Jan A van der WesthuizenJan A van der Westhuizen Juta & Co, LidAcknowledgements ‘The authors and publishers wish fo thank the folowing persons and institutions for ther invaluable contsbution to the development of this publication and for permission to reproduce material: ‘+The United States Agency for International Development (USAID), for funding the project. This Materials Development Project formed part of the Tertiary Education Linkages Project (TELP) which focused on eapacity building at Historically Disadvantaged Techaikons through the establishment of linkages with universities in the United States of America * Contributors and moderators from the following South African institutions: Mangosuthu Technikon, ML Sultan Technikon, Peninsula Technikon, Technikon Eastern Cape, Technikon ‘Northern Gauteng, nd Technikon Southern Attica * Contributors and moderators from the United States University Consortium comprising Howard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Clark Atlanta University, North Carolina ‘Academic and Technical University. Special thanks goto Dennis Wright for allowing me to make ws of some of his drawings in this book and to Mr Brian Steward, Dean of the Fact of Enginering at Mangos ‘Teenikon, fr gving me the opportunity and time to wie this book. ‘Thisbook is doccatd to my wile, Louie, whom ike to thank for encouraging and ‘motivating me throughout. LA. van der Westizen ct pushed 200 Reet 2008 (© Juta & Co. 11d 2000 PO Box U3, Lanedowne 779) Iso @ 721 9129 ‘This on sept der the Bere Convio. ater of the Capri Ae. No 56 of 1978 sacar ha rd te af con ‘or mchonea, ining photoepVng. recording orb an nformaton sound terial Seton, ton permis on rng fo te Pie e 1: Andrea Nats tos: Malik Abardee, Denis Bagel nd Je vn Ryze, ook dilan: Deamon “Typecetng: Orchard Design Cover desea: Pumpaus Design Studio Printed and bound in South Ain by CTP Book Printers CapeNote tothe student ‘This book provides practical and up-to-date information on Drawing for Civil Engineering. Aimed at second year students, it covers the fundamentals of drawing, as well as draughting practice and conventions. Although Drawing II for Civil Engineering is designed for use by students, it will also be a useful reference source for educators, draughtspeople, practicing engineers, fabricators and contractors in the field of Civil Engineering. Designing and detailing complicated structures for specific contracts and research assignments is a complex task. This publication is unique in that it covers a wide range of topics - reinforced concrete, structural steelwork and surveying ~ in one book. It helps to explain the importance of the role of drawings within the Civil Engineering construction process as a whole, and explains why itis necessary to adopt standard methods of presentation for drawings. ‘The language used in the text is simple, conversational English, with technical terminology and difficult concepts explained throughout the book. Drawing H for Civil Engineering consists of three modules. Each module starts with a lst of study objectives or outcomes. These outcomes set out ‘what you should be able to do at the end of each module ‘The text is set out in such a way that you should be able to work through the book by yourself. New concepts are explained and reinforced by providing examples with solutions to work through. In addition, many figures are used throughout the text to aid understanding and clarify concepts. Because this is a problem-solving course, there are also many activities {or you to work through. These activities allow you to make sure that you ‘understand the work you have covered in a particular unit, ‘The summary at the end of each unit enables you to see at a glance what you should have learnt in that unit. The summary is followed by a section with self-evaluation questions to enable you to assess your understanding. of the concepts discussed in that unit. Answers to self-evaluation ‘questions appear at the end of each unit. Four icons have been used in Drawing If for Civil Engineering, and these are explained on the next page.Activity ‘This is an activity icon, When you see this icon you will know that it is time to do something! The activities are enjoyable, and they help ‘you to understand the subject and monitor your progress. Feel free {o do the activities with a fellow student or group of students. The solutions to some activities are given in the text, but for most of the ities you will need to ask your lecturer to check your work, {\N) This a terminology icon. Read the definitions of the terms, (it carefully because the details are important. ‘The take note icon appears alongside all the extremely important information. Self-evaluation This isa self-evaluation icon. The self-evaluation questions atthe end of each unit enable you to assess your understanding of concepts discussed in that unit.—— Contents Note to the student Introduction to Civil Engineering drawing MODULE 1 REINFORCED CONCRETE 1 Requirements for detailing reinforced concrete drawings 1 Module outcomes 5 ‘Terminology 4 Unit, Introduction and standard tables 8 JL Reinforced concrete 8 1.1.1 Simple theory 8 12 Detailing of reinforcement 10 > Beams 0 > Columss 10 > Stabs 10 > Straps or tins 10 13 General principles for drawing 12 1.4 Bar schedules (or bending schedules) 0 > Column 1 8 > Coluna2 8 > Cotuna 3 Py > Column 20 > Column 5 20 1.3 Types of drawings used for reinforced concrete 20 16 © Summary 2 Self-evaluation a Self-evaluation answers 2 Unit2 Foundations and columns Fy 2. Introduction to foundations m4 22 Types of bases a 224 Spread footings 4 22.2 Pile footings 423. Introduction to columns 26 24 Method of detailing columns 26 25 A closer look at footings and columns 28 28.1 Isolated footings 2B Example 2.1 29 Example 2.2 37 282 Combined footings 40 Activity 2.1 B Activity 2.2 “ 26 Summary 4s Self-evaluation ee Self-evaluation answers 46 Unit3 Beams and slabs 8 34 Introduction to beams 48 32 Detailing beams an | Example 3.1 38 > Bar Mark 02 a > Bar Mark 2 a Bar Mark 03 o > Bar Mark oF 6 > Bar Mark 05 “6 > Bar Mark 06 « > Bar Mark 7 Pa Bar Mark 8 66 > Bar Markos 66 > Bar Mark 10 66 > Bar Mark 11 sr > Bar Mar 12 o > Bar Mare 13, o33 Introduction to slabs » One-ray slabs Two-way slabs Detailing floor slabs Example 3.2 > Bor markt > Bar marko2 Example 3.3 markot mark 02 ‘A more practical approach Example 3.4 Bor mark OL > Bor mark 02 Bar mark03 > Lacing bars Example 3.5, Activity 3. Activity 3.2 Activity 33 Activity 3.4 Activity 35 Summary Self-evaluation Self-evaluation answers 2Ssse esse See 96MODULE 2 STRUCTURAL STEELWORK Unit 4a 42 43 44 4s 47 49 Unit 5 SA. 32 ‘Module outcomes ‘Terminology ‘Tables Introduction Standard steel tables Bolted connections ‘Backmark Dimensioning of holes ‘Symbols Holding down bolts Welded connections 48.1 Types of welds 482 Symbols for welds 483. Sizes of welds Activity 41 Activity 4.2 ‘Summary Self-evaluation Self-evaluation answers Base-to-column connections Bases Columns 82.1 Types of columns 522 The grid system 523 Column splices Activity 5.1 101 102 102 102 320 1 124 124 126 128 128 129 129 132 132 132 133, 133 134 134 136 136 139 139 daUnité 6A 62 63 Unit A 12 73 74 1s Unit 8 & Summary Selfeevaluation Self-evaluation answers Beam-to-column connections Beams Activity 6.1 64.1 Nothing of beams 64.2 Eccentric connections Beam-to-column connections Activity 6.2 Activity 6.3 Summary Self-evaluation Self-evaluation answers ‘Beam-to-beam connections Beams ‘Sequential system Splicing beams ‘Ways of connecting beams to beams Activity 7.1 Summary Self-evaluation Self-evaluation answers Roof structures Introduction to roofs Roof trusses Lattice girders 156 156 159 159 162 163 163 163, 164 164 164 