World Craft City

Srinagar has been officially recognized

as a “World Craft City” by the World
Crafts Council (WCC), highlighting its rich
heritage and the exceptional skills of its
artisans.

CURRENT AFFAIRS 30
JUNE 2024
.IW NSIGHTSONINDIA.CMO
 Current Affairs 30
utive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the

INSIDE Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associa-

tions and their role in the Polity.
9. Alternate Dispute Redressal System (ADR): Arbitra-
GENERAL STUDIES – 1 tion Guidelines 28
Topics: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Topics: Appointment to various Constitutional posts, pow-
Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern ers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional
times. Bodies.
1. Nalanda – In its new Avatar  6 10. NHRC Notice to Odisha Govt on Custodial Death 30
2. India’s Geological-Heritage Sites 7 Topics: Government policies and interventions for develop-
Topics: Post-independence consolidation and reorganiza- ment in various sectors and issues arising out of their design
tion within the country. and implementation.
3. 25 years of Kargil War 9 11. Disparities in Education Outcomes in India 32
4. 40 Years of Operation Bluestar 11 12. Issues with the National Education Policy (NEP) 34
Topics: Population and associated issues, poverty and devel- 13. Post Office Act 2023 comes into Effect 36
opmental issues. 14. PM Awas Yojana: Transforming Housing with Rs 4
5. A Study on Ageing in India 12 trillion Expansion 38
GENERAL STUDIES – 2 Topics: Issues relating to development and management of
Topics: Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolu- Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human
tion, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic Resources.
structure; Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme 15. Antenatal healthcare 40
with that of other countries. 16. NET-NEET Crisis: The Reasons Behind India’s Failing
1. 10 years of Andhra-Telangana bifurcation 14 Exam System 40
2. Analysis of NOTA (None of the Above) 16 17. Public Examinations (Prevention Of Unfair Means)
3. Analysis of Constitutional Morality 17 Act 2024 notified 42
4. Patna High Court strikes down 65% quota in Bihar 18. Cooperative Societies are not subject to the RTI Act
 19 44
5. Human Dignity vs. Religious Practices 21 19. Flaws in the Criminal Justice System 45
Topics: Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the 20. Need for Democratization of Technology 47
States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal struc- 21. UN Launches Framework to Combat Online Misin-
ture, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels formation 49
and challenges therein. Topics: India and its neighbourhood- relations.
6. Federalism in India after the 2024 General Election 22. China’s ‘grey-zone’ warfare tactics and its impact 50
22 23. India-Bangladesh Relations 52
7. Grassroots Governance: The Dynamics of Village 24. Indus Water Treaty  53
Government in India 25
Topics: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agree-
Topics: Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, func- ments involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
tioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues 25. The Group of Seven (G7) 55
arising out of these.
26. Prime Ministers review India-Italy Strategic Partner-
8. Women MPs in Lok Sabha 26
ship 56
Topics: Structure, organization and functioning of the Exec- 27. Two Decades of Quad: Diplomacy and Cooperation

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 Current Affairs 30
in the Indo-Pacific 57 12. State of the Ocean Report 2024 87
Topics: Effect of policies and politics of developed and devel- 13. Remoulding the Global Plastics Treaty 89
oping countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora. 14. Drying Up: Fixing Urban India’s Water Problem 91
28. US-China Trade War and its impact on India 59 15. Montreal Protocol: Environmental Success Story 93
29. AUKUS alliance and its pivot to France 60 16. PESA has boosted forest conservation in India 94
30. Indian Migrants to Gulf Countries 62 17. Andaman & Nicobar (A&N) islands: Strategic Gems
Topics: Important International institutions, agencies and with Ecological Treasures 96
fora, their structure, mandate. Topics: Disaster and management.
31. Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and Mutual Evalu- 18. Learning from the Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan 98
ation Report 63
Topics: Challenges to internal security through communica-
GENERAL STUDIES – 3 tion networks, role of media and social networking sites in
Topics: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mo- internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; mon-
bilization of resources, growth, development and employ- ey-laundering and its prevention
ment. 19. India’s First Joint Doctrine for Cyberspace Opera-
1. RBI Holds Repo Rate Steady 65 tion 100
2. Reforms Needed for India to Become a Developed GENERAL STUDIES – 4
Country 67 1. Emotional Intelligence and its Applications 101
3. 7 Years of GST: Balancing Tech & Transformation 70 2. Whistleblowing: The Ethics of Speaking Out 104
4. Revamping India’s Farms: Challenges and Solutions 3. Reining in Financial Influencers 105
 72
4. Navigating the NET-NEET Crisis: Ethical Insights 106
5. Heat and Water Crises: A Global Food Security Emer-
CONTENT FOR MAINS ENRICHMENT
gency 75
1. Cryonics Practice for Freezing the Human Body 107
Topics: Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in
2. “Air of the Anthropocene” project 107
industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth.
3. UNESCO’s New Tools for Greening Education 107
6. A blueprint for boosting India’s exports 76
4. Dietary Patterns in India 108
Topics: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Rail-
5. School in a Box initiative 108
ways etc.
7. Vadhavan Port (India’s First Mega Port) 77 6. Kerala’s gender-neutral school textbooks 109
7. CRY launches “Poori Padhai Desh Ki Bhalai” cam-
Topics: Science and Technology- developments and their
paign 109
applications and effects in everyday life Achievements of In-
dians in science & technology; indigenization of technology 8. Skin Bank 109

and developing new technology. 9. Digitalization is revolutionizing faecal sludge and

8. Potential of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) for septage management (FSSM) 110
India 80 10. Safai Apnao, Bimaari Bhagao (SABB) initiative 111
9. UN declares 2025 as International Year of Quantum FACTS FOR PRELIMS; GS-1
Science and Tech 81 Art & Culture
10. GM Crops: Weighing Food Security Against Environ- 1. 10th International Yoga Day (IYD) 112
mental Impact 84 2. Kozhikode: India’s first UNESCO ‘City of Literature’
11. Global Trans-fat Elimination 86 112
Topics: Conservation related issues, environmental pollution 3. Annual Ambubachi Mela 113
and degradation, environmental impact assessment. 4. World Craft City 113

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 Current Affairs 30
5. Dodol 113 23. UN Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) 124
Society 24. International Health Regulations (IHR 2005) 124
6. Satnami community 114 25. Non-Permanent Members of the UNSC 124
Geography 26. Draft Reciprocal Exchange of Logistics Agreement
7. Stromatolites 114 (RELOS) 125
8. Automatic Weather Station (AWS) 114 GS-3
9. Cold lava 115 Indian Economy
10. Notified Disasters 115 27. Variable Rate Repo (VRR) 125
11. Brazil’s Pantanal wetlands 115 28. FDI inflows into India decreased 125

GS-2 29. Unified Payments Interface (UPI) 126

Salient features of Indian Constitution 30. India’s Gold Reserve 126

1. Freedom of Artistic Expression in India 116 31. Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) 126

Functioning of Parliament and State Legislatures 32. Preston curve 127

2. Central Excise Bill, 2024 116 33. Duty Drawbacks 127
3. Speaker Pro tem of Lok Sabha 116 34. Base erosion and profit shifting 127
4. Deputy Speaker 117 35. IBBI 128
5. Leader of Opposition 117 36. GAAR 128
6. Renaming the states 117 37. Angel Tax 129

Judiciary 38. Excessive deficit procedure (EDP) 129

7. Goa’s First “Living Will” 117 39. Priority Sector Lending (PSL) 129
8. Doctrine of Merger and the Rule of stare decisis118 40. Prohibition of Insider Trading (PIT) 129
9. Self-Declaration Certificate must for advertisers 118 41. ‘Mini RATNA’ status (Category-1) for Central Elec-
10. Mercy petition 119 tronics Limited (CEL) 130
42. India’s Forex reserve 131
Constitutional and Non-Constitutional Bodies
11. NHRC on Human Trafficking 119 Agriculture
12. FSSAI 120 43. Unified India Organic logo 131
44. World’s largest grain storage plan 132
Governance
13. Special Category Status (SCS) 120 45. Direct seeding of rice (DSR) 134

14. National Health Claim Exchange 121 46. UP-PRAGATI Accelerator program 134

15. GREAT Scheme 121 Science & Technology

16. Solid Waste Management Cess 122 47. Hydroxyurea 134

17. National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement 48. Reverse Transcriptase 135

Scheme (NFIES) 122 49. Recombinant Proteins 135
18. e-SAKSHI Mobile Application 122 50. Role of Nuclear Technologies in Food System 135
19. Fast Track Immigration Trusted Traveller Programme 51. Phenome India-CSIR Health Cohort Knowledgebase
123 (PI-CheCK) Project 136
20. ULLAS - New India Literacy Programme (NILP) 123 52. PraVaHa Software 136

International Relations 53. Milgromian dynamics (MOND) Theory 136

21. Dag Hammarskjold medal 123 54. TRISHNA 137
22. Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (PoK) 123 55. Large Action Models (LAMs) 137

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 Current Affairs 30
56. safeEXO-Cas 137 92. Global Environment Facility (GEF) 150
57. Initiatives to foster innovation 138 93. Threats to Flamingos at Lake Natron, Tanzania 150
58. Microalgae 138 94. Mainland serow 151
59. Xylitol – The Killer Sweetner 138 95. Rhisotope project 151
60. Portable Optical Atomic Clock 138 Defence
61. ISRO’s Aditya-L1 mission 138 96. Minuteman III 151
62. Enterobacter bugandensis 139 97. Defence Systems in News: Nagastra-1 and Iskander
63. Nitrous oxide 139 Missile 152
64. Fatty liver disease 140 98. Tarang Shakti-2024 152
65. Donanemab 140 99. Cyber Mercenaries 152
66. Google Search Algorithms 140 100. Javelin anti-tank missiles 153
67. Superhydrophobic catalyst 141 101. Medium Range-Microwave Obscurant Chaff
68. Capsaicin 141 Rocket (MR-MOCR) 153

69. Pigment purpurogallin 142 102. Reports in News 154

70. Kavli Prize 142 MAPPING

71. Divya Drishti 142 INTERNATIONAL
72. Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS) 142 1. Techo Funan Canal (Cambodia) 158

73. ‘5G Intelligent Village’ and ‘Quantum Encryption Al- 2. Abu Musa, Greater Tunb, and Lesser Tunb islands
gorithm’ 142  158

74. Matsya 6000 143 3. Five Eyes Alliance 159

75. Bio-bitumen 143 4. Mount Kanlaon  159

76. Functional Ultrasound Imaging (fUSI) 143 5. Mercury Island 160

77. Claude 3.5 Sonnet 144 6. Nord Stream Methane Leaks 160

78. India’s First Underground Coal Gasification Pilot144 7. Namaqualand (Africa) 161

79. Multi-omics 145 8. Denmark to Introduce World’s First CO2 Tax on

Farms 161
80. Hydrogen gas from a mixture of methanol and para-
formaldehyde 145 INDIAN
81. Space MAITRI 145 9. Kolar Gold Fields (KGF) 162
10. Srikakulam (Andhra Pradesh) 163
Environment & Ecology
82. Hollangapar Gibbon Sanctuary 146 11. Barda Wildlife Sanctuary 163

83. Biocover 147

84. Nagi and Nakti bird sanctuaries: Two more sites add-
ed to Ramsar List 147
85. Freshwater Diatom 147
86. Dead zone 148
87. Bioluminescence 148
88. E-Flow Ecological Monitoring System 148
89. World Crocodile Day 149
90. Gandhisagar Sanctuary 149
91. Striped caecilian (Ichthyophis spp) 149

5 www.insightsonindia.com
 Current Affairs 30
principles alongside statecraft and econom-
ics.
GENERAL STUDIES – 1 • Centres of excellence: Ancient India had centres
of excellence like Nalanda and Takshashila, where
practical wisdom was imparted.
Topics: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art o These institutions nurtured scholars who
Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern excelled in various fields, from medicine to
times. mathematics.

What can the present-day education system learn from it?

1. NALANDA – IN ITS NEW AVATAR • Holistic development: The ancient system’s em-
phasis on holistic development aligns with the cur-
rent understanding of multiple intelligences. An-
Context: cient Indian education included physical exercises
The Prime Minister inaugurated the new Nalanda University (Vyayam), mental exercises (Manthan), and moral
campus in Rajgir, Bihar, a joint initiative between India and education (Acharan).
East Asia Summit (EAS) nations. • Mentorship: Low–teacher pupil Ratio was a salient
• Green Campus: The new campus features a ‘Net feature of the Gurukuls. The deep teacher-student
Zero’ Green Campus with solar power, water treat- relationships of ancient gurukuls can be emulated
through mentorship programs in modern education-
ment plants, water recycling, and extensive water al institutions.
bodies. • Value education: Incorporating moral and ethical
education in the curriculum can foster responsible
About Ancient Nalanda University: citizens with a strong sense of ethics and social re-
1. Establishment: Founded by Kumargupta I in the 5th sponsibility. This is particularly relevant in the con-
century CE, it thrived as a centre of learning until the text of today’s global challenges.
12th century CE. • Personalized learning: Modern education can bene-
2. Architecture: A monastic university (Mahavihara) fit from customized approaches that recognize and
cater to individual differences in learning styles, abil-
with residential and educational buildings, stupas, ities, and interests.
shrines, and notable artworks in stucco, stone, and • Practical application: Modern education can pro-
metal. mote hands-on learning, internships, and real-world
3. Educational Excellence: Attracted students from problem-solving to equip students with practical
China, Tibet, Central Asia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bur- skills and experiences.
ma, and Southeast Asia. Major disciplines included • Cost of education: Education in ancient India was
Veda, fine arts, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, very low cost, without fees and only paid in volun-
politics, and warfare. Admission was strictly by merit tary “Gurudakshina”. Gross privatisation-led high
costs can be countered by the ancient systems of
with exams by trained gatekeepers. education.
4. Foreign Visitors: In the 7th century CE, Chinese
scholars I-Qing and Xuan Zang visited Nalanda. Shortcomings of the ancient education system:
Xuan Zang studied yogashastra under Chancellor • Limited access: Education in ancient India was pri-
Shilabhadra. marily available to the privileged classes, leaving out
5. Recognition: Declared a UNESCO World Heritage a significant portion of the population, especially the
site in 2016. lower castes and women.
• Rote learning: The traditional system often relied on
Analysis of the Ancient Education System of India: rote-oral memorization, emphasizing the repetition
• Gurukul system: Students lived with their gurus of texts and formulas. This is an error that continues
(teachers) in an immersive learning environment, in present.
fostering deep bonds and personalized education. • Lack of formal documentation: The knowledge
o For instance, Chanakya, a renowned ancient passed down through the guru-shishya (teacher-stu-
Indian scholar, mentored Chandragupta dent) tradition was largely oral and not systemati-
Maurya, the founder of the Maurya Empire. cally documented. This led to the loss of significant
• Places of learning: Indigenous education was im- knowledge with the decline of gurukuls and the
parted at home, in temples, pathshalas, tools, cha- burning of libraries like Nalanda.
tuspadis and gurukuls.
o Students went to viharas and universities for Conclusion:
higher knowledge. The New Education Policy 2020 recognizes this rich heritage
• Value-Centric education: Values like dharma (duty), of ancient and eternal Indian knowledge and thought as a
ahimsa (non-violence), and Satya (truth) were inte- guiding principle and focuses on the pursuit of knowledge
gral to education. (Jnan), wisdom (Pragyaa), and truth (Satya) as the philoso-
o For example, the Arthashastra by Kautilya
(Chanakya) emphasized moral and ethical phy of highest human goal

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 Current Affairs 30

Ever Wondered?!

If there were any other Institutions of Ancient Learning:

Institution Location Significance

Vikramshila Bihar Propagated Vajrayana Buddhism; est. By Dharmpala (8th Century CE)
Nagarjuna- Andhra Pradesh Named after Nagarjuna, a master of Mahayana Buddhism, who propounded
konda Sunyavada
Ta k s h a s h i l a Northwestern Pakistan Famous pupils include Panini (wrote Ashtadhyayi), Jivaka (physician), and
(Taxila) Chanakya (Kautilya)
Valabhi Gujarat Renowned centre of learning
Odantapuri Bihar Renowned centre of learning
Jagaddala Now in Bangladesh Renowned centre of learning

About East Asia Summit (EAS)

1. Establishment: Founded in 2005 as an ASEAN-led initiative.
2. Significance: The only leader-led forum in the Indo-Pacific, discussing political, security, and economic issues.
3. Principles: Operates on openness, inclusiveness, respect for international law, ASEAN centrality, and ASEAN’s driving
role.

2. INDIA’S GEOLOGICAL-HERITAGE SITES

Context:
With landscapes that range from the world’s greatest peaks to low-lying coastal plains, India showcases a diverse morphol-
ogy that has evolved over billions of years.
Despite this, the country’s regard for its geo-heritage is poor.

About Geo-heritage Sites:

• Geo-heritage refers to the geological features which are inherently or culturally significant offering insight
into earth’s evolution or history to earth science or that can be utilized for education.

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 Current Affairs 30
• Sites are designated as Geo-heritage Sites (GHS) by the Geological Survey of India (GSI).
• India, as a member of the UNESCO Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heri-
tage, safeguards such sites through appropriate legislation, as done by other countries worldwide.

What are Geo-Relics?

• Geo-relics are geological formations, rocks, minerals, and fossils that provide significant scientific, educational, and
historical insights into the Earth’s history and processes.
• They include unique and rare geological features that help us understand the evolution of our planet, climate
changes, and the development of life.

Examples:
Category Site Name Location Significance
Geo-Heritage Lonar Crater Buldhana District, Maha- Hyper-velocity impact craters formed around 576,000
rashtra years ago.
Geo-Heritage Bhimbetka Rock Raisen District, Madhya Natural rock formations with prehistoric cave paintings.
Shelters Pradesh
Geo-Heritage St. Mary’s Islands Udupi District, Karnataka Columnar basaltic lava formations, are over 60 million
years old.
Geo-Heritage Ambenali Ghat Maharashtra Exposed Deccan Trap formations showcasing volcanic
activity.
Geo-Heritage Dhala meteoritic Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh Between 5 billion to 2.5 billion-year-old crater is evi-
impact crater dence of a celestial collision when life must have begun.
Geo-Relics Fossil Park Sirmaur District, Himachal Fossilized remains of ancient trees from the Shiwalik
Pradesh range.
Geo-Relics Akal Fossil Wood Jaisalmer District, Rajas- Fossilized tree trunks dating back to the Jurassic period.
Park than
Geo-Relics Varkala Cliff Thiruvananthapuram Dis- Sedimentary formations with fossils dating millions of
trict, Kerala years.
Geo-Relics Jhamarkotra Rock Udaipur District, Rajas- Mineral deposits with significant geological history.
Phosphate than
Geo-Relics Salkhan Fossil Park Sonbhadra District, Uttar Fossilized tree trunks from the Upper Jurassic period.
Pradesh
Geo-Relics Mandla Plant Fos- Mandla District, Madhya Fossilized plants from the Mesozoic era, around 40-150
sils National Park Pradesh million years old.

These sites and relics contribute to the scientific understanding of Earth’s history and processes in several ways:
1. Geological Evolution: Geo-heritage sites and relics provide a window into the Earth’s past, allowing scientists to
reconstruct the geological history of a region.
a. Fossils, rock layers, and mineral deposits found in these sites offer insights into ancient ecosystems, climate
changes, and geological events.
b. E.g. The Siwalik Fossil Park in Himachal Pradesh
2. Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift: Certain geological formations and features found at geo-heritage sites pro-
vide evidence for plate tectonics and the movement of continents over time. These sites help scientists understand
the dynamic processes that have shaped the Earth’s surface.
a. For instance, Deccan Traps.
3. Volcanic and Tectonic Activity: Volcanic landscapes, fault lines, and igneous formations found at geo-heritage sites
offer insights into the processes of volcanic and tectonic activity, shedding light on the Earth’s internal forces and
their effects on the surface.
a. E.g. Lonar Lake in Maharashtra.
4. Paleoenvironmental Studies: Fossilized plants, animals, and other organic materials preserved in geological forma-
tions provide clues about past environments, ecosystems, and biodiversity. These records contribute to our under-
standing of how life on Earth has evolved.
a. E.g. fossil-rich sedimentary rock formations of Jaisalmer.
5. Climate Change and Earth’s History: The study of sedimentary rock layers and glacial features in geo-heritage sites

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 Current Affairs 30
helps scientists reconstruct past climates and under- identified by the GSI)
stand the Earth’s history of climatic changes. • Additionally, a National Geo-Conservation Authority
a. The Lignite Fossil Park in Gujarat contains should be established to ensure independent over-
well-preserved fossilized wood and leaves. sight, avoid bureaucratic delays, and protect the au-
6. Mineralogical and Geological Processes: Geo-heri- tonomy of researchers and private collectors.
tage sites often host unique mineral deposits, crys-
tals, and rock formations that offer insights into geo- About the Geological Survey of India:
logical processes such as mineral formation, erosion, Headquartered in Kolkata, it was set up in 1851 primarily
and metamorphism. to find coal deposits for the Railways. Presently, GSI is an at-
a. For example, The mineral-rich caves of Me- tached office to the Ministry of Mines. The main functions
ghalaya, like the Mawsmai Cave of the GSI relate to the creation and updation of national
geoscientific information and mineral resource assessment.
Ever Wondered?!
Mains Link:
What’s the Geological heritage globally?
Q.1 Safeguarding the Indian Art Heritage is the need of the
• It was first recognised in 1991 at a UNESCO-spon- moment. Discuss. (UPSC 2018)
sored event, ‘First International Symposium on the
Conservation of our Geological Heritage’.
Prelims Link:
• Legacy: “Man and the Earth share a common heri-
Q1. Consider the following historical places:
tage, of which we and our governments are but the
1. Ajanta Caves
custodians”.
2. Lepakshi Temple
• Geo-heritage sites in many countries such as Can-
3. Sanchi Stupa
ada, China, Spain, the United States and the Unit-
Which of the above places is/are also known for mural
ed Kingdom have been developed as national
paintings?
parks.
(a) 1 only
• UNESCO has prepared guidelines for the develop-
(b) 1 and 2 only
ment of geo-parks.
(c) 1, 2 and 3
• There are 169 Global Geoparks across 44 coun-
(d) None
tries.
Ans: (b)
Difficulties in Preserving Geological Sites in India
1. Limited Traction and Awareness: Geo-conservation
lags global efforts and lacks public awareness. Exam- Topics: Post-independence consolidation and reorganiza-
ples: Dhala meteoritic impact crater, Lonar crater. tion within the country.
2. Impact of Development and Mining: Many fossil
sites are destroyed by development and mining ac-
tivities. 3. 25 YEARS OF KARGIL WAR
3. Lack of Specific Legislation: No specific laws for
geo-heritage conservation, unlike Canada and China. Context:
4. Lack of Adequate Power The Geological Survey of To honour the 25th anniversary of the Kargil War victory, the
India (GSI) identified sites but can’t enforce preser- Indian Army has launched a Pan-India Motorcycle Expedi-
vation. Example: Varkala Cliff was partially demol- tion.
ished despite being a heritage site.
5. Half-hearted Government Measures: Withdrawal What was the Kargil War?
of National Commission for Heritage Sites proposal. After the Indo-Pak War of 1971, several military conflicts oc-
No progress on the 2022 geo-heritage preservation curred between India and Pakistan. Both countries conduct-
bill. ed nuclear tests in 1998, escalating tensions that led to the
Kargil War in 1999. The Kargil War fought between May and
Way Forward and Conclusion July 1999 in the Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir (now
• India should recognize its geological history as part of Ladakh), resulted in an Indian victory.
non-cultural heritage and compile a comprehensive
list of potential geo-sites beyond those identified by
the Geological Survey of India.
• Legislation for geo-conservation, modelled after the
Biological Diversity Act of 2002, is essential.
• India needs to create an inventory of all prospective
geo-sites in the country (in addition to the 34 sites

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 Current Affairs 30

Factors Leading to the Kargil War:

1. Strategic Objectives: Pakistan aimed to internationalize the Kashmir issue and cut off Ladakh from India by capturing
strategic points in Kargil.
2. Vacated Border Posts: Pakistan exploited India’s strategy of vacating border posts during winter, infiltrating troops
and militants.
3. India-Pakistan Rivalry: Long-standing animosity over Jammu and Kashmir fueled the conflict.
4. Ignoring Past Treaties: Pakistan’s actions defied the Simla Agreement of 1972, which prohibited unilateral changes
to the Line of Control (LoC).
5. Hope for International Mediation: Pakistan hoped the conflict would prompt international mediation, especially by
the U.S., favouring their stance on Kashmir.

