Example :
Python is a versatile and widely-used programming language # Basic print statement
known for its readability and ease of use print("Hello, World!")
It is object oriented programming language # Printing multiple values
name =, nam "Alice"
age = 30
Python's programming cycle is notably shorter due to its print("Name:"e, "Age:", age)
interpreted nature. # Changing separator and end
Python skips compile and link steps, distinguishing itself from
print("Four")
traditional languages.
Programs import modules at runtime, ensuring immediate print("One", "Two", "Three", sep=' | ', end='
execution after changes. *** ')
Dynamic module reloading in Python allows modifications and
reloads during runtime, facilitating continuous program
updates without interruptions. The input() function is used to take user input from the
console. It waits for the user to enter some text and returns
that text as a string.
Syntax :
variable = input(prompt)
Example
# Taking user input
name = input("Enter your name: ")
print("Hello, " + name + "!")
# Converting input to integer
age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
print("You will be", age + 1, "years old next
year.")
Single-Line Comments:
An Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a software Created with #.
suite that streamlines the software development process. Used for short explanations on the same line.
Syntax :
# Single-line comment
Multi-Line (Block) Comments:
Achieved with triple-quoted strings.
Used for longer explanations spanning multiple lines.
Syntax :
'''
Multi-line comment
'''
Best Practices:
Provide clarity and context.
Keep comments concise and up-to-date.
Avoid redundancy with self-explanatory code.
Example :
result = calculate_total(price, quantity) # Calculate total cost
Comments serve to improve code readability and
Key features include:
understanding without affecting program execution.
1.Code Editing 7.Debugging
2.Build and Compilation 8. Version Control
3.Project Management 9.Testing A variable holds a value that may change.
4.User Interface Design 10.Auto-Completion The process of writing the variable name is called declaring
5.Extensibility 11.Performance Profiling the variable.
6.Documentation and Help In Python, variables do not need to be declared explicitly in
order to reserve memory spaces as in other programming
languages like C, Java, etc.
The print() function is used to display output on the console.
When we initialize the variable in Python, Python Interpreter
It can take one or more arguments and prints them to the
automatically does the declaration process.
standard output (usually the console).
Syntax :
Syntax
Variable = Expression
print(value1, value2, ..., sep=' ', end='\n')
Example :
x = 10 # Variable x is initialized with the value 10
An identifier is a name given to a variable, function, class, Automatic conversion by Python based on the operation
module, or other entities in a program. being performed.
Rules for Naming:
Must start with a letter (a-z, A-Z) or an underscore (_).
Use specific functions for explicit conversion:
The remaining characters can be letters, numbers (0-9), or
int() for integer conversion.
underscores. float() for float conversion.
Case-sensitive (e.g., variable and Variable are different).
str() for string conversion.
Cannot be a reserved word (e.g., if, else, for, etc.).
Examples:
Reserved keywords in a programming language are words # Implicit conversion
that have special meanings and cannot be used as identifiers result = 10 + 3.14 # int implicitly converted
(names for variables, functions, etc.)
to float for addition
because they are reserved for specific purposes in the
language. # Explicit conversion
num_float = 5.5
num_int = int(num_float) # Converts float to
integer
str_num = str(42)
input() returns a string, so use int() or float() for numerical
input.
age_str = input("Enter your age: ")
age_int = int(age_str) # Converts input string to integer
data types represent the type of data that a variable can hold.
Here are some common data types in Python: A combination of symbols that yields a value.
Integer (int): Comprises variables, operators, values, sub-expressions, and
Represents whole numbers without decimal points.
reserved keywords.
Example: x = 5
When entered in the command line, expressions are
Float (float): evaluated by the interpreter, producing a result.
Represents numbers with decimal points or in exponential
arithmetic expressions are evaluating to a numeric type are
form. termed arithmetic expressions.
Example: y = 3.14
Sub-expressions are parts of larger expressions, enclosed in
String (str): parentheses.
Represents text or sequences of characters.
Example: 4 + (3 * k)
Example: name = "John"
Individual Expressions: A single literal or variable can also be
Boolean (bool): considered an expression (e.g., 4, 3, k).
Represents either True or False.
Hierarchy of Sub-Expressions: Expressions may have
Example: is_valid = True
multiple levels of sub-expressions, forming a hierarchy.
List (list): Example: a + (b * (c - d)) has sub-expressions 3 and k.
Represents an ordered collection of elements.