imRE 86 Portal frames Roof systems 85.1 A typical truss and purlin system 852 Lattice girders 853. Portal frames Activity 81 Activity 82 Activity 83 Activity 84 Activity 85 Summary Self-evaluation Self-evaluation answers MODULE 3 SURVEYING unit9 on 92, 93 94 Module outcomes ‘Terminology Introduction to surveying (refer to Si notes) Introduction Grid lines (revision) Plotting spot heights (revis Contouring (revision) 9.41 Drawin contours 9.42 Contour values 943 Contour characteristics 944 Physical features 9.45 Conventional symbols 176 181 181 182 183 184 185 185 186, 187 188 189 191 191 192 194 195 196 196 197 199 200 20098 96 Unit 10 10.4 10.2 103 Step-by-step method of drawing grids and contours 203 9.1 Necessities on any plan 203 > 1Gedtoes, a > 261i values 23 > 3 North pint 20 Sale of lan 20 952 Orientation of the plot and plotting grid lines 203 > Method I: Co-ordinates centred gr ines parallel to the edges of the drawing sect 204 > Method 2: Co-ordinates contre, pid tines determined by dreton and distance 206 > Method 3; Accurate grid tnes onto a sect 200 983 Plotting sequence aut > 1 Plot co-ordinates of survey tations en 1» 2Pltspoc eights am 3 tncrpolatc and draw the contours 23 4 Plot Cadastral data as Example 9.1 213 Activity 9.1 25 Summary 27 Self-evaluation 27 Self-evaluation answers 217 Positioning of structures on a site plan 218 Introduction 218 Cat and fill 218 ‘The mass haul diagram (MHD) 219 10.3.1 General 291032 Preparation 10.3.3 Bulking and shrinkage > Bulking » Shrinkage 1034. Properties of the MHD 1035 Balancing procedure Example 10.1 Example 102 Example 103 Aciivity 10.1 Activity 10.2 104 Summary Self-evaluation Self-evaluation answers Appendix Extract from SABS 82-1997 Acknowledgements 220 220 x0 221 23 230 233 234 235 235, 235 236Introduction to Civil Engineering drawing In the Civil Engineering discipline, the designer of a structure must be able to communicate his or her design requirements to the contractor who will be building the structure. The most effective way to do this is for the designer to produce a set of drawings which clearly and unambiguously set out the structure and all the requirements for its successful completion, ‘The drawings must be clearly and neatly set out so that there can be no doubt as to what is required. Dimensioning of the structure is of the ‘utmost importance, and this must be done so that the contractor is in no doubt as to the location and shape of the structure. Errors in the drawings can lead to very costly remedial work on site which ‘might involve breaking down and rebuilding parts of the structure, ‘This book aims to enable effective commu ‘raughting, This is achieved by: ® introducing you to the art of producing Civil Engineering drawings in accordance with current practice and regulations, so that the drawings are legible and can be used by contractors and builders without having to refer back to you ‘* introducing you to the art of interpreting and understanding drawings of a Civil, Surveying and Architectural nature and to the terminology used in these fields * guiding you into developing your individual draughting skills/style to ‘obtain an optimum balance of presentation and speed, ion through the medium of Please note that the figures inthis book are generally not drawn to scale. In the few cases where a figure is drawn to scale, the scale used is provided with the drawing.| _ Reinforced concrete Module 1: Requirements for detailing reinforced concrete drawings The detailing of the reinforcing is done according to SABS codes 82 and 0144, | MODULE OUTCOMES El After studying this module, you should be able to use the different tables and shape codes to: '@ produce complete and neatly dimensioned concrete drawings of simple structures, such as: reinforced concrete bases reinforced concrete columns + reinforced concrete slabs ‘steinforced concrete beams reinforced concrete framed structures involving bases, columns, slabs and beams 1 produce the relevant reinforcing drawings for these structures and provide the bending schedules. Module 1 consists of units 1, 2 and 3.‘Kendal Power Station Turbine House and Auzlary Bay Photographer: J Jung ‘The photograph shows th construction of ho turbine house and auxiliary bay fr sie generating units at Kendal Power Staton. ‘Reproduced by kind permission of Muray & Roberts Gils Mason4 Module 1: Reinforced concrete ‘The words below are underlined the first time that they are used in the text. T Ageregate: Pieces of crushed stone or gravel used in making conerete. 2 Cement: A powdery substance made by calcining (reducing to calcium oxide by strong heat lime and clay. 3 Concrete: A composition of aggregate, cement and water used for building, 4 Concrete cover: A predetermined layer of concrete to protect the steel bars from moisture that wil rust the steel, and from the heat of any fire that could degrade the steel and lead to structural collapse (see Fig 4) ‘5 High yield steel (as shown in Fig 11): Deformed (rough texture to ensure a better grip) steel bars of strength 450 MPa EEE Fig 1.1. High itd ste! bar 6 Lap lengths: Whenever we combine two pieces of steel, we doit in such a way that it overlaps to bond with the concrete without ‘weakening the reinforcing at that point. The length to overlap we read rectly from Table 1.1. Depending on the nature of the stress, these Japs can either be in compression or tension, 7 Mild steel (as shown in Fig 12): Steel containing a small percentage of carbon. Itis strong and tough (strength 210 MPa), but not readily tempered (to use temperature to bring steel to a proper hardness). Fig 1.2 is soe bar 8 Reinforced concrete: Concrete with steel bars embedded to increase its tensile strength. 9) Reinforcement: The steel used to reinforce concrete. 10 Stirrups: Steel shaped like a stirrup to hold the longitudinal steel in place for columns and beams (see Fig 1.4 on page 9).Introduction to reinforced concrete 1 Forty-five degree (45°) dispersion angle: In footings, the load in the column is transferred into the base. This has the effect of punching a hole through the base. Failure due to this shear occurs approximately along 45° lines when footings are tested to destruction (sce Fig 1.3), piste ne ‘el recoreemant Fig t3z 2/3 /3 [8/8/8 18 3/8 /813|3 13! 2 Ei als]s|x/=/sl=]/=|s|=]8|3|=|=|/s[=|=]s 1 wa equ sememinng | sss |] ais Module 1: Reinforced concrete ge peg guy t z T sq pessans fm 2) so de] poe pug um 42 Fg, 6Introduction and standard tables (LD Reinforced concrete 1.1.1 Simple theory Do you know what reinforced concrete is? Let's start by explaining what concrete is. Concrete is a hard durable material made of graded aggregate, bound together with a paste cement and water. It is very strong in compression, but relatively weak in tension, ‘This means that when concrete is fully supported it can take heavy loads, Dut the moment it is allowed to bend under its own weight, it will break. By contrast, steel is very strong in tension. The solution is to combine the ‘wo to give a structure that is strong in both tension and compression. This is what is meant by reinforced conerete — a combination of concrete and steel. ‘Think about the relationship between your skeleton and your flesh. The bones inside your body are actually responsible for the shape of your body and your flesh covers the skeleton to provide a smooth protected appearance. In the same way, the steel functions as the ‘skeleton’ of a structure, while the conerete is the ‘flesh’ of a structure,Introduction and standard tables Reinforcement is needed to counteract, tensile failure. As a point of interest, reinforcement may also be needed for reasons other than strength. In the case of a beam, for example, the