UNIT - V} ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT [sa inrropucTiON + There are more than 07 billion people on the Earth ‘And these people per day, use the resources to help live life happily help ather very well For this better life needs natural environmental life with utlisations of appropriate natural resources to the life. Suc as water, plants, food and minerals these significant and basic elements to the survival for hhumankind it knows and the generations it is also future ite. + There are so many resources and cannot use of replaced after using one mote time. Besides the use of typical resources can go on to have other negative impacts an our better environment, such a pollution, \hich can also create to additional problems with these natural elements or sources. + But for the Globe to continue provides to the world With these resources it require, it esquire to interact With this envionment in a way that ensures there wil bbe enough resources for all and for generations to come inthe future, + Sustainability confronts these problems, finding ways to save and protect and conserve our natural environment to ensure it can live our ives, without ever having to worry about not having enough and required resources for the future. + These sustainable engineering plays important huge part in helping make sure the processes and systems that it is as individuals and larger corporations use, does not compromise our availabilty of resources for future generations 5.1.1 Sustainable Engineering “Sustainable Engineering is the process of using resources in a way that does not compromise the ‘environment or deplete the materials for future ‘generations.” - UNESCO With the UNESCO defines suggests iti ll about operating dally systems in such a way that the energy and resources, that they use are sustainable and designing for the same = that is. they are used at a rate that doesn't compromise the natural envieonment and its ability to be used by future generations to meet all needs Sustainable engineering very well impacts with every single aspect of everyone day to day lives. From the water that ‘uns through our taps to the process of removing and ‘breaking down the rubbish you throw in your bin - sustainable engineering is crucial to ensuring life as it know it very well and it can continue with ease for many ‘generations to come in future. The common focuses all over the globe to sustainable engineering include the following: ‘© Food production and preservation ‘+ Waste disposal and management ‘+ Pollution reduction Management ‘+ Water supplies Management ‘+ Transportation Management ‘+ Restoring natural resource environments ‘+ Housing and shelter Management ‘+ Energy development and consumption ‘Improvements in industrial processes 5.1.2 The Role of Sustainable Engineer in Society ‘+ In general responsibilty of a sustainable engineer is to design technologies and significant various processes and systems it prevent and control a range of today’s environmental risks and restoring and even reversing environmental damage. ‘© fereferred to as Environmental engineers, sustainable engineers use its strong foundations in Science, Technology, Management, Geography and Engineering t0 promote and provide a healthier environment for the globe, 6aDEVELOPMENT ENGINEERING (OBATU) 62) ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABLE. ‘+ Ibis analysing and improving the risk of flooding and drainage in high-risk areas in contemporary era, to searching for more sustainable various solutions to the way we dispose of waste products like water, plastics ‘and industial waste, it concerned with latest issues such as Climate Change, Pollution, Energy crisis and it deals with an ever-increasing population Save Lives as an Engineer ‘+ Engineers always plays significant work in every clsaster response and save lves on a massive scale. In future tomorrow's Engineers poster and accompanying teacher booklet, activities and a lesson plan will help students to understand the scale and impact of disaster response engineering ‘+ Many types of engineering streams are employed in helping people who affected by disasters lke Earthquakes, Tsunamis and Avalanches and many ‘more. Modern designing equipment and technology sed to find and rescue victims, to providing shelter ‘and transport networks, restoring electricity and sanitation and cteating medical devices, detection systems and buildings that can withstand extreme pressure, engineers save hundreds of thousands of lives, ‘Qualifications need to become a Sustainable Engineer For sustainabilty engineers will be required to have a ‘comman degree in engineering branch ae it is most relevant to their own area. However, fof Science, Technology, Geography and Engineering knowledge needed for the role, you do not necessarily have to have studied an engineering to secure important J0b inthe todays industry How can I find out More about Sustainable Engineering? ‘+ Ibis known to sustainable engineering isn'ta subject to rmany colleges or universities have on offer, but itis ‘also one that’ rising in significance and soon to be 3 leading force in helping resolve the current climate cris all over the globe. ven the combination ‘+ T8is promising prospects for passionate to minds, you ‘must take some time now to immerse in the subject and see it is an industry you want to work in one day. ‘+The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (UNGs}: Why engineers are key to delivery from climate ‘ation to good health and well-being, the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals _(SDGs) provide 17 high level themes and 169 targets to achieve years to come by 2030, ‘© While the Sustainable Development Goals (SOGys, predecessor, the Millennium significant Development Goals, were mainly aimed at governments and into developing countries, the Sustainable Development Goals (S0Gs) are both global and aimed at government, business and non-governmental organizations too. + Engineers plays an important role to play in SOG (Sustainable Development Goals) Delivery. 1+ There are 169 separate targets is along, disparate and ambitious ong list. But 6 of these have been kentiied by researchets as essential 1o support delivery of the others. And engineers have @ lead important role to play in four of these key targets. = Not a single county has developed without Sustainable Engineering to access to reliable and atfordable energy. Access to safe water and sanitation is etical for healthy development. Effective, resilient transport and industy is essential to deliver productive growth Engineers must do more than Just Deliver the Core Projects ‘= At the simplest level, sound and easy delivery of transport eneray and safe water ond sanitation Projects isthe core of what engineers do, so justin this dione, engineers support the delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals (S0Gs) ‘+The contemporary research shows that if any schemes are designed to standard design codes today, then it will be delivered to cover future tends, but not all the goals. The research also shows that the total cost of ‘ownership for flexible, adaptable, future ready schemes is lower than the traditional flexible designs. ‘= On the other side, the important core scheme design the projects our clients pay us to deliver engineers ‘must do more to play a full part Engineers need to ‘make design all of work not just but for the future as well This ambition is crucial so that schemes are reliable, responsible and resilient for tomorrow's future climate, society, technology and resources, supporting the long-term nature ofthe SDGs and recognising that many of the roads, power plants and buildings it design today will be useful for decades in future.DEVELOPMENT ENGINEERING (OBATY) 62) ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINASLE. 5.1.3 Future of Sustainable Engineering for Students Inthe 21° century marked by the changing impacts of climate change, it should come as no surprise th sustainably is @ field of study that appears to be {growing among the student population. According to recent stay, the increasing number of so ‘many students have pursued their interest in the subject ata higher level of education, with universities all around the world also increasing the number of sustainabllty-related various degrees that they have availabe to them, 1 sustainability is a subject that piques your recent academic interests, where it should definitely consider 2 role in sustainable engineering or a related fed, to ‘see what positive impact you can have on our world in the coming future Sustainable Engineeting with on interest in pursuing the latest subject at a various level, there are rising ‘opportunities available to you around the world and, it Increased interest in cimate change from the media and word leaders, you can expect these opportunities te continue to grow over the coming years ‘Skills Needed for Sustainabl The recent responsibilities of @ sustainable engineer demand isa need and research sls from individuals. The fist to collect data to applying it to the development of fnew processes and systems it can be used around the ‘lobe your sil base wil need tobe varied and adaptable it you are to excel in the ole. 5a. gineering More specifically, you will need to be strong at: + Data Research: The fist is collecting, anayzing and ‘manipulating data from 2 variety of dats sources ‘around the globe, Report Writing : Alter collating and findings into a single report Time-Management : I also significant vo have strict project deadlines ie. time management. Organization : Managing different phases of projects ‘and tracking large volumes of data it very significant to organize it propery Passionate : I is important role to challenge the norm {0 improve the world for generations to come in future. creative Resolution: Using your backgroune knowledge in science, technology and engineering to ‘overcome important envconmental issues and provide sustainable solutions for future safe world. Presenting and Communicating Ideas: Discussing your findings with other professionals and convincing stakeholders to take correct action to improve theie processes in proper way to achieve the goal 5.1.5. Daily Responsibilities of a Sustainable Engineer A sustainable engineer's dally responsibillies dependents ‘on the need of industry and specific ab role they have to find. It is also said that there is still plenty of overlap between the responsibilities of various sustainable ‘engineering roles and your daly tasks coud include: Data Collection : It is very important to collect fot al range of sources and sites including site assessments ‘and also third-party repos. Evaluate Environmental Impact: Using the appropriate data collected, to assess and after evaluating the impact of various projects and commercial operations and itsimpact on ervironment aise and Advis local authorities for planning aspects of projects and their sustainability in concemed area Report Writing: I is important to an engineer to write report. To present findings and recommendations of stakeholders, including the costs, remediation plans and health and safety considerations plays important ral. In collaboration with clients and ‘Communicate: It is also significant that the local residents and organizations to share deals of projects and minimize negate impact on the local community. ‘Travel: It's ais important to Sustainable engineering often requires a lot of site