Operation Vijay:
In 1999 Pakistani troops infiltrated the Indian side of the Line of Control (LoC) under Operation Badr, aiming to cut off In-
dian troops in Siachen. In response, the Indian Army launched Operation Vijay.
Implications of the Kargil War on Indian Security Strategy:
1. Border Vigilance and Infrastructure: India enhanced border surveillance and infrastructure, such as constructing
all-weather roads.
2. Military Modernization: The war highlighted the need for advanced military equipment, leading to defence mod-
ernization like the induction of Bofors guns.
3. Emphasis on Diplomacy: India’s diplomatic efforts isolated Pakistan internationally, highlighting the importance of
global diplomacy.
4. Recognizing Nuclear Deterrence: The war underscored the danger of conventional conflicts escalating into nuclear
ones.

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 Current Affairs 30
5. Reinforced Intelligence Mechanisms: The surprise attack led to enhanced intelligence-gathering and coordination,
resulting in the establishment of the Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) in 2002.

Lessons Learned
• A proxy war can escalate into a conventional conflict between India and Pakistan
• State-sponsored terrorism is a double-edged weapon due to socio-political divides.
• It is a myth that nuclear weapons decrease the likelihood of war.

Conclusion:
We celebrate ‘Kargil Diwas’ on 26th July 2023. It is a stark reminder of the valour of the armed forces and the evolving
dynamics of India’s security concerns. The Kargil War is a testament to the nation’s resilience, adaptability, and unwavering
commitment to protecting its sovereignty against all odds.

Insta Links:
• Indo-Pakistan relations

Mains Links:
Q. Analyze the circumstances that led to the Tashkent Agreement in 1966. Discuss the highlights of the Agreement. (UPSC
2013)

4. 40 YEARS OF OPERATION BLUESTAR

Context:
Slogans advocating Khalistan were recently raised at the Golden Temple complex in Punjab’s Amritsar during the 40th an-
niversary of ‘Operation Bluestar’.

What is the Khalistan Movement?

The Khalistan movement seeks to establish a sovereign Sikh state called Khalistan in the Punjab region. It traces its origins
to India’s independence and Partition, with communal violence leading to the displacement of Sikhs. The movement gained
momentum with the Punjabi Suba Movement for a Punjabi-speaking state, leading to the Anandpur Sahib Resolution in
1973. By the 1980s, Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale’s influence (a radical leader of Sikhism) and violent tactics escalated ten-
sions, culminating in the 1984 Operation Bluestar to remove him from the Golden Temple complex.
Factors responsible for the movement:
1. Pre-partition origin: Stemming from India’s independence and Partition, the division of Punjab witnessed commu-
nal violence, leading to a desire for autonomy.
2. Linguistic Reorganization of States (1966): The creation of a Sikh-majority Punjab, albeit smaller, fuelled calls for
greater autonomy and cultural rights.
3. Anandpur Sahib Resolution (1973): The demand for autonomy heightened tensions between Punjab and the cen-
tral government.
4. Religious Identity: The distinct Sikh identity fuelled the movement, aiming to protect Sikh religious and cultural
rights.
5. Socio-economic Factors: Grievances over socio-economic disparities and unemployment in Punjab provided fertile
ground for the movement.
6. External Influences: Support from Sikh diaspora communities abroad, both ideological and financial, sustained the
movement’s momentum.

What was Operation Bluestar?

Operation Blue Star, conducted by the Indian Army between 1st June and 6th June 1984, aimed to flush out militants from
the Golden Temple and neutralize Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, a key figure in the Khalistan movement. It was followed by
Operation Black Thunder (1986 and 1988)

Aftermaths of Operation Blue Star:

1. Following Operation Blue Star, PM Indira Gandhi’s assassination sparked widespread communal violence.
2. Anti-Sikh Riots of 1984: Following the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards, large-
scale anti-Sikh riots erupted in Delhi and other parts of India. The government was accused of not taking adequate
measures to prevent the violence and failing to protect the lives and properties of Sikhs.

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3. The bombing of Air India: A year later, Sikh nationalists from Canada bombed an Air India flight, killing 329 people,
claiming it was in retaliation for Bhindranwale’s death.
4. Human Rights Violations: During and after the period of the Khalistan movement, there were reports of human
rights abuses by security forces and terrorists, including extrajudicial killings, torture, and disappearances
5. Lack of Political Dialogue: The government failed to engage in meaningful political dialogue with Sikh leaders and
address their concerns regarding political representation, economic disparities, and cultural preservation
6. Punjab endured a prolonged insurgency until 1995, allegedly supported by Pakistan.

Although the movement was crushed following Operation Blue Star (1984) and Operation Black Thunder (1986 and 1988),
it continues to evoke sympathy and support among sections of the Sikh population, especially in the Sikh diaspora in coun-
tries such as Canada, the UK, and Australia.

What should be done:

1. Recognising new challenges: Recognizing the challenge posed by traditional stakeholders and new social media recruits
is necessary.
2. Collaborate with foreign governments: The Indian security and intelligence forces need to collaborate with foreign gov-
ernments to monitor anti-India activities carried out by the Khalistani forces and restrict their funding sources.
3. Enhance security efforts: The Indian government must heighten security efforts to counteract the increase in Khalistani
social media activity since the opening up of the Kartarpur Corridor.
4. Promote economic and social development: At the domestic level, the Punjab and Union governments and security
forces must collaborate to improve the economic condition of the state to again put the state on the path of develop-
ment.
5. Engage with the Sikh diaspora: Indian agencies, such as the missions established in those countries, must diplomatically
engage with the Sikh diaspora to tackle the misinformation campaign being peddled by Khalistani organizations. Such
engagements will facilitate a positive relationship between the Indian state and the Sikh diaspora.
6. Beef up security: Indian security forces need to step up their preparedness to tackle the increase in drones used to de-
liver weapons and drugs to Punjab.
7. Engage Pakistan: In addition to Western countries, India should not back away from exercising diplomacy with Pakistan
and should work to extradite terrorists hiding in Pakistan.

Conclusion:
The Khalistan movement still resonates, fueled by factors like vote bank politics, social issues such as unemployment and
drug abuse, and backing from non-state actors.
Insta Links:
• A brief history of the Khalistan movement

Topics: Population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues.

5. A STUDY ON AGEING IN INDIA

Context:
The study titled ‘Ageing in India – Exploring Preparedness & Response to Care Challenges – A HelpAge India Report’ was
released on the eve of World Elder Abuse Awareness Day (15th June).

Key Findings of the Study (India):

1. Working Status: Only 15% of elderly persons work, with 24% of males and just 7% of females, highlighting gender
disparity.
2. Lack of Social Security: Only 29% of elderly people have access to social security schemes.
3. High Prevalence of Multiple Morbidities: 54% of elderly persons suffer from two or more non-communicable dis-
eases.
4. Digital Access: 59% have no access to a digital device.
5. Social Participation: Minimal, with only 7% being members of any social organization.

India’s elderly population is rapidly growing due to improved healthcare and increased life expectancy. Currently at 153
million, it is projected to reach 347 million by 2050 (20.8% of the total population). As of Census 2011, older people (60+)
make up 8.6% of the total population, with females outnumbering males among the elderly.

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Policy recommendations from the “2023 India Ageing Report”:
Recommendations Description
Address Gender-Specific Challenges Policies should specifically address the challenges faced by older women, including
widowed and dependent elderly women.
Promote In-Situ Aging Encourage and facilitate ageing at home (in-situ ageing) where possible, ensuring
that elderly individuals can stay within their communities.
Increase Awareness of Schemes Raise awareness about government schemes and programs designed for older per-
sons, ensuring they can access necessary support.
Regulate Old Age Homes Implement regulatory measures to oversee Old Age Homes, ensuring the well-be-
ing and rights of residents.
Inclusion in Data Collection Exercises Include relevant questions related to older persons in national data collection ex-
ercises to gather credible data on elderly issues.
Focus on Multigenerational House- Encourage elderly individuals to live in multigenerational households, promoting
holds better care and support within families.

Other aspects of Ageing:

Gender analysis of the issue:

Challenges Description
Financial Dependence Limited access to employment opportunities, lower wages, and inadequate savings can lead to
financial dependence in old age.
Deteriorating Health Aging can bring deteriorating health, including chronic diseases, mobility issues, and mental
health challenges.
Social Isolation Older women, especially widows, may experience social isolation and loneliness due to the loss
of a spouse and limited social networks.
Rural Situation Older women in rural areas face unique challenges like limited access to healthcare, inadequate
infrastructure, and caregiving or agricultural burdens.
Intersectionality Women from marginalized communities may face compounded challenges in old age due to
their socio-economic background, and tribal or minority status.
Ageism and Misogyny Older women may encounter ageism and misogyny, leading to stereotypes, discrimination, and
limited opportunities for engagement in various aspects of life.

Suggested measures:
Measures Description
Social Security Sys- E.g., Kalaignar Magalir Urimai Thittam is a women’s rights grant scheme just rolled out in Tamil
tems Nadu aimed at providing financial support to eligible women recognized as heads of families
Karnataka Gruha Lakshmi Scheme supports women heads of families by providing eligible wom-
en will receive financial assistance of ₹2000 per month.
Intergenerational programs: Programs that promote intergenerational bonding, such as mentor-
ship programs and community service projects
Access to Healthcare Improve access to healthcare services, including geriatric care, preventive screenings, and mental
health support, to address the specific health needs of older women.
Social Inclusion Promote social inclusion and active participation of older women through community-based pro-
grams, intergenerational activities, and support networks.
Civil Society Engage- Community-based initiatives and CSO engagement through Senior citizen clubs and programs,
ment can provide social support and help prevent social isolation among the elderly
E.g. Asha Deep Foundation provides Day Care Centre for the elderly members of our community
who are either neglected, have no children or are abandoned by their families.
Demographic Stability Focus on policies and programs that address population ageing and the needs of older women,
such as promoting family planning, women’s empowerment, and intergenerational solidarity.

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C o m m u n i t y- b a s e d ASHA program could be used for building a community-based workforce to support the diverse
care system for elders health and social care needs of elders
Age-friendly cities Cities can be designed to be age-friendly, with infrastructure and public spaces that are accessible
to all, including elderly citizens.

Government Scheme for Old Age:

Scheme About
National Social Assistance Offers non-contributory pensions for the elderly, widowed women, and disabled individu-
Programme (NSAP) als. Administered by the Ministry of Rural Development.
Pradhan Mantri Vaya Van- Exclusive pension scheme for senior citizens aged 60 and above. Extended up to 2023 for
dana Yojana (PMVVY) three more years beyond 2020.
Integrated Program for Older Aims to enhance the quality of life for senior citizens by providing basic amenities such as
Persons (IPOP) food, shelter, medical care, and entertainment opportunities.
Rashtriya Vayoshree Yojana Central sector scheme funded by the Senior Citizens’ Welfare Fund. Provides aids and assis-
tive living devices to elderly BPL individuals with age-related disabilities.
SAMPANN Project Launched in 2018, an online pension processing system for Department of Telecommunica-
tions pensioners. Direct credit of pension into bank accounts of pensioners.
SACRED Portal for Elderly Developed by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. Citizens above 60 can reg-
ister to find jobs and work opportunities, and access information and guidance on various
issues.
Elder Line: Toll-Free Number Provides information, guidance, emotional support, and immediate assistance for elderly
for Elderly citizens, particularly on pension, medical, and legal matters.
SAGE (Seniorcare Ageing A platform offering access to elderly care products and services by credible start-ups, sup-
Growth Engine) Initiative porting entrepreneurship in the field of elderly care.

Conclusion:
By recognizing the specific needs of older persons and providing targeted support, we can create a society that values and
empowers them, ensuring their well-being and active participation in all spheres of life.

Insta Links:
1. Issues related to Elderly People
2. old age care
3. World Population Prospects

Mains Links:
Q. Despite Consistent experience of high growth, India still goes with the lowest indicators of human development. Exam-
ine the issues that make balanced and inclusive development elusive. (UPSC 2021)

GENERAL STUDIES – 2
Topics: Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic
structure; Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries.

1. 10 YEARS OF ANDHRA-TELANGANA BIFURCATION

Context:
The Andhra Pradesh bifurcation underscores the need for thoughtful handling of major changes in India’s political geogra-
phy. The division, now a decade old, highlights the impact of reconfiguration on states’ political clout and federal dynam-
ics.

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How are states formed?

Article 3: Parliament holds the power to create new states through legislation. However, such a bill can only be intro-
duced on the recommendation of the President. Before recommending a bill that affects state boundaries or names, the
President must consult the respective state legislatures. Parliament can enact laws to create new states with a simple
majority.

Factors on which states are divided: Background of Andhra-Telangana Formation?

1. Language: The State Reorganization Commission o The push for a separate Telangana stemmed from
(SRC) led by Justice Fazal Ali, appointed by the Cen- perceived regional inequalities.
tral Government in 1953, recommended the forma- o 2014: Telangana was formed by separating the
tion of 14 states and 6 Union territories (UTs) based northwestern part of Andhra Pradesh.
on factors such as language, culture, financial viabil- o Hyderabad became the capital of Telangana when it
ity, and national welfare. These recommendations was formed in 2014.
were implemented through the Constitution (7th o However, the division of assets and liabilities be-
Amendment) Act of 1956. tween Andhra Pradesh and Telangana as outlined
2. Development: States like Uttarakhand, Chhattis- in the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act of 2014,
garh, and Jharkhand, formed in 2000, and Telangana remains unresolved.
in 2014, were created based on developmental con-
siderations. What questions does Andhra Pradesh’s split raise about the
3. Other factors: The reorganization of states in India’s Indian republic?
northeastern region was influenced by factors such 1. Unity of Telugu-Speaking Elites: The split raises con-
as race, culture, and customs, reflecting the diverse cerns about the unity of Telugu-speaking elites com-
socio-cultural landscape of the country. pared to Kannada and Marathi-speaking regions.
2. Potential Challenges for Other Linguistic Groups:
Do we need new states now? Speculation arises about whether other linguistic
New States Shine: Outperforming the Old Guard groups may face similar challenges in the future due
o The Eleventh Plan document provides some data to common regional disparities.
which support that the smaller newly carved states 3. Reconsideration of Organizing Principle: The divi-
— specifically Uttarakhand and Chhattisgarh — sion prompts questions about whether states should
grew at a rate faster during the period 2004-05 to be organized based on factors like territory or pop-
2008-09 ) than their parent states (Uttar Pradesh ulation instead of language, urging India to address
which grew at about and Madhya Pradesh during these fundamental questions sooner.
the same five-year period) 4. Disorderly Bifurcation Process: It highlights con-
o The creation of new capital cities (such as Ranchi, cerns about the disorderly bifurcation process, un-
Raipur and Dehra Dun) and the associated infra- fulfilled promises, and mishandling of asset distri-
structure. bution, prompting a reassessment of future state
o These newer cities will attract private investors, re- divisions.
sulting in employment opportunities and eventually
better standard of living for citizens Impacts on Representation and Federal Structure:
1. Unequal Representation: Different state sizes
However, new states isn’t the only solution lead to varying numbers of seats in the central
o Whether or not smaller states are successful in de- legislature. This creates unequal political power
veloping their regions is dependent on the extent of and resource allocation, potentially marginaliz-
decentralisation. ing some regions.
 For instance, if a small state is unable to de- 2. Shifting Power Dynamics: State divisions can
volve enough funds and physical resources alter the balance of power between regions.
to a far-flung area of the state to maintain its Smaller states may have less influence in nation-
roads, the result would be inadequate qual- al decision-making.
ity of public services 3. Discontent and Resource Allocation: Unequal
o Further, the creation of one new state will lead to political power can lead to discontent among
the demand for and creation of other new states. states with less power. This may affect how eco-
o Moreover, linguistic homogeneity has not proven nomic resources are allocated, potentially fa-
to be effective in keeping the states integrated (the vouring larger states.
cases of Bihar, UP and Madhya Pradesh)

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Way Forward for Andhra Pradesh and Telangana What is NOTA?
1. Permanent Inter-State Council: Facilitate communi- NOTA allows voters to reject all candidates, indicating dis-
cation and resolve disputes. satisfaction. Even if it wins the majority, the runner-up can-
2. Special Financial Assistance: Grant special status didate wins. The Supreme Court specifies it’s for universal
and economic packages for both states. adult suffrage and direct elections. It’s also used in countries
3. Judicial Mechanism for Asset Division: Establish a like France, Belgium, Brazil, Finland, and Sweden. NOTA was
fast-track court to resolve disputes. introduced in 2013 after a Supreme Court (SC) direction in a
4. Governance Reforms: Fixed terms for governors, public interest litigation filed by the Peoples Union for Civil
better representation, and continuous dialogue. Liberties (PUCL).
5. Development of Backward Regions: Allocate grants What happens if NOTA receives the highest number of
for development in both states. votes in a constituency?
6. Prioritize Infrastructure Projects: Focus on road If NOTA receives the highest number of votes in a constit-
connectivity, power, and education. uency, currently, there are no legal consequences attached
to it. The second most successful candidate wins. However,
Conclusion: there’s a petition under consideration by the apex court to
The responsibilities assigned to the Inter-State Council by declare elections “null and void” if NOTA wins the majori-
the Constitution (in terms of resolving inter-state disputes) ty. The petitioner advocates for guidelines ensuring conse-
need to be fulfilled in reality and not just in papers to resolve quences for candidates failing to surpass NOTA.
the continuing dispute between Andhra and Telangana. Sim-
ilarly, Zonal councils need to be revived to discuss the mat- Ever wondered?
ters of common concern to states in each zone—matters
relating to social and economic planning, border disputes,
inter-state transport, etc. India is the epitome of unity in di- States like Maharashtra, Haryana, Puducherry, Delhi, and
versity. However, to strengthen this unity furthermore, both Chandigarh) have declared NOTA as a “Fictional Electoral
the Centre and state governments need to imbibe the ethos Candidate,” triggering fresh elections if it surpasses indi-
of cooperative federalism. vidual candidates’ votes.

Insta Links: Significance of NOTA option:

• Water dispute between Andhra Pradesh and Telan- Significance Explanation
gana Disapproval NOTA allows dissatisfied voters to ex-
press disapproval towards contesting
Prelims Link: candidates. For example, women activ-
Q. The power of the Supreme Court of India to decide dis- ists in Kerala advocated for NOTA when
putes between the Centre and the States falls under its no female candidate was present. In
(UPSC 2014) Tamil Nadu, youth groups used NOTA
(a) advisory jurisdiction as a protest against corruption.
(b) appellate jurisdiction Participation in NOTA can increase voter turnout by
(c) original jurisdiction voting motivating citizens to participate in
(d) writ jurisdiction elections.
Ans: C Prevent bogus By encouraging more people to cast
votes their votes, even if they don’t support
any candidate, NOTA helps reduce the
2. ANALYSIS OF NOTA (NONE OF THE count of bogus votes.
ABOVE) Enable the right NOTA enables voters to exercise their
to reject right to reject all candidates and regis-
Context: ter a vote of rejection.
In Indore, NOTA (None of the Above) emerged runner-up Right to secrecy Previously, voters had to inform the
with more than 200,000 votes presiding officer if they chose “None
of the above,” compromising ballot se-
What happened in Indore? crecy. NOTA ensures the maintenance
In Indore, BJP’s Shankar Lalwani won with a significant mar- of voters’ right to secrecy.
gin of 10.09 lakh votes, receiving 12,26,751 votes. Surpris-
ingly, NOTA emerged as the closest competitor with 2,18,674 Is NOTA allowed in Rajya Sabha Polls?
votes, marking the highest-ever NOTA count in any constitu- No, the Supreme Court had previously, ruled out the use of
ency. The previous record was in Gopalganj, Bihar, in 2019, the ‘None Of The Above’ (NOTA) option in the Rajya Sabha
with 51,660 NOTA votes.

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elections. The court observed that NOTA is intended for universal adult suffrage and direct elections, not for proportional
representation, as in Rajya Sabha polls.

Issues with NOTA:

1. No electoral value: NOTA votes are merely symbolic and do not affect the outcome of the election. Even if NOTA
receives a majority, the candidate with the highest vote share still wins.
2. Not a right to reject: Critics argue that NOTA does not provide the right to reject candidates but rather registers a
negative opinion.
3. Lack of awareness: Many voters are unaware of NOTA’s existence or its implications, leading to underutilization of
this option.
4. Caste bias: In some cases, high NOTA votes in reserved constituencies suggest a bias against candidates from certain
castes, potentially undermining the purpose of NOTA.

Suggestions for Improvement of NOTA:

1. Re-elections: If NOTA wins the majority, re-election should occur with new candidates. Maharashtra and Haryana
have implemented similar measures.
2. Barring candidates: Those receiving fewer votes than NOTA should be barred from re-election. Haryana treats NOTA
as a “fictional candidate” in municipal polls.
3. Cost on candidates: Parties losing to NOTA should cover re-election costs, and disabling the NOTA button during
re-elections may prevent repeated cycles.
4. Short-term ban: Candidates losing to NOTA could face a temporary ban on contesting elections.
5. Awareness: Alongside NOTA, efforts to enhance voter awareness are crucial to prevent its misuse.

Conclusion:
The Supreme Court expects NOTA to prompt a systemic change, compelling parties to nominate candidates of integrity.
Strengthening NOTA by empowering it to reject and call for re-elections if it wins the majority is crucial.

Insta links:
• Insights into Editorial: NOTA and the Indian voter

Mains Links:
Q. Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. (USPC
2022)

Prelims Links:
Q. Consider the following statements: (USPC 2017)
1. The Election Commission of India is a five-member body.
2. The Union Ministry of Home Affairs decides the election schedule for the conduct of both general elections and
bye-elections.
3. Election Commission resolves the disputes relating to splits/mergers of recognised political parties.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 3 only
Ans: (d)

3. ANALYSIS OF CONSTITUTIONAL MORALITY

Context:
The article criticizes the recent government’s actions for disregarding the Indian Constitution.

Examples of Recent Government Actions Against the Constitution:

• Preemptive Decision-Making: The government approved a ₹20,000 crore scheme (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman
Nidhi) before ministerial portfolios were allocated.

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• Cabinet Actions Without Portfolios: The first cabinet meeting decided on assisting three crore additional households
under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana without assigned portfolios, raising procedural legitimacy questions.
• Extension of Tenures: The Government extended the tenures of the National Security Adviser and the Principal Secre-
tary prematurely, using the old Appointments Committee setup without reconstituting the Cabinet Committee.

What is Constitutional morality?

It refers to adherence to the core principles and values enshrined in a constitution, guiding the conduct of both the govern-
ment and its citizens. It encompasses values such as justice, liberty, equality, fraternity, and the rule of law, ensuring the
Constitution’s spirit is upheld beyond mere legal compliance. In India, the term was first used by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Ever Wondered?!
What are the Pillars of Constitutional Morality:
1. Constitutional Values: Justice, liberty, equality, fraternity, secularism, dignity.
2. Rule of Law: Supremacy and accountability under the law for all, including officials.
3. Democratic Principles: Functioning representative democracy with citizen participation.
4. Fundamental Rights: Respecting and protecting rights like equality and freedom of speech.
5. Separation of Powers: Balancing legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
6. Checks and Balances: Preventing power abuse and protecting individual rights.
7. Constitutional Interpretation: Promoting principles and adapting to societal changes.
8. Ethical Governance: Ensuring transparency, accountability, and integrity in public service.

Significance:
1. Safeguarding Democracy: Constitutional morality ensures the preservation of democratic values and prevents au-
thoritarianism.
2. Protection of Rights: It upholds individual rights and freedoms, ensuring that laws and governance are aligned with
constitutional mandates.
3. Judicial Benchmarks: Serves as a guiding principle for the judiciary in interpreting and applying the Constitution.
4. Social Justice: Promotes social justice by ensuring that marginalised communities are protected and their rights
respected.
5. Bring positive change in society: It can be used to interpret laws or statutes no longer consistent with recent times,
thus bringing positive societal change.

B.R. Ambedkar’s View on Constitutional Morality:

1. Cultivation Needed: Constitutional morality is not innate; it must be cultivated.
2. Respect for Forms: It involves a paramount reverence for the forms of the Constitution.
3. Sacredness: The forms of the Constitution must be sacred to both those in power and their opponents.
4. Essential for Democracy: Constitutional morality ensures accountability and adherence to democratic principles.

Key Case Laws Upholding Constitutional Morality in India:

1. Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018): Decriminalisation of Section 377 IPC, which criminalised consensual
homosexual acts. The Supreme Court emphasised constitutional morality over social morality, decriminalising con-
sensual homosexual acts among adults.
2. Sabarimala Temple Case: Ban on entry of women of menstruating age into Sabarimala temple. The Supreme Court
held the ban unconstitutional, which affirmed the constitutional morality of gender equality and non-discrimina-
tion over religious customs.
3. Joseph Shine v. Union of India (2018): The Supreme Court decriminalised adultery, stating that the law was archaic
and violated constitutional guarantees of equality. This highlighted the importance of individual autonomy, equality
and human dignity to all.
4. NCT of Delhi vs. Union of India (2018): The Supreme Court equated constitutional morality with the spirit of the
Constitution itself. It held that Constitutional morality, in its strictest sense, implies a strict and complete adherence
to the constitutional principles as enshrined in the Constitution.
a. Eg. 7th Schedule- Division of powers between centre and states.