longitudinal steel bars forming the main reinforcement are placed in the bottom, and transverse steel bars, called stirrups, are placed vertically to counteract shearing forces. However, these stirrups (Links) would collapse when the concrete is placed unless they are made into a rigid ‘cage’. Adding hanger bars, which complete the cage and hold the stirrups during the concreting operation, achieves this. For more clarification on this concept, study Fig 1.4 below and Fig 3.5 on page 53. hangar bare as \ nel rain tensle steupe ‘entormant porerry Fig 1.4. Basic beam reorcement10 Module 1: Reinforced concrete (1.2) Detailing of reinforcement Detailing involves schematically describing the way in which you are going to place the steel. The purpose of detailing reinforced concrete is to ‘convey to the contractor the information needed to get each and every steel bar fixed in its correct position. To draw every bar would produce a very complicated drawing that would be dificult to read. (This statement will become clear when we deal with reinforcement in the units to follow.) ‘To standardise detailing, the following rules apply: > Beams Al main bars should be drawn in full in elevation and shown in cross-section. > Columns ‘Only one bar of each type needs to be shown in full elevation, but all bars should be shown in cross-section. > Slabs Only one bar of each type should be shown in full in plan, but all should be shown in cross-section. ‘The exception for slabs is where bars are staggered or alternate bars are reversed. In these cases, a pair of bars should be drawn in ful. > Stirrups oF links, Only one stirrup or set of stirrups in a beam and only one link or set of links in a column needs to be shown in full. (This will become clear in the units to follow.) Reinforcing bars are shown as single lines, 0,7 mm thick. Bars are described in a standard way using recognised abbreviations in the following sequence: © number of bars required © type of steel * size of bar * identification marl number «© spacing — centre to centre * location © comment, if any. ‘We abbreviate the following as such:Unit 1: Introduction and standard tables | 11 For type of steel: © Remild steel © Y—high yield steel For location: * T-top * B—bottom © EW-each way * ABR ~ alternate bars reversed (every second bar's bent end shows in the opposite direction to the other bar) | * STGD ~ staggered (two bars offset by distance d) ALT ~alternate different bars TOG ~ together. Examples of the use of some symbols are given in Fig 1.5 wes fol | = OF |12 | Module 1: Reinforced concrete ‘Asan example, ifa bar description reads 24 Y20-03-200B ABR, this ‘means 24 high yield bars, 20 mm in diameter, mark 03 at 200 mm centre to centre in the bottom of the slab with alternate bars reversed (see Fig 1.5). ‘When spacing reinforcement, you allow the builder space to insert his poker (vibrator) to compact the conerete without touching the reinforcement. This is why we space the top bars in a beam as in a, as Fig 1.6 shows. Unit 2 (see Example 2.1 on page 29) deals with this in more detail. Fig 1.6 Spacing of onforcoment ‘To be able to use the specifications, you should study the extract from the South African Bureau of Standards SABS 82-1997 that can be found in the Appendix. We have only included an extract from SABS 82-1997 in the ‘Appendix. You need to aquire and study the whole document. (1.3) General principles for drawing Let's start talking about reinforced concrete structures by saying something about the sequence and manufacture of reinforced concrete structures. Such structures should start off with a base or foundation. We are only going to consider cast in situ concrete resting on simple spread foundations. ‘Spread foundations may take the form of isolated bases (each base supporting one column) or strip foundations (each strip supporting a wall). These foundations are usually reinforced with steel bars to spread the concentrated load of the column or wall over a larger area of soil. The structural engineer determines the size of these foundations.Unit 1 Introduction and standard tables Remember that concrete {snot as strong in teneion 1s in compression Unless we reinforce bases, they are likely to fail in shear or bending. Fig 1.7 illustrates the nature of the failure that is likely to occur. cag Bendieg stoaing Fig 17 Faiure mades of «concrete pad faundaton ‘The solution is to place the reinforcing steel where it will compensate for the low tensile strength of the concrete. (In the case of Fig 1.8, the steel is placed at the bottom of the base.) Note that we have two layers of steel at the bottom of the base. The layer nearest the bottom of the base (B1) and the layer on top of this layer perpendicular to the B1 direction (B2) ties, down onto the first layer. ‘noc eo Fig 1.8 Reinforcement of concrete base 1314 | Module 1: Reinforced concrete We can cast the foundation in a hole in the ground where it will bear directly on the soil. However, this creates the problem of trying to keep, the area clean while the reinforcing stee! is being placed and the formwork fixed in position. To overcome this, a layer of blinding concrete (see Fig 1.8 on page 13), about 50 to 75 mm thick, is usually laid below the designed bottom of the foundation. In addition, you have to protect the reinforcing steel against dampness from the soil by a minimum thickness of concrete, known as the concrete caver. We accomplish this by the use ‘of spacers or chairs, which support the steel at the required distance above the blinding concrete. Next, the columns are built on top ofthe bases. These will be reinforced to ‘counteract bending, shearing and direct compression failures. See Fig 1.9. HH Banting DStening ec Drectoonpresson Fig 1.9. Falure modes ofa concrete column A typical column will have at least four longitudinal bars and a series of transverse bars, known as links. As illustrated in Fig 1.10, these links will compensate for the weakness of the concrete.Unit 1: Introduction and standard tables longi sentereamont Fig 1.10. Reitorcament of conerete cola ‘The obvious question is: how do we combine the column with the base ‘without causing 2 weakness in the structure? Its important to tie the column to the base with reinforcement. Consequently, starter bars are cast into the base. These project far enough above the surface for the longitudinal column bars to be fixed to them by a process known as lapping. The definition sketches, Fig 11a and Fig 1.11b on page 16, should answer any questions ‘that you might have. Note thatthe starter bars are bent through 90°, so that, they can tie onto at least two bars of the foundation reinforcement, thus ensuring continuity from the base through to the column. 