work and travel. Your hours could be irregular and you could be required to work ‘anay fom home sometimes. Implement: Its also important to implement it proper way. It Manages and supervise the daly tasks of Sustainable processes and remediation various Offering Advice: To companies, organizations and councils on how to preserve and prevent future ifiultis for sustainable engineersDEVELOPMENT ENGINEERING (DBATU) G4) [5.2 ENGINEER AS A HELPER PARTICIPATORY COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 5.2.1 Engineers and Sustainable Development ‘+The Sustainable Community can be defined at ‘community that maintains, enhances, or improves its environmental, social, cultural and economic resources in such a way that support current and future community members in pursuing the healthy, productive and happy lives, ‘+ Sustainability is @ characteristic of a process it can be maintained at a level etfectively. On environmental point of view, it refers to potential longety of vital human ecological support systems, for example planet's climate system, industry, forestry, system of agricuture and fisheries and human ‘communities in general ‘+ Sustainability is an approach 10 decision mating it considers the interconnections and impacts of economic, and factors in contemporary and future generations’ quality of ite ‘+ T8152 vet significant for dynamic and evolving notion and as a process, it strives to be participatory, equitable, informed, transparent and accountable way for the world. Sustainable development is kind of the process of moving human activites to @ pattern that can be sustained in perpetuity. Its a very important approach to environmental and development issues of the world that seek to reconcile human needs with the capacity of the planet to cope with the consequences, fof human activities. Sustainable development consists lof the three broad themes of environmental, socal and economic accountability “+ Professional engineers plays an important significant role to meet the sustainably of the world. All round development is pivotal role It work 10 enhance the welfare, heath and safety, with the ‘minimal appropriate use of natural resources and paying attention with regard to the environment and the sustainability of resources. The work influenced by the opportunities and challenges that bring the sustainability in the world. Engineers are the providers ‘of options and solutions to maximize social value and ‘minimize environmental impact on the globe. There are some pressing challenges are also due to the adverse and ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABLE effects of environmental pollution, depletion of resources, vet fast population growth and damage to ecosystems, +N short it can state that itis @ purely environmental ‘approach is insufficient and increasingly engineers a required to take a wider perspective including sustainability development goals such as poverty alleviation, socal justice, Human rights and local and Global connections. In recent Giobalization brinos significant. opportunities for engineers to promote change through sharing experience and good practice. +The leadership with influencing role of engineers in achieving sustainable all round development should rot be underestimated. Increasingly the rmultidisciplinary teams which include non-engineers work that crosses intemational boundaries. The main {9001 ofthe sustainable development isto make enable all people throughout the world to satisty their important basic needs and enjoy an improved and better quality of life without compromising to the quality of idea life fr future generations. + Sustainable development stands on two concepts, needs and limitations imposed by the state of technology and the present and future demands. The basic following principles have been agreed to achieve sustainable all round development: To focus on promoting good governance. living life with environmental goals. to achieve a sustainable economy. using correct use of scence. ensuring a strong, healthy society for generations 5.2.2. Contribute to Building of Sustainable Society, Present and Future Engineer Contribute to build a sustainable society, present and future Engineers plays a responsiblity to maximize the value of ther activity towards building a sustainable world, This requites an understanding of what society demands and achievable and are cognition that these change overtime, Byyyyy + To offer and recognize their activty it may be local and immediate, the potential impacts oftheir work may be ‘global and long-lasting forthe society. + To understanding of other relevant social and cultural structures outside their normal community of practiceDEVELOPMENT ENGINEERING (OBATU) 65) ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABLE ‘+ To understand their important role in the sustainable development ofall communities all around the work ‘+ To recognize the key impact of an engineering project, fon communities, global or local and incorporate the views and concemns of the communities. Engineering is a kind of profession with a strong ethical dimension, Engineers have an important role in providing solutions to the problems such as under-development, poverty, socal problems, human rights and environmental degradation ‘Therefore the professional engineers should concentrate .0n following things: ‘+ Tollook at the broad picture of development. ‘+ Be aware of inherently conflicting and un-measurable aspects of sustainability around the world ‘+ Identify other options that take account of economic, social and environmental outcomes of the world ‘+ To ensure the knowledge of sustainable development isup-to-date ‘+ To be prepared to influence the decision-maker for a Project. ‘+ Identify all the key issues and all options to the ‘decision-maker about a project. ‘+ Ensure that the offered solutions and options will contibute to sustainable development. (Aug. 22) ‘As part of Teamwork, Clients are more complicated, tasks suddenly grow in scope a projet. Poor communication is the most dangerous thing and causes of project failure or project complications. ‘Over one third ofall projects fll the main reason is teams ‘arent cooperating well enough. But when you look at the fother side of the coin, collaboration and goad teamwork ‘en go a long way towards making everyone more satisfied, So you bring in @ strong sense of teamwork in your project 3.1 Importance of Teamwork at the Workplac Great Teamwork in Project Management Achieves is important goo: ‘+ Individual team members in teamwork feel more satisfied with their roles it gives them extra motivation to perform. [5.3 TEAMWORK AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT| ‘+ Awell-cled team makes a healthy work environment ‘= And when you combine all hese, you wil get a recipe for long-term success easily ‘+ After implement the project management, teamwork practices you will outine below, you wil notice that ‘© Keil be easily able to take more risks that lead to positive outcomes. When it can rely on your team to ‘communicate and work together effectively. A great teamwork is very important it is a formal project management education, it can help it to work through the process and bring home a successful project Teamwork in project management automatically leads to increased efficiency and productivity. Everyone's putting their strengths forward, holding themselves accountable, fit respect one another. You will notice less fiction and more can-do atttudes all around and teamwork wil successful As a team works together, it will be more open to ving feedback that uimately leads to improvement, This is especially significant in when you work projects regulary ‘+ It's important to develop your team it can exchange ‘thei opinions honestly and if you encourage them to rely on one another to succeed, they will start tasting leach other. And just ike a family, they will know that they need to compromise to get along and finish the roject successfully + Finally, teammork in project management giving everyone 2 chance to shine and allowing them to develop their own skills and grow their careers as sustainable engineer 5.3.2. Reasons of Teamwork in Effective Project Management 1. Promotes Creativity ‘+ People work together for creating a better ‘environment for creativity. It happens naturally then it isa lot of bean storming and sharing ideas for work + Each team member contributing unique, thoughts, ideas, plans, you can acquire mare effective strategies for completing the assignment and project. Your team members need to share knowledge among them,DEVELOPMENT ENGINEERING (O8ATU) 2. Encourages Risk-Taking : “+ Risk-taking for project and it important to take it need to encourage for it. When you accept the responsibilty then you may be inclined to take new risks because the personal and professional consequences of failure. ‘+ Ima team, you need support from other members in case things al apart ‘+ You must remember that every professional project ‘manager, good risk management will help and mitigate the risks to take on a project by helping assess the impact before it goes ahead with a particular course of action 3. Helps Improve Conflict Resolution Skills: ‘+ -Ateam is made up of unique individuals and it diversity helps in project success but can also lead to disputes at the tie of teamwork ‘+ Ils prime responsibilty for project managers and team leaders that should step in to resolve the conflicts and in most cases, it need not involve the organization management. You can build your skills in conflict resolution in this way and help others in the team to do the same. 4. Builds Trust: ‘+ Teamwork requires a healthy relationship it can only be built through trust. Trust plays significant roe can built by relying on each other ‘+ Trust aso plays significant to increases your confidence in your own abilities as the project manager and helps you build personal creibiity. ‘+ For team it can help to Step-by-step instruction guide and taining videos on two different ways to engage ‘and have fun with your team! It is important to learn to create an interactive team. ‘+ Through trust, members feel free to share ideas. You can create a trusting environment in the team that tives them the space to support and encourage one ‘other. An open relationship is built, leading to high productivity and output 5. Brings Together Diverse Strengths: “+ Teamuork brings together complementary strengths You may be good at planning and another team ‘member might be talented in coordinating and creative thinking for team work co) ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABLE. When you bring various strengths together and use ‘them it can lead to more successful project outcomes. A diverse team can also hit more conflict than teams ‘that think the same but that's a good thing. There is diversity of opinions need to hear different views and uncover more things that ultimately can only be ‘opportunities for the project at correct time. Increases Accountability : ‘Working on any project as a team helps you feel more ‘accountable for the task It is also informal peer Pressure; the feeling that you do not want to let your ‘colleagues down [At the time of working with people you need respect, Yyou should satisfy them. It goes for all your project stakeholders, not just people on the direct project team ‘Teamwork Increases Project Momentum : Right people is the key of success any teamwork, Deadlines that seem