – bottom right
positions.
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Hence, a = e, b = f, c = g and d = h.

Alternate Angles

Alternate angles formed are always equal.

These angles are a pair of angles enclosed
by a Z shape. Thus, a = g and d = f.

Co-interior Angles

The interior angles formed on the same side

of the transversal are supplementary angles.
They sum up to 1800. Co-interior angles are
referred to as C angles. Thus, a + f = 1800
and d + g = 1800.

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The Triangle

A triangle is a three sided plane shape (or

figure) bounded by three straight lines.

Two triangles are said to be congruent if

they are the same. That is, they have all
corresponding sides equal in length and the
corresponding angles are all equal in size.

An isosceles triangle has two sides equal in

length and two angles equal in size.
m

b b

An equilateral triangle is a triangle with all

sides equal in length and all interior angles
equal in size. a

a a

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If any side of a triangle is produced, (i.e.

extended) then the exterior angle formed is
equal to the sum of the two interior opposite
angles.

Exterior Angle = The sum of the two

Interior Opposite Angles. That is, c = a + b

Interior Opposite Int. Adj. Angle

Angles b
Ext. Angle
a ec

The sum of the interior angles of any

triangle is 1800. In the diagram above

a + b + e = 1800.

Exercise

Answer the following.

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1. JANUARY 2014 - QUESTION 6a

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2. JANUARY 2012 – QUESTION 5a

3. Find the size of the angle marked by a

letter. Give reason for your answer.

i. a
ii. 450
0
115
b
1350
a
c 750 b

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iii. m 1150
iv.
r
125 0

f
q
p

Construction
An angle, line or polygon (triangle or
quadrilateral) is constructed by using a ruler,
pencil and a compass only.

An angle is drawn using a protractor.

Exercise

1. Use your protractor to draw the following

angles.
a. 350 b. 1270 c. 2480
d. 3000

Bisecting a Line Segment

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A line segment is bisected by constructing

its perpendicular bisector. The perpendicular
bisector of a line segment intersect it at right
angles and divides the line segment into two
halves.

Exercise

1. Bisect the following line segments.

a. PQ = 8 cm b. JT = 7 cm
c. LM = 5.6 cm d. FG = 6.4 cm

Note: Constructing the perpendicular

bisector is one way of constructing a 900
angle.

Constructing An Angle of 600

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Draw a line segment AB. Place the metal

point of the compass at the point for A or B.

Draw an arc through the line AB to intersect

at the point X. Place the metal point of the
compass at X without changing the distance
between the pencil point and the compass.

Draw a second arc to intersect the first arc at

C.

Draw a straight line from the point A

passing through the point C.

600
A X B

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Note: To construct an angle of 1200, we

construct an angle of 600. Adjacent angles
on a straight line add up to 1800. Hence,
1800 – 600 = 1200.

Constructing An Angle of 300

Using C and X as centres, bisect angle BAC
= 600.
Place the metal point at C then X and draw
two arcs to intersect each other at D.
Then BAD = 300.
C
D

300
A X B

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Constructing An Angle of 900

Draw a line segment PQ. Open your
compass to a suitable separation.
Use P as centre, draw an arc to intersect PQ
at X and Y.
Open the compass to more than half the
distance of XY. Use X and Y as centres,
draw two arcs to intersect above the line PQ
at C.
Draw a straight line passing through the
points P and C.

X P Y Q

Note: To construct 450, we bisect angle

CPY
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Exercise
1. JANUARY 2016 – QUESTION 3b

2. MAY 2015 – QUESTION 3b

3. MAY 2014 – QUESTION 3b

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4. JANUARY 2014 – QUESTION 5a

5. MAY 2012 – QUESTION 5a

6. JANUARY 2012 – QUESTION 3b

7. MAY 2011 – QUESTION 3b

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The Parts of a Circle

Exercise
Use each of the following word/phrase only
once to write on the line provided to make
the statement true.

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segment, radius, chord, tangent, arc,

sector, centre, circle, diameter,
circumference, base
1. The _________ is a plane curve having
its points equidistant from a fixed point
within or outside of the circle. It is plane
figure bounded by a single curved line.

2. The __________ of a circle refers to both

the boundary line of the circle and the length
of the boundary line (i.e. the perimeter of the
circle or the distance around the circle) of
the circle.