1816 Module Reinforced concrete EET]] enone 'splenan a beter ‘neti of oun wit base blcomevie daning of bas aging Fig 111 To form the column, we use formwork (shuttering). This formwork stands on the base, In order to locate the lower end of the formwork, itis usual to construct a very short length of column (about 75 mm), known as a kicker (see Fig 1.11b). The column is then concreted up to the underside of the first intersecting beam or floor slab. It is impossible to cast all the concrete in one day and, therefore, itis necessary to have joints to determine where each cast should start and where it should stop. The joints between the different days’ pour of ‘concrete, are known as construction joints (CJ), There are standard places ‘where these should occur, s0 as not to weaken the structure or make it difficult to build. The detailer should be aware of these positions, which are shown in Fig 1.12.n and standard tables 3 3 Ll. ai H i cu a os Fig 1.12. Siting of construct joints (C)) ‘The column bars have to be long enough to extend sufficiently far above the top of the column to allow for the depth of the beam and floor slab, the kicker for the next column, and the necessary lap. The beam and floor slab can often be cast in a single operation, but it is usual to east larger beams up to the underside of the floor slab first, and then to cast the floor slab on another day, 4 Bar schedules (or bending schedules) ‘Avery important aspect that you need to take into account, is the order in which the bars are fixed. The bars are numbered accordingly on the drawings and schedules. ‘Table 1.2 on page 19 is a standard bar schedule or bending schedule which ‘we use to list the required bars for the reinforcement of conerete, using the standard shape codes as listed in the Appendix. A separate schedule is required and prepared for each structural element (member), corresponding to the detail drawings. filled-n bar and bending schedule is shown on page 36 in Example 2.1 (Unit2). Bars required for mult- storey work are scheduled floor by floor. Schedules are prepared by the ‘elailer and used by the builder, the reinforcement supplier, the steelfixer, the clerk of works and the quantity surveyor. Itis therefore essential that 1718 ‘each schedule should be a document complete within itself,We use the term ‘bar schedule’ hecause the fabricator will probably prepare separate 1g and bending lists for his purpose. While the bar schedule is prepared in the sequence of the structural elements (from foundations to roof), the cutting and bending lists are usually sorted into the type and size of the bar. ‘The schedule is completed as follows: > Column 1 “Memier’ means the structural element for whieh the bars are scheduled (lor example, base, column, etc.) It is customary to start with the foundations and progress through the building in the order that is likely to be constructed ‘Number of members’ means the number of similar elements that make up the structure, > Columa 2 ‘Reinforcement’ means the physical dimensions that the fabricator needs to know in order to cut the required reinforcing steel “Number of bars in each’ means the number of similar bars ofthis mark in the member. “Total number’ means the product of the number of members and the number in each, “Size’ refers first to the type of steel: * R=Plain round mild steel bars of strength 250 MPa © Y= High yield deformed stcel bars of strength 450 MPa © Z= Types of steel not covered by R or Y ‘and to the bar diameter in millimetres. Bar ‘mark’ means the serial number allocated to the bar on the detail ‘drawing, It is customary to list bars in mark order, whieh is the order in ‘which they will be assembled in the formwork. ‘The ‘length’ of each bar in mm can be calculated only when the ‘Bending. dimensions’ have been completed. The length of each bar is specified to the nearest 50 mm multiple.19 Unit 1: Introduction and standard tables 09 | Vala 70, at {yea] a to |g | y octal ator] ven | as ow 2s ven] LEC | HOSLSUT HOUR UE aa omporsieg 1 aNgeL20 > Columa3 “Bending dimensions’ (see Appendix, page 236 to 244) provide these dimensions. Against each shape code there is a picture of the bent bar, ‘with the erucial dimensions lettered A, B, C, D and F as required. Ris the radius around which the bars of special shapes are bent. > Column 4 “Mass’ means the total mass of the member for truck loading purposes. Use Table 1.3 below to find the mass/metre. > Columns “Fixing and non-standard bending details’ refer to shape code 99, w should be shown and dimensioned if a standard shape does not exist. Examples 2.1 and 2.2 on pages 29 and 37 show bending schedules. Table 1.9 Standard dimension for rund [Gianeieriom[ s T 3 [a0 uu fis [a | ass then) [0222 | 0,395 [sir | oxee | izi | 188 | 200 | 247 | 200 | 355 [oiameterinm)| 25 [a7 [ao |e [os | | os | so [ss | oo mas hom) [385 | 449 | S55 | Gal | 788 | 9A6 | 125 | isa | 187 | 222 Diarwter(amd| 65 | 70 | 5 | go [aa | a [oo | os Toon | os mass ign) [250 | a2 | 347 | 385 | WS | HS | a8 | 556 | 517 | 653 pianetartom)| 10s | 15 | 20 | age [ise | igo [as | iso | a60 | ts assim) [719] @L5 | #87 | 10 [I | ial | 130 | 199 | 158 | toe ‘Standatd lengths: 6 mo 13 min mincements Types of drawings used for reinforced concrete Now that we have discussed the requirements of detailing a reinforced concrete drawing, we can draw the reinforced concrete structure, Detailing reinforced concrete structures requires the production of two sets of drawings, that is, the concrete drawings and the drawings.Unit 1: Introduction and standard tables. | 21 ‘The structure is dimensioned on the concrete drawings and no reinforcing is shown. The detailing of the reinforcing is done on the reinforcing 3 states Fig 290 Patt ere ring ‘anrement Sa inne a testa onl MA ca cr i jHidesign eros — = ‘tse yee a a =a = a aca tmscheccamen — bese] [Gesgnrenteremen) Fig 2.90 Pant reinforcing awingUnit 2: Foundations and columns Banden Bondlength = a Fig2.10 ty [AQ Aetviy 2.1 (Answers not included) The structure of a new building has 20 similar reinforced concrete ‘columns and bases. ‘The size of a typical base is 1 900 x 1 900 x 450 mm thick, and the size of typical column is 300 x 3003 000 mn long. ‘The column is centrally positioned on the base. Blinding concrete 75 mm thick is specified below each base because of the wet conditions. Reinforcing in the base consists of Y12 bars at 125 centres to centres. ‘These bars have a right angle bend at each end and the concrete cover to these bars is 75 mm. ‘There are 4 x ¥16 column starters and 4 x ¥16 bars in each column. The links are R10 bars at 200 mm centres. The concrete cover (to the links) is 40 mm. Use a 75 mm kicker. Use Table 1.1 to determine the bond and lap Tengths. ‘Note that in our examples we did not make use of a kicker. However, in this activity your bond length will include the kicker. ‘The concrete cube strength is 30 MPa. Use a scale of 1:20 Prepare for a typical column and base: 1 fully dimensioned conerete drawings 2 separate, fully detailed, reinforcing drawings 3 a bending schedule for the total sel to be ordered forall the columns ‘and bases on the job. 4344 | Module 1: Reinforced concrete The solutions to this activity are not provided. Ask your lecturer to check. your drawings and schedule. AI Activity 2.2 Lay (Answers not included) 1 Prepare a fully dimensioned concrete working drawing for a forced conerete column and base to the following specification: ‘© Blinding concrete layer is 75 mm thick Base size: 1 800 x 2.000 x 500 deep © Column size: 300 x 500 x 3 000 long ‘The column is centrally positioned on the base and the longer side ‘of the column is parallel to the longer side of the base. Use a 50mm kicker. 2 Prepare a fully described reinforcing drawing for the above column and base, showing all the steel reinforcing to the following specification: * Base steel: Secondary steel Y10 at 150 cle Main steel Y12 at 200 ce ‘These bars all have right angle bends at each end as Fig 2.11 shows: Ud Fig2nt © Column starter :6x 16 * Columnsteel 6x Y16 ‘Links (stirrups) : RS at 200 cfc, Provide RS clips as well. * Concrete cover : Base 75mm Column 40 mm 3 Prepare a bending schedule for five columns and five bases, Note: Concrete cube strength is 30 MPa, All dimensions are in mm. Use a scale of 1:20, ‘The solutions to this activity are not provided. Ask your lecturer to ‘check your drawings and schedule,Unit 2: Foundations and columns | 46 — @.6) Summary 1 There are different rypes of bases and each one has a different use, but bases in general have only one use, and that sto support the total load right from the top ofthe roof through the slabs and beams through the columns onto the base, not forgetting the ground pressure underneath the base 2 There are two types of bases, namely, spread and pile footings (another word for bases or foundations). Furthermore, we classify these types of bases into sub-groups such as isolated and combined footings. An isolated footing supports a single column, while a combined footing supports more than one column, 3 Columns may be square, rectangular, circular or any shape in eross- section, and are designed to resist the axial load andfor bending ‘moment. The reinforcement consists mainly of four to.a maximum of eight bars running longitudinally inthe column, which is supported by links to give it a‘eage" form. 4 Now that you have studied this unit, you should know how to use ‘main and secondary steel as well as tension and compression steel. This is very important, because it will determine the diferent bond and lap lengths WM Self-evaluation 1. What is the function of: fa footings columns? 