insurmountable are suddenly ‘achievable with the right people and the sight attitudes is not a new thing that teamwork speeds everything Up on a project. You simply couldn't get through the ‘amount of work that is required if you were working by yourself Work together helps to take advantage of those time savings to do things right and to invest time in ‘activities that also help grow your career, ke professional development. Or you could finish the project faster and in stipulated time! Getting Feedback : When working on any project. you need to get feedback on your progress as well as right direction loys a significant role in team work. You do this ‘through regular team meetings, conversations with key ‘stakeholders and your Project Board meetings and day 10 day work. [As the project manager, to be alert for formal and informal feedback from every one and your cients or ‘customers. Then share with everyone on the team so you can act ont. When you work a5 @ team, iti easier to get informal feedback day to dey and to stay more closely ‘connected with the project’ customersDEVELOPMENT ENGINEERING (OBATU) a) ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABLE... 10. a. Finding Solutions to Complex Problems [At the time of complex problems that are encountered in the progress of a project. You can not resolve issues alone but you can with the wisdom of your team. Even if you do net have the answer within your team, your colleagues may have connections to people who could help. You wl be able to use everyone's extended networks in the company and beyond to help resolve issues or get information It is very important for finding t complex problems to involve in subject matter experts. Working together as a group leads tothe generation of new ideas. Someone might come up with the perfect idea to address the issue you face Using Everyone's Sills: Teamwork makes different skis to work together on a Particular project. Everyone has something that they Can contibute some useful ability for the development of teamwork. You need to be part where people who complement your personal strengths so that it help to develop sil and knowledge bases covered, Find out people who are good at f you do not know. ‘Then play to their strengths. Delegate work to people who love doing those tasks. Builds Leadership Skills: In some cases, it is encounter teams where it deliberately shy away from appointing someone in the role of leader Inis necessary to everyone can build and use leadership skills in 2 team environment. You do not have to be the person nominally in charge to step up and “demonstrate leadership in teamwork, It is common to think that in every teamwork expected be a good team leader who ensures that project tasks run smoothly and successful in time, You can lead both as a project manager and someone in the project team. Lead your area, Lead your tasks. Provide leadership suppor to your colleagues when they need you to step up, In contemporary era leadership is considered more flexible asa skill and required for many more job roles in teamwork Understanding teamnork is one of the best things i ‘an happen to you asa project manager. It are works fon a project and want to get it done quickly and cffectively, it is necessary to get the best out of your team is going to get you there. 5.3.3 Need of Good Teamwork for Project Management Success 18 is po secret that teamwork plays an important and imperative role in the success of team project ‘management. You need tobe associate one another. ‘The Importance of Teamwork ‘© Teamwork cén be best defined as “the process of working collaboratively with 2 specitic group in order to achieve an organizational or assignment goal" It is about gathering together a group of individuals from different backgrounds in hopes that their collective talents, skills and experiences will provide a mote ceffient and suecessful outcome for the successful of teamwork, +A very significant aspect of every workplace, it does successful teamwork and benefit the group as @ whole and also enhance personal development for the individuals involved. Essential attributes of teamwork such as communication, providing support, Commitment and sharing ideas and responsibilty are exercised and reinforced when working on teamwork projects. + After formation of project has been accomplished, members of the team can walk away with thet improved skis and apply it elsewhere in their work or even in their personal life ‘Leadership in command in teamwork to be achieved a ‘reat. Teamwork can not work without someone ‘uiding the group, ensuring that everyone knows their ‘own role, A leader, who is also usualy the project manager 25 well, is also responsible for coordinating the activity amongst the group, as well as encouraging ‘ommunication and collaboration for the successful of team and teamwork, Teamwork in Project Management + For the successful of teamwork projects, it is very significant to. project. management needs to be implemented,DEVELOPMENT ENGINEERING (OBATU) At the practice of project management can be done solo, in order to achieve the plans purpose and ourput, itis required to be a good teamwork. Even after the initial project plans have been created and the project. activity has started, the project manager, 100, has to engage in teamwork to accomplish a successful delivery atthe time of work or task +The part of any task, assignment or project project, manager plays asa leader: to facilitate activity, delegate tasks, instruct the team, offer suppor and ensure communication and collaboration is on ary point. A ‘great way to coordinate all of these i to use project ‘management software, as it allows the project manager to keep on top of things and works like a teamwork ‘app to ensure everyone on the team is doing well bit and is working towards the sare goal ofthe team. ‘Teamwork and Project Management Software + Now, Using project management software is streamlines the overall project process and an effective influence on teamwork. The software comes in various shapes and sizes it can cater to any type of team, regardless of the teamwork pricing allowance given for the tool or the type of project you are embarking on {and also helps to successful teamwork ‘+ Project management software isthe key of successful and another benefit of using it very smoothly and fast Because everyone's tasks are displayed easly and accountability becomes evident as everyone. Gantt charts are especialy good for this as they feature task dependencies in teamwork, that is manages the links between activites, setting them up in sequential order. ‘Team members will have to communicate one another {and work together to ensure that tasks are completed in the fight order so as to avoid project disruption and delay in teamwork. ‘+The main advantage of using project management software tools is that they automatically enhance productivity within your team. Most of the tools offer a centralized platform where project documents and data can be kept and easly accessible to each team ‘members. This makes collaboration easier as you no longer have to send files back and forth via email or chat app, om ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABLE . 5.3.4 How to Achieve Teamwork in a Project, ‘Management Setting Your teams on its way to making the dream to teamwork 1. Ensure Everyone is Familiar with whom they are Working the project teamwork consists of people from diferent departments or individuals who are newly recruited and placed together, set aside a time before the project starts for everyane to get to know one ‘another. Knowing the people you are working with creates a better work for teamwork environment and it ‘also means that people are less likely to be self- conscious to ack for assistance advice. You can even introduce 2 teamwork project / assignment / task management tutorial that it could help with the process 2. Value and Teamwork : Commitment plays a significant role in teamwork (and also project management) success and it can be an «easy thing to neglect if you fee that your involvement holds no value. The different roles with various levels and responsibilities, ensuring that every team member is aware their job and responsibilty and everyone else's is to the project can develop and strengthen commitment towards the team and the project's objectives. 3, Teamwork Overview is Transparent: Everyone in teamwork must know the objectives of teamwork, then working towards something en masse ‘may be a bit of a challenge. A clear glance o overlook of overview of expected from everyone individually ina team and as a group to highlights their obligations and ‘gives meaning to the project. 4. Communication is Recessible : Use of project _menagement software means the teamwork app available for members to utilize and connect with one another, Access to. instant communication provides quick assistance for anyone ‘needing help with theie work and also ensures that any ‘bumps on the road can be swiftly taken care of. A ‘common key attribute for both teamwork and project management neither would be accomplished without ‘communication in short it can say that communication ‘s accessibleDEVELOPMENT ENGINEERING (BATU) 69) ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABLE. Making sure everyone involved in the teamwork project is adequately trained in using the chosen Project management software is imperative to the delivery. A tool is not only user-friendly with its customizable views and add-ons that help you cut through the clutter and collaborate better, it includes customer service that have assistance whenever it needed, Ensuring it the whole team is well-versed in the centralized project software means the progress can be tracked, updates and changes are notified, any Issues can be rectified promptly and communication between team members is accessible. For tis sufficient training i required from experts to wok team propery [5.4 COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT 5. 4.1. What Is a Community Assessment? ‘+The Community Assessment (CA) is a kind of collection and analysis of data related to the needs and characteristics of Head Start-eligible chikiren and families in the grantee service area (le, geographic area and other. identifies program and community resources available to meet its needs and specifies where there are gape. ft provides significant community demographic data you can use to direct your recruitment efforts to children and families most in reed of Head start services allover the world ‘+The Community Assessment (CA) aso helps to identify and understand the most signfcant issues, problems and trends affecting families with young children in service time. For example it might identiy a very low- Income housing shortage that could resuit in under- enrollment for your program. It reveals to us that a Population shift from one geographic area to another, 0 the location of centers might need to be reassessed. + On a federal level, Community Assessment (CA) findings gathered across grantee programs point to emerging or changing needs specific populations or geographic areas, which may in turn rive new priosties at @ national level. We can take for ample, Community Assessments across various regions may indicate @ need to increase support for two language learners or target taining for staf coping withthe aftermath of natural disasters within ‘+ Finally, the information from the Community Assessment (CA) is used to inform programmatic decisions, including planning, budget, service delivery and evaluation, both atthe successful grantee level and the federal level + Areas where the Community Assessment (CA) report impacts on various sectors and various section grantee level decisions wich include recruitment and selection criteria, program options, staffing patterns, location of centers and how the services will be delivered to aged person to children and families. Findings from your Community Assessment (CA) automatically influence your program's long-range goals and short-term objectives. 