SunDaero College
Department of MIS
Course title: Operating System
Ins: Haftom K.
Chapter One
I. Introduction to operating systems
“Soul of computer
I. What is an Operating System?
Operating System
is a program which acts as an interface
between a user of a computer and the
computer hardware.
Defn2 is fundamental file that a computer
system requires to boot up and function.
Defn3 is system software that controls the
computer system resources.
Example of OS
Some popular Operating Systems include
UNIX, LINUX, MS-DOS, MS-Windows,
Windows/NT, Chicago, Mac OS, and
VM etc.
Purpose of OS
Is to provide an environment in which a user may
execute programs.
Goals of OS:
Make the computer system convenient to use-
Simplicity and.
Use the Computer hardware in an efficient way-
efficiency(cost and speed)
portability (across machine configurations or
architectures)
Generally,
•Application benefits (simplicity & portability)
•User benefits (safety &efficiency)
Why should I study Operating
Systems?
–Need to understand interaction between the hardware
and applications
•New applications, new hardware..
•Inherent aspect of society today
–Need to understand basic principles in the design of
computer systems
•efficient resource management, security, flexibility
–Increasing need for specialized operating systems
•e.g. embedded operating systems for devices - cell phones,
sensors and controllers
•real-time operating systems - aircraft control, multimedia
services
6
Computer System Components
•Hardware
– Provides basic computing resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices).
•Operating System
– Controls and coordinates the use of hardware among application programs.
•Application Programs
– Solve computing problems of users (compilers, database systems, video games, business
programs such as banking software).
•Users
– People, machines, other computers
7
Abstract View of System
User
1 User User User
2 3 ... n
compiler assembler Text editor Database
system
System and Application Programs
Operating System
Computer
Hardware
8
Functions of operating systems
Memory Management
Processor Management
Device Management
File Management
Security
Control over system performance
Job accounting
Error detecting aids
Coordination between other software and users
Memory Management
Keeps tracks of primary memory
Allocates the memory when a process
requests it to do so.
De-allocates the memory when a
process no longer needs it or has been
terminated.
Processor Management
An Operating System does the following activities
for pro
Keeps tracks of processor and status of
process.
Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process.
De-allocates processor when a process is no
longer required.
Device Management
An Operating System manages device communication
via their respective drivers
OS does the following activities for device management
:
Keeps tracks of all devices.
Decides which process gets the device when and for how much
time.
Allocates the device in the efficient way.
De-allocates devices.
File Management
An Operating System does the following
activities for file management :
Keeps track of information, location, uses,
status etc. The collective facilities are often
known as file system.
Decides who gets the resources.
Allocates the resources.
De-allocates the resources.
Service of operating systems
Following are the services provided by operating
systems to the convenience of the users.
Program Execution
I/O Operations
File System Manipulation
Communications
Error Detection
Protection
Program Execution
The user does not have to worry about the memory
allocation or multitasking or anything. These things are
taken care of by the operating systems.
Following are the major activities of an operating system
with respect to program
Loads a program into memory.
Executes the program.
Handles program's execution.
I/O Operations
Each program requires an input and
produces output.
This involves the use of I/O controler.
File System Manipulation
The output of a program may need to be written
into new files or input taken from some files.
The operating system provides this service.
Following are the major activities of an operating
system with respect to file management :
read a file or write a file.
The operating system gives the permission
operation on file or file permission.
Operating System provides an interface to the user to
create/delete files or directory.
Communications
There are instances where processes
need to communicate with each other
to exchange information.
It may be between processes running
on the same computer or running on
the different computers.
Error Detection
An error is one part of the system may cause
malfunctioning of the complete system.
To avoid such a situation the operating system
constantly monitors the system for detecting the
errors.
Protection
Protection refers to a mechanism or a way to control the
access of programs, processes, or users to the resources
defined by a computer system.
Following are the major activities of an operating system with
respect to protection :
The OS ensures that all access to system resources is controlled.