2. When considering a foundation and the ground pressure which it experiences, where would you provide tension stee!? 3. What type of steel would normally be provided in a column? 4 Name the types of footings that are generally in use. 5 What do you understand by: a akicker D astarter bar Tinks?46 | Module 1: Reinforced concrete SELF-EVALUATION ANSWERS 1 a Footings have to carry the vertical load that is generally being transmited through a colunn onto a base +b Colunns have 1o carry the load from the roof, through the slabs and beams as well asthe loads of the columns above the footing. 2 You would provide tension see at the bottom ofa base. 3 Compression ste! would normally be provided in a column. 4 Main types of footings: spread; pile Other types of footing: isolated; combined; wall raiscantlever 5 a order locate the lower end ofthe formwork, itis usual to construct a very shor length of column (about 75 min), Rnown asa kicker (see Fig L116 on page 16) Since itis necessary ote the column 10 the Base with reinforcement, starter bars should projet far enough above te surface forthe longitudinal column bars to be fed to them by a process known as lapping (see Pg 1.10.0 page 15) Links area series of transverse bars which compensate for the weakness “of te concrete (sce Fig 10 on page 15).Beams and slabs Fig 3.1. Boam and slab constrction @.D Introduction to beams In unit 1 beams were mentioned briefly to show how they appear in the sequence of a building structure, but now (and later in Module 2) let’ 00k at beams more closely, ‘Beams are structural elements, designed to carry external loads. Beams experience bending moments, shear forces, and sometimes torsional ‘moments along their length. These were all discussed in Theory of Structures, Beams can be simply supported, as Fig 3.2 shows, fixed or continuous.Unit Beams and slabs | 49 tL _4 terion baton) Seton ok ~~: aA Miu boning mamert ‘Simply supported beam: Plan vew, secon and herding moment agram Fig 3.20Front osaton vores om | [Be ngs teraeroas) 9 Secton ew ‘Simply suppeted rectangular beam: Front elevation, eetion view and isomeric view Fig 3.20 | The structural engineer will consider bending, tension, shear and torsion, and will check whether the beam is able to transmit forces, especially where steel needs to be lapped, without causing internal eracking. | Todipisfabemsi melcitigus tiederme tome beams are carried over a series of supports, they are called continuous beams, as is shown in Fig3:3. 0) = — SS So = aN as wma) oo, tetranene cern og ay eee tines | it t Fig 3.3. Continuous beamBeams and slabs Let's explain the bending moment of a continuous beam, Assimple beam bends under a load, and a maximum positive bending ‘moment exists at the centre of the beam (see Fig 3.2b). Tension therefore ‘occurs in the bottom of a beam. In continuous beams, the sag at the centre of the beam is coupled with the hog at the internal support, resulting in a negative bending moment at the support. Where a positive moment changes to a negative moment, a point of contraflexure or inflection occurs at which the bending moment is zero. {This should sound familiar because you have calculated ‘he point of contraflexure in Theory of Structures [ @.2 Detailing beams A simple type of beam is usually rectangular in cross-section. Its a good idea to make the beams’ width the same as the ‘width of the columns that support them, The depth of beams usually includes the Nloor slab. ‘The most simple beam has tensile reinforcement — due to the nature ofits bending ~in the bottom, and link or stirrup reinforcement to resist shearing forces across the depth of the beam, as is shown in Fig 3.4a(ti). 5: 152 | Module 1: Reinforced concrete Links in beams iz UN DETARS EAR FORMATION = rH unk Links in rectangular beams Links in L-Beams Lun eT Dow lor NOS OF ANOS sas, Seiboncere SEEERERP Ly SiAe. REINFORCEMENT neinfontenen Fig 3.4. Links and bent bars ‘Two smaller diameter bars are provided in the top of a beam, even if they are not required for strength. If you study a stirup or link (shape code 72), you need at least two bars to ‘hang’ the stirrups onto. Termed ‘hanger bars’ these are referred to as nominal reinforcement, and they enable the formation of a rigid cage, which placed. not collapse when the concrete is In most cases, beams extend over several spans and, as previously mentioned, we term these continuous beams. We have also mentioned that in such beams, in addition to the bottom areas between supports, the Links in T-Beams Double system of links | tensile zone also occurs atthe top over the internal supports. See Fig 3.53: Beams and slabs | 83 Aconinosbam bans downer bara Senter porn ech gta Seciooes ‘Been pets ton eenieife ccrciown sa soda Tp ae eauag inne the uence i ‘Seer npr Aighengl bond sues ‘Botom ir re heaviest n in pace oa hoor wee ‘hacaneprten oh span, ae sufi: space cigar tough he {ort teeonrete olan, wre some baton Teneo ores can cour cing sirng winds or ernqetas Fig 3.5 enforcing fora coninuous beam Fig 3.5 shows reinforcing for a concrete beam that is continuous across several spans. The upper diagram shows in exaggerated form the shape taken by a continuous beam under a uniform loading; the broken line is the centre line of the beam. The lower diagram shows the arrangement of bottom steel, top steel, and stirrups conventionally used in this beam. The bottom bars are usually placed at the same level, but they are shown on. two levels in Fig 3.5 to demonstrate the way in which some of the bottom steel is discontinued in the zones near the columns, Beams are detailed in elevation, with sufficient cross-sections to illustrate the positions ofall the longitudinal bars and the shape of the stirrups or links, All descriptions of bars are given on the elevation and only the bar ‘marks are repeated in the cross-section,Fig 3.6 Typical floor and beam doaUnit 3: Beams and slabs] 5B Fig 3.6 shows a detail of a typical beam that is continuous over two bays, ‘You will see that no attempt is made to draw the elevation to scale, becauise this would produce a long thin elevation, Therefore, we exaggerate the depth enough to make the detail clear, without making i look ridiculous. For the same reason, the eross-sections are also drawn toa larger scale. Although there are several bars in the top and the bottom of a beam, only ‘one line is drawa to represent them. Ifa bar does not run the full length, ticks indicate its extremities, with the bar mark written alongside. This tick does not mean that the bar is bent, Fig 3.7 shows this: ee ——— Figa7 Let's consider the supports of a beam. Over the support there are two layers of bars in the top of a beam, to cater for the high tensile forces in that area. The reason for this is also to leave a gap in the middle of the ‘beam to insert a poker