5.4.2. Need of Community Assessment (CA) Though the community assessment (CA) process, programs are able to provide the Office of Head Start (OHS) with information about the changing required needs (of eligible children and families. I also establishes baseline Information and a curtent picture of the community. This, in tur, enables. programs to project trends, develop strategies and support continuous quality improvement. The following main points describe eight basic reasons why programs conduct @ comprehensive community assessment (CA) There are some reasons have to do with the program's funding requirements and intemal planning fr extemal planning: others relate to the program's external relationships with the community. In shor, all ‘these reasons point to this essential thing: the correct services are provided to the appropriate population in target area, 1. Meet Central Regulations : * The Central Star Act sets requirements related to community-wide strategic planning + The community requitements 2s per regulation + Aggregated community assessment data informs the (OHS of chil, family and etc. community needs. assessment process meets ‘+ The primary reasons of program conducts a community assessment, 2. Make Decisions and Program Planning : + Community assessment data is integral in establishing long term goals and measurable objectives for the beter worldDEVELOPMENT ENGINEERING (OBATU) (610) It is Important that Program leadership, including | 3. Council and program | governing body / Tibal management, are required to use data from the community assessment in making decisions about program options, program calendar, types of services ‘and collaborative partnerships, location of centers, recruitment areas and. recruitment and_ selection priorities forthe successful program planning also significant thatthe community assessment data | « helps with decision-making around enrollment criteria, for example what ages of children will be served, whether 3-year-olds must be prioritized, or if higher income private pay families will be enrolled in non- Head Start slots. These can be essential components of 1 program's selection criteria in program where you want 1 implement it. Community assessment data is used for designing and | « implementing al type of services that meet the needs for example the eligible children and families in a culturally competent manner. The assessment CA provides data on child and family needs and strengths it help inform the program's coorcinated approach to service delivery. Community Assessment (CA) data informs polices, programs and practices, allowing resources to be allocated in ways that ensure equity and optimal child outcomes for it to made success of community assessment Through the community assessment, programs can etermine the skils and competencies required in the current available workforce, as well as gaps in professional development that need to be addressed |, to better serve children and families. It helps data helps inform the program's coordinated approach to professional development Equity and Community Assessments The Creating equitable learning opportunities for | « young children is basic fundamental to responsive program planning, Consider how your community assessment (CA) can help to recognize and build on every child's unique set of individual and family strengths, cultural background, Social backeround, capabilites home language, abilities and experiences community | 4, Educate Staff and Stakeholders: ‘A comprehensive Community Assessment (CA) is an effective way to educate staff, parents, student, advisory groups, the governing body, community members, Private group and consultants about the needs, strengths and characteristics of families, trends in the community and how the grantee has designed its services et. required things. The Community Assessment (CA) can help to agencies ‘and organizations ensure that the services are responsive to community needs for progress. As part of this process, information from the community assessment can be used to establih Memoranda Of Understanding (MOUs) between the Head Start program and other parties as 2 way to support continuity of service delivery in contemporary society The Community Assessment (CA) can be used to orient new staff and volunteers and, with consideration of ‘other program data, to plan training is very significant ‘Address Changing Priorities and Policies : Community Assessment (CA) data supports strategic responses 10 evoWing priorities identified by OHS based on the current evidence and research findings Community afsessment data supports various strategic responses to changes in central or state legislation and policy initiatives for successful making policies. Ie is required identifying trends isa significant part of program planning. It is important to aware of changes in your community facilitates the development of goals that support responsive program services for betterment of society Respond to Trends and Changes in the Community : The community Assessment (CA) process, including the review and update of data, identifies community trends and made necessary changes to make successful planning, 1 is a strengths-based process the community Assessment (CA) can help you anticipate and successfully address the impact of changes, such a6 Identifying potential new partners. It provides information programs for planning and staff need to design daily activities oF ather day to day activity and experiences that meet the needs of children, neighborhoods and communities etcDEVELOPMENT ENGINEERING (DBATU) Gay ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABLE. The community Assessment (CA) helps identify the impact of demographic, economic, social and environmental changes for example changes in the economy, loc! infrastructure ond natural disasters are significant things on the Head Start program and clgible children and families. These events can impact 2 program in a variety of ways, including causing it to temporarily close, relocate, or adopt a different approach for service delivery. ‘Mobilize Community Resources: ‘The community Assessment aids in identifying a range of existing community resources and make correct Community Assessment (CA) reports share information and opinions from employers, community groups and 2 range of organizations throughout the community ‘which strengthen the planning, ‘The community Assessment process identifies gaps in available services for Head Star-eligible families in various things for planning, With community Assessment (CA) information about community need and available resources, social service agencies, healthcare providers, Social, economic, refugee and immigrant agencies, community support agencies, school and state child care and chid wettare agencies can better coordinate programs and services 0 support lowincome children and families which hops to better future planning, ‘Maximize Community Partnerships: ‘The Community Assessment (CA) the various programs must establish ongoing collaborative relationships and partrerships with community organizations to facilitate access to community services that are responsive to the needs of children, women and families and other section of the society. ‘The community Assessment (CA) reinforces the need for concerted efforts and provides information to help establish community-wide priorities for successful planning The community Assessment (CA) can be used to ‘identity new community pertners for strengthen society, I's experienced thatthe working together with various partners can result in improved and better sevice delivery, optimal use of existing resources and the expansion or creation of new services in the society 8. Increase Financial Resources : ‘+ -A-comprehensive Community Assessment (CA) can be Used to support private, state, or central funding applications that require demographic information and needs assessment results “+ Findings from the Community Assessment (CA) can be Used to support requests to local businesses to global business for funds, supplies or other in-kind contributions ‘+The community Assessment (CA) can be used to identify and reinforce the need for new programs in ‘minimum time with optimum utilization of sources [5.5 LEARNING ABOUT A COMMUNITY 5.5.1_Learning Communities ‘+ Bis very significant that Learning Communities plays, to provide a space and a structure for people to align around a shared goal. There are large, NOG or well- researched bodies of knowledge about learning communities, communities of practice and purpose and collective impact for better strengthen society + We can take expert knowledge and apply it to innovation approach for successful. It has seen observe, leaming communities as critical components for building distributed leadership and scaling promising practices by connecting organizations, agencies and philanthropies who both share the community goal and have the capability to operate at scale The features of lean communities most relevant to our work to learn community and made progressive. ‘+ These communities enable participants to share results ‘and leam from each other, thereby improving their ality to achieve rapid yet significant progress of the society or organization Effective communities are both aspirational and practical. They connect people, ‘organizations and systems that are eager to learn and work across different counties, all the while holding ‘members accountable to 2 common goal, common agenda, metrics and outcomes What does a Learning Community do? © 1 connects people. Learning communities convene change agents sectors, disciplines geographies to connect, share ideas and results and eam from each other. Communities may work together in-person and virally across ‘andDEVELOPMENT ENGINEERING (OBATU) (2) [ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABLE ‘+ Tenables shared learning. Communities share learning from both successful and unsuccessful experiences which understand to learn community. ‘+ sets goals and measures collective progress. These ‘communities align participants around common goals, ‘metics theories of change and areas of practice, “+The scope of 2 learning communty is important and allows it to offer a wide range of leadership roles and stil-buiiing opportunites, ‘+The Center is part Learning Communities of a team that Supports a dynamic leaming community of Saving Brains innovators to help them advance the impact and scale oftheir work in counties around the world +I accelerates progress toward impact at scale, These communities facilitate fast-cycle leaning, measure results to understand what works for whom and bring together the key stakeholders who can achieve system-level change. 