Challenges to Constitutional Morality:

1. Social and Cultural Norms: Deep-rooted societal and cultural norms often conflict with constitutional values, lead-
ing to resistance to implementing judicial decisions.

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a. Example: Resistance to the Sabarimala judgment due to traditional beliefs.
2. Political Influence: Politicians may undermine constitutional morality for electoral gains, promoting majoritarian
views over constitutional principles.
a. Example: Political backlash against electoral bonds ruling of the Supreme Court.
3. Lack of Awareness: Insufficient awareness and understanding of constitutional values among the general public can
hinder the acceptance and enforcement of constitutional morality.
a. Example: Many Indians still believe that Hindi is the national language.
4. Subjectivity: Some argue that the concept of constitutional morality is highly subjective and that it can be used to
justify different actions and decisions depending on the perspective of the person or institution interpreting it.
5. Judicial Limitations and Overreach: Balancing judicial activism to uphold constitutional morality without overstep-
ping the separation of powers can be challenging.
6. Economic and Social Inequality: Economic and social inequalities can limit the ability of marginalised groups to seek
justice and uphold constitutional morality.

Conclusion:
Constitutional morality is a cornerstone for ensuring that the spirit and values of the Constitution are upheld in gover-
nance and society. While key judicial rulings in India have reinforced this principle, various challenges such as societal norms,
political interference, and lack of public awareness persist. Addressing these challenges requires concerted efforts from
all branches of government, civil society, and citizens to truly embed constitutional morality in the fabric of the nation.

Mains Link:
Q: What is meant by the term ‘constitutional morality’? How does one uphold constitutional morality? (UPSC 2019)

4. PATNA HIGH COURT STRIKES DOWN 65% QUOTA IN BIHAR

Context:
The Patna High Court recently struck down Bihar’s attempt to raise Backward Classes (BC) reservation to 18%, Extremely
Backward Communities (EBC) to 25%, and adjusted quotas for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, resulting in a total
reservation of 65%.

Background of the case:

• The Bihar government decided to increase reservations for Backward Classes, Extremely Backward Classes (EBC),
Scheduled Castes (SC), and Scheduled Tribes (ST) following a caste-based survey, which showed these castes consti-
tuted 84% of the population of Bihar.
• This decision aimed to address the inadequate representation of these groups without adhering to a proportionate
basis.
• The move, which included a 10% quota for Economically Backward Classes (EWS), raised reservations in Bihar to
75% (65% for backward castes and 10% for EWS), surpassing the 50% ceiling mandated by the Supreme Court. Sub-
sequently, a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) challenging this increase was filed in the Patna High Court.

The Patna High Court struck down amendments to Bihar’s reservation system for the following reasons:
1. Violation of Constitutional Equality: The amendments were deemed to violate Articles 14, 15, and 16 of the Con-
stitution, which guarantee equality before the law and prohibit discrimination on various grounds including caste.
2. Exceeding 50% Reservation Limit: The amendments raised reservations in Bihar to 65%, which exceeded the 50%
ceiling set by the Supreme Court in the Indra Sawhney case (1992). The court upheld the 50% limit as a legal re-
striction on total reservations.
3. Lack of Proportionate Basis: The reservation increase was not based on a proportionate representation framework,
which is required for reservation policies to align with constitutional principles.
4. Absence of Adequate Study: The state government did not conduct a thorough analysis or in-depth study to justify
the need for and impact of the increased reservations, raising concerns about the rationale behind the amendments.
5. Judicial Precedents: The court referred to previous judgments and constitutional interpretations that underscored
the importance of maintaining a balance between affirmative action and constitutional limits on reservations.

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Ever Wondered?!
What was Indra Sawhney’s judgment?
The 1992 Indra Sawhney judgment by a 9-judge Constitution bench of the Supreme Court established that reservations
for SCs, STs, and OBCs must not exceed 50% of total seats in legislatures, higher education, and public employment. This
limit was considered fair and reasonable, with flexibility allowed only in extraordinary situations.
Other judgement:
1) Maratha Reservation: Increased total reservations in Maharashtra to 68%, struck down by the SC in 2021 for
exceeding the 50% ceiling.
Exceptions:
1. State Exceptions: Despite the limit, some states, notably Tamil Nadu with 69% reservation, and occasionally the
Union government and the Supreme Court itself, have breached this ceiling.
2. Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) Reservation: Upheld by a 3:2 majority in 2023, stating the 50% ceiling is
flexible but applies primarily to SCs, STs, and OBCs reservations.

Arguments in favour of the 50% Ceiling:

1. Contradiction with Equality: Critics argue exceeding the 50% reservation limit contradicts the principle of equality.
2. Balance Needed: Maintaining a balance between reservations for affirmative action and equality under the law is
crucial.
3. Reservations as Exceptions: Reservations should be exceptions to ensure equality, as warned by Dr B R Ambedkar
in the Constituent Assembly.

Criticism of the 50% Ceiling and Support for Reservations:

1. Arbitrary Limit: Critics view the 50% reservation limit as arbitrary, imposed by courts despite legislative attempts to
exceed it.
2. Debate on Legitimacy: Ongoing debate questions the legitimacy and flexibility of the 50% reservation ceiling estab-
lished through judicial interpretation.
3. Reservations as Fundamental Right: Some argue reservations are integral to the fundamental right to equality and
a part of the Constitution’s basic structure.
4. Judicial Perspective: The Supreme Court’s 2022 ruling upheld the OBC quota in NEET, affirming that reservations
enhance merit distribution rather than undermine it.

Conclusion:
The Patna High Court’s decision underscores the challenge of balancing social justice initiatives with constitutional limits
on reservation quotas, highlighting the importance of rigorous study and adherence to judicial precedents in policy-making.

Insta Links:
2) Reservation System in India

Mains Link:
Q. Whether the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) can enforce the implementation of constitutional res-
ervation for the Scheduled Castes in the religious minority institutions? Examine. (UPSC 2018)
Prelims Link:
Q. Consider the following statements: (USPC 2020)
1. The Constitution of India defines its ‘basic structure’ in terms of federalism, secularism, fundamental rights and de-
mocracy.
2. The Constitution of India provides for ‘judicial review’ to safeguard the citizens’ liberties and to preserve the ideals on
which the Constitution is based.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans: (d)

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5. HUMAN DIGNITY VS. RELIGIOUS PRACTICES

Context:
The Madurai Bench of the Madras High Court allowed the resumption of “annadhanam” and “angapradakshanam” at Ner-
ur Sathguru Sadasiva Brahmendral’s resting place.

What is “annadhanam” and “angapradakshanam”?

Annadhanam is the practice of offering free food to devotees. Angapradakshanam involves circumambulation by rolling on
the ground around a sacred site, in this context, rolling over plantain leaves left by other devotees after eating, is believed
to confer spiritual benefits. These practices were halted in 2015 due to concerns over human dignity.

What did HC say?

1. Right to Privacy and Article 25(1): Justice Swaminathan invoked these constitutional rights to reinstate the practic-
es.
a. Article 25(1) of the Constitution guarantees the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion.
2. Spiritual Orientation: Argued that the right to privacy includes spiritual orientation, similar to gender and sexual
orientation.
3. Communal Harmony: Highlighted that the practice at Nerur involved all devotees, regardless of caste, promoting
communal harmony and social integration.
4. Comparison to Supreme Court Order: Noted that the Karnataka case (which was banned by SC) involved only Brah-
mins’ leftovers, while at Nerur, all devotees participated.
5. Communal Amity: Observed that the practice points to communal amity and social integration.

However, critics argue that such practices, rooted in superstition, conflict with human dignity and the duty to promote
scientific temper and humanism.

Ever Wondered?!
Ethical Issues with Such Practices:
1. Human Dignity: Practices like “angapradakshanam” may degrade human dignity by requiring participants to roll on
leftovers.
2. Health Risks: Rolling on leftover food can pose significant hygiene and health risks.
3. Equality and Non-Discrimination: These practices may perpetuate social hierarchies and discrimination, violating
principles of equality.
4. Scientific Temper: Promoting superstitious practices conflicts with the constitutional duty to foster scientific temper,
humanism, and the spirit of inquiry.
5. Consent and Voluntariness: Even if voluntary, there may be social pressures that undermine genuine consent.
6. Public Morality: Practices perceived as degrading or harmful may be against public order and morality.
7. Cultural Relativism vs. Universalism: The conflict between respecting cultural practices and upholding universal hu-
man rights standards.

• In India, personal laws govern aspects like religious rites, marriage, divorce, maintenance, and succession, among
others, based on religious affiliations, despite the country’s secular nature.
• This pluralistic approach contrasts with the constitutional guarantee of equality under the law, creating a dual sys-
tem where personal laws apply differently to individuals based on their religion.
• These laws have remained static and outdated, while constitutional rights have evolved to reflect modern values,
leading to inevitable conflicts between the two.

Other Contemporary incidents where personal laws have conflicted with Fundamental Rights:

Incident Conflict with Fundamental Rights Court Ruling/Comments

Triple Talaq Case Violated the Fundamental Right to Equal- Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in the
ity and the Right to Life and Personal Lib- Shayara Bano Judgement (2017)
erty under Article 21

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Sabarimala Case Gender equality and the Right to Free- Supreme Court in 2018 allowed women of all ages to enter
dom of Religion under Article 25 the Sabarimala temple
Female Genital Violated the Right to Life and Personal Criticized and challenged for violating fundamental rights
Mutilation (FGM) Liberty under Article 21
Polygamy and Violated the right to equality Referred to a Constitution Bench in the case of Sameena
Nikah Halala Begum vs Union of India
Uniform Civil Align personal laws with Fundamental Proposed by the government, implementation remains
Code Proposal Rights, potential infringement on reli- slow and contentious
gious freedoms

Conclusion:
There is a significant divergence in judicial opinions regarding the applicability of Fundamental Rights to Personal Laws in
India. While some judgments assert that Personal Laws are outside Article 13 and immune to challenges based on Funda-
mental Rights violations, a contrasting view has emerged recently, advocating for such laws to be tested against Fundamen-
tal Rights. Achieving harmony through judicial consistency is crucial.

Insta Links:
Strike a fine balance, have a just civil code

Mains Links:
Constitutional Morality’ is rooted in the Constitution itself and is founded on its essential facets. Explain the doctrine of
‘Constitutional Morality’ with the help of relevant judicial decisions. (UPSC 2021)

Prelims Links:
Q1. Consider the following provisions under the Directive Principles of State Policy as enshrined in the Constitution of
India: ( UPSC 2012)
1. Securing for citizens of India a uniform civil code
2. Organising village Panchayats
3. Promoting cottage industries in rural areas
4. Securing for all the workers reasonable leisure and cultural opportunities
Which of the above are the Gandhian Principles that are reflected in the Directive Principles of State Policy?
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans: B

Topics: Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure,
devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.

6. FEDERALISM IN INDIA AFTER THE 2024 GENERAL ELECTION

Context:
The aftermath of the 2024 general election in India has brought to light a significant shift towards increased democratiza-
tion, with regional parties gaining substantial representation in Parliament. This development is expected to bolster feder-
alism in India.

What is Federalism?
Federalism is a system of government that combines a central or “federal” government with regional governments within
a single political framework, distributing powers between them. In India, the Constitution outlines the structure of gov-
ernance, delineating the relationship between the federal government and state governments. Legislative, administrative,
and executive powers are divided between the Union government and the states through the Union List, State List, and
Concurrent List.

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Features of Indian Federalism:
1. Multilevel Government: Federalism entails the existence of two or more tiers of government, typically a central or
federal government and regional or state governments.
2. Separate Jurisdiction: Each level of government possesses its own authority and autonomy in areas such as legisla-
tion, taxation, and administration, even though they govern the same populace.
3. Constitutional Specification: The powers and functions of each tier of government are clearly delineated and safe-
guarded by the Constitution, ensuring a balance of authority.
4. Dispute Resolution Mechanism: The Supreme Court is vested with the authority to adjudicate disputes arising be-
tween state governments, providing a mechanism for resolving conflicts within the federal structure.

What does the 2024 Election result mean for Indian federalism?
1. Increase in regional party representation in Parliament.
2. Diverse composition in ruling coalition and opposition.
3. Potential for more inclusive governance.
4. Voter preference for addressing local issues directly.
5. The challenge to traditional dominance of central parties.
6. Concerns over central policies undermining state autonomy.
7. Tensions over resource allocation and political rhetoric during the campaign.

Challenges to Centre-State Relations:

Challenges Examples
State border disputes Assam-Meghalaya, Assam-Mizoram disputes
Interference in state mat- Government of NCT of Delhi (GNCTD) Act, Agriculture laws, 2020
ters
Alleged use of autono- Enforcement Directorate raids
mous agencies against
Opposition-led states
Governors sitting over Tamil Nadu, Telangana Governors pulled by Supreme Court
state bills
Resource Allocation Kerala’s complaints on resource transfer, Karnataka’s drought relief concerns, West Bengal’s
Complaints MGNREGS funds
Legal Disputes Rise in legal disputes between states and Centre, as highlighted by Supreme Court
Bias in Finance Commis- States argue for fair allocation, citing bias towards the Centre in Finance Commissions
sions
Disparities Richer states like Mumbai contribute significantly to national taxes but receive a smaller
share, leading to development disparities. Poorer states require more resources for devel-
opment, and while the Finance Commission aims for fair distribution, historical disparities
remain.

The concept of cooperative federalism:

It implies a system of governance where central and state governments collaborate and work together to achieve common
goals, respecting each other’s constitutional boundaries.

Constitutional Boundaries between Centre and States:

1. Division of Powers: The Constitution of India divides powers between the Union and state governments through
three lists in the Seventh Schedule: Union, state and concurrent lists.
2. The doctrine of Pith and Substance: This doctrine is used by courts to determine under which list a particular legis-
lation falls. If the core subject matter of legislation falls within a list assigned to one level of government, the law is
deemed valid even if it incidentally encroaches on a subject in another list.

Some examples to illustrate the spirit of cooperative federalism:

1. GST Council: The GST Council, which includes representatives from both the central and state governments, is
tasked with making decisions on tax rates, exemptions, and the implementation of GST. This collaborative frame-
work ensures that both levels of government have a say in the tax policy, balancing regional interests with national

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priorities.
2. Disaster Management: In the event of natural disasters, such as floods, earthquakes, or pandemics, the central
government often works closely with state governments.
3. National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: While the policy outlines broad national objectives, it allows states to cus-
tomise and implement reforms according to their specific needs and contexts.
4. River Water Disputes: The Inter-State River Water Disputes Act allows the central government to set up tribunals to
adjudicate disputes, but the implementation of tribunal awards requires cooperation from the states involved. For
instance, the resolution of the Cauvery water dispute involved extensive consultations and compliance from both
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, overseen by the central government.
5. Niti Aayog: NITI Aayog acts as the quintessential platform for the Government of India by bringing States together
as ‘Team India’ to work towards the national development agenda.

Strengthening Federalism:
1. Strengthening of Inter-State Council: Over the years multiple committees have recommended strength-
ening of the Interstate Council where the concurrent list subjects can be debated and discussed, balancing
Centre state powers.
2. Democratic Decentralisation of administration and strengthening governments at all levels in true spirit.
Power should be decentralised based on the principle of subsidiarity.
3. Increase Resource Devolution: Raising the current 41% resource devolution from the Centre to the States
can empower states, enabling more localized governance.
4. Fair Finance Commission Practices: The Sixteenth Finance Commission should strive for equitable treat-
ment of all states, reducing friction and promoting fairer resource distribution, especially benefiting poorer
states to address inequality.
5. Enhance State Autonomy: By diminishing the central government’s control in programs such as the Public
Distribution System and MGNREGS, states can affirm their constitutional roles as equal partners in gover-
nance, preventing central dominance over state initiatives.

Conclusion:
For the central government to exercise its powers within constitutional boundaries in the spirit of cooperative federalism,
it must engage in continuous dialogue, respect the autonomy of states, and ensure that policies and decisions are made
collaboratively. This approach not only strengthens the federal structure but also promotes a more inclusive and responsive
governance system.

Insta Links:
• Federal system of India- federalism with tilt towards centre

Mains Links:
Though the federal principle is dominant in our constitution and that principle is one of its basic features, but it is equally
true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favour of a strong Center, a feature that militates against the
concept of strong federalism. Discuss. (UPSC 2014)

Prelims Links:
Q. Which one of the following is not a feature of Indian federalism? (UPSC 2017)
(a) There is an independent judiciary in India.
(b) Powers have been clearly divided between the Centre and the States.
(c) The federating units have been given unequal representation in the Rajya Sabha.
(d) It is the result of an agreement among the federating units.
Ans: (d)

Q. Local self-government can be best explained as an exercise in (USPC 2017)

(a) Federalism
(b) Democratic decentralization
(c) Administrative delegation
(d) Direct democracy
Ans: (b)

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7. GRASSROOTS GOVERNANCE: THE Key Findings of the World Bank Report:

• Funding Dependency: PRIs rely heavily on grants
DYNAMICS OF VILLAGE GOVERNMENT IN
from state and national authorities.
INDIA • Shortage of Functionaries: Scarcity of Panchayat
Secretaries, with an average of 0.67 per Gram Pan-
Context: chayat.
The World Bank Group released a Policy Research Working • Recentralization Trends: Local government autono-
Paper titled “Two Hundred and Fifty-Thousand Democracies: my eroded by MIS-based beneficiary selection and
A Review of Village Government in India,” analyzing the im- digital tracking.
pact of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment on India’s dem- • Revenue Composition: Only 1% of revenue is gener-
ocratic path. ated by taxes, majority from grants.
• Revenue Per Panchayat: Average tax revenue per
What is Panchayati Raj (PRI)? panchayat is Rs 21,000, while grants from central
A Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) is a local self-government and state governments total Rs 17 lakh and Rs 3.25
system in rural areas of India, established to decentralize lakh respectively.
administration and promote grassroots democracy. • Inter-State Disparities: Kerala and West Bengal lead
in revenue per panchayat, while Andhra Pradesh,
What was the 73rd Constitutional Amendment? Haryana, Mizoram, Punjab, and Uttarakhand lag be-
• It added Part IX to the Constitution, encompassing hind.
provisions from Article 243 to 243-O.
• Led to the establishment of Gram Sabha as a perma- Othe issues with the Panchayats:
nent unit comprising all registered village residents 1. Inadequate Capacity Building: Many Panchayat
• Implementation of three tiers of Panchayati Raj In- members lack the necessary skills and knowledge to
stitutions (PRIs) at the village, intermediate, and dis- manage finances, plan projects, and monitor prog-
trict levels (Exempt: states with populations below ress resulting in inefficiency.
20 lakh may not have the intermediate level) 2. Financial Constraints: Panchayats heavily rely on
• Mandates reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes central government grants, which are often delayed
or inadequate.
(SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) at every level of o Eg: Panchayats received 95% of their rev-
the Panchayat, proportionate to their population, enues from the devolved funds from the
along with 1/3rd reservation of seats for women. Centre/State while generating only 5% from
own powers.
A New Era for Village Governance: 3. Lack of Transparency and Accountability: Weak
1. Increased Political Participation: The amendment monitoring systems and limited public access to
led to a surge in political participation at the grass- information make it difficult to hold Panchayats ac-
roots level, with more candidates contesting Pan- countable for their actions.
chayat elections. 4. Socio-economic Inequalities: Existing social inequal-
2. Empowerment of Marginalized Communities: ities and discrimination can hinder equitable devel-
Reserved seats for marginalized communities, in- opment within Panchayat jurisdictions. This requires
cluding Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and specific interventions to address the needs of mar-
women, played a pivotal role in enhancing political ginalized communities and ensure inclusive devel-
competition. opment.
o Eg: 21 states in India have reserved 50% of 5. Limited Community Participation: Many citizens re-
seats in Panchayati Raj institutions (PRIs) for main unaware of their rights and responsibilities in
women. the Panchayati Raj system.
3. Formation of Multiple Political Parties: The compet-
itive landscape saw the emergence of multiple po- Key Recommendations of the World Bank Report:
litical parties at the local level, leading to a vibrant 1. Enhance Local Tax Capacity: Improve property re-
political environment within Panchayats. cords and grant Panchayats more authority to levy
4. The shift in Power Dynamics: The competitive na- taxes.
ture of Panchayat elections signalled a shift in power
dynamics, emphasizing the importance of local gov- 2. Empower Gram Sabhas: Increase their frequency
ernance in shaping policies and addressing commu- and broaden their authority, including village plan-
nity-specific issues. ning and beneficiary selection.
5. Enhanced Accountability: The competitive political 3. Strengthen SHG-Panchayat Linkages: Foster greater
landscape was envisioned to enhance accountability coordination between Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and
as elected representatives would be mindful of their Panchayats to better address women’s needs and
performance to secure re-election in subsequent improve decision-making.
terms.

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Other Suggested Measures: Insta Links:
1. Fiscal autonomy: Grant Panchayats greater fiscal au- • Local Self Governance
tonomy by empowering them to raise and manage
their own finances. Eg. Kerala’s decentralized plan- Mains Links:
ning model has empowered Panchayats.
Q. To what extent, in your opinion, has the decentralisation
2. Regular elections: Ensure regular, timely elections to
maintain the democratic functioning of Panchayats. of power in India changed the governance landscape at the
3. Citizen participation: Promote awareness cam- grassroots? (UPSC 2022)
paigns and civic education to enhance citizen under-
standing and participation in local governance and Q. Assess the importance of the Panchayat system in In-
enhance regular meetings and participation in Gram dia as a part of local government. Apart from government
Sabha. grants, what sources can the Panchayats look out for fi-
4. Social audit: Strengthen social audit mechanisms by nancing developmental projects? (USPC 2018)
providing training to villagers, ensuring transparency
in financial records, and addressing concerns raised
through audits. Q. In absence of a well-educated and organised local lev-
o Eg: Social audits in Rajasthan have led to el government system,`Panchayats’ and ‘Samitis’ have re-
the identification and correction of irregu- mained mainly political institutions and not effective in-
larities. struments of governance. Critically discuss. (USPC 2015)
5. Inter-panchayat coordination: Encourage joint plan-
ning and resource sharing through inter-panchayat
Prelims Links:
forums, workshops, and knowledge exchange pro-
grams. Q. Local self-government can be best explained as an ex-
6. Decentralisation: Devolve additional powers and ercise in (UPSC 2017)
responsibilities to Panchayats across sectors like (a) Federalism
education, health, and agriculture, while providing (b) Democratic decentralisation
capacity-building support to ensure effective imple-
(c) Administrative delegation
mentation.
(d) Direct democracy
Ans: (b)
Ever wondered?
Government initiatives for Stronger Local Gov- Q. The fundamental object of Panchayati Raj system is to
ernance ensure which among the following? (UPSC 2015)
People’s participation in development
1. SVAMITVA Scheme: Survey of Villages and Mapping
Political accountability
with Improvised Technology in Village Areas (SVAM-
Democratic decentralisation
ITVA) scheme was launched on National Panchayati
Financial mobilisation
Raj Day 2020 to enable the economic progress of Rural
Select the correct answer using the code given below
India by providing a “Record of Rights” to every rural
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
household owner.
(b) 2 and 4 only
2. e-Gram Swaraj e-Financial Management System:
(c) 1 and 3 only
e-Gram Swaraj is a Simplified Work Based Accounting
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Application for Panchayati Raj.
Ans: (c)
3. Geo-Tagging of Assets: The Ministry of Panchayati Raj
(MoPR) has developed “mActionSoft”, a mobile-based
solution to help in capturing photos with Geo-Tags
(i.e., GPS Coordinates) for the works which have assets Topics: Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, func-
as an output. tioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues
4. Citizen Charter: In order to focus on the commitment arising out of these.
of the PRIs towards its Citizens in respect of the Stan-
dard of Services, the MoPR has provided a platform to 8. WOMEN MPS IN LOK SABHA
upload Citizen Charter documents.
Context:
Conclusion: The 18th Lok Sabha will have 74 women Members of Par-
The Venugopal Committee report of 2018, highlighted the liament (MP), a slight decrease from 2019 when 78 women
critical role of Panchayats in fostering rural development were elected.
and achieving sustainable progress. It emphasizes the need
to address the challenges faced by Panchayats, such as inad- Status of women in legislatures:
equate capacity building, financial constraints, lack of trans- 1. Women will now constitute 13.6% of the new Lok
parency, and limited citizen participation. Sabha, down from 14.3% in the previous term. (al-

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though increasing from 5% in the first Lok Sabha) Steps Taken for Increasing Women’s Political Representa-
2. India’s representation of women in the Lok Sabha, tion:
at 13.63%, falls behind several other countries, with 1. Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, 2023: Amends the
South Africa, the UK, and the US boasting higher Constitution to reserve one-third of seats in Lok
percentages. Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies for women.
3. In the 2024 elections, women MPs were elected 2. Constitutional Amendments: The 73rd and 74th
from 14 parties, with the BJP leading with 31 MPs, Amendments reserve one-third of seats in Pancha-
followed by Congress with 13, and TMC with 11. yats and Municipalities for women.
4. Of the 74 women MPs elected, 43 are first-time 3. SDG Target 5.5: India pledged to achieve women’s
MPs, and the average age is 50 years. Around 10% full and effective participation at all levels of deci-
of candidates in the 2024 elections were women, sion-making in politics and public life.
marking an increase from previous years. 4. Constitutional Measures: Articles 14, 15, 46, and
5. Compared to other countries like Rwanda and 243D ensure equality, protection against social in-
Cuba, India’s representation of women in legisla- justice, and reservation of seats for women in Pan-
tures remains relatively low. chayati Raj Institutions.
5. Legislative Initiatives: Establishment of the Parlia-
Reasons for low women representations: mentary Committee on Empowerment of Women
1. Gender conditioning: Women may lack political am- and gender-neutral rules in the Lok Sabha.
bition due to factors like less encouragement to run 6. International Commitments: Agreements such as
for office, self-doubt about qualifications, reluctance the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
towards competition, fear of ‘big politics’, and family Discrimination against Women and the Beijing Plat-
considerations. form for Action emphasize enhancing women’s po-
2. Patriarchal society: Gender disparities, sexual divi- litical representation globally.
sion of labour, cultural and social expectations, and
illiteracy hinder women’s participation in politics. Suggestions for Enhancing Women’s Representation in Leg-
3. Gatekeepers: Party leaders may show bias in pro- islatures:
moting male candidates over female candidates, af- 1. Implement Quotas: Establish clear, well-structured
fecting the selection process and hindering women’s regulations with effective enforcement mechanisms
chances of election. to increase female representation. Quotas can sig-
4. Lack of political education, growth in criminaliza- nificantly boost women’s presence in parliament.
tion, and corruption further contribute to the un- 2. Combat Violence: Address psychological and phys-
derrepresentation of women in politics. ical violence against women in politics by establish-
5. Structural Disadvantages: Election campaigns are ing cross-party working groups, developing policies
expensive, time-consuming, and fraught with issues to combat sexism and harassment, and creating a
like inappropriate commenting, hate speeches, abu- fair complaints system.
sive threats, and use of muscle power, which dispro- 3. Mentorship Programs: Provide mentorship oppor-
portionately affect women candidates. tunities for women politicians to connect with ex-
perienced counterparts, enabling them to gain valu-
Benefits of High Representation of Women in Legislature: able insights and leadership skills.
1. Focus on gender issues: Stronger attention to wom- 4. Media Participation: Increase women’s participa-
en’s concerns and implementation of women-sensi- tion in media by educating journalists, addressing
tive policies. bias, and monitoring press coverage to promote fair
2. Gender equality: Essential for genuine democracy representation of women in politics.
and ensuring women’s interests are on government 5. Women’s Caucuses: Support women’s parliamenta-
agendas. ry caucuses to foster gender equality legislation and
3. Accountability: Direct engagement leads to better policy agendas, amplifying women’s voices and in-
representation and accountability for women. fluence in parliament.
4. Gender-sensitive governance: Promotes reforms for
gender equality in public policy.
5. Encourage inclusive initiatives: Supports programs
and subsidies to enhance women’s decision-making.
6. Change stereotypes: Collaboration with media to
portray women as effective politicians, challenging
stereotypes.