The OS ensures that external I/O devices are protected from
invalid access attempts.
The OS provides authentication features for each user by means of
passwords.
Types/history of operating System
Types of operating System cont…..
Operating System includes:
Batch operating system
The users of a batch operating system do not
interact with the computer directly.
To speed up processing, jobs with similar
needs are batched together and run as a
group. The programmers leave their
programs with the operator and the operator
then sorts the programs with similar
requirements into batches.
It does not have interactive editing.
Multiprogramming
•To increase system utilization, multiprogramming OSs
were invented
–keeps multiple runnable jobs loaded in memory at
once
–overlaps I/O of a job with computing of another
•while one job waits for I/O completion, OS runs
instructions from another job OS
–to benefit, need asynchronous I/O devices
•need some way to know when devices are done job1
–goal: optimize system throughput job2
•perhaps at the cost of response time… job3
job4
Time-sharing-is a technique which enables many people,
located at various terminals, to use a particular computer
system at the same time.
Processor's time which is shared among multiple users
simultaneously is termed as time-sharing.
One CPU can run many programs is time-sharing.
Multi programmed batch systems, the objective is to
maximize processor use, whereas in Time-Sharing
Systems, the objective is to minimize response time.
Parallel Systems
Most systems to date are single-processor systems, that is,
they have only one main CPU. However, there is a trend
toward multiprocessor systems.
Such systems have more than one processor in close
communication, sharing the computer bus, the clock, and
sometimes memory and peripheral devices.These systems
are referred to as tightly coupled systems.
It is the opposite of time shairing.
One program can run on many CPU.
It is very complex, need large processing
e.g. weather forecasting, ches games, animations
Cont…
•There are several reasons for building
such systems, as mention below.
Increased throughput.
Multiprocessors can also save money
compared to multiple single.
Distributed Systems
A recent trend in computer systems is to distribute
computation among several processors.
In contrast to tightly coupled systems the processors do
not share memory or a clock. Instead, each processor has
its own local memory.
The processors communicate with one another
through various communication lines, such as high-
speed buses or telephone lines. These systems are
usually referred to as loosely coupled systems or
distributed systems.
Computer system may be separated
geographically but act as a single system.
Cont…
•There are varieties of reasons for building distributed
systems, the major ones being here:-
Resource sharing
Computation speedup
Reliability
Communication
Real time system
•Processing time is more important
•Interactive medical systems
•Time crtical industrial process
•Used to how much fast computer staion
process the data analysit and time in
most used.
Network operating System
A Network Operating System runs on a server
and provides the server the capability to manage
data, users, groups, security, applications, and
other networking functions.
The primary purpose of the network operating
system is to allow shared file and printer access
among multiple computers in a network,
typically a local area network (LAN), a private
network or to other networks.
Cont…
Examples of network operating systems
include Microsoft Windows Server
2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008,
UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell
NetWare, and BSD .
Operating system structure
Kernel is the core of operating
systems and it controls every
activities of the computer system.
Types of operating systems
Generally, there are four types, based on the type of
computer they control and the sort of applications they
support.(depending on their cabability of processing)
1. Single-user, single task
This type manages the computer so that one user
can effectively do one thing at a time.
Ex. PDA
2. Multi-user, multi-task
Allows two or more users to run programs at the
same time. Some operating systems permit hundreds or
even thousands of concurrent users.
Ex. Mainframe comp Linux and Unix.
Cont…
3. Real Time Operating Systems
• RTOS are used to control machinery, scientific instruments,
and industrial systems. There is typically very little
userinterface capability.
• Resources are managed so that a particular operation
executes precisely the same every time.
Ex. In clinic, machinery
4. Single-user, Multi-tasking
• This is the type of operating system most desktops and laptops
use today.
• Microsoft’sandApple’sWindowsareMacOSbothexamples of
operating systems that will let a single user have several
programs in operation at the same time.
Ex. Ms windows, Apple’s Mac O