55:2 Importance of Leaming Communities _ Importance of teaming Communiies to achieving widespread change in the early childhood fed requires tackling an interelated set of complex social problems. To solve such problems, the field needs a strong community of learning and practice that wil work to Wdentiy multiple intervention strategies for diferent groupe of children and famiies and small groups. Rather than replicate “successful programs in aiferent contents where it may oF may not achieve the same results leaming communities share resus and metics to figure out what works best for ‘whom and why. This approach provides a hight targeted and effective way to achieve impact at scale ‘Community-Based Learning ‘+ Community Based Learning (CBL is # new pedagogical approach it i totally based on the premise that the ‘most profound learning often comes from experience that is supported by guidance, context-providing, ‘foundational knowledge and intellectual analysis of the targeted goal. These opportunity for students to bring thoughtful knowledge and ideas, creativity based on Personal observation with social interaction toa Course’ themes and scholarly arguments brings depth to the leaming experience for individuals and to the content of the course. The communities of which i the par can benefit from the resources of faculty and students, while the courses can be educationally Ltansformative in powerful ways to grab opportunities, The main concern is Community based learning is a kind of teaching and learing strategy that integrates ‘meaningful community engagement with instruction and reflection to envich the earning experience with a greater emphasis on reciprocal learning and its reflection Community-based leaming refers to a large no of Variety of instructional methods and programs that educators use to connect what is being taught in schools to their surrounding communities, including local institutions, history, erature, cultural heritage ‘and natural environments. Community-based learning is also motivated by the sel-belef that all communities have intinsic educational assets and resources that educators can use to enhance learning experiences for students. Community Psychologists such as Memllan and Chavis (1986) state that there are four key factors defined a sense of community. (© Membership, i) Influence, i) Fulfiment of individuals needs and () Shared events and emotional connections. 50, the participants of learning community must feel some sense of loyalty and belonging to the group (membership) of organization that drive their desire to keep working and helping others, also the things that the participants affect what happens in the community it states, an active and not Justa reactive performance (Gifluence). Besides. a learning community must give @ chance to the participants to meet particular needs uiflmert) by expressing personal opinions, asking for help or specific information and share stories of events with particular issue included (emotional connections) emotional experiences. ‘A Learning Community is a kind of group of people ‘wha share common academic, social goals and attitudes and meet semi regulatly to colaborate on lasswork or workplace. Such communities have become a kind of template for 2 cohort-based, interdsciplinary or muttidsciplinary approach to higher education and other sectors. This may be based on an advanced latest kind of educational or ‘pedagogical design, Leaming communities are now common to US colleges and universities and are also found in Europe. And now rest of the wordDEVELOPMENT ENGINEERING (DBATU) 633) ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABLE Learn From Community 1. Every Community is Different : The basic principles is that it can be applied across communities partcualy when working in the healthcare space, other sector, as It does every ‘community should be treated as its own independent organism for progress 2. Have a Plan (and a Few Backup Plans) It is very significant that things will not always go as planned, particularly if youre tying something new in your community or with your parenting. By knowing the key community segments in advance, backup plan (or two) will allow you to make this transition as quickly and seamlessly as possible. We conduct detailed community assessments prior to the launch of any site. Even so, iis impossible to be 100% sure of who our early adopters will be until the site launches. It can monitor where we see the most growth and adjust the content accordingly and is abo important. 3. Listen and Observe: LUsten community wil tell you wat it requires, just as 2 child will do. This might be in the form of obvious comments oF discussion, but oftentimes it is worth digging in a bit deeper to determine the type of content, tools and resources really resonate with members, 4. Mistakes are Inevitable : 1 you work then there is possibilty to make mistakes. When mistakes occur, recognize the issue, apologize and use the feedback to improve future plan and strategy for members. And while there's always chance for improvement, you also need to know when it i best to jus let something go for more outcome. 5. Things will Change: Just when you have figured things out everything changes! Or atleast it sure can seem that way. Even though the ever-changing environment can be feustrating a times, embrace it At the end of the day, changing needs are a sign of growth and the role of the community professional is to nurture the community through this natural growth process. Consistency can be comforting, but it can also be a red fa. 2 Ie Takes a Villag Identify areas where you could use some help to fly solo is no easy fest. Ether based on a need for expertise, or a need for an extra set of hands. Embrace the power of your community by seeking out the natural leaders, get inspiration and encouraging them to take on important roles within particular community. In addition to receiving some needed assistance, you will build a great team of advocates. At the core of every one of our communities is a group of dedicated contributors and moderator, typically individuals living With the specific problem condition, ‘They are the lifeblood in every community, It provides relevant content and sistance for members, also bringing expertise and insight pertaining to. the conditions. Our advocates promote its platforms, spread the word regarding initiatives and help recruit ew contributors and moderators in general Sometimes It is Best to Do Nothing : For example sometimes natural problem solvers, it can bbe tempting to constantly “fix” things with proposed solutions to member's challenges the things to happen. AL te same ime, there is @ lotto be said for instead providing a safe envionment for people to vent, share experiences and validate their feelings. Occasionally allowing the community to work through bumps inthe road on their own can provide ‘opportunities for members to lear and connect with fone another. Sometimes what you do not do is as powerful as what you do. Sometimes giving the ‘community that space to grow is more important than dictating the path they should take. It is not About You : In community for example even if you ae a part ofthe ‘community you are building, you will have to address diverse needs and opinions. At the end ofthe day, you want your community to grow and thrive with or without you and that might mean letting go of some personal agenda items. ‘Make Rules and Enforce them Consistently: Having clear community rules with strict enforcement i {an important way to maintain a safe environment for ‘members in any organisation. R fs very significant that everyone knows what's expected, what allowed andDEVELOPMENT ENGINEERING (DBATU) oy ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABLE Whats not, It is important know although it can be tempting to allow exceptions, maintaining consistency {is crtical for keeping things transparent and fait. 10, t Takes Patience : Children can be demanding. Communities can be demanding. Both requite & lot of patience and neither allows you to fully clock out. At the end of the day, though, both can be extremely rewarding. Recognise the demands of the role and treat t with the respect it deserves. tis necessary to give youself room to rest and decompress each week. For example every aidine passengers know that itis important to put your ‘oxygen mask on fist. I you are not taking care of yourself, you will not have the mental and physical strength to help others. [5.6 PROJECT SELECTION 1 What Is Project Selection? Project selection isa significant process of evaluating and choosing projects that both align with an organisation's ‘objectives and maximize its performance at great level In contemporary period prioritization refers to ranking or scoring projects, based on certain criteria, to determine the ‘order of execution. However, the terms “prioritization” and selection” are often used interchangeably, as part of ‘organization as the two processes are intertwined. Project Portfolio Management (PPM) and it ie implementation can be time consuming, which is establishing a Project Management Office (PMO) that works on selection and prioritization can be extremely ‘beneficial forthe benefits of project selection, 5.6.2 Benefits of Project Selection and, Prioritization Project selection and prioritization are all about having a ‘game plan that accounts for both capacity and strategy for successful, ust take a look at the benefits that companies ‘stand to gain when these are balanced right ‘+ Better ROL: The fundamental outcome of any project, selection process is to increase the ROL Several selection caiteria and prioritization methods, can be used to weigh projects against each other, based on their returns. + Consistency and Transparency: It is a standa selection approach helps the PMO landmark projets against well-defined criteria rather than use ad-hoc processes that lead to inconsistent approvals. The Upside of this consistent approach is tvansparent downstream communication, as project managers get laity that a certain project was approved or rejected by the component authority + Strategic Alignment: A project ‘organizational goals, even if executed flawlessly, is a waste of time. The right selection of project helps companies stay on track with their goals very easly + Efficiencies: efficiency plays a significant role by investing effort upfront to evaluate the project pool, companies weed out ineficiencies that may creep up later due to not having enough capacity for execution of project. that meets ‘+ Successful Project Delivery: In any organizations have ‘good project selection and prioritization processes in place, it leads to the successful delivery of projects and its the success story of organization and project ‘+ Shorter Time-to-Market: To understand shorter as companies become larger, it struggle to maintain an aggressive time-to-market. Prioritization of projets dives companies the frst-mover advantage, enabling them to reach customers before competition and it i the key of success. 