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Ever wondered? governed by the Arbitration and Conciliation Act,

1996 (amended in 2021).
How do women fare in politics globally?
• Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan have opted for What is ADR?
the legislative route Alternate dispute resolution (ADR) refers to the means by
• Pakistan: 17% seats are reserved for women in which disputes are settled outside the traditional court sys-
its national assembly tem. In India, modes of ADR include arbitration, negotiation,
mediation, and Lok Adalats.
• Bangladesh has reserved 50 out of 350 seats in
its Jatiya Sangsad What is Mediation?
• Nepal has reserved 33% of the total seats It is an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) method in which
for women. a neutral third party, known as a mediator, helps parties in
• In Australia, Canada, South Africa, Sweden, po- a dispute reach a mutually agreeable resolution. Mediation
litical parties are required to give a certain per- is considered a more cost-effective, efficient, and less ad-
centage of tickets to women candidates. versarial method compared to traditional court litigation.

Why has the government shifted its policy against Arbitra-

Insta Links:
tion?
• Women in the Indian political system
1. Government’s Distrust in Arbitrators: The government
perceives that arbitrators often lack integrity and col-
lude with private parties, resulting in unfavourable
Topics: Structure, organization and functioning of the Exec-
awards that are hard to challenge.
utive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the
2. The disadvantage of Transferable jobs: Government of-
Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associa-
ficials’ transferable jobs may limit their deep knowledge,
tions and their role in the Polity.
putting them at a disadvantage against private parties in
arbitration.
9. ALTERNATE DISPUTE REDRESSAL SYS- 3. Issue of Informal nature: The informal, binding nature
TEM (ADR): ARBITRATION GUIDELINES of arbitration can lead to errors and misapplication of
the law. Many arbitration decisions are challenged in
Context: high courts, failing to ease the courts’ burden.
The Department of Expenditure under the Ministry of Fi- 4. Decision-Making Ability of Officials: Government offi-
nance released guidelines for using arbitration and media- cials, facing multiple layers of accountability and scruti-
tion in domestic public procurement contracts. ny, are unlikely to agree to any decision which might be
Details on the Guidelines: unpopular with the government.
5. Vivad se Vishwas – II Scheme: The 2023 scheme shows
Aim: the government’s preference for settlements (rather
Guidelines aim to streamline the dispute resolution process than arbitration), often proposing significant discounts
for domestic procurement by government entities and ad- on arbitral awards.
dress unique challenges in arbitration.
Potential Implications of the Guidelines:
Key Points: 1. Deter Foreign Investors: Restrictions on arbitration, es-
1. Avoid the automatic inclusion of arbitration in large pecially for high-value disputes, may deter foreign in-
contracts. vestment.
2. Restrict arbitration to disputes below Rs 10 crores. 2. Ease of Doing Business: Complicates business opera-
3. Prefer institutional arbitration when used. tions; India ranked low in ‘Enforcing Contracts’ (163rd in
4. Adopt mediation under the Mediation Act, 2023, for 2019, World Bank).
high-value matters. 3. Arbitration Hub Vision: Challenges India’s ambition to
be an international arbitration hub.
What is Arbitration? 4. Diminished Investor Confidence: Unpredictable legal
Arbitration is a quasi-judicial method of resolving disputes frameworks may erode investor confidence.
outside the courts, where the parties to a conflict agree to 5. Infrastructure Development: Shift to court adjudication
submit their issues to an impartial third party (the arbitra- could delay projects and increase costs.
tor) who makes a decision that is binding. It is often chosen 6. Contractual Uncertainty: Removing arbitration clauses
for its faster resolution process, confidentiality, and the abil- introduces uncertainty in business contracts.
ity to select an expert in the relevant field. 7. Potential for Corruption: Settlement negotiations may
• It is a type of Alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR), increase corruption due to a lack of transparency.

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8. Stifling Innovation: A slow dispute resolution system What should be done to improve Arbitration?
can hinder startups and innovation. 1. Reconsideration of Policy: The government should
9. Overburdening Courts: The overburdened Indian courts rethink excluding arbitration clauses and instead en-
are ill-equipped for complex commercial disputes, lead- hance the arbitration framework.
ing to prolonged litigation despite efforts to expedite 2. Strengthening Arbitration: Improving the arbitra-
processes. tion process, including timely arbitrator appoint-
ments and award enforcement, can enhance its ef-
Other challenges with India’s ADR mechanism are: fectiveness.
Challenges Description
Measures to Promote ADR:
Lack of Govern- Uneven growth and limited support
1. Strengthening Legal Frameworks: Ensure laws sup-
ment Support for ADR in different regions.
port ADR, making mediated agreements enforceable
Lack of funding for ADR centres, es- and integrating ADR into the judicial system.
pecially in smaller cities. 2. Enhancing Awareness and Education: Conduct
Need for greater government back- awareness campaigns and educational programs
ing to promote ADR mechanisms. about ADR benefits and processes.
Insufficient Infra- An inadequate number of ADR cen- 3. Improving Training and Certification: Develop com-
structure tres even after 27 years of the Arbi- prehensive training for mediators/arbitrators, estab-
tration and Conciliation Act, 1996. lish certification processes, and integrate ADR train-
ing into education curriculums.
Lack of funding hampers the estab- 4. Role of Technology: Utilize AI, big data, Machine
lishment of ADR facilities in small Learning, and blockchain in legal processes, espe-
towns. cially for blockchain-driven arbitration processes for
Accessibility issues due to the con- smart contracts.
centration of ADR centres in cities. 5. Government’s Shift to Mediation: Establish ADR
Court Interference Frequent interference of courts in centres, particularly mediation centres, within gov-
arbitral and ADR proceedings. ernment departments to resolve disputes. For ex-
ample, the Maharashtra Mediation and Conciliation
Over-interference affects the au-
Centre in India resolves disputes involving govern-
tonomy of ADR mechanisms.
ment departments.
Hindrance to the flexibility and
freedom of parties in ADR. Insta Links:
Execution Process Parties often need to approach • Reforming arbitration law
courts for execution after ADR • Bills & Acts – Arbitration Laws in India
awards. • Mediation Act, 2023
Counteracts the goal of a stream-
lined dispute resolution process. Mains Links:
Q. What are the major changes brought in the Arbitration
Lack of Skilled Pro- Limited availability of skilled arbitra-
and Conciliation Act, 1996 through the recent Ordinance
fessionals tors, negotiators, and mediators.
promulgated by the President? How far will it improve In-
Lack of specialized institutions for dia’s dispute resolution mechanism? Discuss. (UPSC 2015)
training in ADR skills.
Unskilled professionals can lead to Prelims Link:
unsuccessful ADR outcomes. Q. With reference to Lok Adalats, which of the following
Limited Remedies Narrow scope for appeal after the statements is correct? (UPSC 2010)
and Appeal ADR award, offering few remedies. (a) Lok Adalats have the jurisdiction to settle the matters
at the pre-litigation stage and not those matters pending
Parties may feel restricted in pursu-
before any court
ing justice through ADR.
(b) Lok Adalats can deal with matters which are civil and
Lack of Awareness Widespread lack of awareness not criminal in nature
about ADR mechanisms in society. (c) Every Lok Adalat consists of either serving or retired ju-
Potential for Coer- In cases where one party is more in- dicial officers only and not any other person
cion fluential, there’s a risk of coercion. (d) None of the statements given above is correct
Inability to Reach - Despite efforts by negotiators/me- Ans: D
Mutual Agreement diators/arbitrators, parties may be
unwilling to agree.

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Topics: Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies.

10. NHRC NOTICE TO ODISHA GOVT ON CUSTODIAL DEATH

Context:
The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) has issued a notice to the Odisha government, demanding an explanation
for not paying the recommended compensation to the family of a person who died in custody.

About Custodial Death:

Custodial death, often a result of custodial violence including torture and rape, is a significant concern in India. Between
2017 and 2022, over 660 custodial deaths were reported, with Gujarat recording the highest number at 80, followed by
Maharashtra.

Safeguards against custodial violence:

1. Article 14 ensures the right to equality before the law
2. Article 21 guarantees the right to life
3. Sections 330 and 331 of the IPC prescribe punishments for injuries inflicted to extort confessions during custody
4. Section 176 of the Cr. P.C. mandates a magisterial inquiry in cases of custodial death.
5. Sections 120 and 127 of the Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita, offer additional protections for the accused
6. NHRC’s 1993 guidelines, which require reporting custodial deaths or rapes within 24 hours
7. Supreme Court’s directives in the DK Basu case, outlining procedures for detainee protection and arrest protocols.

About NHRC:
The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is a statutory body established in India to safeguard and promote human
rights in the country. It was established under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, with a mandate to address human
rights violations, provide remedies to victims, and create awareness about human rights principles among the public.

The mandate of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC):

Mandate of NHRC Description
Investigate Human The NHRC is responsible for investigating and inquiring into complaints of human rights violations,
Rights Violations covering civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights.
Recommend Reme- After investigation, the NHRC has the authority to recommend remedial measures to the con-
dial Measures cerned authorities for the protection and promotion of human rights. This includes suggestions for
compensation, rehabilitation, and legal action against the perpetrators.
Spread Awareness The NHRC is tasked with spreading awareness about human rights, promoting human rights educa-
and Education tion, and conducting research on various issues related to human rights in India.
Monitor State and The NHRC monitors the actions of both state and central government authorities to ensure compli-
Central Government ance with human rights standards and principles.
Actions
Provide Assistance The NHRC provides assistance and advice to individuals, groups, and organizations on human rights
and Advice issues, offering guidance and support in addressing violations or concerns.
Promote Human The NHRC aims to promote a culture of human rights by organizing seminars, workshops, and cam-
Rights Culture paigns on various human rights issues. It collaborates with civil society organizations, academia,
and other stakeholders to create awareness and advocacy for human rights.
Cooperation with In- The NHRC collaborates with international organizations, including the United Nations and its agen-
ternational Bodies cies, to exchange information, expertise, and best practices in the field of human rights. This fosters
cooperation on a global scale to address and advance human rights concerns.

Evaluation of its success in achieving its objectives:

Positives:
• Investigation of Human Rights Violations: The NHRC has been successful in investigating numerous cases of human
rights violations in India.
o As of September 2021, the NHRC had registered over 17,000 cases and completed inquiries in more than
13,000 cases.

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• Recommendations for Remedial Measures: The NHRC’s recommendations have led to positive changes and account-
ability in some cases.
o One notable example is the NHRC’s intervention in the encounter killings in Manipur, where it recommended the
registration of FIRs, compensation to the victims’ families, and disciplinary action against the involved security per-
sonnel.
• Awareness and Education: The NHRC has played a crucial role in spreading awareness about human rights through its
campaigns, workshops, and publications.
o As of 2020, the NHRC had organized more than 5,000 human rights awareness programs across the country.
• Monitoring of Prisons and Jails: The NHRC has the authority to visit and inspect prisons, jails, and detention centres to
ensure the protection of the human rights of inmates.
o It conducts regular inspections and takes appropriate actions to address issues such as overcrowding, torture, and
other forms of ill-treatment.
• International Engagement: The NHRC actively participates in international human rights forums and collaborates with
international organizations. It engages in dialogue with various countries and shares best practices in the promotion and
protection of human rights.

Negatives:
• Implementation and Enforcement: Despite its recommendations, the implementation of NHRC’s directives by the con-
cerned authorities has been a challenge. In some cases, the authorities have failed to take adequate action, leading to
a lack of accountability and justice.
• Limited Jurisdiction: It does not have jurisdiction over human rights violations by non-state actors, such as private com-
panies. NHRC is also limited by temporal jurisdiction of cases violation limited to the past 1 year.
• Delayed Justice: For instance, the NHRC’s recommendations in cases of extrajudicial killings and custodial deaths have
not always led to prompt action and redress for the victims and their families.
• Limited Resources and Staffing: The NHRC has often faced resource constraints, including limited budgetary allocations
and understaffing. This hampers its ability to effectively handle a large number of complaints and conduct comprehen-
sive investigations in a timely manner.

Conclusion: The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) plays a crucial role in promoting and protecting human
rights in India. The Supreme Court has emphasized the need to provide the NHRC with greater autonomy, independence,
and financial resources to enhance its effectiveness in addressing human rights issues.

Insta Links:
• National Human Rights Commission
Prelims Links:
Q. Other than the Fundamental Rights, which of the following parts of the Constitution of India reflect/reflects the principles
and provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)? (UPSC 2020)
1. Preamble
2. Directive Principles of State Policy
3. Fundamental Duties
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans: D

Q. Consider the following: (UPSC 2011)

1. Right to education
2. Right to equal access to public service
3. Right to food.
Which of the above is/are Human Right/Human Rights under “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans: D

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Topics: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and
implementation.

11. DISPARITIES IN EDUCATION OUTCOMES IN INDIA

Context:
National Achievement Survey (NAS) 2021 highlights the disparities in educational outcomes among Indian states, advocat-
ing for improved teaching methods and targeted interventions to enhance learning outcomes for all students.

What is NAS 2021?

NAS 2021 is a nationwide assessment conducted (by the Ministry of Education) to gauge the academic performance of
students across India.

Findings:
1. Performance Decline: NAS 2021 shows a significant decline in student performance compared to NAS 2017. Class
10 scores fell by 13.4% in Mathematics, 18.6% in Science, and 9.1% in Social Science.
2. Disparities Across States: Some states like Punjab, Rajasthan, and Haryana perform well, while Meghalaya, Mizoram,
Nagaland, and Chhattisgarh lag behind in educational outcomes.
3. Performance Drop with Progression: Scores decline as students progress from Class 3 to Class 10. Language scores
fell from 64.6% in Class 3 to 52% in Class 10, and Mathematics scores dropped from 61.2% in Class 3 to 44% in Class
10.
4. According to UNESCO, India has the highest number of children out of school globally, with an estimated 17 million
children between the ages of 6-14 still out of school.

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Reasons for the decline:
1. Inequality: Marginalized groups like Dalits and tribal communities face discrimination and lack opportunities com-
pared to privileged students.
a. A study by NCERT shows these students often experience abuse and mistreatment in schools.
2. Shift in Assessment Style: The transition from rote learning to competency-based assessments poses challenges
for students accustomed to traditional methods.
3. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic: Disruptions caused by the pandemic, including school closures and remote learning,
have significantly contributed to learning setbacks.
4. Inadequate Foundational Learning: Weak foundational skills in early grades result in difficulties that accumulate as
students advance.
5. Insufficient Reinforcement of Concepts: Lack of regular revisiting and reinforcement of core concepts, as per Brun-
er’s Spiral Curriculum Theory, leads to knowledge gaps as students progress.

Other Issues with Education in India:

Issues Description
Education Sector Crisis Reckless commercialization and politicization have led to a crisis in the education sector, lack-
ing a coherent strategy and focusing on quick-fix solutions like technology.
Limits of Edutech Despite the hype around technology in education, start-ups like Byju’s have failed to deliver,
highlighting the need for quality teachers’ over-reliance on technology.
Preference for Tuition Parents increasingly favour tuition centres over regular schools, contributing to mental health
Centers issues among students and furthering the educational divide.
Quality Variance in Disparities between public and private schools persist due to poorly trained teachers in gov-
Schools ernment schools, neglecting efforts for quality improvement.
Widening Educational The gap between rich and poor students widens within a failing education system, underscor-
Divide ing the need for innovative teaching methods and greater societal involvement.
Lack of Societal Involve- Education should be a societal concern, but there is a lack of community engagement and vol-
ment unteerism, hindering efforts for meaningful change in the education sector.
Insufficient Education India’s education spending remains low, stagnating at 2.61% of GDP, far below the recom-
Spending mended 6% by the Education 2030 Framework for Action
Political Leadership and There is a lack of political commitment and imagination in allocating sufficient funds for edu-
Fiscal Imagination cation, hindering India’s potential for global leadership in the sector.
Inadequate Infrastruc- Many schools lack basic infrastructure like internet facilities, computers, furniture, electricity,
ture in Schools ramps for the disabled, and proper WASH facilities, impacting the learning environment.
High Dropout Rate NFHS-5: 21.4% of girls, and 35.7% of boys dropped out due to lack of interest in studies.

Legal and Constitutional Safeguards:

1. Legal provisions include Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) under the Right to Education Act for primary education,
Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan for secondary education, and Rashtriya Uchhattar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA)
for higher education, now part of Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan.
2. Constitutional provisions include Article 45 ensuring free and compulsory education up to 14 years, later amended
to include early childhood care and education, and the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002 introducing
Article 21A, making elementary education a fundamental right.

Suggestions for Improvement:

1. Experiential Learning Approach: Introduce problem-solving subjects for hands-on learning, and utilize Artificial
Intelligence for experiential learning.
2. Implementation of National Education Policy (NEP): Shift to a 5+3+3+4 system, ensuring uniformity across states.
3. Education-Employment Corridor: Integrate vocational learning, and provide mentorship in government schools,
especially in rural areas.
4. Reducing the Language Barrier: Give equal importance to Indian languages, and establish special agencies for trans-
lation.
5. Taking a Note From Past to Future: Learn from the ancient ‘Gurukul’ system, emphasize holistic development and
values education, and adopt practical assessment methods.

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Mains Link:
Q1. How have digital initiatives in India contributed to the functioning of the education system in the country? Elaborate
on your answer. (UPSC 2020)
Q2. Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in de-
tail. (USPC 2021)

Prelims Link:
Q. Which of the following provisions of the Constitution does India have a bearing on Education? (UPSC 2012)
1. Directive Principles of State Policy
2. Rural and Urban Local Bodies
3. Fifth Schedule
4. Sixth Schedule
5. Seventh Schedule

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3, 4 and 5 only
(c) 1, 2 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Ans- (d)

12. ISSUES WITH THE NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY (NEP)

Context:
The implementation of the National Education Policy (NEP) in India has faced significant challenges and criticism, highlight-
ing several areas of failure.

What is National Education Policy (NEP) 2020?

National Education Policy was introduced in India (based on the recommendations of Kasturirangan and T.S.R. Subramanian
committees), aiming to reform the education system from pre-primary to higher education levels. It focuses on universal-
izing education, adopting a flexible curriculum, promoting multilingualism, and integrating vocational education.

Major Features of NEP 2020:

1. Universalization of education by 2030 through a 100% Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) from pre-primary to secondary.
2. Open schooling system for out-of-school children, without admission requirements like NIOS.
3. Adoption of a 5+3+3+4 curriculum system, replacing the existing 10+2 system.
4. Teaching in mother tongue up to class 5 without imposition of any language.
5. Broad-based, multi-disciplinary, holistic undergraduate education with a flexible curriculum, integration of voca-
tional education, and multiple entries and exit points with respective degrees, including undergraduate programs
in regional languages.
6. Establishment of an Academic Bank of Credits to enable credit transfers between institutions.
7. Introduction of HECI (Higher Education Commission of India) as an umbrella regulator, except for legal and medical
education.
8. Promotion of multilingualism in schools and colleges.
9. Setting up of a new National Assessment Centre, PARAKH (Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of
Knowledge for Holistic Development)
10. A separate Gender Inclusion fund and Special Education Zones for disadvantaged regions and groups

Significance of NEP 2020:

1. Inclusive Education for All: NEP 2020 prioritizes inclusive education, accommodating diverse learner needs through
early identification and intervention, with proposed Special Education Zones (SEZs) for students with disabilities.
2. Reducing Disparities: Emphasis on equitable access to quality education, with initiatives like Samagra Shiksha Abhi-
yan targeting underprivileged areas for infrastructure expansion.
3. Multilingualism and Cultural Inclusion: Promotion of multilingualism and indigenous language preservation to fos-
ter cultural diversity and inclusivity.
4. Gender Equity: Measures to promote girls’ enrollment and retention, including gender-sensitive curriculum devel-

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opment and establishment of women’s hostels.
5. Vocational Education and Skill Development: Integration of vocational courses to provide practical skills for em-
ployment, benefiting students with diverse academic interests or limited access to traditional pathways.

Issues with the NEP:

1. Reduction in Syllabus Content: Truncation of syllabi limits comprehensive understanding, as seen in the case of
Walt Whitman’s poem “Passage to India,” now taught with only 68 lines instead of 255.
2. Dilution of Core Subjects: Some institutions, like St Xavier’s University, Kolkata, focus on one major core subject per
semester in programs like Economics Honours, potentially leading to insufficient knowledge in core fields.
3. Administrative Overload: NEP mandates numerous exams and continuous assessments per semester, increasing
bureaucratic burdens for students and educators.
4. Pedagogical Change: Implementation challenges in introducing multi-language learning, foundational skills devel-
opment, and value-based education, requiring thorough reexamination and adaptation of teaching methods.
5. Assessment Rethinking: Need for reevaluation of school leaving exams, development of appropriate learning ru-
brics, and reforming school textbooks to align with the new educational paradigm.
6. Educator Training: Essential to training teachers and educational staff to deliver child-centred, engaging learning
experiences and foster joyful learning environments.
7. Removing Barriers for Teachers: Addressing personal and professional barriers faced by teachers, especially in re-
mote and inaccessible areas, to ensure the successful implementation of NEP.
8. Funding and Pay Scale: Challenges in meeting the demand for qualified teachers and improving their pay scale to
facilitate conceptual and experimental teaching methods.
9. Funding Constraints: Challenges in fully implementing NEP proposals due to limited resources, necessitating in-
creased scholarships and private sector involvement without clear strategies outlined in the policy.
10. Digital Connectivity: Addressing the digital divide by ensuring internet access in remote areas, implementing digital
classrooms, and providing training in AR/VR technologies to enhance learning experiences.