3. The _________ of a circle is a straight

line segment with one end point at the centre
of the circle and the other end point on the

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circumference of the circle. All radii of the

same circle are equal.

4. The __________of a circle is any straight

line segment that passes through the centre
of the circle and joins two points on the
circumference. The diameter of the circle is
twice the radius of the same circle.

5. A __________ of a circle is a straight line

segment joining any two points on the
circumference. The diameter is a chord.

6. An _________ of a circle is any part of

the circumference of the circle.

7. A _________ of a circle is a plane figure

bounded by a chord and an arc. If a chord
forms a diameter, then the circle is divided
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into two equal segments and each is called a

semi-circle.

8. A _________ of a circle is a plane figure

bounded by two radii and an arc.

9. The ________ of the a circle is the point

at the middle of the circle.

10. The ________ is a line that touches a

point on the circumference of the circle.

Circle Theorem

parts of a circle
things theorem theore
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you
should
m 2:
learn
1: angle at angle in
about
the centre a semi-
circle
circle
theore
ms
theore
theore
m 6:
m 3:
theorem alternat
angles theore
4: cyclic e
in the m 5:
quadrilater segmen
same tangent
al t
segme
theore
nt
m
theore
top tips for
m 7: back
circle exampl
two to
theorem es
tangen index
questions
ts

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T X
TX2 = AB . BX

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A
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TX is the tangent
AX is the secant

2y

2y
An angle formed at the centre of a circle is
twice the angle formed at the
circumference.

Exercise
1. JANUARY 2016 – QUESTION 10b

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Answers: i. 900
ii. COD = 1800 – 720 = 1080 ; ACD
= (1800 – 1080) ÷2= 360.
Or OAD = (1800 – 720) ÷ 2 =
540 and ACD = 900 – 540 = 360
iii. CAD = OAD = (1800 – 720) ÷ 2 =
540
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iv. OEA = 180

2. JANUARY 2015 – QUESTION 10b

Answers: i. OJH = 900

ii. JOG = 3600 – (900 + 900 + 480) =
1320
iii. JKG = 132 ÷ 2 = 660
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iv. JLG = 1800 – 660 = 1140 (opposite

angles in a cyclic quadrilateral, KJLG
sum up to
1800).
3. MAY 2014 – QUESTION 10a

Answer: i. BOE = 1800 – (200 + 200) =

1400 (isosceles triangle)
ii. OED = 420 – 200 = 220. Alternate
angle segment CBD = BED
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iii. Opposite angles in a cyclic

quadrilateral sum up to 1800. BFE = 1800
– 700 = 1100.

4. JANUARY 2014 – QUESTION 10a

Answers: i. FAW = 900 – 540 = 260.

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ii. SKF = 1800 – 540 = 1260 (Opposite

angles in a cyclic quadrilateral sum up to
1800.
iii. ASW = 1800 – (540 + 620) = 640.
Cointerior angles sum up to 1800, ASK +
SAF = 1800
5. MAY 2013 – QUESTION 10a

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6. JANUARY 2013 QUESTION 10a

7. MAY 2012 – QUESTION 10b

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Trigonometry

Trigonometry is a branch of Mathematics

concerned with the measurement of
triangles, with respect to its side and angle.
The three trigonometrical ratios sine, cosine
and tangent are used, only in a right-angled

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triangle, to calculate unknown angles or

lengths.
B

BC is the opposite (opp) side to angle A c

a Hypotenuse (hyp)
BC is the adjacent (adj) side to angle B
A
C b
CA is the opposite (opp) side to angle B
CA is the adjacent (adj) side to angle A

The acronym for the trigonometric ratios is:

SOH CAH TOA.
Sine Cosine
Tangent

Sin θ = cos (900 – θ) for θ 900.