5.6.3. Project Selection Criteria for Portfolio Management 1t is very important that, deciding whether to go ahead with {project or nat should be straightforward. The ditfculy foften lies in leaving projects off the table and it takes strong leaders with a clear vision. With these aspects project wil automatically successful We can take an example, if we select two projects one that ‘extends capacity or fleblty of a plant and another that improves efficiency and expected lifespan of that facility ‘The answer fs not simple. depends on which promises better ROL the long-term goals for the organization, et. If there isan aim to expand the plant, the former isa sensible ‘option. However, ifthe goal is to cut costs and increase longevity, the later option may be prefered, 1 is very important that defining selection criteria is a significant function of Project Portfolio Management (PPM) that is done in collaboration with various stakeholders,DEVELOPMENT ENGINEERING (DBATU) 55) ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABLE. scholars, such az customers, leadership team and project, managers, Feedback from projects executed in the past ¢ also useful to pick the right criteria, 5.6.4 Project Prioritization Methods Project prioritization is easier to manage with a small Ist of say, five projects. However, as this number grows sigificantly, the complexity can be difficult to handle, requiring extra concrete methods then it is possible to Heve are tvee useful methods for projec prioritization: 1. Ranking Method ‘+The ranking method isa kind of approach it arranges, the projects on a scale of say, one to ten, based an their importance. Before assigning the rank it is important to ask the ight questions at right ime, ‘+The significant advantage of this method is its quick ‘approach that enables identification of top priorities of the project or organization. It works effectively when there are limited criteria to evaluate and itis easy to assess the factors involved them ‘+ However, since it considers onty one or two selection criteria, t could work out to be too simplistic for complex project evaluations. In such cases, the scoring model may be a better fit 2. Scoring Model ‘+The scoring model i kind of model which works when there are so many selection criteria to consider and projects being compared with other projects are significantly different, making the process harder than others. Rather than selecting one or two citeia asin the ranking method, the scoring model considers one fr two groups of factors, such as strategic alignment, benefits, RO, risk, et. ‘+The challenge with the good scoring model is attempt to accommodate a long catalog of criteria to makes it ‘mare work for the PMO team and it can blur scoring, The chance of biases and guesswork in the rating and weight criteria assignments or project makes it debatable whether the final score aptly reflects the project's priority. There is one way to design the model isto test against existing projects and see how accurate the score tis ‘+ Besides, to assigning 2 rating to each criterion, each ‘roup is given a weight of the project. For example, we ‘an take benefits may have a factor of 25, whereas risk ‘may have 125. The weighted average score is then computed to arrive at the final projet score 3. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Technique + Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is definitely a complex decision for mature and recommended approach than the other two methods it aims to understand the relative importance between two criteria rather than rank everything in absolute terms + Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) combines subjective elements with Mathematical Models to provide a more holistic technique than the ranking ar soring methods, 1 is used commonly in many decision-making scenarios in various positions, it ends particularly well t0.complex project evaluations forthe success. + Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is strong reliance on {quantitative techniques is its strength, ast translates a vatious problem into numbers and makes the reason behind a decision transparent AS the number of criteria increase, the math can get clunky. But, this is ‘not something that the right PPM tool can not solve the problem. 1+ Similar to the scoring model, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) works with a long list of selection criteria, However, it does a GroupWise comparison, pitting every to diferent criteria against one another, which reduces the possibilty of errors and biases. After these ‘apples to apples type of comparison, values are formalized and the weighted score is computed then it vill automatically successful ‘+ There isthe possibilty of guesswork in this technique, though. Factoring in multiple expert opinions ae there and testing against existing projects for accuracy helps improve the model [5.7_ HUMANITARIAN TECHNOLOGY. +n contemporary world Humanitarian services seek t0 ‘promote welfare to save human lives, maintain human dignity, alleviate suffering, strengthen preparedness ‘and provide material and logistical assistance at the time of humaritarian crises, That is why different from development aids that underiying socioeconomic factors and provides support for the social economic and politcal developments of developing nations all around the word addressDEVELOPMENT ENGINEERING (OBATU) ‘+ Humanitarian actors have alvays adapted technology to improve aid delivery and protection practices. The ‘attention is not only what technology does for humanitarian action, but alo what it does to humanitarian action for the Humanitarian Technology, ‘+n recent_ times Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) ate becoming the backbone technologies for providing quality product and ecient services for the some and are playing an increasingly significant and sophisticated role in humanitarian service activities. ‘+ There are many IT-based solutions exist such as tools to support the work of humanitarian organizations, mobile applications and solutions to provide health services, oF their services open source web portals for disaster management systems and mobile and ‘autonomous devices to provide assistance. The new developments, innovations and research outcomes for the creation and deployment of effecive ICT technologies and solutions to support humanitarian +The coverage includes theories of information, mobile and networking applications that foster information ‘exchange and co-operation in the humanitarian and femergency management fields. Aimed at ICTs and computer engineers, professionals and researchers working on practical and lasting ICT solutions to Support humanitarian services, itis also be a useful reference for advanced students and lecturers in the field, entrepreneurs ond researchers from goverment, non-government and industry organizations, as well as professional in NGO organizations, ethics committees and policymakers Humanitarian Technology ‘The recent focus on ‘Humanitarian Technology it does not mean to suggest that certain technologies are humanitarian / oF inherently benign. It argue for the need 10 pay more attention to the kinds of technologies that various humanitarian actors make use of induding uestions about how and why some of these technologies may not necessarily be "humanitarian, eg. because of how theit application may risk exposing criss affected individuals and communities to various kinds of insecurity Potential Topics Include but are not Limited to: ‘+The role and place of humanitarian principles with new humanitarian technology. ‘+ Humanitarian ethics and new technology ga, [ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABLE... + Humanitarian actors use of ‘state security technologies for welare of society ‘+ Technology changes and challenges humanitarian action in recent times. ‘+ The relationship between humanitarian technology ses safety and security, +The relationship between humanitarian. technology uses and donor demands in todays word ‘© The important ole of technology in shaping the telationship between humanitaranism and state security, “+ Humanitarian data and responsible data management {s significant with humanitarian technology. Biometrics in refugee management, food aid and ‘medical humaritarianism for society. “+ Cybersecutty challenges in the humanitarian space and concern with humanitarian teehnelogy. ‘+ Humanitarian drones for humanitarian technology. ‘+ Humanitarian robotis and humanitarian technology: ‘+ The challenges of adopting and adapting. specific technologies for the humanitarian sector like 3D Driters,1oT for weliare of society. 5.7.1 Humanitarian Technology and Crises © Wr recent times, humanitarian crises become ingly complex in day today life and protracted, the number of people in need of humanitarian assistance has soared, from 78 milion in 2015-16 to an unprecedented 235 milion in 2021-22 + Humanitarian funding requirements have grown accordingly, according to the Global Humanitarian ‘Overview released by the United Nations fie for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) In 2020, the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-18) pandemic alone caused 8105 billon in humanitarian funding needs. + Owed to donors unwavering commitment, Humanitarian funding has risen steadily, with record funding for inter-agency coordinated plans a lot ‘money but isinsutficent. Yt every year a large funding {gap remains to meet the needs ofthe most vulnerable. “It would be nice to think we can fill the gap just by raising more money. However we can rot. We also hhave to make the money we have go further.DEVELOPMENT ENGINEERING (OBATU) a7) ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABLE. The best way to do that is to change our current system from one that reacts, to one that anticipates” As Mark Lowcack, Under-Secretary-General of Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Co-ordinator ‘+ Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVS) and remote sensing can speed up the task of assessment, mapping and ‘monitoring of vulnerabilities. In recent times, Digital ‘ash (soft money) can provide rapid and flexible assistance, And biometrics can help establish digital Identity and reconnect families very well. With such technologies can focus to better acces to information, ‘assistance and livelinoods and facitate stronger, more relevant needs analysis more prioritized and people- centered response and more meaningful and systematic monitoring ‘+ Recent times New and emerging technologies can support this paradigm shift from reaction to ‘anticipation by enabling ear, faster and potentially move and more effective humanitarian action. Artificial Inteligence is need of time can facilitate analysis and imerpretation of vast and complex humanitarian datasets to improve projections and decision-making Now a days Mobile applications, chatbots and social ‘media can create great and immediate feedback loops with people affected by humanitarian crises. For ‘example COVID 18 coronavirus pandemic 1+ The big advantages come with an array of compiex challenges and risks in new technology. Inadequate data protection can cause harm, intensify insecuries ‘and hinder the principled delivery of humanitarian ‘assistance it can affect whole sytem. ‘+I connectivty fails, access to technology and digital literacy can exacerbate core vulnerabilties and intensify ‘gender biases. The incomplete or half datasets about affected people can lead to digital discrimination and affect the society. Technologies can malfunction, break down and sow mistiust in you ignore or not appropriate. However technology's potential is only ever as strong as its underlying date set, decision- ‘making process, user distribution ‘+ The COVID-19 response showed both the promise and the pitfalls of new and new emerging technologies, while simultaneously accelerating their adoption and its use. Artificial inteligence facilitated outbreak mapping, diagnosis and the development of treatments