vibrator to compact the concrete, The bats, ‘are marked 7, may be in contact with the bars marked 6 in this ease as a vertical pair. A vertical gap has to be maintained between two sets of bars, so spacer bars are used, as shown in Fig 3.8 on page 56. These spacer bars must be scheduled.66 | Module 1: Reinforced concrete snp pais }—~ sonal aca bre FS seus pais Fig 3.8 Provision of spacer bars ‘Another ease to consider is where there are many bars in a beam. The problem is that one stirrup may not be enough, and therefore multiple stirrups should be fixed in sets. Fig 3.9 illustrates how stirrups are commonly arranged in beams.Unit 3: Beams and slabs | 57 a) on Se Hl (AP ‘code 60 a shape — Soles Shape cove 60 apap deco Fig 3.9 Some arrangement of stirups in boems Forms (a) and (b) show normal closed stirrups, (b) being used if the top of ‘the beam is in compression, to provide lateral restraint to all the top bats. Form (c) shows open stirrups, since the floor slab reinforcement will provide the closing steel. Form (d) is a wide beam in which sufficient stirrups are used to ensure the rigidity of the cage. Form (e) is a deep ‘beam where nominal face reinforcement of the sides of the beam stiffens the stirrups when the concrete is placed, and prevents eracking of the beam sides. We describe stirrups in full in the elevation, and the section shows the shape of the stirrups. The shape and size of the stirrups may be the same, bbut their spacing may vary to suit the change in magnitude of the shearing forees along the beam. These are greater nearer the supports, so the stirrups are close together there. The system of notation shown in Fig 3.8 is recommended. ‘Sometimes stirrups alone cannot counteract the shearing forces in the ‘beam. In such cases bent-up bars are used, as shown in Fig 3.10.58 | Module 1: Reinforced concrete erty bars to eb sensin ting ‘Sapa ‘heap free hanged step reo — strapedosst inte snp at maemum ‘epsmerse Fonfrcomert_pemsable paring ‘fearng fe Fig 3.10 Use of bentup bars to counteract heavy shearing forces Instead of terminating bars no longer required for tensile purposes, they ‘can be bent up (or down) through an angle of 45°, so that they pass through the area where the shearing forces are their greatest and so help to resist them. (The shearing forces are at their greatest where there's a ‘change from tension to compression.) EXAMPLE 3.1 Fig 3.11 shows a reinforced concrete floor layout for a double-storey building. You are required to detail and schedule: 1 the 230 x 450 simply-supported beam on grid line A. 2 the 230x550 continuous beam on grid line 1. Fig 3.12 shows the reinforcement as designed by the engineer. ‘The general notes are as follows: © Concrete strength 25 MPa © Cover: Slab = 20mm Beams = 30 mm59 5 & Fig 3.120 X 50 LC. BEAM ON GAD LINE + 5 ee te El avis 202 [wean Pale {> =H A —a mews “| £20 450 RC. BEAM ON GRIOUNEA Fig 2.12 Beam ranfrcoment 60 | Module 1: Reinforced concrete 3 © 6000 000 i iUnit 3: Beams and slabs | 61 , i =i] alae sage fl = [}: TE ate Set al (See Fig 3.13) Part 1 > Bar mark o1 To determine the extent of this bar we look at Fig 3.14, the bending ‘moment diagram,62 | Module Reinforced concrete fos) a ax) ist os. — paar! oe slr apg ment irda oor you ove = seis Spore tn ce ae i bcee {Etter then au do doar a and Se vou Fig 3.14 Length of bar mark 01 = 4 800-2(0,08 L) = 4 800~2(0,08 x4 800) 4032 4.050 (Round up to next 50. Note that you cannot make the bar shorter. This would result, in decreasing the length of the bar in the tension zone.) Note: You have to give the steelfixer a dimension to position the bar relative to the face of the column, hence the dimension 265". The dimension 265° we obtain as follows: 0,08 L - “(column width) 1,08 x 4 800) - +(230) = 269 (tis easior forthe steelfixer to measure in multiples of 5, therefore we round the 269 down to 265. If we rounded up, we would be shortening the bar!) > Bar mark 02 We use shape code 34. We calculate the A dimension as follows: A= tension lap +265 + column width ~ beam cover, ‘To determine the tension lap, we use Table 1.1 (Table D.1 SABS 0144: 1995).Unit 3: Beams and slabs Notice that Table 1.1 makes no provision for 25 MPa conerete, so we will interpolate between 20 MPa and 30 MPa, Tension lap for 20 MPa concrete, bar diameter 16 = 880 Tension lap for 30 MPa concrete, bar diameter 16 = 690 We take the average of 880 and 690 to give us 785. ‘Therefore, A Length of bar 1250+ 150 1400 (which is a multiple of 50) > Bar mark 03, ‘You might wonder why we lap the stec! in the compression area since itis not really design stee!? Have you wondered what would happen if the beam were east slightly longer than its design length? In this case, our top steel (if we had taken it from cover to cover, that is, without a compression lap in the centre of the beam) would result in a reduction in the concrete cover! This is obviously dangerous 9 0 | a [| re wT] Lens zve_| 10.0 290% 220450 RC, BEAMUON GRID UNEA Figa1s Length of bar mark 03 = A +n (shape code 34) ‘A=4(span) + ‘(column width) — beam cover + (compression lap) (4800) + 4(230) ~30 + (475) (Remember to use Table 1.1 to interpolate the compression lap for a 616 bar using a 25 MPa concrete.) =2725 6364 | Module 1: Reinforced concrete 730 Round to a multiple of 10, therefore, A Asn =2730+150 2880 ‘Therefore, we use a length of 2900 (the extra 20 mm will be taken up by the bend, that is, the ‘n’ dimension). ‘We normally position our stirrups 50 mm away from the face of the column. Remember that we try to stay clear of the column steel. > Barmark 04 ‘To calculate the number of stirrups required, we need to determine the distance from the centre line of the first stirrup to the centre line of the last stirrup. We then divide this distance by 250 to give us the number of spaces. Finally we add one bar to the number of spaces to give us the number of stirrups. Distance from € of fist stirrup to ¢ of last stirrup “4800 column width ~ 100 ~10( bar diameter) No.ofsirrups = M8 41 = 1884 (Therefore, we use 19 stirrups.) Soe it you ean caleulate the cutting length ofthe sirup. Part 2 ‘Since we are continuing on the same bending schedule, we cannot start detailing the continuous beam by naming the first bar we call up as bar mark 01. However, the mark of the first bar that we call up will continue from the mark of the last bar from part (1) of this example (that is, the simply supported beam), ‘Therefore, our first bar that we call up on the continuous beam will be bar mark 05. Before we start detailing and scheduling our continuous beam, let's ook at the bending moment diagram on page 65.Unit 3: Beams and slabs anise fose[oss| sansa pe sae ‘mata Ay ota ae ats es Sur » GAS) As) ‘otom seal F918 ‘The factors 0,08 L, 0,15 L and 0,25 L are used to determine the extents of the main steel in the tension zones. Note: 0,15 L is used to determine the extent of the bottom steel at the internal supports 025 Lis used to determine the extent of the top steel over the supports 0,08 Lis used to determine the extent of the bottom steel at the end supports You will see how we arrive at ‘these Factors when you do Design at $3 and 54 levels Let's see how we use these factors to determine the lengths of our steel: > Bar mark 05 Cutting Tength = 6 000 ~ (0,08 x 6 000) ~ (0,15 x 6 000) = 4.620 (remember to round up to a multiple of 50) ‘Therefore, cutting length = 4 650Module 1: Reinforced concrete Note that we must also dimension the extent of the bar by referencing the bar from the face of the columns — hence the dimensions 365 and 785. > Bar mark 06 We use shape code 34 ‘A= column width — beam cover + 365 + tension lap = 230-30 +365 + 980 (Were you able to interpolate the tension lap from your lap