Introduction to Multiple Input,
Multiple Output Systems
Three basic link performance parameters completely describe the quality of any
wireless link: speed (or spectrum), range (or coverage), and reliability (or security).
MIMO offers greater spectral efficiency as
compared to SISO, SIMO, and MISO systems.
Higher data rates, greater range, increased
number of users, and enhanced reliability.
•It exploits the use of multiple signals (space
diversity) into the wireless medium and multiple
signals received from the wireless medium to
improve the wireless channel performance.
• It can provide a combination of a multi-antenna
system with a multicarrier system.
Spatial Diversity
• Presently, four different types of multi-antenna
systems can be categorized based on diversity (input
and output refer to the number of antennas):
(a) Single input, single output (SISO)—no diversity
(b) Single input, multiple outputs (SIMO)— receive
diversity
(c) Multiple inputs, single output (MISO)— transmit
diversity
(d) Multiple inputs, multiple outputs (MIMO)—transmit–
receive diversity
Example of SIMO
In a SIMO channel, the concept of MRC is offered as a way to exploit the receive
diversity. The error probability achieved by MRC is to be much smaller than that
corresponding to a SISO channel.
To perform MRC, the receiver has to know the fading, or, in other words, the
receiver has to have access to the CSI. This is usually done by sending some
known signal through the channel.
Comparison of Channel Capacities of
Various Multi-antenna Systems
• According to Shannon, the limit on the channel
capacity is given by (for SISO system)
• For SIMO system (M receiving antennas)
• For MISO system (N transmitting antennas)
• For MIMO system (N transmitting and M receiving
antennas)
Smart Antenna
• Smart antenna systems used with spatial diversity exploit the concept of
MIMO intelligently.
• A smart antenna can automatically change the directionality of its
radiation patterns in response to its signal environment.
• Terms that are commonly associated with various aspects of smart
antenna include phased array, space division multiple access (SDMA),
spatial processing, digital beamforming, coherent combining, and
adaptive antenna systems.
• Smart antenna systems fall into two main categories: (a) switched-beam
systems and (b) adaptive array systems. Both the systems direct a main
lobe (or radio beam) towards individual users and attempt to reject
interference or noise from the outside of that main lobe.
• In smart antennas, the data is transmitted over a vector channel.
• Normally, a smart antenna system performs better in LOS or close-to-
LOS systems.
Spatial Multiplexing in MIMO
The underlying mathematical nature of spatial multiplexed MIMO,
where data is transmitted over a matrix rather than a vector channel,
creates new and enormous opportunities beyond just the added
diversity or array gain benefits— the spectrum efficiency.
Spatially Multiplexed MIMO System
3 x 3 MIMO Channel Modeling
It is common to model a wireless channel
as a sum of two components—
an LOS component
an NLOS component.
The MIMO channel model is a matrix in
mathematical form. To analyse the
receptions through it, we have to use
eigenvectors and singular-value
decomposition techniques.
The Rician factor is the ratio between the power of the LOS
component and the mean power of the NLOS component.
In outdoor environment LOS dominates while in indoor
environment NLOS. H is the complex channel matrix.
Channel Estimation Techniques
• In the detection part, we have two options to inverse the distortion due to
channel. We can do channel estimation followed by channel inversion or two
separate tasks—or we can do channel equalization directly based on certain
criterion such as minimum mean square error (MMSE).
• Channel estimation is an autoregressive process that may be performed with a
number of iterations.
• An autoregressive model specifies that the output variable depends linearly on
its own previous values or some known values.
• Channel estimation is the estimation of the channel Impulse Response (CIR) at
the receiver.
• Three techniques of CE—
– CSI based ---pilot or training sequence based
– Blind--- statistical data or prior knowledge based
– Semi-blind
Channel Impulse Response Estimation
Basic
• In general, channel processes are wide-sense stationary.
• Conceptually, on a stationary wireless channel, if an impulse is
transmitted, then multiple delayed versions of impulses will be
received at the receiver at different instants of time.
• These impulses are non-correlated and with reducing amplitudes
with time. They are just like delayed samples, and hence, a
differential equation with coefficient values can be correlated with
this concept. FIR filter model is adopted.
• The impulse response he(n) is time varying and can be represented
as
• Next state estimation is based on
Comparison between CE
Techniques