Major Initiatives under NEP 2020:

Initiative Description
PM Schools for Rising A scheme aiming to provide high-quality, equitable, and joyful education in schools. Launched in
India (SHRI) September 2022 for the development of over 14,500 schools nationwide.
NIPUN Bharat A mission focused on ensuring universal foundational literacy and numeracy by the end of Grade
3 by 2026-27.
PM e-VIDYA Initiative promoting online education and digital learning through platforms like DIKSHA and of-
fering e-books and content to students.
NCF FS and Jadui Pi- Introduction of National Curriculum Framework for Foundational Stage (NCF FS) and Jadui Pitara
tara for play-based learning for children aged 3 to 8 years.
NISHTHA Capacity-building program for teachers and school principals in India.
NDEAR National Digital Education Architecture blueprint for digital technology-based education applica-
tions.
Academic Frame- Introduction of the National Credit Framework (NCrF) and National Higher Education Qualification
works Framework (NHEQF) to facilitate credit transfer and academic flexibility.
Increased Investment Advocacy for the Central and State Governments to allocate a combined 6% of GDP to education.
International Cam- Support for Indian universities to establish campuses abroad and invite foreign institutions to
puses operate in India.
Educational Innova- Initiative allowing specialized courses by foreign universities and institutions in Gujarat’s GIFT City,
tion focusing on financial services and technology.
World-Class Institu- Scheme aiming to create affordable, top-notch academic and research facilities, designating “In-
tions stitutions of Eminence” (IoEs).
GIAN and SPARC GIAN taps into expertise to enhance academic resources, while SPARC fosters research collabora-
tions between Indian and foreign institutions.

Conclusion:
“Education is the passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to those who prepare for it today.” To improve NEP, we

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should reassess its credit-based system, emphasizing core subjects for deeper knowledge. Cutting non-core courses can
elevate academic standards. Stakeholder input is crucial for meaningful reforms in higher education.

Insta Links:
• Schemes under Ministry of Education

Mains Links:
Q. How have digital initiatives in India contributed to the functioning of the education system in the country? Elaborate
on your answer. (UPSC 2020)
Q. Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in de-
tail. (USPC 2021)

Prelims Links:
Q. Which of the following provisions of the Constitution does India have a bearing on Education? (UPSC 2012)
1. Directive Principles of State Policy
2. Rural and Urban Local Bodies
3. Fifth Schedule
4. Sixth Schedule
5. Seventh Schedule
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3, 4 and 5 only
(c) 1, 2 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Ans - (d)

13. POST OFFICE ACT 2023 COMES INTO EFFECT

Context:
The Post Office Act 2023, effective today, replaces the Indian Post Office Act, 1898. It simplifies the legislative framework
for citizen-centric services, banking, and government scheme benefits.

Major provisions of the Act:

Provision Details
Flexibility Grants the postal department flexibility in determining service prices to respond quickly to market
demands.
Legal Framework Establishes a strong legal framework for citizen-centric services in the post office, facilitating various
initiatives.
Digital Code Introduces the option to replace physical addresses with digital codes using geospatial coordinates to
identify specific premises.
Privilege Eliminates the provision of “exclusive privilege” previously granted by the central government.
Authority of DG It broadens the authority of the Director General of Postal Services beyond mail services. It empow-
ers them to regulate activities for additional services prescribed by the central government and set
charges without requiring parliamentary approval.
Authority of Cen- Empowers the central government, through notification, to authorize any officer to intercept, open,
tre or detain items during transmission by the Post Office for reasons related to state security, foreign
relations, public order, emergency, or public safety.
Exemptions from Post office will not incur any liability with regard to its services, except such liability as may be pre-
liability scribed with regard to a service provided by the Post Office.
Removal of Of- The Act does not contain the punishment for theft, misappropriation or destruction of postal arti-
fences and Penal- cles by an officer of the Post Office which was part of the original Act of 1898.
ties

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Issues with the New Act
1. High Government Control: The provision allowing the interception and opening of parcels by the government may
enhance control but also raise potential issues of privacy and misuse.
2. Loss of Exclusive Privileges: The elimination of exclusive privileges for the central government in conveying letters
and issuing postage stamps may impact traditional postal services.
3. Liability Concerns: Shifting liability from the central government to the Post Office for its services may raise ques-
tions about accountability and responsibility.
4. Data Privacy and Security: The expanded interception powers necessitate the establishment of robust data privacy
and security measures to safeguard the personal information of postal service users.
5. Differing Legislation for Couriers: The absence of similar legislation for courier firms raises concerns about regula-
tory disparities.

Conclusion:
The introduction of the new Post Office Act (2023) marks a significant step in clarifying vague definitions, particularly re-
garding what constitutes a ‘letter.’ The bill’s emphasis on digital addressing not only streamlines sorting processes but also
opens avenues for efficient mail and parcel delivery, including the possibility of drone deliveries. Overall, the changes reflect
an adaptation to evolving needs, prioritizing legality, and enhancing security in the postal service landscape.
  
About Indian Post:
India Post (formed 1854; HQ: New Delhi) operates under the Department of Post within the Ministry of Communica-
tions.  Initially, the post was established in 1766 under the East India Company as “Company Mail,” it was later trans-
formed into a Crown service in 1854 by Lord Dalhousie. Under Dalhousie’s reforms, uniform postage rates and the India
Post Office Act of 1854 were introduced, marking significant advancements in the postal system, including the creation
of the Director General of Post for the entire country. With 1, 55,531 Post Offices, the DoP has the most widely distrib-
uted postal network in the world.

Ever Wondered?!
The Role of Post Offices in Financial Inclusion
Post Office Schemes Description
National Saving Recurring Government-supervised savings system, requiring a minimum deposit of Rs. 10.
Deposit Account
National Savings Time Offers accounts with varying maturity dates (1, 2, 3, and 5 years) for individuals or groups
Deposit Account of up to three persons.
Senior Citizen SavingsFixed-income investment for individuals over 60, ensuring a steady flow of income after re-
Scheme Account tirement, with a 5-year lock-in term.
Public Provident Fund Ac-
Long-term investment plan with a 15-year lock-in period, offering a mix of security, earnings,
count and tax savings.
National Savings Certifi-
Government savings bonds for smaller savings and tax-saving investments, with a 5-year
cates (NSC) maturity period.
Kisan Vikas Patra Account
Modest savings instrument encouraging long-term savings, doubling the principal in 9 years
and 4 months.
Sukanya Samriddhi Ac- Government-sponsored savings program aimed at securing a prosperous future for girls in
count India, particularly for education and marriage.

Insta Links: Prelims Link:

• New Post Office Bill, 2023 Q. ‘Right to Privacy’ is protected under which Article of the
Constitution of India? (UPSC 2021/2024)
(a) Article 15
(b) Article 19
(c) Article 21
(d) Article 29
Ans: (c)

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Topics: Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these
schemes.

14. PM AWAS YOJANA: TRANSFORMING HOUSING WITH RS 4 TRILLION EXPANSION

Context:
The Union Cabinet has approved the construction of 20 million more houses under PMAY-Gramin and 10 million under
PMAY-Urban.

What is PM Awas Yojana?

It is a housing scheme launched by the government of India to provide affordable housing for all by 2024. The scheme has
two variants, PMAY –Rural and PMAY – Urban

About PMAY:
PMAY-Urban PMAY-Rural
Nodal Ministry Launched in 2015 by Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs Launched in 2016 by Ministry of Rural De-
velopment
Type Both Centrally Sponsored and Central Sector Scheme Centrally Sponsored
Beneficiaries EWS (economically weaker section): up to 3 lakh incomes; Identified through Socio-Economic and
LIG (Lower income group): 3-6 lakh income Caste Census (SECC), 2011
MIG (Middle income group): 6-12 lakh income
EWS is eligible for Assistance in all four verticals of Mission;
LIG/MIG is eligible under only the CLSS component (Central
Sector Scheme)
Four Verticals 1. In-situ Slum Redevelopment N/A
2. Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme (CLSS)
3. Affordable Housing in Partnership
4. Beneficiary-led Construction/Enhancement
Current Status Over 83 lakh houses completed as of 3rd June 2024 (of About 2.62 crore houses completed as of
2.95 crore houses sanctioned) 11 June 2024

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Significance of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana: Ever wondered!?
1. Targets poor: Targets urban poor including EWS,
What’s India’s history of affordable housing?
LIGs, and MIGs in Urban areas. PMAY-Gramin im-
proves housing for rural poor. • Post-independence India initially focused on rural
2. Wide Coverage: PMAY-Urban covers all 4041 statu- housing due to its agrarian economy.
tory towns from the Census 2011, focusing on 500 • The Housing and Urban Development Corpora-
Class I cities. tion (HUDCO) was established in 1970 to facili-
3. Financing through Subsidy: 6.5% interest subsidy on tate affordable housing.
housing loans for 15 years; Rs 1.5 lakh for eligible • The National Housing Policy of 1988 aimed to ad-
urban poor for construction or renovation. dress both rural and urban housing challenges,
4. Affordable Housing Partnership: Rs 1.5 lakh Central recognizing the growing urban population and
Assistance per EWS house; projects must have at housing demands.
least 35% EWS houses to qualify.
5. Women Empowerment: Promotes female owner-
ship or joint ownership of houses. For Sustainability Concerns with the housing (under PMAY):
Click Here
Performance of PMAY-G: Government Initiatives under PMAY-U:
1. Completion Rate: Only 55% of the target met. 1. Affordable Rental Housing Complexes (ARHCs): Pro-
2. Construction: Over 83 lakh houses completed as of vide affordable rental housing for urban migrants/
3rd June 2024 (of 2.95 crore houses sanctioned) poor near their workplaces.
3. Funding: 85% of beneficiaries received sanctioned 2. Global Housing Technology Challenge (GHTC):
funds. Mainstreams innovative, sustainable, eco-friendly,
4. Employment: Generated employment, especially and disaster-resilient construction technologies.
for migrant labourers during the lockdown. a. Light House Projects (LHPs): Part of GHTC,
aimed at reducing construction time and
Limitations of the scheme: building resilient, affordable houses.
• COVID pandemic: the pandemic has slowed down 3. CLSS Awas Portal (CLAP): Integrates all stakeholders
the timely construction of houses and therefore in real-time to process applications and track subsi-
government was forced to extend the deadline from dy status.
2022 to March 2024. 4. Mivan Construction Technology: Uses advanced al-
o In rural areas, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana uminium formwork for faster and environmentally
has a completion rate of 67.72%. friendly construction.
• Poor implementation by state: Six States account 5. Insulating Concrete Formwork (ICF) Technique:
for 70% of the target units Utilizes polystyrene panels filled with concrete for
o Bihar has one of the lowest completion strong, durable, and well-insulated structures.
rates at 59%. 6. Hybrid Concrete Construction: Combines cast-in-
• Lack of clear land titles and documents: In both rural place concrete with precast materials, accelerating
and urban areas, issues such as a lack of clear titles construction and reducing costs.
and other land documents tend to crop up, further
slowing down the pace of construction of houses. Conclusion
• Withholding of funds by the Centre: Recently, the The government has done a commendable job by converg-
Centre withheld funds for the scheme in two Oppo- ing the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana with other schemes
sition-ruled States — West Bengal and Chhattisgarh. that provide electricity, toilets and LPG gas connections.
• Credit linked limit: According to the PMAY Credit The implementation of PMAY has remained largely trans-
Linked guidelines the interest subsidy of 6.5% will be parent and the progress has been satisfactory. However, the
given to the people who fall under backward classes government should address the major issues with the PM
or economically weaker groups. Awas Yojana.
o However, the subsidy is not for all the peo-
ple living in these groups. Insta Links:
• Tenure limit: As the yojana says the applicant will • Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana- Gramin (PMAY-G)
get a tenure of 15 years to repay the loan. But the
time will be granted only if the loan amount is 6
lakhs or less.
o If the loan amount is more than 6 lakhs then
the tenure will be less than 15 years.

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Topics: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human
Resources.

15. ANTENATAL HEALTHCARE

Researchers have recommended that oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) used to determine if a pregnant woman has devel-
oped gestational diabetes should be replaced by an HbA1c test that can also be used at the point of care.

About Antenatal / Prenatal healthcare:

Antenatal healthcare refers to the medical and healthcare services provided to a pregnant woman throughout her preg-
nancy. The primary goals of antenatal care are to ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing
foetus.

Key components of antenatal healthcare:

1. Regular Check-ups and Screening tests
2. Nutritional Guidance
3. Health Education
4. Management of Pregnancy Symptoms
5. Monitoring for Complications like gestational diabetes
6. Emotional Support

Government initiatives for pregnant women:

1. Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), a demand promotion and conditional cash transfer scheme for promoting institutional
delivery.
2. Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK) entitles every pregnant woman to free delivery, including for c-section, in
public health institutions along with the provision of free transport, diagnostics, medicines, other consumables, diet and
blood.
3. Over 25,000 ‘Delivery Points’ across the country have been strengthened in terms of infrastructure, equipment, and
trained manpower for provision of comprehensive Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child, Adolescent Health and Nutri-
tion (RMNCAH+N) services.
4. Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA) provides pregnant women a fixed day, free of cost assured and
quality Antenatal Care on the 9th day of every month.
5. LaQshya (Labour room Quality improvement Initiative) to improve the quality of care in Labour room and Maternity
operation theatres to ensure that pregnant women receive respectful and quality care during delivery and immediate post-
partum.

Challenges with maternal Healthcare in India:

1. Maternal mortality rate: A United Nations report highlighted that India was among the top 10 countries responsible for
60% of global maternal deaths, stillbirths, and new-born deaths. In 2020, India accounted for over 17% of such deaths,
making it the second-highest contributor after Nigeria.
2. Antenatal care (ANC): Only 34.1% of mothers attended one, two, or three visits, falling short of the World Health Organ-
isation’s (WHO) recommendation of four visits.
3. Postnatal care: 16% of women in India did not receive any postnatal health check-ups, while 22.8% experienced delayed
check-ups occurring two days after childbirth.
4. Lack of skilled health providers: 8% of Indian women did not receive tetanus shots, which are crucial for preventing in-
fections during and after surgery. In about 11% of cases, no skilled health providers were present at the time of delivery,
posing risks in detecting and managing complications.

16. NET-NEET CRISIS: THE REASONS BEHIND INDIA’S FAILING EXAM SYSTEM
Context:
The NET (National Eligibility Test) and NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) controversy highlights systemic failures
and poor policy implementation over the years. Recurrent paper leaks, exam cancellations, incorrect results, and unex-
plained grace marks have eroded trust in the National Testing Agency (NTA).

What is NET?
NET (National Eligibility Test) is an exam conducted in India to determine the eligibility of candidates for Junior Research

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Fellowship (JRF) and Assistant Professor positions in Indian universities and colleges. It is administered by the National
Testing Agency (NTA) under the guidance of the University Grants Commission (UGC).

What is the NET Controversy?

The NET controversy involves allegations of paper leaks, exam cancellation, and other irregularities that have compromised
the integrity of the examination. These issues have led to widespread distrust among students and calls for reforms and
stricter oversight to ensure fair and transparent conduct of the exam.

What is NEET?
NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) is an entrance examination in India for students who wish to study undergrad-
uate medical courses (MBBS) and dental courses (BDS) in government or private medical and dental colleges.

Why was the NEET introduced?

1. Standardising Competence: NEET aims to standardize the educational competence of medical aspirants, ensuring a
minimum standard in basic sciences like Chemistry, Physics, and Biology.
2. Reducing Entrance Exams: NEET consolidates around 46 different entrance exams into a single, standardized test,
simplifying the admission process and reducing stress and confusion for students.
3. Eliminating Capitation Fees: NEET seeks to eliminate capitation fees in private medical colleges by basing admis-
sions solely on merit, ensuring fair and transparent selection, and making medical education accessible to deserv-
ing students regardless of financial background.

What is the NEET Controversy?

The NEET controversy involves systemic issues such as frequent paper leaks, rank inflation, incorrect results, and unex-
plained grace marks, leading to a loss of public trust in the National Testing Agency (NTA). These problems have highlighted
the need for policy reforms and better implementation to ensure the integrity and fairness of the exam.

Other Issues with NEET

1. Bias in the Education System: NEET’s syllabus aligns more with the CBSE curriculum, disadvantaging students from
state boards. This creates an educational imbalance.
2. Coaching Industry Growth: To compete effectively, many state board students resort to extra coaching, fueling a Rs
58,000 crore coaching industry growing at 15% annually.
3. Legal Hurdles: NEET was suspended by the Supreme Court in 2013 due to petitions from private colleges claiming
it infringed on their autonomy. It was restored in 2016 by a five-judge bench.
4. Impact on Tamil Nadu: The introduction of NEET has significantly affected rural and Tamil-medium students in Tamil
Nadu.

Tamil Nadu’s Response to NEET

1. Opposition to NEET: Tamil Nadu prefers linking medical college admissions to high school performance rather than
NEET scores.
2. Expert Committee Findings: In 2021, the Justice A K Rajan Committee found that Tamil-medium student admissions
dropped from 15% to 1.6-3.2% (2017-2021). Admissions of rural students to government medical colleges fell from
62% to 50%.
3. Impact on Public Health System: Tamil Nadu’s public health system relies on rural students willing to work in prima-
ry health centres, unlike urban students who often pursue careers in corporate hospitals or abroad.
4. Legislative Action: The state government passed a law to scrap NEET, but it was blocked by the Governor.

Way forward:
Reform Description
Improving Shift from rote learning to inquiry-based and critical thinking-oriented education. Regular updates to
School Education curricula to include the latest scientific and educational advancements.
Decentralising Allow states and universities to conduct their own entrance exams tailored to local standards and cur-
Examinations ricula. Address disparities and dissatisfaction, especially among non-CBSE students. Encourage flexible
and innovative examination formats.

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Constituting Re- Create regional examination boards to standardize exams within specific geographic areas. Operate
gional Boards under a central body’s guidance while adapting to local educational standards. Balance national stan-
dardization with local relevance.
Anti-paper leak The provisions of Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Bill, 2024 must be strictly imple-
law mented.

Conclusion:
The current NET-NEET crisis highlights a systemic failure in ensuring high-quality school education in India. The above steps
are essential to restore confidence and credibility in the examination system, ensuring fairness and integrity for all students.

Additional Information:

About NTA:
The National Testing Agency (NTA) is an autonomous organization registered under the Indian Societies Registration Act
of 1860. It conducts entrance examinations for admission into higher educational institutions in India. NTA is chaired by
an eminent educationist appointed by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, with the Chief Executive Officer
(CEO) serving as the Director-General appointed by the Government. Its functions include identifying partner institutions
for online examinations, creating a question bank, fostering research and development, collaborating internationally, and
conducting examinations as assigned by Government Ministries/Departments.

Insta Links:
1. NEET & Tamil Nadu’s Protest
2. What is the Bill to scrap NEET in Tamil Nadu?

17. PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS (PREVENTION OF UNFAIR MEANS) ACT 2024 NOTIFIED

Context:
The Union government has implemented the Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Bill, 2024, effective from
June 21, to curb malpractices and organised cheating in government recruitment exams.

Need for the Bill:

The act is introduced against the backdrop of widespread exam cancellations (including the recent NEET and NET exams
controversy) due to paper leaks in various competitive tests across states like Rajasthan, Haryana, Gujarat, and Bihar. Over
1.5 crore students have been affected by paper leaks from 2016 to 2023, with more than 70 cases reported during this pe-
riod. Despite these incidents, there is currently no specific law to address unfair practices in public examinations conducted
by the central government and its agencies.

Key Highlights of the Public Examinations Act:

Highlights Description
Objective Enhance transparency, fairness, and credibility in public exams.
Reassure youth of fair rewards for sincere efforts.
It will supplement the other initiatives government in this direction such as introducing self-attesta-
tion; shortening the examination cycle (from 18-22 months to 6-10 months), etc.
Applicability Covers central recruitment and entrance exams conducted by UPSC, SSC, RRBs, IBPS, and NTA.
All central ministries, departments, and recruitment offices are included.
Definition of Pub- Section 2(k) of the Act defines a public examination as any exam conducted by a public examination
lic examination authority listed in the Act’s Schedule or designated by the Central Government through notification.
Exclusion of Stu- Candidates are not targeted by the bill.
dents Students are covered under existing administrative provisions of exam authorities.

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Punishments Prison terms of 3-5 years for paper leak involvement.

Up to 10 years if linked to organised crime.
A fine of Rs 1 crore; exam organising firms may be barred from conducting exams.
Unfair Means De- Section 3 lists 20 offences, including impersonation, tampering, Leakage of question papers or answer
fined keys, Unauthorized access to question papers or Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) response sheets,
Creating fake websites, etc.
Nature of Offences Cognizable, non-bailable, and non-compoundable.
Cognizable: Offenses for which police can make an arrest without a warrant
Non-bailable: Offenses for which bail is not guaranteed and must be determined by a magistrate
Non-compoundable: Offenses that cannot be settled out of court, requiring a trial to proceed regard-
less of any agreement between parties involved
Investigation Led by officers of rank, not below Deputy Superintendent of Police or Assistant Commissioner of
Police.
States have the option to send a probe to a Central agency.
National Technical NTC was formed to enhance security in computerized exams.
Committee It will develop protocols for IT security and surveillance.
Model Draft for The act is binding for central authorities and; a model for states.
States

Concerns with the Bill:

1. State Government Discretion: The bill’s reliance on state governments to draft their own acts may lead to partisan
interests, as seen in past model bills.
2. Exploitable Loopholes: Excluding students from criminal sanctions may allow paper leak gangs to pose as students
to evade punishment.
3. Lack of Committee Composition: The absence of clarity on the composition and qualifications of the National Tech-
nical Committee on Public Exams raises concerns about potential partisanship.
4. Subordinate Legislation Scope: The bill’s allowance for subordinate legislation grants executive authorities exten-
sive discretionary power in implementation.

Reasons for cheating in exams include a positive attitude towards cheating, societal pressures prioritizing marks over integ-
rity in learning, frustration with delayed justice in the judicial system, and students’ overambition and pursuit of self-interest
to gain unfair advantages.

Ethical issues related to cheating in exams include:

1. Violation of academic integrity: Cheating undermines the principles of honesty, fairness, and trustworthiness in
academic settings, compromising the integrity of educational institutions.
2. Unfair advantage: Cheating gives dishonest individuals an unfair advantage over their peers who choose to abide by
the rules, distorting competition and merit-based evaluations.
3. Deception and dishonesty: Cheating involves deception and dishonesty, as individuals misrepresent their knowl-
edge, skills, or abilities to achieve undeserved academic outcomes.
4. Lack of personal accountability: Cheating reflects a lack of personal accountability and responsibility for one’s ac-
tions, as individuals prioritize short-term gains over long-term integrity and character development.
5. Diminished learning and skill development: Cheating inhibits genuine learning and skill development by promoting
shortcuts and rote memorization instead of critical thinking, problem-solving, and mastery of academic content.
6. Damage to reputation: Cheating tarnishes the reputation of individuals and institutions involved, eroding trust and
credibility within academic communities and beyond.
7. Ethical erosion: Engaging in cheating can lead to a slippery slope of ethical erosion, where individuals become de-
sensitized to dishonest behaviour and compromise their ethical standards in other areas of life.

Conclusion:
The bipartisan support of the bill underscores the seriousness of the issue and the government’s commitment to
ensuring transparency and fairness in examinations. The bill’s focus on strict punishments for offenders and technological
solutions signifies a step towards protecting the integrity of examination systems.