length table?) = 1 545 (We round all bending dimensions to a multiple of 10.) ‘Therefore, A= 1550 Aen 550+ 170 70 ‘Therefore, we use a cutting length of 1 750. (The extra 30 mm will be taken up by the right-angled bend.) (000 (0,15 3 000) - (0,08 x 3.000) 310 ‘Therefore, cutting length =2 350 ‘Remember to reference the extent of the bar hence the dimensions 335 and 125. > Bar mark 08, We use shape code 34 A sion lap + 125 + 230-30 90 + 325, 15 (make A = 920) Cutting length = A +n = 920+ 130 = 1050 > Bar mark 09 Cutting length = 2 (tension lap) +785 +230 +335, =2530 ‘Therefore we use a cutting length of 2550 > Bar mark 10 Cutting length = (0.25 x 6 000) + (0.25 x3.000) =2250Beams and slabs | 67 > Bar mark 11 ‘We use shape code 34 3.000-+ (col width) ~ beam cover ~ (025 x3 000) + tension lap 120 Cutting length = A +n 3120+ 150 =3270 ‘Therefore, we use 3 300 as our cutting length, > Bar mark 12 Note that the designer decides whether this bar is required or not. Ifthe aris required, the A. dimension governed by the design f will Become. caiterla as Clear in Design at given on the drawing, ‘Therefore, before we can calculate the A dimension we first caleulate: O41 L = 0,1 x6 000 = We therefore use the greater value, which is 900. Therefore, A = 900 + column width ~ beam cover 1100 ‘You should be able to calculate the cutting length on your own. > Bar mark 13, ‘Are you ready for a challenge? See if you can calculate the length of the bar! Complete the example by doing the following: Draw a section taken through the beam. Remember to indicate on the elevation where your section is taken. Insert all bar marks on your section. b Complete the bending schedule by completing the column for mass.Module 1: Reinforced concrete 68 ua | ET Te ra | OT oth =| [Cone ah nn a | sth ware oc| [see ak | -oee7, Zk z ve] Poco zk z wea | [rose Ik Z| won e_| er Ok Z_ oscars TET 0c | ose sak ureg 4 me [wer Tae Tare Poe ZI ua wee Z| Fe] oor ata [ar cose aor Poser ae | Pos was |e] weg 9 ae a aa uns] o | o |e | v foie ven | ag [1] ex-o| ‘sas eH pap Hapang ape pe So] [L oS TaN Ta ‘ainpayos SuipuagUnit 3: Beams and slabs | 69 3) Introduction to slabs ‘Slabs are divided into suspended slabs and supported slabs. Suspended slabs may be divided into two groups: © slabs supported on edges of beams and walls * slabs supported directly on columns without beams (which are known as lat slabs), ig 3.17 Typical tat sab Supported slabs may be: > One-way slabs ‘These are slabs supported on two sides and with main reinforcement in ‘one direction only. Fig 3.19 shows that the main reinforcement is provided along the shorter span. In order to distribute the load, distribution steel is necessary, and it is placed on the longer side. For clarification, see Fig 3.18 ‘on page 70.70 Fig3.19. Sab reinforcement > Two-way slabs ‘These are slabs supported on four sides and reinforced in two directions. ‘The principal values of the bending moments determine the size and number of reinforcement bars in each direction. A typical layout for a ‘two-way simply supported slab is shown in Fig 3.20,BAR oETALS BAR _DETALS ed PLAN 2er12-150 SECTION 1-1 A 16712-200 BRICKWALL COVER MIN BARSIZE SECTION 2-2 Fig 3.20 Two-way sab: simpy supported two-way slab72 | Module 1: Reinforced concrete G.4 Detailing floor slabs Floor slabs are designed differently from beams. The simplest floor slab spans in one direction, and is supported by beams or walls along opposite sides. Alternatively, floor slabs can be made to span in two directions at right angles, supported by beams on all four sides. As mentioned previously, there is also a type of floor that has no beams, but acts as a plate that is supported on columns alone, Only in very small structures, such as garages, are slabs simply supported, by just resting on their supports. In most constructions the floor is rigidly held at the sides or is extended over several supports and continuous ‘beams, Similar to a beam, the tensile zone is at the bottom of the slab in te middle of the span, and at the top over the supports. Floor slabs are detailed in plan with sufficient sections to show the positioning of all reinforcement. Descriptions of bars are given in full on the plan view and only the bar marks are repeated in the Sections, IE possible, dimensions to show the positions of the ends of bars are given in the section, rather than on the plan. ‘Sets of similar bars should be indicated by one bar drawn in full and short lines to mark the extreme bars, with a dimension line across the set of bars carrying their description. Where bars are staggered or alternate bars are reversed, its usual to show a pair of staggered or alternate bars in full on | the plan. No attempt should be made to indicate the bent shape of the bars on the plan. This can be done in the sections. In thin slabs care must be taken to | ensure that standard hooks and bends can be accommodated without reducing the cover. Secondary or distribution steel is always provided in slabs. This spreads any point load sideways over the primary reinforcement to form a rigid ‘mat, which prevents bars from being displaced by the wet concrete. ‘The lower layer of reinforcement is supported on spacers of thickness appropriate to the cover required, but the upper layer requires chairs to support it. Chairs may be formed out of reinforcement (using code 99) to support the upper layer. Code 99 requires a dimensional sketch to be drawn over columns A to E of the bending schedule, Careful consideration must be given to the chairs (Table 3.1), as they frequently carry not only the weight of the upper steel, but also the weight of men and equipment. Where slabs are extensive, timber screeds are sometimes fixed to the top steel to determine the top level of the concrete.Table 3.1 Typical chairs Unit 3: Beams and slabs BAR SUPPORT ILLUSTRATION ‘BAR SUPPORT LLUSTRATION PLASTIC CAPPED OR DIPPED ‘suPRORT ‘Si Soler Sab Beier Beam Soar eam Balter ‘Unper Indl Bar ‘Snir salt Chair Init in Ce igh chalor oa Desk ‘contnaus Hips Chale Continue ‘igh Ghar Upper Continuous Hr orator Wes ase ‘Une 7S74 | Module Reinforced concrete Beam reinforcement is shown in broken lines in the section to ensure that consideration is given to its position relative to the slab steel. The upper reinforcement in the slab usually passes over the beam steel, and in so doing may reduce the concrete cover, unless the beam steel is kept low ‘enough, Ii the slab is heavily reinforced, leading to a complicated drawing, the upper and lower layers may be shown on separate plan views. Refer to Fig 321 for more on reinforcing for a one-way concrete slab. The reinforcing is similar to that for a continuous beam, except that stirrups are not usually required in the slab, and shrinkage-temperature bars must bbe added in the perpendicular direction. The slab does not sit on the ‘beams, rather, conerete around the top of a beam is part of both the beam and the slab. A conerete beam in this situation is considered to be a T- shaped member, with a portion of the slab acting together with the stem of the beam, resulting in a greater structural efficiency and reduced beam depth. ‘care ss spp by rarer of Saas the eae pat scone ea supped by a umber of ears | c Ln Casi beans | LL. me szedutian oe Cone Shrnvagetonperauroters Ly! ‘Shine ape pat! eee Tae see ee Stators ‘ep sl trbean recta sr a Thon tontgels _ewggraininaert Sheth ater LI Tomo tieressc!