Đại Học Bách Khoa TP.

HCM
Bộ Môn Viễn Thông

Môn học – THÔNG TIN DI ĐỘNG

Chapter 2 – Cellular Concepts and Analysis
(Part III)

Presenter: Dr. Nguyen Dinh Long 1

Email: dinhlonghcmut@gmail.com
Phone: +84 947 229 599
Website: sites.google.com/view/long-dinh-nguyen Feb. 2024
Dr. Long D. Nguyen
Outline (chapters)
Introduction to Mobile Communications

Fundamentals of Mobile Communication – Cellular concept

GSM 2G, CDMA-3G, LTE-4G, NR-5G and beyond

Radio propagation – Large-scale fading & Small-scale fading

Multiple access technology – CDMA

Channel capacity, Equalization, Diversity

Emerging Mobile Communication Systems

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Content

1. Introduction to Cellular Network in Wireless Systems

2. Cellular Frequency and Frequency reuse

3. Interference, Trunking and Grade of Service

4. Handoff Strategies

5. Improving Coverage & Capacity in Cellular Systems

3
▪ One of the biggest challenges in providing multimedia wireless services is to
maximize efficient use of the limited available bandwidth.

▪ Cellular systems exploit the power falloff with distance of signal propagation to
reuse the same frequency channel at spatially- separated locations.

▪ Different frequencies, timeslots, or codes are assigned to different cells. How to do

this scheme for a increasing number of cells (massive …).

▪ For time and frequency division, cells operating on the same frequency or timeslot
are spaced just far enough apart so that their mutual interference is tolerable.

4
The Cellular Concept

5
Percentage of Coverage Area
▪ Due to the random effects of shadowing
some locations within the coverage area
will be below a particular desired received h
signal level R’
R

▪ So, its better to compute how the boundary

coverage area relates to the percent of area PR ( d )   0  d  R'
covered within the boundary
PR ( d )   0  d  R'

R: Radius of Coverage Area

required for Transmitter

6
Calculation of Percentage of Coverage Area
Assume h (height of antenna) is negligible, then, U(γ) depicting the percentage of area with
received signal strength equal to or exceeding γ may be calculated as follows

1  1 − 2ab    1 − ab   
U ( γ ) = 1 − erf ( a ) + exp   1 − erf   
 b    
2
2 b

By choosing the signal level such that

dA

PR ( R) = γ ( i.e.,a = 0 )
r
r
dθ

R
Therefore for the case when Boundary
Coverage = 50 %
R: Radius of Coverage Area
1  1   1  
U ( γ ) = 1 + exp  2  1 − erf     required for Transmitter
2 b   b   9
Calculation of Percentage of Coverage Area

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Percentage of Coverage Area

▪ The cell coverage area in a cellular system is

defined as the percentage of area within a cell
that has received power above a given
minimum

▪ The percentage of area within a cell where the

received power exceeds the minimum required
power Pmin is obtained by taking an incremental
area dA at radius r from the base station (BS) in
the cell

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Percentage of Coverage Area
▪ A closed-form solution for C in terms of a and b:

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Percentage of Coverage Area
▪ Q-function:

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Example

“Wireless Communication”, Andrea Goldsmith, Stanford University

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Cell Splitting
▪ Subdivides a congested cell into smaller cells, each with its own base station and a
corresponding reduction in transmitter power.

Cell Distribution following the 16

Original Cell Distribution
splitting of the cell label A
Improving Coverage and Capacity: Cell Splitting
▪ Subdividing a congested cell into smaller cells, each with its own base station and a
corresponding reduction in antenna height and transmitter power.
▪ Cell splitting➔ Increasing system capacity by increasing the number of clusters in a
given area
▪ Decreasing Transmitter Power

The SIR is independent of

SIR  Qn , Q=D R = 3N transmitted power as long as it
is the same for all base stations

▪ Why not make Transmitter Power as low as possible?

The SNR must be a above a minimum
SNR = Pr Noise threshold controlled by Pr

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Cell Splitting
▪ Coexistence of different cell sizes make channel assignments more complicated.
▪ Need for handoffs increases.

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Cell Splitting
❑ Advantages
o Increases the capacity of the channel considerably.
o Enhances dependability of cellular networks.
o Increases the frequency reuse factor.
o Increases signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio.
o Reduces interference.

❑ Disadvantages
o For each individual cell, an individual base station is required so a huge number of base stations
are needed in this process.
o Handoff occurs frequently.
o Assigning channels is difficult

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Sectoring
▪ Use directional antennas to decrease co-channel interference and increase capacity
▪ S/I increase → K decrease → Capacity increase

▪ A cell is normally partitioned into three 120ºsectors or six 60ºsectors.