Tan θ =

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Sin = = and = Sin – 1

B
Cos = = and = Cos – 1
c
a Hypotenuse (hyp)

A Tan = = and = Tan – 1

C b

B Sin = = and = Sin – 1

c
a Hypotenuse (hyp)
Cos = = and = Cos – 1
A
C b
Tan = = and = Tan – 1

Exercise

1. Use your calculator to find (make sure

your calculator is in degrees):

a. i) sin 00 ii) sin 300 iii) sin 450 iv)

sin 600 v) sin 900 vi) sin 1800 vi) sin
3000

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b. i) cos 900 ii) sin 600 iii) cos 450 iv)

sin 300 v) cos 00 vi) cos 2700 vi) cos
3600

c. i) tan 00 ii) tan 300 iii) tan 450

iv) tan 600 v) tan 900 vi) tan 1800
vi) tan 3000

2. Use your calculator to find (make sure

your calculator is in degrees):

a. i) sin – 1 0 ii) sin – 1 0.5 iii) sin – 1

0.7071 iv) sin – 1 0.8660 v) sin – 1 1

b. i) cos – 1 0 ii) cos – 1 0.5 iii) cos – 1

0.7071 iv) cos – 1 0.8660 v) cos – 1 1

c. i) tan – 1 0 ii) tan – 1 0.5 iii) tan – 1

0.7071 iv) tan – 1 0.8660 v) tan – 1 1

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3. Given the sides of a right angled triangle

are PQ = 4, QR = 3 and = 900 find:

a. sin P b. cos P c. tan P d. sin R

e. cos R f. tan R

g. h.

4. Find the length of the side marked by a

letter, giving your answer to one decimal
place.

a. P
b. B c. X
370 560 750 p
25 cm
16 cm
y
R A 150 Z
Q C w Y 12 cm

Ans: y = 20.0 m Ans: w = 23.7 cm Ans: p = 12.4 cm

d. L e. U
600 450 k
h
63 cm
N d
W
M 20 cm V

Ans: h = 11.5 cm Ans: k = 89.1 cm

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5. Find the size of the angle marked θ

(theta – a Greek letter):

a. b. c.
B A
θ 10
R S 21
θ D E
15 cm θ

20 cm
18 37

C
T
F

Ans: 48.60 Ans: 56.30 Ans: 60.40

d. D
θ
E
e. D
19
θ
E

7m 15 m
35

F
0 F
Ans: 27.8 Ans: 61.50

Sine Rule (Page 950, Vol. 2 – R. Toolsie)

The sine rule can be used to find unknown
sides or angles in a triangle which does not
have a right-angle.

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The sine rule can be applied where we are

given:
1. Two angles and the length of one side of
a triangle
2. The lengths of two sides of a triangle and
an angle not formed by the two sides.
The sine rule states that the ratio of the
length of a side of a triangle to the sine of its
opposite angle is a constant. Thus, ,

and , where D is the

diameter of the circumscribing circle of the
triangle.
diameter
Circumscribing circle of a triangle
C
A B

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b c

C B
a

The sine rule is .

Note: In any triangle which is not a right

angle triangle, the largest side is opposite the
largest angle of the triangle. The smallest
side of the triangle is opposite the smallest
angle of the triangle.
Exercise
1. In the triangle PQR, = 25.70, =
93.50 and q = 12.3 cm. Find:
a. side p Ans: p = 5.34 cm
b. the diameter of the circumscribing circle
of the triangle. Ans: D = 12.3 cm
2. In the triangle ABC, sin A = 0.3,
sin B = 0.7 and b = 20 cm. Find a.
Ans: a = 8.57 cm
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3. Given the triangle XYZ, x = 18 cm,

sin X = 0.6 and y = 8 cm. Find sin Y.
Ans: sin Y = 0.27
4. Given the triangle LMN, ,
and l = 11.5 cm. Find m.
Ans: m = 6.8 cm
5. In the triangle RST, r = 9 m, t = 12 m
and . Find:
a. Ans: 9.340
b. the diameter of the circumscribing circle
of the triangle.
6. Find the length of AC in the diagram
below. A
515 m

B 600 380 C

7. Find the size of .

Q
1350 17.8 cm

P R
35.2 cm
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Cosine Rule
The cosine rule can be used to find unknown
sides or angles in a triangle which does not
have a right angle.
The cosine rule can be applied when we are
given:
1. Two sides and the angle between the two
A
sides of the triangle. θ
b c

C B
a

2. The length of three sides of a triangle.

The cosine rule is as follows:

a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc Cos A or
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac Cos B or
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c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab Cos C
Exercise
1. In a triangle ABC, a = 12.8 cm, c = 15.3
cm and = 39.50. Find the length of side
b.
Ans: b = 9.78 cm
2. Given the triangle PQR, where p = 5.4 m,
q = 9.7 m and r = 12.5 m, find angle Q.
Ans: angle Q = 47.40
3. In a triangle RST, r = 8 cm, s = 12 cm
and = 300. Find the length of side t.
Ans: t = 6.46 cm
4. If d = 3 mm, e = 4 mm and f = 5 mm in
triangle DEF, determine the magnitude of
angle E. Ans: angle E = 53.130
5. Calculate the length of PR correct to two
decimal places, in the diagram
R
below.
17.5 cm
Ans: PR = 26.14 cm 43.80 Q
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P 35.8 cm
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6. B
Determine the magnitude of angle BAC
correct to one decimal place.
35.1 cm
25.8 cm
C