_ Themes hav boon Roenowscss Ione ieneteans nes Paicibateare —— Snngterto aco cy Fig 3.21 Reinforcing tora one-way concrete slabUnit 3: Beams and slabs | 75 EXAMPLE 3.2 ‘A slab measuring 6 m x3 m is simply supported on two sides by 230 mm brick walls (that is iis a one-way spanning slab). ‘The slab is 200 mm thick and is reinforced at the bottom as follows: © Short span (main steel) ~ Y12 (shape code 34) at 125 mm centres (that is, parallel to short span) + Long span (distribution steel) ~ Y10 (shape code 20) at 250 mm centres (that is, parallel to Long span) * Conerete cover is 30 mm * Concrete strength is 40 MPa Use a seale of 1:20 to detail (in plan and section) the reinforcement layout and prepare the bending schedule. Solution (Read in conjunction with Fig 3.22 on page 76.) Like simply supported beams, we base the reinforcement design on the maximum bending moment, which occurs at midspan. Therefore, the main area of steel is concentrated in the area bordered by 0,08 L from the centre f the left support to 0,08 L from the centre of the right support. Because the bending moment tends to zero as we move towards the supports, itis ‘economical to reduce the amount of reinforcement to 50 percent of the ‘main area of steel required, hence the idea to reverse each bar. Can you see that we have main steel (that is, the straight part ofthe shape code 34 bar) running every 125 mm centre to centre andthe L-shaped piece running every 250 centres (that is, double the main stecl centres)? ‘Thisis what we mean when we talk about reducing the amount of reinforcement to 50 pereent of the main steel ‘We use straight bars as distribution steel because we have no supports along the short span; and therefore, itis not necessary to bend the ends up into the slab. ‘You should be in a position to calculate the number of bars required in both directions, since we have been through these calculations in previous examples, Note: Pay particular attention to the way we call up the OL bar mark. We indicate that we reverse every alternate bar by using the standard abbreviation (ABR). In addition, we give the steelfixer the dimension,8 Module 1 76 SMT EET BINT PON ‘secTON Fig 3.22Unit 3: Beams and slabs | 77 from the face of the column to the end of the O1 bar mark (rounded down toa dimension divisible by 5 mm; if you round up, you shorten the bar!). Let's look at the calculation of the bar lengths. > Bar mark 01 A= 3 000-230-105 -30 635 (we use 2.640) ‘Note: The dimension for the span = 3 000 - 2( Leolumn width) n= 130 (Note: We must check whether we can accommodate this dimension without reducing the cover. We do this by deducting the cover at the top and bottom of the slab from the slab thickness (that is, 200 - 30-30 = 140). This gives a dimension greater than n = 130. ‘Therefore, we can use n= 130, Cutting length = A +n = 2.640 +130 710 (I we round this up to 2 800, we inerease the n Bar mark 01 All information remains the same as in Example 3.2. a or 1 Offset from column face = 0,08 L ~ + column width 1.08(5 770) — 115 = 346,6 (use 345) 5.395 (use 5 400) 130 Cutting length 400 +130 530 (If we round up to 5 550, we increase n by 20 mm. Therefore, we adjust A to 5420.) Bending schedule is given by: Bending schedule (wember | Retforeement Bending dimensions Wass Mar; Sia Ma. | Eat | Sze | Wak] Length | shape] a | 8 | ¢]o| te oi rn ielkngh| code = ‘nom [Sang 000% ww | v2] o1 | ze0 | ae |2e70 {3000x200 | 3 13440) (dof |W) 2] $550 [ae eo 280) ‘You can finish off the bending schedule by completing the ‘mass’ column, &.B) A more practical approach In reinforced concrete construction, every floor generally has a beamislab arrangement and consists of fixed or continuous one-way or two-way slabs supported by main and secondary beams. Fig 3.24 shows such an arrangement.a Beam/slab arrangement Aer B Is D inieniat 2 naan sen b Typical one-way slab detailing aueeER ———astngsano) [a — face ® ee Heap TE. ra aa ae ry eee tty} 11 tt 1600 yl Lat | 153] HI fa CL trte-u-a0 2 bE « orie6-20082 Je—cownw ca euan esp ee 182 Module 1: Reinforced concrete i i i83 Unit 3: Beams and slabs84 | Module 1: Reinforced concrete ‘The usual arrangement ofa slab and beam floor consists of slabs supported on cross-beams or secondary beams parallel to the longer side and with the main reinforcement parallel to the shorter side, The secondary beams in turn are supported on main beams extending from column to column. Even though beam-to-column connections fall outside the scope of this book, Fig 3.25 on pages 82 to 83 has been inserted to help you to understand the concept of combining the beam to the column. Column/beam junctions are usually highly congested with reinforcement (as Fig 3.25a shows), but if the column shape is the same above and below the junction, detailing and construction problems are fairly straightforward, Column reinforcement should continue through the ‘beams without being cranked, and therefore itis desirable to have columns and beams of the same width, Ifthe column is required to offset ‘or to change plan shape between one storey and the next, reinforcement might be impossible to fix and there might be a risk of poorly compacted concrete in a critical part of the structure. This problem can often be eased by having enough beam depth (as Fig 3.25b shows). EXAMPLE 3.4 Fig3.26 shows a slab simply supported on two sides by 230 mm x 500 mm deep reinforced concrete beams (that is, itis @ one-way spanning stab). ‘The slab and beams are monolithic (cast as a nit). The beams are in turn supported at their ends by four 230 mm x 230 mm reinforced columns. ‘The slab is 170 mm thick and is reinforced at the bottom as follows © Short span (main steel) ~ Y12 (shape code 20) at 220 mm centres (that is, parallel to short span) ‘Short span (lapping on to the main steel) — Y12 (shape code 38) at 440 mm centres, # Provide Y10 lacer bars (also referred to as lacing bars) © Long span (distribution steel) ~ Y10 (shape cade 20) at 280 mm centres (chat is, parallel to long span) © Concrete cover is 25 mm (slab) and 30 mm (beam) © Concrete strength is 30 MPa (slab) ‘Use a scale of 1:20 to detail (in plan and section) the reinforcement layout and prepare the bending schedule.Unit 3: Beams and slabs | 88 COLLINS 250 mmx 280 Pua Fig 3.26 Solution (Read in conjunction with the version of Fig 3.27 which has been drawn to scale and can be found in the pocket at the back of this book. The version of Fig 3.27 which can be found on page 86 is not to scale and is for quick reference only.) Let's discuss the difference between this slab (supported by beams) and the slab in Example 3.1 (supported by walls). ‘We design the slab supported by walls to counteract shear and bending. However, the slab supported by beams is designed to counteract shear, bending and torsion (since, as itis east as part of the beams, there is a tendency for the slab to twist at the intersection). To counteract the torsion, we can provide reinforcement (as shown at the intersection of the beam and slab of Fig 3.24). However, to make the reinforcement design «easier, we can also lap a bar (shape code 38) directly onto every second ‘main steel. This bar (that is, shape code 38) will serve a dual purpose. It will counteract the tendency for the twist at the beamvslab intersection, and simultaneously reduce the amount of reinforcement required to 50 percent as the bending moment tends to zero moving towards the ‘supports.86 ‘You will notice that in the plan view, we have ‘drawn the bar mark 02 as we would sec it in section, Its true that in the plan actually sce this bar as a stra assist the steelfixer when reading the plan, ‘we draw the bar as shown to distinguish it from a straight bar. Fig 8.27 (Sse scale craving in pocket at back of book) Let's go through the calculations together. > Bar mark 01 We fix these bars from the front cover of the slab to the back cover of the os ; fs = fe dei 2 sorte member egies = [5000=205)=2¢ardaneen) = 23,44 (we will use 23 bars) Bar length =3 000 - 2(230) - 2(offset from the inside face of the beam)