and vaccines in recent times. Biometrics, blockchain_ management and digital cash enabled contactless access to a UAVs delivered medical supplies and testing samples CChatbots provided very important information and tele heath support a lot Digital tools enabled children to continue quality education, businesses to remain open ‘and health professionals to provide care online in least time and border sense, At the same time, we must concem mounted over our data protection and personal privacy, latest cybersecurity, personal liberty and misinformation. The massive overnight shift to virtual environments, remote education, videoconferencing and e-commerce also raised technological preparedness and effectiveness, as well 2 digital inequality. It is necessary to know these things very wel The second section interconnected and mutually reinforcing enablers for the adoption of new and ‘emerging technologies in humanitarian action. Broadly ‘aligned with the recommended actions will allow humanitarian actors to effectively deploy technology solutions ‘The third section covers a set of recommendations drawn from the framework of enablers it will apply to many of the humanitarian actors designing, carying ‘out, evaluating or supporting projects, programs and ppolices with a technology component. Many of these recommendations alga support transformations ‘underway across the sector to make responses more anticipatory, long-term, coordinated and people centered, This study states the opportunities for solving technology-related problems across the humanitarian programme cycle, challenges posed by new and femerging technologies in humanitarian contexts and enablers of technology in the humanitarian sector. It is divided into three main sections, The fist section highlights key opportunities and challenges of individual technologies identiied as particularly televant for trancfarming the delivery of humanitarian assistance ‘The last decade has recognized of information as basic requirement in humanitarian emergencies and made more efforts towards better data-driven decision-making, In the technology can further enable ‘earlier, faster and more effective humanitarian point of View. But technology is not an end in itself and its adoption alone cannot shift a paradigm,DEVELOPMENT ENGINEERING (DBATU) a8) [ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABLE. “+ Rather, investment in technology must go hand-in- hand with efforts to ensure that it is responsible, sustainable and inclusive and that it protects, above all, human life and. dignity. tt jointly with affected communities and partners across sectors, such converging efforts could powerfully enable transformation incoming years 5.7.2 Technology and Current Humanitarian Challenges 1. Social Media ‘+ Since recent development social media can helps in crowd funding for humanitarian assistance-elated initiatives and cisis mapping, as it faciitates the distribution of relief to affected communities by ‘gathering data, Social media has altered the ways in which humans interact. Is role during times of erses and disasters cannot be underestimated a it allows information to be collected and disseminated quickly, in turn resulting in better planning and coordination. ‘+The best example of contemporary ra isthe Russa ~ Ukraine criss illustrates the effectiveness of social ‘media. In the case of Indian students who were stranded in Ukraine, for exemple, socal media helped facilitate ther evacuation during war. It effect on 2. Recent Issues ‘+ Atthe recent time, the use of digital technologies helps Increase the efficiency and effectiveness of humanitarian targets, there are a number of risks and challenges involved around the world ‘+ Common concemns such as privacy, data protection, security interoperability and lack of standards, lack of regulations, misinformation, disinformation and hate speech and issues of acess resin, 3. Privacy, Data Protection and Security ‘+ In recent emerging technologies are datateliant in one form or another. However, the exact scope of data protection available to a particular data set is often Lnclear and it changes nation to nation. Different humanitarian actors collect and process huge volumes lof data and it's necessary to ensure that the data is being processed according ta good data management practices, ‘+ In the absence of a uniform global data protection Infrastructure is important to see the technology used for humanitarian assistance interacts with appropriate rational International and regional data. protection frameworks This fs especially relevant in relation to the provisions on cross-border data transfer, local data storage requirements and data consent so it is necestity to make data protected. ‘The privacy concern looming large, caution i¢ needed at the time of technology is being incorporated in humanitarian missions that use personal identifying Information. Misuse of personal data has the potential to further harm dangerous for the already affected or ‘new communities In last decades in 2018, the UNHCR registered data of Rohingya Muslims refugees in Bangladesh to allow the Bangladeshi government to issue them identity cards for obtaining essential aid and services. Additionally, data was also being collected to be submitted to ‘Myanmar for repatriation eligibility assessments. At the time of information was being collected for these two different purposes, the refugees reportedly felt that they could not refuse sharing the information for repatriation if they wanted the identity cards: this lmplies that the principle of ~free and informed consent” was not followed during data collection, ‘One mote example in 2018, a cyber-attack on a North Korean refugee resetiement organization in South Korea led to 2 date breach of around 1000 Noth Korean defectors raising concerns of potential harm ‘More recently, in January 2022. ICRC servers were hhacked and personal data of around 5,00,000 people were compromised, triggering concern that the data would be used by states, non-state groups, or individuals to contactor find people to cause harm. In above three examples and many more such cases if the identities of any vulnerable affected communities ate cisclosed or if the data is leaked or is stolen it could result in not only security risks for vulnerable community members also a tust deficit between humanitarian actors. -_ Interoperability and Lack of Standards Every one must sure, dat shating lead to challenges in relation to privacy, data protection and security [Establishing standards and utilizing them for data callection, storage and processing can help reduce these risks. I helps to prevent inefficiencies and duplication and fil gaps in delivery.DEVELOPMENT ENGINEERING (OBATU)_ Given the multiple payers inthe humanitarian assistance ecosystem, information sharing Is 2 pillar in these missions. Often, however, the data sets of different organizations are not interoperable and some pantcipants may be reticent to share data due to mistrust Thus, to ensure interoperability and improve callaboratn between diferent platforms, it is ‘necessary to set up standards to bolster wust amongst the diferent agencies. ‘Magnifying Inequolities Artifical Inteligence (AN) and Machine Learning (ML) ‘te increasingly being used day by day by humanitarian assistance actors for data analytes. The use of Articial Ineligence (Al) is valuable for prediction and ear warning For example, the Cholera Prediction Modeling System In Yemen in 2017. The accurate prediction allowed donors and relief operators to better focus their efforts and be prepared forthe outbreak. The best example of used Al on different datasets to accurately predict the risk of cholera (On the other side if improper application of AL may lead 10 serious consequences. Due to the black-box foature of AL and the lack of transparency and accountability, there could be chances that automated decisions result in misuse and affected the entre team Existing information has litle mention, if harms caused by Al especially in the context of humanitarian assistance in light of poor vacking, tendency to not report such incidents and lack of information in the ‘recent public domain tis also know that the AI and ML often tend to ‘magnify existing inequalities in terms of gender, race, class region and caste and may cause unintended bias For exemple, there have been recorded cases where Al misidentifies non-white faces and where Al shows biat against women. In shor, it is essential to carefully design the aplictions of Aland have sufficient testing to evaluate and understand their unintended consequences. Misinformation, Disinformation and Hate Speech In recent times, Digital technologies can be used t0 spread MDH as affected communities rely on them for Information. Harmful information can spread and esonote with and influence diferent audiences. 639) ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABLE, Vulnerable communities can be targeted from a distance, creating further challenges to humanitarian assistance missions in the absence of concrete measures to verify information. [5.8 PARTICIPATORY TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT (PTD) Participatory Technology Development (PTD) i an approach to learning and innovation that is used in international development as part of projects and programs relating to sustainable agricukure and other sectors. For instance. the approach involves collaboration between researchers and farmers. in the analysis of agricultural problems and testing of akematve farming practices ‘The origins of Participatory Technology Development (PTD) can be found in a number of approaches, concepts and techniques that became popular in the 19705 and 1960. ‘+ Appropriate Technology, a concept that recogni the importance of matching the design of technology to the resources and culture ofthe user ‘+ Farming systems research and extension, an approach that introduced into organizations previously dominated by biological and chemical scientists Indigenous Technical Knowledge it is a concept that recognised the importance of local expertise and traditional wisdom; Participatory Rural Appraisal 2 set of techniques that promoted the involvement of rural people in decision-making, Defining Priority Problems: Experimenting lacaly with a variety of options derived both from indigenous knowledge and from formal science and Enhancing farmer's experimental capacities and farmer-to farmer communication and other sides. One ofthe leading authorities on this process is the Centre for learning on sustainable agrcuute. A process between local communities and outside facilitators which involves to gain a joint understanding of the basic characteristics and changes ofthat particular agro-ecolopical sytem 5.8.1 Facilitators ‘+ Participatory Technology Development (PTD) faciitators are usually researchers, sometimes consisting ofa team that includes bath biological and While PTD Participatory Technology Development is closely inked to research social scientists work onDEVELOPMENT ENGINEERING (OBATU) 620) ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABLE. ‘and it often crosses the international boundary into ‘agricultural extension because it involves learning activities with farmers all over the world, ‘+n Participatory Technology Development PTD local practitioners ie. famers and citizens (eg. farmers and ‘other village members) participate actively in the decision-making process in all stages