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Mains Links: sion, proactive disclosure, appointment of Public
In India, why do you think there are so many instances of Information Officers (PIOs), and establishment of
paper leaks for competitive exams and government posts? Central and State Information Commissions.
Elaborate on the moral hazards of the same.
Public Authorities (PAs) under the RTI Act, 2005:
Topics: Important aspects of governance, transparency and 1. Definition: Includes government bodies, state-con-
accountability, e-governance applications, models, success- trolled entities, and NGOs significantly funded by
es, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparency the government.
& accountability and institutional and other measures. 2. Duties: Maintain organized records, regularly dis-
close information, and designate PIOs for informa-
tion dissemination.
18. COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES ARE NOT
Exemptions under Section 8:
SUBJECT TO THE RTI ACT 1. Information affecting the sovereignty, integrity, or
security of India.
2. Information forbidden by courts or constituting con-
Context: tempt of court.
The Madras High Court ruled that cooperative societies are 3. Information breaching Parliament’s or State Legis-
not subject to the RTI Act. The court set aside a Tamil Nadu lature’s privilege.
Information Commission order that had directed a coopera- 4. Commercial confidences, trade secrets, and intel-
tive society to disclose loan details. lectual property (unless public interest requires dis-
Justice V. Bhavani Subbaroyan stated that cooperative so- closure).
cieties do not qualify as ‘public authorities’ under Section 5. Personal information invades privacy without public
2(h) of the RTI Act. The court’s decision aligns with previous interest.
rulings, including a 2013 Supreme Court verdict.
Cooperatives in India and issues faced by them:
Positive Implications of the Judgement: Meaning: Co-operatives are voluntary, democratic, and au-
1. Autonomy of Cooperative Societies: Reinforces the tonomous organisations controlled by their members who
independence of cooperative societies by not cat- actively participate in their policies and decision-making.
egorizing them as public authorities under the RTI
Act. Efforts to promote them:
2. Legal Clarity: Provides a clear legal interpretation • After independence, the first five-year plan (1951-
that can guide similar cases in the future. 56) emphasised the adoption of co-operatives to
3. Operational Efficiency: Cooperative societies can cover various aspects of community development.
operate without the administrative burden of com- • 97th Amendment (2011): It inserted Article 43B in
plying with RTI requests, potentially increasing effi- the DPSP of the Indian Constitution inserted,
ciency. o As per Article 43B. States shall endeavour to
promote voluntary formation, autonomous
Negative Implications: functioning, democratic control and profes-
1. Reduced Transparency: Limits public access to infor- sional management of cooperative societies
mation on cooperative societies, potentially reduc-
ing transparency and accountability. Issues faced by the co-operatives:
2. Potential for Misuse: Without RTI oversight, there • Inadequacies in governance
may be a higher risk of corruption or misuse of funds • Politicisation and the excessive role of the govern-
within cooperative societies. ment
3. Public Distrust: The decision might foster distrust • Inability to ensure active membership
among the public, particularly if cooperative societ- • Lack of efforts for capital formation
ies are seen as non-transparent entities. • Inability to attract and retain competent profes-
sionals
About RTI Act, 2005: • Elections to co-operative boards have been post-
1. Objective: Ensures transparency and accountabili- poned indefinitely
ty by providing citizens access to information from
public authorities. What are Multi-state Co-operative Societies?
2. Constitutional Basis: Rooted in the right to freedom • Regulated by the Multi-State Co-operative Societies
of speech and expression (Article 19 of the Indian Act 2002, these are societies that have operations in
Constitution) [State of UP vs. Raj Narain Case (1975)]. more than one state (like FPOs).
3. Key Provisions: Time limits for information provi-

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• Part IXB (also inserted by the 97th amendment) of 4. Pendency: Over 5 crore pending cases (July 2023).
the Indian constitution is applicable only to multi- 5. Delays: Delays violate the right to a speedy trial (N.S
state co-operative societies (as per an SC verdict), Sahni v. Union of India).
as states have the jurisdiction to legislate over state 6. Lack of Resources: Only 21 judges per million popu-
co-operative societies. lation (Dec 2023); 35% lower judiciary posts and 400
Read about The Multi-State Cooperative Societies (Amend- High Court vacancies (May 2023).
ment) Bill 2023: Here 7. The politicization of Police: Despite SC (Prakash
Singh v. Union of India (2006)) warning Separation
Insta Links: of duties was not implemented.
• Bill to amend Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act 8. Bail Issues: Over 75% of the prison population are
introduced in LS undertrial; prisons at 130% occupancy.
9. Gender Bias: Persistent biases, e.g., Karnataka HC
judge’s comments on a rape victim.
19. FLAWS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE 10. Prison Conditions and Mental Health: Model Pris-
on Manual 2016 mandates mental health services,
SYSTEM however, there is a high rate of mental illness among
prisoners.
Context:
11. Maharashtra: 42,577 prisoners but only one psychi-
Recently, a woman in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, falsely ac-
atrist and two psychologists (2022).
cused a man of rape, leading to wrongful imprisonment. It
12. Non-Implementation of Police Complaints Author-
highlights the loopholes in India’s Criminal Justice System.
ity: Prakash Singh (2006) mandated Police Com-
Also, the government recently extended the centrally spon-
plaints Authorities (PCAs).
sored scheme for Fast Track Special Courts (FTSC) till 2026.
13. Human Rights Violations: 175 deaths in police cus-
tody (2021-2022).
Structure of the Criminal Justice System in India:
The Criminal Justice System in India ensures justice for vic- The positive aspects of the proposed criminal law reforms
tims and fair treatment for the accused. It operates based (Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita and Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha
on the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Criminal Procedure Sanhita.):
Code, soon to be replaced by Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita and 1. Modernization of Criminal Justice System: E.g., us-
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita. ing e-FIR, Zero FIR, new cyber offences, and mod-
Three main Police: Investigate crimes, apprehend sus- ernised evidence collection.
pillars: pects, and enforce laws. 2. Update of Outdated Laws
Judiciary: Interpret laws and deliver judg- 3. Stringent Provisions for Women and Children: The
ments, with the Supreme Court and High Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) has dedicated a sep-
Courts at the top. arate chapter to these matters and introduced new
forms of offence.
Correction System: Manage prisons, fo-
4. Innovations: Innovations such as trial in absen-
cusing on punishment and rehabilitation.
tia and the introduction of community service as a
Key Principles • Presumption of innocence (the ac- penalty for minor offences are noteworthy.
cused is considered innocent until 5. Gender Inclusivity: The proposed reforms have re-
proven guilty beyond a reasonable viewed language for gender neutrality and replaced
doubt) outdated terms such as ‘insanity’ with ‘mental ill-
• The right to a fair trial (the accused ness.’
has the right to a fair and public trial, 6. Specific Definitions and Offenses: The bills de-
including the right to defend them- fine and address offences like terrorism, organized
selves and present evidence) crime, mob lynching, and negligent acts, adding new
• Adherence to due process. dimensions to criminal law.
7. Protection for Victims: Eg., protection and rights of
Major Challenges in India’s Criminal Justice System victims, including provisions related to victims’ par-
1. British Legacy: The old laws were remnants of Brit- ticipation, and rights.
ish colonial rule, designed to maintain their control 8. Expedited Justice: E.g., Requirement for judgments
over India’s justice system. to be given within 30 days after the trial concludes
2. Punitive Approach: The focus of the laws was pun- and limitations on adjournments.
ishment rather than ensuring justice for citizens.
3. Low Conviction Rates: The laws contributed to low What more needs to be done:
conviction rates and delayed justice, eroding public 1. Bail Reform: Supreme Court directive: Bail should
trust in the legal system.

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be the rule (Balchand v. State of Rajasthan, 1978), a norm, not the exception.
2. Victim and Witness Protection: Fully implement the Witness Protection Scheme (2018) with proper funding and
oversight, as recommended by the Malimath Committee (2003).
3. Revamping Fast-Track Courts: Assign dedicated judges, improve infrastructure, set binding timelines, and introduce
case management systems to expedite cases.
4. Combatting Criminalization of Politics: Establish an institution to tackle political criminalization, investigate the po-
litical-criminal nexus, and take decisive action, as suggested by the Vohra Committee (1993).
5. Legal Aid Reform: Increase funding and create performance-based incentives for legal aid providers to ensure effec-
tive representation for disadvantaged defendants.
6. AI in Case Management: Integrate AI for case management, scheduling, and pretrial risk assessment, ensuring
transparency and preventing biases.
7. Prison Administration Reform: Implement mandatory segregation of undertrials, convicts, and first-time offenders,
and enforce national health insurance schemes in prisons, following the Justice Amitava Roy Committee recom-
mendations.
8. Gender Sensitization: Mandatory training for judicial officers on gender sensitivity, and establishing accountability
mechanisms for gender-biased comments, referencing the SC Handbook on Gender Stereotypes.
9. Victim-Centric Justice: Provide comprehensive victim support services, including counselling, legal aid navigation,
and a guaranteed right to be heard in court.
10. Promoting Restorative Justice: Adopt restorative justice practices focusing on healing harm caused by crime, as
recommended by the Madhav Menon Committee (2007).

Additional information:

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Insta Links: Impact of Democratization of Technology
• India’s Criminal Justice System 1. Cultural Impact: Broader access to technology has
challenged traditional expertise and supported the DIY
Mains Link: trend. The economic shift demanded technological inno-
Q. We are witnessing increasing instances of sexual vio- vation, fostering optimism in progress. Technology’s de-
lence against women in the country. Despite existing legal sign includes diverse interests, promoting inclusiveness.
provisions against it, the number of such incidences is on 2. Industry Impact: Democratization has broadened mar-
the rise. Suggest some innovative measures to tackle this kets and reduced professional demand due to consumer
menace. (UPSC 2014) empowerment. This shift has led to increased business
device usage and associated security concerns.
Q. Mob violence is emerging as a serious law and order 3. Political Impact: Technology promotes citizen advocacy
problem in India. By giving suitable examples, analyze the and government transparency, supporting democratic
causes and consequences of such violence. (UPSC 2015) engagement. Increased global connectivity and access
to information have fostered democratic trends world-
wide.
20. NEED FOR DEMOCRATIZATION OF 4. Major Innovations: The Internet democratized knowl-
edge and access to high-tech products. Cloud comput-
TECHNOLOGY ing and social media furthered accessibility and user
engagement. Open-source models, Arduino, littleBits,
Context:
and 3D printers made technology more accessible to
At the recent G7 meeting, the Indian PM emphasized the
everyone.
need to turn technology monopolies into mass usage to
build an inclusive society and eliminate social inequalities.
How India Has Democratized Technology:
He also highlighted India’s commitment to making AI trans-
1. Digital Public Infrastructure: ‘India Stack’ was cre-
parent, fair, secure, accessible, and responsible.
ated for digital identification, payments, and data
management.
What is the Democratization of Technology?
2. Common Service Centres: Access point for delivery
Democratization of technology refers to making advanced
of Government-to-Citizen (G2C) e-services by creat-
technological tools and innovations accessible to a broader
ing physical ICT infrastructure.
population, rather than being confined to a privileged few.
3. Ayushman Bharat: World’s largest health insurance
scheme providing a safety net for 200 million fami-
Need for Democratization of Technology
lies using a tech platform.
1. Inclusion and Equality: Ensures technology benefits
4. CoWIN Platform: Managed the world’s largest
all sections of society, reducing social inequalities.
COVID-19 vaccine drive.
2. Access to Knowledge: Provides widespread access
5. Svamitva Scheme: Used drones to map rural land
to information and educational resources. e.g., Mas-
and provide property cards, reducing land disputes
sive Open Online Courses offered by NPTEL.
and improving access to financial services.
3. Empowerment: Empower individuals to innovate
6. Jan Dhan - Aadhaar - Mobile Trinity: Enabled direct
and participate in technological advancements.
transfer of benefits to authenticated beneficiaries,
4. Economic Opportunities: Creates new economic op-
reaching billions of rupees to the poor.
portunities and supports small businesses.
7. Government e-Marketplace (GeM): An e-com-
5. Innovation and Creativity: Encourages diverse per-
merce platform for small traders and businesses to
spectives, leading to more creative and innovative
fulfil government needs, reducing corruption and
solutions.
boosting transparency.
6. Transparency and Accountability: Enhance trans-
8. Online Tendering: Accelerated projects and im-
parency in governance and corporate practices.
proved transparency with a procurement value of
7. Global Connectivity: Facilitates global communica-
₹1 trillion in 2021.
tion and collaboration.
9. Open Courses: One of the largest repositories of free
8. Public Participation: Increases public participation
online courses with over 10 million certifications.
in decision-making processes.
10. Low Data Tariffs: India has some of the lowest data
9. Sustainability: Promotes the use of technology for
tariffs in the world, making internet access more af-
sustainable development and environmental pro-
fordable.
tection.
11. NAMO Drone Didi Initiative: Helps Women SHGs
10. Security and Fairness: Ensures technology is secure,
purchase drones for farming purposes.
fair, and accessible to all users.
12. India AI Mission: Aims to democratize the benefits
of AI across all strata of society.

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Challenges in Democratization of Technology

1. Digital Divide: Lack of reliable and affordable internet, especially in remote areas.
2. Gender and Social Inequities: Persistent disparities in access to education, employment, and resources.
3. Cybersecurity and Privacy: Concerns about data privacy and online fraud deter full tech adoption.

Conclusion:
To advance technology’s democratization, India and the world must prioritize expanding internet access, promoting gender
equality, strengthening cybersecurity, fostering digital literacy, and encouraging collaborative efforts between stakeholders.
These steps can ensure that technology becomes a force for equality, empowerment, and societal progress.

Insta Links:
1. Use of Technology for election
2. Social Construction of Technology Theory

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21. UN LAUNCHES FRAMEWORK TO COMBAT ONLINE MISINFORMATION

Context:
The United Nations, led by Secretary-General António Guterres, has introduced the Global Principles for Information Integ-
rity, a framework to tackle misinformation, disinformation, and hate speech online.

Key terms:
Term Definition Example
Misinformation False or inaccurate information is A person shares an outdated news article about a natural disaster,
spread without malicious intent. believing it to be a current event.
Disinformation Deliberately false information is A fake news website publishes a fabricated story claiming a political
spread with the intent to deceive candidate has committed a crime to sway public opinion against
or mislead. them.
Hate Speech Any speech, gesture, conduct, A social media post using derogatory terms to incite hatred against
writing, or display which may in- a particular ethnic group or religious community.
cite violence or prejudicial action.

Key principles from the UN’s Global Principles for Information Integrity:
1. Combating Disinformation and Hate Speech: All stakeholders should avoid using, supporting, or amplifying disin-
formation and hate speech.
2. Promoting Media Freedom: Governments should ensure timely access to information, maintain a free, indepen-
dent, and plural media landscape, and protect journalists and researchers.
3. Enhancing Tech Company Responsibilities: Technology companies should incorporate safety and privacy by design,
apply policies consistently across countries and languages, and prioritize crisis response and support information
integrity during elections.
4. Ethical AI Development: AI developers must ensure AI applications are designed, deployed, and used ethically and
safely, upholding human rights.
5. Reforming Business Models: Tech companies should explore business models that do not rely on programmatic
advertising and prioritize human rights, privacy, and safety. Users should have greater control over their online ex-
periences and personal data.
6. Transparency in Advertising: Advertisers should demand transparency in digital advertising processes to ensure
their budgets do not fund disinformation or hate and do not undermine human rights.
7. Data Transparency and Accountability: Tech companies and AI developers should ensure meaningful transparency,
allow researchers access to data while respecting user privacy, commission independent audits, and co-develop
accountability frameworks.
8. Protecting Children: Special measures should be taken to protect and empower children, with governments provid-
ing resources for parents, guardians, and educators.

Initiatives Taken to Combat Misinformation

1. Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021: Social media plat-
forms must remove content deemed false by the Press Information Bureau’s fact-check unit.
2. IT Act 2008: Section 66 D regulates electronic communication offences. Penalizes individuals who send offensive or
fake news messages through communication services or social media.
3. Disaster Management Act 2005 and Epidemic Diseases Act 1897: Regulate the circulation of fake news or rumours,
especially during emergencies like Covid-19, to prevent public panic.
4. Indian Penal Code of 1860: Regulates fake news that causes riots and defamation. Holds individuals accountable for
spreading fake news that incites violence or defames someone.
5. Digital Personal Data Protection Bill 2023 has provisions to curb the misuse of individuals’ data on online platforms.

Other measures: Misinformation Combat Alliance (MCA): The Misinformation Combat Alliance (MCA) is a group of 14 digi-
tal publishers that have proposed forming a self-regulatory body to provide fact-checking services to social media platforms.

Way Forward: Battling Misinformation in India

• India must prioritize verifying information sources, with media organizations regularly fact-checking and raising

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public awareness. tions with limited capacity for retaliation due to do-
• Establishing fact-checking standards based on inter- mestic or strategic constraints.
national best practices, like the IFCN code, is crucial.
A robust legislative framework is needed to balance
free speech and protect citizens from disinforma-
tion.
• Broad awareness programs should educate society
about the laws and harms of fake news.
• Law enforcement agencies need capacity building
to tackle fake content effectively.
• Digital media regulation should be strengthened,
with platforms like Facebook and Google forming an
Information Trust Alliance to combat misinforma-
tion.

Mains Link: Background of China-Taiwan Conflict:

Q. What do you understand by the concept of “freedom of The China-Taiwan conflict stems from the Chinese Civil War,
speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? with the Nationalist Party retreating to Taiwan in 1949. China
Why do films in India stand on a slightly different plane claims Taiwan as a province, but Taiwan sees itself as a sepa-
from other forms of expression? Discuss. (UPSC 2014) rate, democratic entity. This dispute over Taiwan’s status fu-
els tensions. Taiwan’s strategic location and semiconductor
industry make it crucial.
Topics: India and its neighbourhood- relations.
What Techniques are being used by China as a part of its
‘Grey zone warfare’ against Taiwan:
22. CHINA’S ‘GREY-ZONE’ WARFARE TAC- Technique Description
TICS AND ITS IMPACT Cognitive Warfare China’s Weibo account released a
3D animation video depicting an in-
vasion scenario of Taiwan’s areas in
Context: Taipei and Kaohsiung with land war-
China is using ‘grey-zone’ tactics against Taiwan involving ship-based ballistic missile launchers.
sophisticated methods to frustrate the island’s leadership. Sustained Military China has maintained sustained pres-
This includes simulated audiovisuals depicting invasion sce- Pressure sure on Taiwan’s defence and Intelli-
narios and sustained pressure through military sorties and gence forces since 2020, with daily
cognitive warfare tactics. sorties conducted by PLA fighter jets,
UAVs, strategic fighters, and early
What is Grey-zone warfare? warning aircraft inducing wear-out
Grey-zone warfare refers to a strategic approach where within Taiwanese forces.
aggressors employ a combination of conventional and
non-conventional methods to harm adversaries without Intelligence Gath- UAVs are deployed to conduct intelli-
triggering a full-scale military response. It operates in the ering gence work in the areas surrounding
ambiguous space between peace and overt conflict, utilizing the island.
tactics like cyberattacks, economic coercion, disinformation Ideological and Pushing narratives within Taiwanese
campaigns, and proxy forces to achieve strategic objectives. Psychological territory to thrust ideological choic-
es upon its citizens by initiating pub-
Characteristics of Grey-zone Warfare: lic discussions on social media and
1. Below threshold operations: Aggressors employ garnering attention for the Chinese
non-military tools that don’t warrant a military re- cause.
sponse. Economic Warfare China has taken coercive economic
2. Gradual bold steps: Actions unfold over time, often measures, leveraging the cross-strait
spanning years or decades, minimizing chances for trade and business interdependence
decisive countermeasures. to seek concessions. Example: Uni-
3. Lack of attributability: Aggressors evade account- lateral suspension of preferential tax
ability, making it challenging to attribute actions and rates for chemical imports from Tai-
formulate responses. wan under the ECFA.
4. Target specificity: Typically targets vulnerable na-

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Other tactics being used by different states as part of Grey- 5. Climate change: Rising sea levels and increasing
Zone Warfare: storm frequency threaten coastal infrastructure, dis-
1. Maritime militia: State-sponsored actors use non- place communities, and exacerbate pollution con-
state actors like “maritime militia” to harass coastal cerns.
communities, disrupt trade routes, and test bound- o Eg: India is the 7th-most vulnerable country
aries without triggering direct conflict. with respect to climate extremes (German-
o Eg: China’s use of Coast Guard vessels and watch 2020).
fishing fleets in the South China Sea against
other claimants. India’s Preparedness against Grey-zone Warfare:
2. Combat Drones: Armed drones pose new threats, 1. Chief of Defence Staff: Coordinates the three Ser-
targeting warships, and critical infrastructure, and vices (Army, Air Force, Navy).
conducting surveillance and intelligence gathering.
2. Self-reliance in Defence Manufacturing: Promoted
o Eg: Houthi rebels in Yemen attacking ships in
the Red Sea with drones. through initiatives like Defence Procurement Proce-
3. Persistent Piracy: While declining, Somali pirates dure (DAP) 2020.
still operate in the Indian Ocean, threatening ship- 3. Cooperation with like-minded countries: Signed
ping and hindering trade. agreements like the General Security of Military In-
o Eg: 2023 hijacking of Bulk carrier vessel MV formation Agreement (GSOMIA) with the US.
Ruen in the Arabian Sea. 4. Other measures: Establishment of the Indian Com-
4. Environmental Crimes: IUU or Illegal, unreported, puter Emergency Response Team (CERT-In), among
and unregulated fishing depletes fish stocks, harms
others.
ecosystems, and disadvantages legitimate fisher-
men.
o Eg: Large-scale IUU fishing by Chinese ves- Needful measures:
sels in the South China Sea and Indian 1. Modernize Naval Capabilities: Invest in advanced
Ocean. submarines, drones, and electronic warfare systems
to counter emerging threats like grey-zone activities
and drone attacks.
China’s Grey Zone Tactics against India:
o Eg: Kalvari-class submarines under Project
1. South China Sea Activities: China utilizes naval and 75I.
civilian vessels to assert control over the South Chi- 2. International Cooperation: Partner with regional
na Sea, causing tensions with neighbouring coun- and global powers to share intelligence, combat pi-
tries, including India. racy, and address environmental crimes.
2. Infrastructure Construction in Border Areas: China o E.g.: multilateral initiatives like the Indian
builds infrastructure and establishes villages near Ocean Rim Association (IORA) and Quadri-
India’s borders, reinforcing territorial assertions and lateral Security Dialogue (QUAD).
3. Coastal Surveillance and Infrastructure: Enhance
gaining strategic advantages.
coast guard patrols, utilize satellite technology, and
3. Investments in Digital Technologies: China directs strengthen critical port infrastructure to deter at-
investments into Indian apps, media, and digital tacks and monitor threats.
platforms, potentially influencing public perceptions o Eg: Coastal Radar Chain Project.
and narratives. 4. Sustainable Fisheries Management: Implement
stricter regulations, promote responsible fishing
How is India impacted due to these challenges? practices, and collaborate with neighbouring coun-
1. National Security Concerns: Proxy conflicts with tries to combat illegal fishing.
non-state actors can destabilize coastal regions, o Eg: National Policy on Marine Fisheries
threaten communication cables, and potentially es- 2017.
calate into regional tensions. 5. Climate Change Adaptation: Invest in coastal infra-
o Eg: 2018 Maldives political crisis. structure resilience, develop early warning systems
2. Disruptions to trade: Piracy and grey-zone warfare for natural disasters, and promote public awareness
attacks on shipping routes can cost India billions an- and preparedness.
nually, impacting vital imports like oil and raw ma- o Eg: National Action Plan on Climate Change
terials. (NAPCC).
o Eg: the current cost of shipping rose due to
the Red Sea and Hormuz instability. Conclusion:
3. Terrorism: Maritime terrorism poses a direct threat In conclusion, the diverse challenges posed by the complex
to coastal cities, critical infrastructure, and tour- maritime domain demand innovative and collaborative solu-
ism-reliant communities. tions. India’s “Security and Growth for All in the Region”
o Eg: 2008 Mumbai attacks.
(SAGAR) initiative exemplifies a proactive approach, prior-
4. Pollution: Oil spills from accidents or deliberate
dumping can devastate marine ecosystems, impact- itizing both regional security and shared prosperity in the
ing fishing, tourism, and public health. Indian Ocean.
o Eg: 2021 Sri Lanka oil spill.

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Insta links:
• Today’s weapon of choice, its expanding dimensions

Mains Links:
Q South China Sea has assumed great geopolitical significance in the present context. Comment. (UPSC 2016)

23. INDIA-BANGLADESH RELATIONS

Context:
Recently, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh visited India for 2-day state visit.

Key Highlights of the Bilateral Meet:

Key Highlights Description
Promotion of Shared Vision Peace, prosperity, and development focusing on connectivity, commerce, and collabo-
ration.
Digital and Green Partnership Collaboration on digital and green technologies, joint development of a small satellite.
Trade and Investment Strengthening trade links, CEPA negotiations, and operationalizing SEZs in Bangladesh.
Power and Energy Collabora- Intra-regional electricity trade and high-capacity grid interconnections.
tion
Regional and Global Coopera- Anchoring regional integration under BIMSTEC, SAARC, and IORA.
tion
Cross-Border Travel E-Medical Visa facilities for Bangladeshi citizens, new Assistant High Commission in
Rangpur.
Water Resource Management Renewing Ganges Water Sharing Treaty, managing Teesta River.
BBIN Motor Vehicle Agreement Operationalization for transit facilities to Nepal and Bhutan.
Indo-Pacific Cooperation Co-leading the ‘Disaster Risk Reduction and Management’ pillar of IPOI.

Dimensions of India-Bangladesh Relations:

Dimensions Description
Historical Ties India and Bangladesh share a deep-rooted relationship marked by historical ties and growing coop-
eration across multiple fronts. Initially forged during the 1971 Liberation War, bilateral relations have
evolved positively under Sheikh Hasina’s leadership since 1996, culminating in significant agreements
such as the Ganga water-sharing treaty
Economic Coop- Bilateral trade growth, reaching USD 14 billion in 2023-24. Bangladesh is India’s biggest trade partner
eration in South Asia and India is the second biggest trade partner of Bangladesh in Asia. Joint feasibility study
for Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA)
Infrastructure Resolved Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) and maritime disputes. Inauguration of Akhaura-Agartala
Rail Link. BIMSTEC Master Plan for Transport Connectivity. Matarbari Port development connecting
Dhaka and Northeast India.
Energy Bangladesh’s electricity imports from India. Cooperation in the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant project.
India-Bangladesh Friendship Pipeline will transport one million Metric Tonnes Per Annum (MMTPA)
of High-Speed Diesel from Siliguri, West Bengal, to Parbatipur, Dinajpur district, Bangladesh.
Defence Coop- Shared border of 4096.7 km. Joint military exercises (Army - Exercise Sampriti, Navy - Exercise Bongo
eration Sagar).
Multilateral Co- Engagement in SAARC, BIMSTEC, and IORA forums.
operation According to the India Tourism Statistics Report 2022 of the Ministry of Tourism, Bangladesh has been
the second-largest tourist-generating market for India in the year 2021.