A 19.4 cm

15.2 cm
P 300
7. Q a. Calculate the length of PR
9.7 cm
b. Determine the magnitude of angle
R PRQ correct to one decimal place.

Angles of Elevation and Depression (Page

592, Vol. 1 – R. Toolsie)
Horizontal line of sight
elevation
Angle of depression

Inclined line of sight

elevation
Horizontal line of sight
Angle of elevation

Horizontal line of sight

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Note: The angle of elevation ( ) = The

angle of depression ( ). This is so, since
both angles are alternate angles which are
equal.
Exercise
1. The angle of elevation of the top of a
vertical tree from a man standing on a level
ground 25 m away from the base of the tree
is 38.50. Calculate the height of the tree
correct to the nearest metre. Ans: h = 20 m

2. A girl 1 m tall stands on top of a vertical

building 45 m high, sees a car on the ground
at an angle of depression of 550. What is the
distance of the car from the base of the
building? Ans: d = 32.2 m

3. A sailor sights the top of a cliff at an

angle of elevation of 120. The height of the
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cliff is 90 m above sea level. Calculate his

distance from the base of the cliff to one
decimal place. Ans: d = 423.4 m

4. A man is standing on top of a cliff 90 m

high, sees a building at an angle of
depression of 350. How far is the building
from the base of the cliff?
Ans: d = 128.53 m

5. MAY 2015 – Question 10a

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6. MAY 2014 – Question 5b

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7. MAY 2013 – Question 10b

8. A vertical tower BC is situated on a level

ground AC. Given that AB = 15 m and the
angle of elevation is BAC = 440, calculate,
correct to one decimal place, the:
a. height of the tower BC;
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Ans: BC = 10.42m
b. distance of A from the base of the tower,
AC. Ans: AC = 10.79 m

9. A man 1.5 m in height stands on top of a

vertical building 42 m high, sees a truck
some distance away, at an angle of
depression of 53.50. What is the distance of
the truck from the base of the building.

10. A sailor 100 m above see level at a

coastal lookout point, sights a boat at an
angle of depression of 270. Calculate the
horizontal distance of the boat from the
sailor.

11. A sailor sights the top of a cliff at an

angle of elevation of 120. The height of the

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cliff is 90 m above sea level. Calculate his

distance from the base of the cliff to one
decimal place.

12. A man is standing on top of a cliff 90 m

high, sees a building at an angle of
depression of 350. How far is the building
from the base of the cliff?

8. A vertical tower BC is situated on a level

ground AC. Given that AB = 15 m and the
angle of elevation is BAC = 440, calculate,
correct to one decimal place, the:
a. height of the tower BC;
b. distance of A from the base of the tower,
AC.

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9. A man 1.5 m in height stands on top of a

vertical building 42 m high, sees a truck
some distance away, at an angle of
depression of 53.50. What is the distance of
the truck from the base of the building.

10. A sailor 100 m above see level at a

coastal lookout point, sights a boat at an
angle of depression of 270. Calculate the
horizontal distance of the boat from the
sailor.

Bearings (Page 596, Vol. 1 – R. Toolsie)

The four cardinal directions are north, south,
east and west. The position
360 of an object
0

North
0000
relative to another315object is called
0
045
its 0

bearing. The bearing

West 270
0
of an object is the
090 East 0

angle measured in225a clockwise

0
135
direction0

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1800
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from north to the object. Bearings are

always written using three digits. Thus,
North is 0000, East is 0900, South is 1800 and
West is 2700.

Exercise

1. Draw a diagram to represent each of the

following.

a. The bearing of B from a point A is 0650.

b. The bearing of P from a point Q is 1500.

c. The bearing of L from a point K is 2100.

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d. The bearing of R from a point S is 3200.