of the development and implementation of the technology that it will be using. The approach is a marked departure from the top-down, researcher-driven ‘process that was the norm in agricultural research and development work before 1980, + Pattcipatory Technology Development (PTD), is a kind Cf approach to development that emerged during the 1980; and ‘905, decades involving collaboration between forming experts and farmers of less developed counties to analyze problems and find solutions are appropriate for specific rural ‘+ PTD was created in response to low rates of adoption agricultural technologies in developing countries especially. Although the approach has been applied most often to agricultural development, it has also been applied to other issues including natural resource management and it also apples in many ‘other sections of society. ‘+ Addressing such challenges requires a shit in emphasis away from simply increasing agricultural praduction to broader considerations of how communities function ‘and how people best respond to change. In PTD research and development is seen as an on going learning process involving the end users of new technology, rather than a top-down system in which ‘modern technology is developed in one location (often inthe industrialized world) and then simply transferred to the end users (often in the developing word). * In India the Green Revolution of the 1960s and 70s ‘greatly improved the agricutural yield in many developing countries and helped save many from ‘malnutrition and starvation. The great ae those gains were, however, there remain some challenges for agriculture and development. of new + Among these challenges are the need to promote equitable distibution of the benefits of increased ‘agricultural production, to better manage the natural resources that support agriculture and to strengthen the ability of local farming communities to improve their methods and develop standard of ives. 5.8.2 Meaning and Importance of Participatory Technology Development (PTD) ‘+ Participatory Technology Development (PTD) is a new practical process of making the knowledge and research capacities of the local farming communities with that ofthe commercial and scientific institutions in an interactive way. It saves and maintain the standard of farmers and made living standard high. It involves activities where local producers and traders work together with external actors in the identification generation, testing and application of new technologies and practices with the help of new scientfic approach and methods. + This isa kind of process of technology development is linked with a process of social change in recent times. Encouraging local innovation through self-organized planning, implementation as well as evaluation of systematic experiments fosters self-respect and self- confidence inthe rural communities involved. It is also fosters a kind of process of cultural awareness and change, 35 the planning and assessment obliges the Participants to take account of ther situation and the responsibilities of different people inthe community. = The different needs of women and men and the citferent bartiers they face in trying to change theie situation. More than that, every community is made up of 2 variety of individuals with a diversity of interest and lifestyles, as becomes apparent especially when criteria for improved technologies are debated. One ‘more complication may be natural resources and being sed not just by one sedentary community but also by temporary immigrants and new immigrants into the new area. In shart it can says that the process of local technology development in agricuture, horticulture and serculture etc. will aso often involve negotiations and the development of new organizations to accommodate change in use of natural resources, 5.8.3 Characteristics and Example of Participatory Technology Dev it (PTD) The participatory technology development isa ‘complementary process to the research conducted by the scientists. The PTD alms at linking the power of science to the priorities and capacities of farming communities to develop productive and sustainable farming systems all cover the wordDEVELOPMENT ENGINEERING (BATU) ‘The scientists, extension workers and the farmers ate the main actors in the participatory technology development. The scientists and extension workers act as external agency in the technology development process. The scientists and ‘extension workers as an external agency, have to perform differen functions at diferent stages. The success depends ‘on the efficiency ofthe external agency in performing their functions Partners Involved in PTD. Farmers, field extension staff of Development Departments, INGOs, input agencies, Agricultural research stations are involved in the process where farmers and field extension staff are involved during the entire process, others pattcipate as and when requied When to have PTD? PTD isa season long process and is conducted when, (2) Appropriate technologies are not avallble/ known for ' particular problem in a spectc location and (©) The existing technology involves high extemal input usage leading ta high production cost and causing damage tothe envionment. Where to Conduct PTD? ‘+ PTD is done on farmers’ fields, who are wing 10 take Up trials. For purposes of comparisons, control plots ate also maintained, which are similar tothe plots in all the aspects including plo sie. +The very significant PID was standardization of cultivation practices. for rice production under aerobic condition and results totally dliferent. Similar best results were also observed in Maize, Sunflower, Groundnut and Horticultural Crops. Te study reveals that the farmers as well as the projet. staff were enthusiastic in the process of ‘experimentation at the village level and they mode temendous output of the projet. t has built the confidence ofthe field staff in technology identification modification and dissemination in farmer community Hence, it proved to be an important approach to be tried those who engaged in agricultural development process al over the world. +The participatory technology development process helps and creates in identification of specific problem, search for alternative various solutions to solve the problem, test the applicability of the alteratve Selected and _generate suitable techniques and outcome of 624 ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABLE. practices to solve the existing ll types of problems. It js dane jointly by the farmers, extension functionaries andthe scientists, + Therefore, it will cut short the time taken by the research system to identify the problem, conduct experiments and communicate results to the farmers ‘through extension system, Also, this is more acceptable to the farmers and field extension workers as they are ‘aso the partners in the technology development process. + Its also a complementary process in which involves linking the powers and capabilites of agricultural science as wel scientist to the priorities and capabilities fof farming communities to develop suitable technologies to the problems observed all over the word [5.9 HUMANITARIAN STEM EDUCATION (Aug. 22) STEM is an acronym for the fields of Selence, Technology, Engineering and Math. Discussion of STEM-relsted programs has become a presidential priority because too few college students are pursuing degrees in these fields “Humanitarian engineers ate working to make life better for people inthe developing word, including helping them coping with disasters such a5 earthquates and floods” Humanitarian Engineering save ives as an engineer 5.9.1_Definition of STEM Education National Science Teachers Assocation (NSTA) defines this, ‘as: Aninterdscipinary approach to learning where rigorous academic concepts are coupled with real-world lessons as students apply science technology, engineering and mathematics in contexts that make connections between school, communty, work and the global enterprise enabling the development of STEM literacy and with it the ality to compete inthe new economy. + President Obama continually references the importance of STEM education in making the United States more compettive in the global economy with fnew study. In a May 2010 his speech in Texas, US President Obama pointed out that immigrants founded some of the great American companies like Inte Google, Yahoo and eBay and helped the United States to become a leader in the high-tech industry. The people would agree that STEM is the key to innovation and job creation inthe United StatesDEVELOPMENT ENGINEERING (OBATU) 52) ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABLE. Iris an act of building technological capacity often takes place in a commanity where people lve, isso natural to do work in an educational institutions or Universities by focusing on Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education. In speech Obama said the following about international students and their importance to the United States We should male it easier forthe best andthe brightest to not only stay here, but aso to start businesses and reste jobs here, In recent years, full 25 percent of high-tech startups in the US. were founded by Immigrants, that led to 200000 jobs here in America im glad those jobs are here. I want 10 see more of them created in this county, We need to provide ther the chance Al of these build new technological capacity to make capacity bulders include the actual technical design process. Deals on how to operate more sophisticated technologies and especially how to maintain the technology using locally avaiable materi The engineer should seek to build such technological capacity in community members as an integra part of the technology development process. Now a days doing so empowers the community to successfull ‘operate and maintain their technology. It gives them Significant “ownership” ofthe techrology development process and ensures longer-term success of the new technology. Moreover, it may initate for community becoming independent, of becoming able 10 successtulydepley technology solutions with no outside help We can be done via Experiments can focus on (i) Basi STEM concepts, (i) STEM challenges connected to issues in the surrounding community. i STEM challenges in local industry ‘Meaning of STEM Education lectures and experiments Ina humanitarian STEM education program, you would focus on disadvantaged schools and students Sometimes rather than teaching children, you may want fo teach the teachers so they can continue the program after you leave. The hope in such STEM education programs is to create a technical literate populace it can sole techrical problems in their own + STEM is a diffrent approach to education that concentrates on inking clasroom education to the rel world. The system helps improve the chances ofall Inviuas going trough the schoo system to have an ‘important role within society. This is because ofits ‘nctusve approach that allows alindiiduals to develop the sls necessary for success in various areas ofthe Ibbour market +A variation of STEM wth addtional education content is STEAM (Scienee, Technology, Engineering, the ‘Ans and Mathematics) STEAM includes "At" a5 3 new component, broadening the spectrum of Anowledge to humanities, dance, language, music design and visual art For example, @ STEAM dass right help students vaualze various concepts with

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