Issues between the two countries:

1. Illegal Migration: Concerns over illegal migration from Bangladesh to India, impacting resources and security, in-
cluding Rohingya refugees and implications of India’s National Register of Citizens (NRC).

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2. Sharing of Transboundary River Waters: Unresolved 24. INDUS WATER TREATY
treaties for major rivers like Teesta and Feni despite
sharing 54 rivers, impacting water management and Context:
bilateral relations. A Pakistani delegation arrived in Jammu’s Kishtwar district
3. Growing Chinese Influence in Bangladesh: Bangla- to inspect hydroelectric power projects (Kishanganga HEP on
desh’s involvement in China’s Belt and Road Initia- the Jhelum River basin and Ratle HEP on the Chenab River)
tive (BRI), raises concerns for India’s regional influ- under the Indus Water Treaty, amidst ongoing disputes over
ence and strategic interests. technical objections raised by Pakistan regarding certain
4. Drug Smuggling & Trafficking: Challenges with projects.
cross-border drug smuggling, human trafficking (es- • This visit marks the first inspection since the revocation
pecially women and children), and wildlife poaching, of Jammu & Kashmir’s special status in 2019.
affecting both countries’ security and stability.
What is the Indus Water Treaty?
Way forward and Conclusion: The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) is a water-sharing agreement
Efforts to strengthen India-Bangladesh relations should fo- signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan, mediated by
cus on establishing joint task forces to combat cross-border the World Bank. It allocates the waters of the Indus River
drug smuggling and human trafficking effectively. Utilizing system between the two countries. Under the treaty:
shared intelligence and coordinated operations can disrupt • Pakistan receives the waters of the Western Rivers (In-
illegal networks. Implementing smart border management dus, Jhelum, Chenab)
solutions, leveraging artificial intelligence and data analytics • India receives water from the Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Beas,
will enhance security and efficiency. Furthermore, creating Sutlej).
a digital connectivity corridor with high-speed internet and
digital services will spur trade, collaboration, and technolog-
ical exchange between the two nations.

Insta Links:
• India-Bangladesh relations

Mains Links:
Q. Analyse internal security threats and transborder crimes
along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including
Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various
security forces in this regard. (USPC 2018)
Q. Project ‘Mausam’ is considered a unique foreign policy
initiative of the Indian Government to improve relationships
with its neighbours. Does the project have a strategic dimen-
sion? Discuss. (UPSC 2015)
Also, India can use the Western Rivers for limited purposes
Prelims Links: like hydroelectric power generation, with certain restrictions
Q. With reference to river Teesta, consider the following and a dispute resolution mechanism managed by a Perma-
statements: (UPSC 2017) nent Indus Commission and involving Neutral Experts and a
1. The source of river Teesta is the same as that of Brah- Court of Arbitration if necessary.
maputra but it flows through Sikkim.
2. River Rangeet originates in Sikkim and it is a tributary
of river Teesta.
3. River Teesta flows into Bay of Bengal on the border of
India and Bangladesh.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans: (b)

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Ever wondered! Way Forward:

1. Negotiation and Dialogue: Use established mechanisms
What is the Dispute Resolution Mechanism?
like the Permanent Indus Commission (PIC) to address
The treaty provides a structured mechanism for resolving and resolve disputes through direct discussions.
disputes related to water-sharing: 2. Technical Solutions: Employ technical experts to resolve
Step 1: The Permanent Indus Commission (PIC) is mandat- disputes over the design, construction, and operation of
ed to meet at least once a year to discuss and resolve is- water infrastructure, as seen in the Baglihar Dam case.
sues arising from the implementation of the treaty. 3. Mediation: Seek third-party mediation if negotiations
Step 2: If disputes remain unresolved after PIC discussions, fail, with potential assistance from the World Bank or
a Neutral Expert is appointed to adjudicate on technical other international organizations.
matters concerning the interpretation or application of the 4. Legal Recourse: Utilize the treaty’s arbitration panel for
treaty’s provisions. unresolved disputes after failed negotiations or media-
Step 3: If disputes persist beyond the Neutral Expert’s de- tion.
termination, the matter can be referred to a Court of Ar- 5. Long-term Solutions: Address larger political issues
bitration, consisting of a seven-member arbitral tribunal. through sustained dialogue and cooperation for lasting
This tribunal is tasked with providing a binding decision on resolution.
the dispute.
Conclusion
Current Issue: As a document, the treaty may have certain weaknesses, but
India and Pakistan have disagreements over the design fea- the larger problem is the fraught relationship between India
tures and operation of certain hydroelectric projects, nota- and Pakistan. Experts are calling for the renegotiation of the
bly the Kishenganga and Ratle Hydroelectric Projects (HEPs), treaty. There is a need for both countries should revive the
which are constructed on the Jhelum and Chenab rivers re- treaty in such a way that the resources are equitably shared
spectively. between both countries.

Issues faced by the IWT: Mains Link:

1. Challenges for setting up new power projects: The con- Q. Present an account of the Indus Water Treaty and exam-
tinuing dispute creates challenges for the setting up of ine its ecological, economic and political implications in the
new power projects context of changing bilateral relations. (UPSC 2016)
2. Limits water usage: The IWT permits Jammu and Kash-
mir to use the waters of the rivers in a limited manner, Prelims Link:
thus affecting water availability for agricultural purpos- Q1. With reference to the Indus river system, of the follow-
es. ing four rivers, three of them pour into one of them which
3. Lack of collaboration and mutual trust between coun- joins the Indus directly. Among the following, which one is
tries such a river that joins the Indus direct? (UPSC 2021)
4. No regular data sharing as planned in the treaty. (a) Chenab
5. Limited to a conflict-resolution mechanism instead of (b) Jhelum
strengthening the interaction, trust and cooperation (c) Ravi
6. Dispute resolution: The most crucial reason to alter the (d) Sutlej
treaty is to clarify Article IX of the treaty’s dispute res- Ans: (d)
olution system.
a. Though India is rightful of using the western rivers Q2. Consider the following pairs (UPSC 2019)
for non-consumptive purposes, each time India Glacier River
plans a hydroelectric project, Pakistan challenges
it by calling for international arbitration. E.g., the 1. Bandarpunch Yamuna
hydroelectric power plants, Kishanganga and Ratle. 2. Bara Shigri Chenab
7. Climate change factor: The treaty did not consider cli-
mate change, global warming, environmental impact 3. Milam Mandakini
assessments and such issues. 4. Siachen Nubra
8. Ineffectiveness of the Permanent Indus Commission
9. Does not cover groundwater: The Treaty is no longer fit 5. Zemu Manas
for its purpose as it only covers surface water but not Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
groundwater. (a) 1, 2 and 4
b. Groundwater depletion may increase by up to (b) 1, 3 and 4
75% in 2050, putting further pressure on the up- (c) 2 and 5
stream portions of the Indus River. (d) 3 and 5
Ans: (a)

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Topics: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agree-
ments involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.

25. THE GROUP OF SEVEN (G7)

Context:
The Group of Seven (G7), consisting of the world’s most ad-
vanced economies—Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan,
the United Kingdom, and the United States—has been a sig-
nificant global platform addressing economic policy, interna-
tional security, and multilateral cooperation. India’s associ-
ation with the G7 has evolved over the years, reflecting its
growing economic stature and strategic importance in global
geopolitics.

G7:
• The G7, originally G8,was set up in 1975 as an in-
formal forum bringing together the leaders of the
world’s leading industrial nations.
• The summit gathers leaders from the European
Union (EU) and the following countries: Canada,
France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom India and the G7: A Growing Partnership
and the United States. Historical Context
• The major purpose of the G-7 is to discuss and de- • Observer Status: India has been invited as a guest
liberate on international economic issues. It some- country in various G7 summits, signifying its strate-
times acts in concert to help resolve other global gic importance.
problems, with a special focus on economic issues. • Shared Values: As the world’s largest democracy, In-
dia shares common values with G7 nations, such as a
The Role and Significance of G7 commitment to democratic governance, rule of law,
• Economic Powerhouse: Global GDP Contribution: and human rights.
The G7 countries together contribute to a signifi- Economic and Strategic Synergies
cant portion of the world’s Gross Domestic Product • Trade and Investment: India’s trade with G7 coun-
(GDP), making their economic policies influential tries has grown significantly, with bilateral trade
globally. agreements enhancing economic ties.
• Financial Stability: The group plays a crucial role in • Strategic Partnerships: India has strategic partner-
maintaining global financial stability through coordi- ships with several G7 nations, focusing on defense,
nated policies and collective action. technology transfer, and counter-terrorism.
• Agenda Setting: The G7 sets the agenda for critical Collaborative Initiatives
global issues, including climate change, trade poli- • Climate Action: India collaborates with G7 countries
cies, and international security. on climate initiatives, aligning with global efforts to
• Development Aid: The member countries are among combat climate change.
the largest contributors to development aid, influ- • Technology and Innovation: Partnerships in technol-
encing global developmental priorities. ogy and innovation are critical, with initiatives like
the India-EU Connectivity Partnership promoting
digital transformation.

Enhancing India-G7 Cooperation

Deepening Economic Ties
• Trade Liberalization: Enhancing trade liberalization
efforts and reducing trade barriers can bolster eco-
nomic relations.
• Investment Opportunities: Encouraging investment
in sectors like renewable energy, technology, and in-
frastructure can drive mutual growth.
Strategic Collaborations
• Defense and Security: Strengthening defense coop-

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eration through joint exercises, intelligence sharing, rity and technological innovation. By leveraging their
and technology transfers can address common secu- strengths and aligning their goals, they can address
rity challenges. global challenges more effectively and drive collec-
• Health and Pandemic Preparedness: Collaborating tive progress.
on global health initiatives and pandemic prepared- • The way forward lies in deepening partnerships, fos-
ness can enhance resilience against future health tering mutual trust, and working towards common
crises. objectives for a prosperous and stable global future
Multilateral Engagement
• Global Governance: India’s active participation in G7
forums can contribute to shaping inclusive global 26. PRIME MINISTERS REVIEW INDIA-IT-
governance frameworks.
• Climate Leadership: Joint efforts in climate action,
ALY STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP
focusing on sustainable development and green
Context:
technologies, can set benchmarks for global envi-
The Prime Minister met Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Mel-
ronmental policies.
oni at the G7 Summit to review their strategic partnership.
Technological Innovation
They focused on the Indo-Pacific and the India-Middle
• Digital Transformation: Collaborative efforts in dig-
East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC).
ital infrastructure development, cybersecurity, and
artificial intelligence can drive the next wave of tech-
What is Strategic Partnership in International Relations?
nological advancements.
A strategic partnership is a formal alliance between coun-
• Research and Development: Joint research initia-
tries that collaborate on key issues such as security, trade,
tives in fields like biotechnology, space exploration,
and political matters. It involves mutual commitments to
and renewable energy can foster innovation.
support each other’s interests and aims to enhance stability
and prosperity through cooperation. These partnerships of-
Criticisms against G7:
ten include agreements on defence cooperation, economic
• G7 gatherings tend to attract thousands of protest-
collaboration, and diplomatic support in international fo-
ers, and it is protested by thousands every year.
rums.
• Many protesters claim the G7 – which has no repre-
sentative from any African, Russian or Middle East-
Highlights of the recent meeting between the two PMs:
ern nation – is completely outdated.
1. Commitment to a free and open Indo-Pacific.
• Protest groups also use the worldwide platform as a
2. Discussed expanding commercial ties in clean ener-
stage to lobby and campaign on issues that are im-
gy, manufacturing, space, AI, and critical minerals.
portant to them.
3. Welcomed recent MoU on Industrial Property
• G7 leaders are creating a wide gap between the
Rights.
‘haves’ and the ‘have-nots’ both in their countries as
4. Announced forthcoming visit of Italian naval ships
well as across the globe, according to a new report
to India.
published by non-profit Oxfam International. As a
5. Emphasized strong people-to-people ties and the
result, they are making the fight against alleviating
establishment of an ICCR chair at the University of
poverty more difficult, claimed the report.
Milan.
6. Discussed the implementation of the Migration and
Conclusion
Mobility Agreement.
• India’s evolving relationship with the G7 signifies its
7. Indian PM thanked Italy for recognizing Indian con-
growing importance in global economic and strate-
tributions during WWII and informed about upgrad-
gic affairs.
ing the Yashwant Ghadge Memorial in Italy.
• The synergies between India and G7 nations, driven
by shared values and mutual interests, present vast
Various dimensions of the India-Italy relationship are as fol-
opportunities for collaborative growth.
lows:
• Moving forward, deepening economic ties, stra-
tegic collaborations, and multilateral engage- Dimension Examples
ments will be crucial in navigating global challenges Diplomatic India and Italy established diplomatic rela-
and fostering sustainable development. ties tions in 1947. India and Italy have elevat-
• As India continues to rise on the global stage, its ed their bilateral relationship to the level
partnership with the G7 will play a pivotal role in of strategic partnership 2020-2025 Action
shaping a balanced and inclusive world order. Plan for bilateral relations
• The G7 and India are poised to collaborate on vari-
ous fronts, from economic policies to strategic secu-

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Trade In 2022, bilateral trade has Who was Yashwant Ghadge?

reached $15bn between both countries. Naik Yeshwant Ghadge was an Indian war hero in WWII’s
Italy is India’s 4th largest trading partner Italian campaign (1943-45). He captured an enemy post in
in the EU, after Germany, Belgium, and Montone, Italy, at age 23. Posthumously awarded the Vic-
Netherlands. The balance of trade has toria Cross, Britain’s highest military honour.
been in India’s favour since the early eight- What was the Italian campaign of World War II?
ies. India invited Italy to partner in ‘Make 1. Allied Forces fought against the Axis Powers (Nazi Ger-
in India’ and ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhi- many, Italy, Japan).
yan’ with a focus on the areas of renewable 2. Aimed to liberate Italy, beginning with the 1943 inva-
energy, green hydrogen, IT, telecom, and sion of Sicily.
space among others. 3. Naik Ghadge died battling German resistance be-
Investment Establishment of a ‘Startup Bridge’ be- tween the Trasimene/Albert Line and the Gothic Line.
tween India and Italy (2023) The heroism of Indian soldiers in the war:
1. Over 2.5 million Indian soldiers fought for the Allies
India-Italy Strategic Partnership on Energy
in WWII.
Transition announced in 2021
2. Around 50,000 participated in the Italian campaign,
Indo-Italian Joint Economic Commission with 5,782 casualties.
Cooperation has been in existence since 3. Indian forces, including several divisions and brigades,
1976. were the third-largest Allied group in Italy.
Migration and Mobility Partnership Agree- 4. They played key roles in battles like Monte Cassino
ment signed in 2023 to ensure safe and le- and the Gothic Line breach, earning high recognition.
gal migration.
Italian car manufacturer Fiat has been op- Insta Links:
erating in India since 1997. Indian IT com- • Shaping a trilateral as Rome looks to the Indo-Pa-
pany Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) has a cific
large presence in Italy, with over 2,500 em-
ployees in the country. Mains Link:
Cultural ties Settimana della Lingua Italiana nel Mon- Elucidate upon the potential of a trilateral relationship be-
do (Week of the Italian Language in the tween India, Japan & Italy.
World) celebrated the Italian language and
culture in India. Year-long Festival of India Prelims Link:
in Italy ‘Srijan’. Indian community in Italy is The region often mentioned in the news: (UPSC 2022)
the third largest community of Indians in 1. Anatolia Turkey
Europe after the UK and the Netherlands. 2. Amhara Ethiopia
Science Italian Space Agency (ASI)-ISRO working 3. Cabo Delgado Spain
group in heliophysics 4. Catalonia Italy
New Executive Programme of Coopera- How many pairs given above are correctly matched?
tion for 2025-27 to promote joint research (a) Only one pair
and development in Science & Technology (b) Only two pairs
(c) Only three pairs
Education Italy is a popular destination for Indian
(d) All four pairs
students studying abroad. India and Italy
have also signed agreements for academic
and research cooperation.
Defence Indian Army played a significant role in
27.TWO DECADES OF QUAD: DIPLO-
the liberation of Italy in the 2nd world war. MACY AND COOPERATION IN THE
Joint military exercises and training courses INDO-PACIFIC
on a regular basis: PASSEX Exercise, MILAN
(Naval Exercises) Context:
A report has been released on the TWO DECADES OF THE
Collabora- In 2023, Italy joined the Indo-Pacific Ocean
QUAD: Diplomacy & Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific
tions Initiative’s Science and Technology Pillar.
Italy joined the India-led International So-
What is QUAD?
lar Alliance, Coalition for Disaster Resilient
The Quad, or Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, is a strate-
Infrastructure, Global Biofuels Alliance,
gic partnership between Australia, India, Japan, and the US.
and IMEC
It is not a military alliance or mutual defense agreement. It

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was formed during the ASEAN Regional Forum, the Quad Space Launched the Indo-Pacific Partnership
nations account for 24% of the global population, 35% of the for Maritime Domain Awareness (IPM-
world’s GDP, and 18% of global trade. DA) in 2022.
Infrastructure Launched the Trilateral Partnership for
TIMELINE: GENESIS AND EVOLUTION
Infrastructure Investment in the In-
2004 F O R M AT I O N The Quad was formed by do-Pacific (TIP) in 2018.
OF THE QUAD Australia, India, Japan, and
Cybersecurity Established the Quad Cybersecurity
the United States, to coor-
Partnership in 2022.
dinate relief efforts after the
Indian Ocean Tsunami.
How does QUAD contribute to enhancing India’s strategic
2007 TRANSFORMA- The first Quad officials’ interests
TION INTO A meeting takes place and fo- 1. Counterbalance to China: As a member of the QUAD, in
STRATEGIC DI- cuses on shared interests in the event of a rise in the Chinese hostilities on its bor-
ALOGUE the Indo-Pacific region. ders, India can take the support of the other QUAD na-
2008-2012 DISSOLUTION Australia withdraws from tions to counter it.
2. Strategic Partnerships: QUAD facilitates strategic
OF THE QUAD the Quad over concerns of
partnerships among like-minded democracies. This
antagonizing China, how- strengthens India’s diplomatic ties, fostering a multilat-
ever, Prime Minister Shinzo eral approach to regional challenges.
Abe of Japan later calls for a 3. For a free and open Indo-Pacific: This aspect becomes
revival of the partnership. important for India, in the wake of China’s aggressive-
2017-2024 REVIVAL OF In 2017, the Quad was re- ness and coercive nature in the strategic Indo-Pacific
region.
THE QUAD vived and expanded its fo-
4. India as a Net Security provider: For India to assert this
cus to include new policy role as a Region, its dominance in the Indian Ocean Re-
areas. gion needs to be maintained and sustained. QUAD pro-
EXPANSION OF The Quad now includes joint vides India with a platform to enhance security through
COOPERATION military exercises, six work- partnerships in the region.
ing groups, and an investors 5. Multipolar World: India has supported a rule-based
multipolar world and QUAD can help it achieve its ambi-
network, among other ini-
tion of becoming a regional superpower.
tiatives. 6. Maritime Security Cooperation: QUAD members collab-
2021-2024 LEADERS’ SUM- Annual Quad Leaders’ Sum- orate on maritime security, including joint naval exer-
MITS CHART mits have provided high-lev- cises and patrols. This enhances India’s capabilities in
THE PATH FOR- el guidance through joint addressing common challenges.
WARD statements on shared goals 7. Infrastructure Development: QUAD aims to promote
infrastructure development in the Indo-Pacific, fostering
and principles.
connectivity. This aligns with India’s interests in the re-
gion.
Policy/Initiative under QUAD: 8. Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief: This en-
Policy/Initiative Description hances India’s capacity to respond to natural disasters
in the Indo-Pacific, showcasing its commitment to re-
Health Established Quad Vaccine Partnership, gional stability.
evolving into the broader Quad Health 9. Technology and Cybersecurity Cooperation: This col-
Security Partnership in 2023. Initiatives laboration benefits India by leveraging technological ad-
include e-health systems expansion and vancements and enhancing cyber resilience.
the Quad Pandemic Preparedness Exer- 10. Promotion of Democratic Values: QUAD promotes dem-
cise. ocratic values, the rule of law, and international norms.
India, as the world’s largest democracy, aligns with
Climate Launched the Quad Climate Change these principles.
Adaptation and Mitigation Package
(Q-CHAMP) in 2022. In 2023, released Issues Related to Quad:
Principles on Clean Energy Supply 1. Undefined Vision: Quad lacks a clear strategic mission
Chains in the Indo-Pacific. despite its potential for cooperation.
Critical and Initiated the Semiconductor Supply 2. Maritime Focus: Emphasis on the Indo-Pacific makes
Emerging Tech- Chain Initiative in 2021 to diversify Quad primarily maritime, limiting cooperation in the
nology technology supply chains. Asia-Pacific and Eurasian regions.
3. India’s Aversion to Alliances: India’s reluctance to join
a formal treaty alliance hinders stronger Quad engage-
ment.

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Conclusion
QUAD serves as a key platform for India to advance its strategic interests in the Indo-Pacific by promoting security, stability,
economic opportunities, and collaborative solutions to regional challenges. Navigating the complex geopolitical dynamics
requires a nuanced and strategic approach from India to safeguard its interests and promote regional stability.

Insta Links:
• QUAD

Mains Link:
Q. Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times
Discuss. (UPSC 2020)

Topics: Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.

28. US-CHINA TRADE WAR AND ITS IMPACT ON INDIA

Context:
A potential US-China trade war presents both opportunities and challenges for India.

Background:
The US-China trade tensions have escalated with President Biden’s decision to increase tariffs on $18 billion worth of
Chinese imports. The move aims to bolster American industries and reduce reliance on Chinese imports, with significant
tariff hikes planned for electric vehicles and lithium-ion batteries. This escalation underscores the ongoing trade disputes
between the two economic giants.

Notably, tariffs on electric vehicles will surge from 25% to 100%, and tariffs on lithium-ion EV batteries will rise from 7.5%
to 25%. Further tariff increases are anticipated in the future, impacting sectors like semiconductors and solar panels.

Reasons for high tariff:

o US’s broader strategy outlined in Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974.
o China’s unfair practices related to technology transfer, intellectual property, innovation, and its large manufacturing
capacities.
o China’s dumping of low-priced exports into global markets has negatively impacted American businesses and work-
ers.

Economic and Political Implications

Aspects Description
Domestic Industry The tariffs will bolster U.S. domestic manufacturing by making Chinese imports less competitive.
Election Politics With an election looming, President Biden is likely aiming to appeal to voters sceptical of his eco-
nomic policies.
Inflation Concerns While intended to protect American jobs, tariffs could lead to higher consumer prices and contrib-
ute to inflation.
Companies may find it difficult to operate with huge taxes, leading to increased product prices, and
burdening consumers.
On developing The trade war between the U.S. and China could hurt the economic prospects across developing
Countries countries.
On Global Economy A trade war could weaken investment, depress spending, unsettle financial markets, and slow the
global economy.
Other countries could face disruptions in their supply chains, and multinational companies may
need to rethink their production and sourcing strategies.

Implications for India:

1. Positives:
a. Indian exporters stand to benefit from the trade war, especially in categories like face masks, syringes,

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medical gloves, and natural graphite, where both China and India have a significant presence in the US
market.
b. India can seize opportunities to enhance its exports to the US and bridge the trade deficit by focusing on
sectors like information and communication technology, eCommerce, chemicals, outsourcing, and automo-
tive.
2. Negatives:
a. Indian authorities must ramp up efforts to prevent the influx of low-priced Chinese goods into India, which
could harm domestic manufacturing.
b. The risk of cheap electric vehicles (EVs) flooding the Indian market due to potential EU tariffs on Chinese
EV imports could negatively impact Indian businesses.
c. US tariffs on products like lithium-ion batteries and semiconductors from China might divert these goods
to India, impacting local industries.
d. India’s significant trade relationship with China, which already faces a trade deficit, could pose challenges
in managing the repercussions of the US-China trade war.

Protection measures available with India:

India has measures in place to address imports sold below the country of origin’s price, with the Directorate General of
Trade Remedies imposing anti-dumping duties. However, there are delays in accessing and analyzing trade data, hindering
prompt action.

Way forward:
To address the new US-China trade tensions, both sides have agreed to engage in talks. However, China has not committed
to specific actions to address American concerns yet. China defends its cheap solar panels and green products as crucial in
the fight against climate change. Nonetheless, Beijing recognizes challenges such as manufacturing overcapacity and weak
consumer spending, hindering sustainable growth. Consequently, China requires better policy coordination to foster new
technology development without causing overinvestment or regional disparities.