▪ Channels assigned to a cell must be partitioned between the sectors.

▪ Requires intra-cell handoff
▪ Reduces trunking efficiency of a cell

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Sectoring

21
Sectoring

𝑛
𝑆 3𝑁
≈ , 𝑖0 =number of co-channel interference
𝐼 𝑖0

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Sectoring

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Sectoring

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Sectoring - Example

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Sectoring
❑ Advantages
o Sectoring increases the signal-to-interference ratio which means the cluster size gets reduced.
o Reduces interference without altering the system performance.
o Increases channel capacity without necessarily changing the cell radius.
o Increases frequency reuse by reducing the number of cells in the cluster.
o Assigning a channel is easier.

❑ Disadvantages
o Increases the number of antennas per base station.
o It decreases efficiency as sectoring reduces the channel groups.
o Excessive interference leads to traffic loss.
o The number of handoffs increases as the working area of the cell decreases in Cell Sectoring.

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Comparison between Cell Splitting and Cell Sectoring
.

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Example

30
Cellular System Basics & Handoff Strategy

35
Cellular System Basics & Handoff Strategy
▪ Cellular system consists of mobile stations, base stations, and mobile-services
switching center (MSC)

▪ All base stations are connected to MSC.

▪ A base station serves as a bridge between all mobile users in its cell and connects simultaneous
mobile calls to MSC.

▪ MSC coordinates the activities of all base stations and connects the entire cellular
system to the public switched telephone network (PSTN).
▪ MSC is sometimes referred to as mobile telephone switching office (MTSO), since it is responsible
for connecting all mobiles in a cellular system to the PSTN.

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Handoff strategy
▪ When the mobile moves from one cell to another during a call, the MSC
changes the channel of mobile unit and base stations to maintain
uninterrupted connection.
▪ Special control signaling is applied to the voice channels so that the mobile
may be controlled by the base station and the MSC while a call is in progress.

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Handover

38
Handover decision receive level
BTSold
receive level
BTSnew

HO_MARGIN

MS MS
BTSold BTSnew

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Handoff strategy
.

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Cellular Network

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Cellular Network
❑A cellular system provides coverage for a particular territory, called coverage region or market

❑The MSC relies on the following information databases

▪ Home location register (HLR): a list of all users (along with their MIN and ESN) who originally
subscribed to the cellular system in the coverage region.
▪ Visitor location register (VLR): a time-varying list of visiting users (called romers) in the coverage
region who originally subscribed to other cellular systems.
▪ Authentication center (AuC): matches the MIN and ESN of every active mobile in the system with
the data stored in the HLR to prevent fraud.

❑Interconnection of cellular systems forms a cellular network

▪ MSCs are connected via dedicated signaling channels for exchange of location, validation, and call
signaling information.

❑Cellular network is able to provide service to a mobile subscriber as it moves through different
coverage regions. Such a service is referred to as roaming
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Cellular System Basics & Handoff Strategy
❑ Communication between the base station and the mobiles is defined by a standard common air
interface (CAI) that specifies four different channels.

▪ Forward voice channel (FVC): for voice transmission from the base station to mobiles

▪ Reverse voice channel (RVC): for voice transmission from mobiles to the base station

▪ Forward control channel (FCC) & reverse control channel (RCC): for initiating mobile calls.
o Control channels are often called setup channels because they are only involved in setting up a call and moving it to an
unused voice channel.
o Control channels transmit and receive data messages that carry call initiation and service requests, and are monitored by
mobiles when they do not have a call in progress.
o Forward control channels also serve as beacons which continually broadcast all of the traffic requests for all mobiles in
the system.

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Call Setup
▪ Call setup is completed within a few seconds and is not noticeable to the user.

▪ MIN: mobile identification number, which is the subscriber’s telephone

number

▪ ESN: electronic serial number

▪ Station class mark (SCM): indicates what the

maximum transmitter power level is for the mobile

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Roaming
▪ This allows subscribers to operate in service areas other than the one from which service is
subscribed. Mobile phone being used outside the range of its home network and connects to another
available cell network.

▪ Every several minutes, the MSC issues a global command over each FCC in the system, asking for all
mobiles which are previously unregistered to report their MIN and ESN over the RCC.

▪ By comparing the MIN of a mobile with the MINs contained in its HLR, the MSC is able to quickly
identify roamers.

▪ Once a roamer is identified, the MSC sends a registration request over the landline signaling network
to the mobile’s home MSC.

▪ The home MSC validates that the particular mobile has roaming authorization and returns a customer
profile to the visited MSC which indicates the availability of features (call waiting, call forwarding,
etc.) for the mobile.
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