Booleans, Logic, & Conditional “if” Statements.
Week 2 | Lecture 2 (2.2)
Coffee Break with Ben!
§ Extra help hours!
§ TIP FOR SUCCESS: Put “office hours” during the academic
year in your calendar, treat as a scheduled class
§ Wednesday 5-6 PM
§ Schedule and Link is on Quercus Office
§ Link is same as this lecture Zoom Room Hours
Coffee
Break
Making Choices
statements
statements
Sequential structure
Conditional structure
True
statements condition
statements statements
False
statements
Boolean Type
§ Named after George Boole (mid-1800s)
§ Boolean algebra and Boolean logic
§ Laid the foundation for information age and computer science
§ Python type bool has only two possible values: True and False
>>> state = True >>> state = False
>>> state >>> state
True False
“bool” is a sub-type of “int”, where True == 1, False == 0
Relational Operators
§ Relational (or comparison) operators take two values (examples: int,
float, str) and produce a bool value (True or False)
Description Operator Example Result Boolean
Less than < 3<4 True Expressions
Greater than > 3>4 False Boolean
Values
Equal to == 3==4 False
Less than or equal to <= 3<=4 True
Greater than or equal to >= 3>=4 False Python uses == for equality,
because = is used for assignment
Not equal to != 3!=4 True
Using Python as your (bool) Calculator
§ Let’s take a look at how this works in
Python!
§ Boolean type
§ Relational (or comparison) operators Open your
notebook
Click Link:
1. Introducing
Booleans
Logical Operators
§ Take Boolean operands and evaluate to Boolean values
expr1 expr2 expr1 and expr2 expr1 or expr2 not expr1
True True True True False
True False False True False
False True False True True
False False False False True
The and Operator
§ Binary operator
§ The expression left and right produces:
§ True if both left and right are True
§ False otherwise
Switch 1 AND Switch 2 must be on for light to turn on
The or Operator
§ Binary operator
§ The expression left or right produces:
§ True if either left or right are True
§ False only if both are False
Switch 1 OR Switch 2 must be on for light to turn on
The not Operator
§ not Binary operator (see what I did there?)
§ Results in a Boolean value which is the opposite
of the operand value
§ An expression involving not produces:
§ True if the original value is False
§ False if the original value is True
Order of Precedence
§ We can override precedence with brackets
§ In general, brackets should be added to make
things easier to read and understand
Operator Precedence
not highest
and
or lowest
All the Operators!
1. Arithmetic (+, -, /, etc.)
2. Relational (<, ==, etc.)
3. Logical/Boolean (not, and, or)
§ Precedence when combining
§ Arithmetic operators have higher precedence than relational operators
§ Relational operators have higher precedence than Logical/Boolean operators
§ All relational operators have the same precedence (i.e. read left to right)
Coding Time!
§ Let’s go experiment with some of
what we just saw
§ Logical operators (and, or, not)
§ Order of precedence Open your
notebook
Click Link:
2. Logical Operators
Binary Operators
§ Rules for evaluation
1. Evaluate the left operand (i.e. expression) to a value and
replace that operand expression with that value
POSSIBLE SHORT CIRCUIT
2. Evaluate the right operand (i.e. expression) to a value and
replace that operand expression with that value
3. Apply the operator to the two resultant values
Short-Circuit (Lazy) Evaluation
§ The or operator evaluates to True if and
only if at least one operand is True
§ If the first operand is True, the second
condition will not be checked!
§ The and operator evalutes to False if and
only if at least one operator is False
§ If the first operand is False, the second
condition will not be checked!
§ Similar to how in a Multiple Choice
Question on a test, if you for sure know
the answer is A, you can save time not
reading B, C, D, and E!
Coding Time!
§ Let’s go experiment with some of
what we just saw
§ Short-circuit (lazy) evaluation
Open your
notebook
Click Link:
3. Lazy Evaluation
Making Choices
statements
statements
Sequential structure
Conditional structure
? True
statements condition
statements statements
False
statements
The if statement
§ A general form of an if statement is as follows:
if expression:
body
§ The “body” only executes if the if statement is True
§ if statements are always followed by a colon (:)
§ This is how Python knows you are creating a new block of code
§ Indenting four spaces tells Python what lines of code are in that block
if Statement Example
grade = 51
if grade < 50:
print(“You failed APS106…”)
if grade >= 50:
print(“Hooray you passed!”)
Hooray you passed!
Adding the else statement
§ A more general form of the if conditional statement is:
if expression:
body1
else:
body2
§ ONLY 1 of body1 or body2 will be executed.
§ if statement is True, executes body1
§ if statement is False, executes body2
if-else Statement Example
grade = 51
if grade <= 50:
print(“You failed APS106…”)
else:
print(“Hooray you passed!”)
Hooray you passed!
Let’s Code!
§ Let’s go experiment with some of
what we just saw
§ if statements
§ Using the else keyword
Open your
notebook
Click Link:
4. Introducing if
statements
Booleans, Logic, & Conditional “if” Statements.
Week 2 | Lecture 2 (2.2)