Example: numbers = [1, 2, 3]
Tuple (tuple): Used for creating, assigning values to, and modifying
Similar to a list but immutable (cannot be changed after variables.
creation). Syntax:
Example: coordinates = (4, 5) Variable = Expression represents the assignment statement.
Set (set):
Represents an unordered collection of unique elements.
Value-based expression on RHS.
Example: unique_numbers = {1, 2, 3}
x = 5 + 3 # Assign the result of the expression (5 + 3) to the
Dictionary (dict):
variable x
Represents a collection of key-value pairs.
Current variable on RHS.
Example: person = {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25}
y=2
NoneType (None):
y = y + 1 # Increment the value of the variable y by 1
Represents the absence of a value or a null value.
Operation on RHS.
Example: result = None
a = 10
Complex (complex):
b=2
Represents complex numbers with a real and an imaginary
c = a / b # Assign the result of the division operation (a / b)
part.
to the variable c
Example: z = 3 + 4j
operators are special symbols or keywords that perform
Type conversion in Python is changing the data type of a
operations on operands.
variable, allowing operations involving different data types.
Arithmetic Operators:
Perform basic mathematical operations.
Examples: + , - , * , / , % , **
Program:
a=5
b=10+a
Print(a, b ) #output 5 15
Compare two values and return a Boolean result.
Examples: == , != , < , > , <= , >=
Program
a=5
b=10
Print(a==b , a> b , a< b ) #output: Operator precedence defines the order in which different
false false true operators are evaluated in an expression. Operators with
higher precedence are evaluated first.
Perform logical operations on Boolean values.
Examples: and , or, not Determines the order of execution for operators with the
Program same precedence.
a=5
b=10 a. Left to Right:
Print( a> b and a< b ) #output: false Operators of the same precedence are executed from the left
Print( a> b or a< b ) #output: true side first.
b. Right to Left:
Print( not a< b ) #output: false
Operators of the same precedence are executed from the
right side first.
Assign values to variables. Associativity in Python:
Examples: =, +=, -= , *= , /= Left-to-right associative operators include multiplication,
Program floor division, etc.
a=5 The ** operator is right-to-left associative.
a+=6 Example
Print(a ) #output: 11 result_left = 5 + 3 - 2 # Addition and subtraction with left-to-
right associativity
print(result_left) # Output: 6
result_right = 2 ** 3 ** 2 # Exponentiation with right-to-left
Perform operations on individual bits of binary numbers.
associativity
Examples: & , | , ^ , ~ , << , >>
print(result_right) # Output: 512
Program
a=5
PEP 8 is the Python Enhancement Proposal that provides
b=6
style guidelines for writing clean, readable, and consistent
Print(a & b , ~b ) #output: 4, -7 Python code.
Here are some key points from PEP 8
Check if a value is a member of a sequence. Indentation:Use 4 spaces per indentation level.
Examples: in , not in Maximum Line Length:Limit all lines to a maximum of 79
Program characters for code, and 72 for docstrings.
a=[5.,3,2,3] Imports:Import standard libraries first, followed by third-
b=4 party libraries, and then your own modules.
Whitespace in Expressions and Statements:
Print(b in a , b not in a ) #output: false true
Immediately inside parentheses, brackets, or braces.
Immediately before a comma, semicolon, or colon.
Compare the memory location of two objects. Comments:Comments should be used to explain complex
Examples: is ,is not pieces of code or decisions that may not be obvious.
Program Naming Conventions:
a=5 Use snake_case for function and variable names.
b=a Use CamelCase for class names.
Avoid single-letter variable names except for indices and
Print(a is b , a is not b ) #output: true false
loop variables.
Docstring Conventions:
Use triple double-quotes for docstrings.
Write docstrings for all public modules, functions, classes,
and methods.
1. Write a Python program that declares three variables
(integer, string, and float) and prints their values
2. Calculate the average of three numbers
3. Create a program that takes two numbers as input and
calculates their sum, difference, product, and quotient.
4. Write a program that compares two numbers and prints
whether they are equal, greater, or smaller.
5. Develop a program that takes two strings as input and
concatenates them. Print the resulting string.
6. Implement a Python program that demonstrates
incrementing a variable by 1 and then decrementing it by 1.
7. Create a Python program that swaps the values of two
variables without using a temporary variable.
8. Develop a program that uses compound assignment
operators to update the values of variables.
9. Write a Python program that takes user input for their name,
age, and favorite color. Print a formatted output using this
information.