2.a) The bearing of a point A from a point B

is 0750. State the bearing of B from A. Give

reason(s) for your answer.

b) The bearing of a point Q from a point P

is 3250. What is the bearing of P from Q.
Give reason(s) for your answer.

3. Find the distance travelled north and the

distance travelled east by a plane flying on a
bearing of 0480 for 80 km.

4. MAY 2015 – Question 10b

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5. MAY 2014 – Question 10b

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6. JANUARY 2014 – Question 10b

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7. JANUARY 2013 – Question 5

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8. Calculate the distance travelled south and

the distance travelled east by a ship sailing
on a bearing of 1500 for 90 km.

9. Determine the distance travelled north

and the distance travelled west by a boat on
a bearing of 3100 for 75 km.

10. The diagram below not drawn to scale,

shows a triangle ABC which represents the
cross section of a roof. BD is the
perpendicular to ADC. Calculate the:
B a. length of BD

b. measure of angle CBD

12.6 cm 8.4 cm
c. area of triangle ABC
150 d. bearing of B from C.
A C
D

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11. A ship leaves port A and travels on a

bearing of 090° for 110 km to port B. The
ship then changed course and traveled to
port C on a bearing of 180° for 95 km.
a. Make a sketch of the path of the ship,
showing:
i. The points A, B and C
ii. The distances 110 km and 95 km. Any
north lines and right angles
b. Determine:
i. The distance of port A to port C
ii. The bearing of port C from port A

Transformation

Transformation is a change in position of an

object. There are about six types of
transformation, namely translation,
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reflection, rotation, enlargement, shear and

stretch.

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Properties of Rotation

1. The size and shape of the object is

unchanged.
2. The order of the points in a shape is
unchanged.

Translation
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A translation is a movement of a point, line

or shape along a straight line. Any
translation can be on a Cartesian plane can
be written as a column vector , where x
represents a movement parallel to the x-axis
and y represents a movement parallel to the
y-axis. Movements to the right and upwards
are positive. Movements to the left and
downwards are negative. For example, the
translation vector means a movement of 3
units to the right followed by a movement of
5 units downward.

The sum of the object point and the

translation vector equals the image point.

Properties of translation

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1. The size of the object, the shape of

the object and the orientation of the
object remains unchanged.
2. Each point moves through the same
distance in the same direction.

Consider the diagram graph below:

Triangle A1B1C1 is a translation of triangle

ABC by the vector .

Reflection
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A reflection is a way of transforming a

point, line or shape just as a plane mirror
does at home. The result of reflecting an
object in a mirror line or an axis of
reflection is called its mirror image.

Properties of reflection

1. The distance of the object from the

mirror line is equal the distance from the
image to the mirror line.
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2. The size and shape of the object is

unchanged.
3. The orientation of the object changes,
that is, the image is inverted.

Consider the diagram below.

Triangle U1B1G1 is the image of triangle
UBG, following a reflection of triangle
UBG in the y-axis.
Triangle U11B11G11 is the image of triangle
UBG, following a reflection of triangle
UBG in the x-axis.

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Exercise

1. JANUARY 2014 – Question 6b

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Rotation

A rotation is a movement about a fixed point

through an angle in a clockwise or anti-
clockwise direction. The fixed point is
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called the centre of rotation. Every point

turns through the same angle about the same
centre in the same direction.

Properties of Rotation
1. The size and shape of the object is
unchanged.
2. The order of the points in a shape is
unchanged.

Consider the graph below:

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Triangle A1B1C1 is the image of triangle

ABC, following a clockwise rotation of 900
about the centre of rotation (2, 0).

Exercise

1.

JANUARY 2016 – QUESTION 5b

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2. JANUARY 2015 – Question 5

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Enlargement or Reduction

An enlargement is a geometrical
transformation of the plane in which shapes
are mapped onto similar shapes using a
centre of enlargement.

The scale factor of an enlargement is a ratio

of lengths on the image to corresponding
lengths on the object, or the ratio of

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distances between the centre and the image

to corresponding distances between the
centre and the object.

Thus, the scale factor, k = = = or

the scale factor, k = = = .

The scale factor is positive if the image is on

the same side of the centre of enlargement
and the image has the same orientation as
the object.

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The scale factor is negative if the image is

on the other side of the centre of
enlargement and the image is inverted
(upside down) in comparison to the object.

Exercise

1. MAY 2015 – Question 6b

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2. MAY 2014 – Question 5a

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