US tariffs on Chinese imports may impact global trade, prompting vigilance from DGTR. Establishing a department for daily
trade data analysis could expedite action. A trade policy strengthening India’s manufacturing growth while diversifying from
China warrants attention for India’s ‘China plus one’ strategy.

Ever wondered?
“Litigotiation”
“Litigotiation refers to the strategic combination of litigation and negotiation used to resolve legal dis-
putes”
For instance, recently, India and the USA notified the World Trade Organization (WTO) of reaching a mutu-
ally agreed solution in the poultry dispute, withdrawing their respective pending WTO cases in the matter,
following the settlement reached between the two countries.

Insta Links:
• US-China Trade War
• 2023 World Trade Report: Re-globalization

Mains Links:
Q. What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of the ‘Trade War’, especially keeping
in mind the interest of India? (UPSC 2018)

29. AUKUS ALLIANCE AND ITS PIVOT TO FRANCE

Context:
The article discusses the AUKUS alliance among the US, UK, and Australia to bolster military capabilities against China, in-
cluding sharing nuclear submarine technology.

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What is AUKUS?
AUKUS, a trilateral partnership formed in 2021, aims to bolster security and defence interests, primarily countering Chi-
na’s influence in the Indo-Pacific region. It entails deeper information and technology sharing, along with the integration
of security-related industries. India is not a member but has engaged in informal talks with the AUKUS bloc on emerging
technologies, though no formal dialogue has taken place yet.

Technologies shared among AUKUS:

AUKUS shares nuclear submarine propulsion technology with Australia, marking the first time the U.S. has done so outside
the UK. Additionally, the partnership spans eight high-tech military domains, including AI, quantum technologies, cyber
warfare, undersea warfare, hypersonic technologies, electronic warfare, and innovation/information sharing.

AUKUS’s impact on India:

Despite operating similar aircraft to AUKUS nations, India wasn’t offered participation in AUKUS’s nuclear technology shar-
ing. Traditionally, the US reserves such technology for closer allies.

What can be an alternative for India?

France could be a strategic partner for India, especially in developing nuclear submarine technology. France’s use of low-en-
riched uranium aligns with non-proliferation standards, making it a suitable option. The existing strategic relationship be-
tween France and India could support this partnership.

Significance of Indo-Pacific:
The Indo-Pacific region has emerged as a critical geopolitical and geoeconomic space, capturing the attention of ma-
jor powers around the world. India being the source of the name “Indo” in the region, has been a key partner of various
like-minded stakeholders, led by the USA.

Elements of India’s Indo-Pacific Approach:

• Security and Défense Cooperation: India emphasizes the importance of a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific re-
gion, with a focus on maritime security and defence cooperation.
• Connectivity and Infrastructure Development in the Indo-Pacific, emphasizing the principles of transparency, sus-
tainability, and respect for sovereignty.
• Economic Cooperation and Trade aiming to foster economic growth, shared prosperity, and sustainable develop-
ment. Initiatives like the Act East policy and East Asia Summit, focus on strengthening economic linkages with South-
east Asian countries.
• People-to-People Exchanges: India emphasizes people-to-people exchanges, cultural diplomacy, and soft power
initiatives as essential components of its Indo-Pacific approach.
• Multilateralism and Regional Cooperation: India believes in the importance of multilateralism and regional coop-
eration in addressing common challenges and it actively engages in forums such as ASEAN-led mechanisms, QUAD,
BIMSTEC et al to promote dialogue, cooperation, and collective action.

The extent to which India’s approach aligns with the objectives and initiatives of the QUAD and AUKUS:
Positive alignment:
• Free and open Indo-Pacific: India’s Indo-Pacific approach aligns with the objective of the QUAD and AUKUS to pro-
mote a free and open Indo-Pacific region.
• Defence and maritime security focus: India’s emphasis on security cooperation and maritime security aligns with
the objectives of the QUAD and AUKUS.
• China’s aggression in the region: India’s Indo-Pacific approach aligns with the concerns of the QUAD and AUKUS
regarding China’s assertive actions in the Indo-Pacific region. All three entities share a common objective of main-
taining a balance of power.
• US alignment: India’s Indo-Pacific approach aligns with the US’s strategic vision for the Indo-Pacific region. The
QUAD and AUKUS are initiatives driven by the US, and India’s alignment with these entities demonstrates its com-
mitment to strategic partnerships and cooperation with the US.

Limitations:
• Going over security: While India’s Indo-Pacific approach emphasizes multi-sectoral cooperation, the QUAD and
AUKUS have a stronger focus on defence and military cooperation.
• Regional focus: India’s Indo-Pacific approach encompasses a more regional focus limited to the Indian Ocean,
whereas the QUAD and AUKUS have a broader focus on the Indo-Pacific as a whole with the Pacific side in focus.
• Engagement with China-led groupings: India’s approach to engaging with China-led groupings, such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the BRICS, may differ from the positions of the QUAD and AUKUS.
• ASEAN Centrality: The ASEAN countries play a central role in the Indo-Pacific region, and their centrality gets tacit

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approval from India’s vision. However, QUAD-AUKUS do not recognise ASEAN centrality to the same degree.

Insta Links:
• AUKUS Alliance

Mains Links:
Q. The new tri-nation partnership AUKUS is aimed at countering China’s ambitions in the Indo-Pacific region. Is it going
to supersede the existing partnerships in the region? Discuss the strength and impact of AUKUS in the present scenar-
io. (UPSC 2021)

30. INDIAN MIGRANTS TO GULF COUNTRIES

Context:
The article discusses the tragic death of 49 migrant workers in a fire in Kuwait, primarily caused by poor living conditions
and employer negligence. It criticizes Kuwait’s inadequate enforcement of worker protections and the Kafala system,
which leaves migrants vulnerable by limiting their rights.

What is the Kafala System?

The Kafala system is a sponsorship system used in some Middle Eastern countries, including Kuwait, to regulate the em-
ployment of migrant workers. Under this system, a migrant worker’s legal residence and work permits are tied to an indi-
vidual employer or sponsor (Kafeel). This sponsor has significant control over the worker’s employment and residency sta-
tus, often leading to situations of exploitation and abuse, as workers may find it challenging to change jobs or leave abusive
employers without risking deportation.

Status of Indian Workers in Gulf Countries:

1. There are around 8.88 million Indian Workers residing in six Gulf nations, including the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait,
Qatar, Oman, and Bahrain. Indians form the largest expatriate community in the region, constituting approximately
30% of the total expatriate workforce.
2. Kerala has been a major contributor to the migrating workforce, but recently, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar have seen
an increase in migration to the Gulf.
3. The migrating workforce primarily consists of individuals aged between 20 and 40, with an increasing participation
of women, particularly in the hospitality sector.
4. Education levels vary, with many workers having minimal formal schooling or vocational training.
5. Around 70% of Indian migrants in the GCC are blue-collar workers, contributing to various sectors in the region.

Diaspora can be a tool for advancing national interests:

1. Soft power ambassadors: The Indian diaspora serves as unofficial global ambassadors, showcasing India’s rich cul-
ture, diverse languages, and artistic heritage.
o Bollywood’s international reach, the popularity of festivals like Diwali, and the success of Indian cuisine
worldwide are testaments to their soft power influence.
2. Knowledge and expertise transfer: India boasts a highly skilled diaspora in fields like technology, medicine, and
finance.
3. Economic catalysts: India saw the highest amount of remittance inflows in the world in 2023 at USD 125 billion,
which are a crucial lifeline for the Indian economy.
4. Political lobbying and advocacy: The Indian diaspora actively lobbies for India’s interests in foreign policy issues like
trade agreements and international aid distribution.
5. Cultural exchange: The diaspora acts as a bridge between India and the world, fostering cultural exchange and net-
working opportunities.
o Events like Pravasi Bharatiya Divas strengthen this connection.

Migrant workers in GCC States are vulnerable due to:

1. Dependence on Employers: The Kafala system ties visas to employers, leaving workers reliant on them for housing,
food, and transportation.
2. Low Wages: Workers often earn insufficient wages, leading to financial insecurity.
3. Poor Living Conditions: Workers reside in crowded and unsafe accommodations, as seen in the Mangaf fire incident.
4. Limited Rights: GCC states prohibit labour organizing, depriving workers of the ability to demand better conditions.
5. Family Separation: High minimum salary requirements prevent low-income workers from sponsoring family mem-
bers, leading to family separation.

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6. Labour Exploitation: Low-skilled workers face exploitation through withheld pay and inadequate conditions.
7. Recruitment Abuses: Agents charge high fees and alter contracts, risking passport confiscation.
8. Legal Vulnerabilities: Visa restrictions and the kafala system limit migrants’ rights and expose them to deportation
threats.
9. Poor Living Conditions: Overcrowded and unsafe accommodations impact migrants’ health.
10. Data Gaps: Lack of data hinders addressing migrant issues effectively.
11. Legal Hurdles: Complex legal procedures and lack of aid worsen migrants’ plight.
12. Cultural Barriers: Language and cultural differences hinder integration and support access.
13. Mental Health Struggles: Migration stress leads to mental health issues.

Government Initiatives:
Initiative Description
Emigration Act The Emigration Act of 1983 regulates emigration and mandates the registration of recruitment
agencies to ensure adherence to emigration procedures.
E-Migrate System An online platform enabling skilled and semi-skilled workers to obtain emigration clearances
and monitor immigration status, preventing exploitation by unregistered agents.
Labor Mobility Part- India has signed agreements with GCC nations to enhance worker protection, covering employ-
nerships ment contracts, labour policies, and rights.
Pre-Departure Orien- PDOS aims to enhance the soft skills of migrants, especially in the Gulf and Malaysia, educating
tation Programs them on destination country culture, laws, and customs.
Indian Community ICWF provides financial aid to distressed Indian workers abroad for repatriation, legal assistance,
Welfare Fund shelter, and medical needs.
Indian Workers Re- Set up in Dubai and approved for four additional locations, IWRCs offer guidance and counselling
source Centre on various issues concerning overseas Indian workers.
Awareness Campaign The ‘Surakshit Jaaye Prasikshit Jaaye’ campaign promotes safe and legal migration among pro-
spective migrants.

Conclusion:
India’s global diaspora presents a unique opportunity for the nation to expand its influence and soft power. While limitations
exist, careful navigation and collaboration can transform them into valuable partners in advancing India’s interests, as seen
in the institutionalisation of “diaspora diplomacy” under PM Modi.

Insta Links:
• Indian Diaspora: The roots of global success

Mains Link: UPSC 2017

Q. Indian Diaspora has an important role to play in Southeast Asian countries’ economies and societies. Appraise the role
of the Indian Diaspora in South-East Asia in this context. (10M)

Topics: Important International institutions, agencies and fora, their structure, mandate.

31. FINANCIAL ACTION TASK FORCE (FATF) AND MUTUAL EVALUATION REPORT
Context:
The Mutual Evaluation Report of India, adopted at the FATF plenary in Singapore from June 26 to 28, places India in the
“regular follow-up” category, a status shared by only four other G-20 countries. This distinction highlights India’s significant
progress in combating money laundering (ML) and terrorist financing (TF).

About Financial Action Task Force (FATF):

1. FATF is an inter-governmental policy-making and standard-setting body dedicated to combating money laundering and
terrorist financing.
2. Objective: To establish international standards, and to develop and promote policies, both at national and international
levels, to combat money laundering and the financing of terrorism.
3. Origin: It was established in 1989 during the G7 Summit in Paris to develop policies against money laundering. In 2001 its
mandate expanded to include terrorism financing.

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4. Headquarters: Paris, France.
5. FATF members include 39 countries, including the United States, India, China, Saudi Arabia, Britain, Germany, France, and.

Mutual Evaluation Report of FATF:

1. The mutual evaluation report is an assessment of a country’s measures to combat money laundering, financing of terror-
ism and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction
2. The reports are peer reviews, where members from different countries assess another country.
3. During a mutual evaluation, the assessed country must demonstrate that it has an effective framework to protect the
financial system from abuse.
4. The FATF conducts peer reviews of each member on an ongoing basis to assess levels of implementation of the FATF
Recommendations, providing an in-depth description and analysis of each country’s system for preventing criminal abuse of
the financial system.

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Mutual Evaluations have two main components:
1. Effectiveness: The most important part of a mutual evaluation is a country’s effectiveness ratings. During this visit, the
assessment team will require evidence that demonstrates that the assessed country’s measures are working and delivering
the right results.
2. Compliance:. The assessed country must provide information on the laws, regulations and any other legal instruments it
has in place to combat money laundering and the financing of terrorism and proliferation.

FATF has 2 types of lists:

1. Black List: Countries known as Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories (NCCTs) are put on the blacklist. These coun-
tries support terror funding and money laundering activities. The FATF revises the blacklist regularly, adding or deleting
entries. Three countries North Korea, Iran, and Myanmar are currently in FATF’s blacklist.
2. Grey List: Countries that are considered a safe haven for supporting terror funding and money laundering are put on the
FATF grey list. This inclusion serves as a warning to the country that it may enter the blacklist.

Consequences of being on the FATF blacklist:

1. No financial aid is given to them by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank
(ADB) and the European Union (EU).
2. They also face a number of international economic and financial restrictions and sanctions..
3. In addition to economic consequences, Black- and Grey-Listing damages a country’s reputation and reduces its interna-
tional standing.

GENERAL STUDIES – 3

Topics: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment.

1. RBI HOLDS REPO RATE STEADY

Context:
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has refrained from cutting the repo rate despite stable inflation rates. The repo rate, which
influences loan EMIs, has remained unchanged since February 2023.

What is the Repo Rate and who maintains it?

• The repo rate is the interest rate at which the RBI lends money to commercial banks.
• It impacts economic activity: a lower rate stimulates borrowing and spending, while a higher rate discourages it.
• The RBI’s monetary policy aims to maintain price stability, target a 4% inflation rate, and promote economic growth
by adjusting the repo rate accordingly.
• Lowering the rate stimulates borrowing post-pandemic, while raising it curbs excessive spending during inflationary
periods like the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

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Other Tools for Controlling Interest rates high interest rates, providing a cushion
1. Open Market Operations (OMO): The RBI buys or against global uncertainties.
sells government securities to adjust money supply 3. Promoting Savings: Higher interest rates on depos-
and interest rates. its incentivize saving, increasing domestic capital
2. Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR): The percentage of depos- availability for investment and growth.
its banks must hold with the RBI, influencing their 1. E.g. Fixed deposit rates above 7% in India
lending capacity. have encouraged individuals to save more,
3. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR): The percentage of leading to higher bank deposits.
deposits banks must invest in government securi- 4. Curbing Asset Bubbles: Discourage excessive spec-
ties, also affecting liquidity and interest rates. ulation in assets like real estate and stocks, promot-
ing financial market stability.
Reasons for Not Cutting Interest Rates: 1. Example: High interest rates during 2010-11
helped cool down the overheating real es-
Reasons Description tate market in India, preventing a potential
1) Sticky Inflation: Despite a gradual decline, bubble.
inflation hasn’t reached the 5. Encouraging Financial Discipline: High rates pro-
4% target since January 2021, mote prudent borrowing and lending practices
hovering around 5% in the among businesses and individuals, reducing risk-tak-
ing and defaults.
first four months of 2024.
2) Commitment to Dura- The RBI aims for sustained Negatives:
ble Inflation Targeting: inflation around 4%, not just 1. Slower Economic Growth: Expensive borrowing can
occasional dips below this lev- dampen investment and consumer spending, po-
el. tentially slowing economic growth.
3) Strong Economic India’s GDP growth rate has 2. Increased Debt Burden: Existing borrowers face
higher interest payments, straining finances and po-
Growth: been robust, with forecasts tentially leading to defaults.
revised upwards to 7.2% for 3. Impact on Investment: High rates can discourage
the current financial year, investments in key sectors like infrastructure and
suggesting no urgent need for manufacturing, hindering long-term growth.
rate cuts to stimulate activity. 4. Pressure on Businesses: High borrowing costs can
4) Fiscal Deficit Concerns: The RBI’s decision may be in- squeeze profit margins and hamper business expan-
sion plans, potentially impacting job creation. E.g.
fluenced by the forthcoming Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) often face
Union Budget and govern- challenges in accessing credit at high interest rates.
ment borrowing plans, which 5. Impact on Consumer Spending: High interest rates
could impact inflation or in- on credit cards and personal loans can reduce discre-
terest rates. tionary spending, impacting retail sales and overall
consumption. E.g. High interest rates on auto loans
have led to a slowdown in car sales in India.
Ever Wondered!? 6. Currency Appreciation: High interest rates can at-
What is sticky Inflation? tract foreign capital, leading to currency apprecia-
• Sticky inflation refers to a situation where inflation tion, which can hurt export competitiveness. E.g.
The Indian rupee’s appreciation in 2023 due to high
rates remain relatively high or stable over time, de- interest rates posed challenges for export-oriented
spite changes in economic conditions or monetary sectors like textiles and IT.
policy.
• This phenomenon is characterized by a slow decline Conclusion
in inflation rates and resistance to central bank ef- The RBI’s decision to maintain high interest rates reflects its
forts to lower them through measures like interest efforts to balance inflation control with growth consider-
rate cuts. ations. It will continue to monitor economic data and adjust
rates as needed to achieve a harmonious outcome for the
Understanding the Impact of High Interest Rates: Indian economy.
Positives:
1. Taming Inflation: High rates discourage borrowing Other steps announced by RBI in this MPC Meeting:
and spending, reducing the money supply and eas-
1. Rationalization of Export and Import regulations
ing inflationary pressures.
2. Financial Stability: Attract foreign investments, under the Foreign Exchange Management Act (1999)
strengthening the rupee and foreign exchange re- to boost ease of doing business.
serves, boosting financial stability. 2. Establishment of a Digital Payments Intelligence
1. E.g. India’s foreign exchange reserves Platform (DPIP) using advanced technology to com-
surged past $600 billion in 2023 amidst bat payment fraud.

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3. Formation of a committee chaired by A.P. Hota to explore setting up a digital public infrastructure for DPIP.
4. Integration of UPI Lite into the e-mandate framework with an auto-replenishment feature for the UPI Lite wallet.
5. Revision of bulk deposit definition to include Single Rupee term deposits of ₹3 crore and above for Scheduled Com-
mercial Banks (excluding Regional Rural Banks(RRBs)) and Small Finance Banks. For Local Area Banks, the threshold
is ₹1 crore and above as applicable for RRBs.

About MPC:
The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC), established under the amended RBI Act of 1934, comprises six members: three
from the RBI and three appointed by the government. It decides the policy repo rate aimed at meeting the inflation target.
Each member holds one vote, with the Governor having a casting vote in case of a tie.

Insta Links:
• Variable Rate Repo (VRR)
• What is the RBI’s MPC?

Mains Link:
Q. Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape?
Give reasons in support of your arguments. (UPSC 2019)

Prelims Link:
Q. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)? (UPSC 2017)
1. It decides the RBI’s benchmark interest rates.
2. It is a 12-member body including the Governor of RBI and is reconstituted every year.
3. It functions under the chairmanship of the Union Finance Minister.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 only

Ans: (a)

Q. If the RBI decides to adopt an expansionist monetary policy, which of the following would it not do? (UPSC 2020)
1. Cut and optimize the Statutory Liquidity Ratio
2. Increase the Marginal Standing Facility Rate
3. Cut the Bank Rate and Repo Rate
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)

2. REFORMS NEEDED FOR INDIA TO BECOME A DEVELOPED COUNTRY

Context:
India aims to become a developed country by 2047. This will require a 7.5% annual growth in per capita income and a 9%
GDP growth. The article highlights the reforms needed.

What is a developed country?

A developed country is characterized by a mature and advanced economy with high levels of industrialization, technolog-
ical infrastructure, and overall societal well-being. These countries are distinguished from developing nations, which are
still progressing economically and socially. India, despite being the world’s fifth-largest economy with a GDP of 3.42 lakh
crores USD, is currently classified as a developing nation.

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Key characteristics of a developed country:
Economic Factors Social and Human Development Factors Technological and Innovation
High per capita income (USD Countries with an HDI score above 0.8 are Advanced technological infrastruc-
12,000 - 25,000+) considered developed ture
Diversified industrial and service High levels of education and literacy and Ac- Strong emphasis on R&D
sectors cess to quality healthcare and social services
Robust infrastructure (transport, Low infant mortality and high life expectancy High levels of innovation and pro-
communication, utilities) ductivity
Stable and efficient financial mar- Robust legal and political institutions with
kets democratic governance

Where does India Stand?

India lags behind both developed and some developing countries. While it is the fifth largest economy by GDP, its per cap-
ita income is significantly lower than China’s and the UK’s.

India’s achievement since Independence:

Area Achievements
GDP India’s GDP rose from Rs 2.79 lakh crore in 1950-51 to an estimated Rs about 280 lakh crore currently.
Forex India’s foreign exchange reserves increased from Rs 911 crore in 1950-51 to over $650 billion USD
currently. India has the sixth-largest forex reserves in the world.
Food Production Foodgrain production has grown from 50.8 million tonnes in 1950-51 to over 329 million tonnes cur-
rently.
Literacy Rate The literacy rate improved from 18.3% in 1951 to 78%. Female literacy rate increased from 8.9% to
over 70%.

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Major Challenges with India’s Goal of a Developed Economy
Category Issues Details
Economic Growth Jobless Growth Despite 7.8% economic growth in FY 2023–24, job creation remains
insufficient.
Agricultural Employment 44% of the workforce is in low-productivity agriculture, contributing
only 15% to GDP.
Job Creation Needs 115 million jobs are needed by 2030 to meet the rising workforce.
Education and Skills Poverty-Education-Skill Poor primary and secondary education limits cognitive development
Trap and higher education benefits.
Skills Shortage 150 million skilled workers are needed; nearly half of graduates are
unemployable (India Skills Report 2021).
Education System Not adapting quickly enough to industry demands despite the National
Education Policy.
Public Debt High Public Debt Public debt at 81.9% of GDP raises fiscal sustainability concerns, crowd-
ing out private investment.
Income Inequality Income Disparity 22.6% of national income went to the top 1% in 2022-23, hindering
inclusive growth.
HDI Ranking India’s HDI score in 2022 was 0.644, placing it at 134th out of 192 coun-
tries.
Rural-Urban Divide Unbalanced Development Urban centres grow economically, while rural areas suffer from poverty
and lack of infrastructure.
Potential Social Unrest Neglecting rural development could lead to social unrest.
Climate Change Vulnerabilities Environmental degradation impacts health and undermines growth
sustainability.
Economic Risk Up to 4.5% of India’s GDP could be at risk by 2030 due to climate
change (RBI).
Infrastructure Deficit and Financing Chal- The infrastructure gap in transportation, power, and urban sectors is
lenges estimated at USD 1.5 trillion (World Bank).
Project Delays Issues with land acquisition, environmental clearances, and regulatory
hurdles cause delays and cost overruns.

Major Advantages of India (Towards Becoming a Developed Economy)

1. Services Sector: India’s services sector accounts for over 50% of GDP, offering high-value jobs and attracting foreign
investment.
2. Demographic Dividend: India’s young population (median age of 28.2 years in 2023) presents a vast human capital
pool for economic growth if properly skilled and employed.
3. Government Initiatives: E.g., The Pradhan Mantri Gati Shakti National Master Plan drive infrastructure develop-
ment, enhancing efficiency and economic activity.
4. Digital Transformation and Startup Ecosystem: Digital India Initiative and Unified Payment Interface democratiza-
tion drive digital revolution, with 8% year-on-year internet penetration growth in 2023.
5. Economic Growth: Despite global uncertainties, India’s domestic demand shows resilience, with an expected over
7% real GDP growth in 2024-25.

What should be done?

1. Sound Economy: Focus on sustained fiscal deficit reduction, targeting 4.5% of GDP by 2025-26.
2. Skill Development for Demographic Dividend: Invest in vocational education and industry-aligned skills.
a. Tier II cities should be focused as these new cities have the potential to generate 70% of the country’s new
jobs and GDP over the next 20 years.
3. Rural Development and Infrastructure: Prioritize rural infrastructure and promote agro-processing.
4. Affordable Healthcare and Prevention: Increase healthcare spending and promote preventive measures.
5. Innovative Infrastructure Financing: Explore new financing models (e.g. Crowdfunding) and public-private partner-
ships.
6. Technology and Innovation Promotion: Boost R&D investment and establish innovation ecosystems.

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7. Blue Economy Harnessing: Develop sustainable maritime activities and coastal infrastructure.
8. Formalizing Informal Sector: Implement portable social security and support startup hubs.
9. Green Collar Jobs Creation: Train workforce for green sectors and incentivize green employment.
10. Enhance revenue productivity of the tax system

Insta Links:
• Reaping India’s demographic dividend

Mains Link:
Q. “Industrial growth rate has lagged behind in the overall growth of Gross-Domestic-Product(GDP) in the post-reform pe-
riod” Give reasons. How far the recent changes in Industrial Policy capable of increasing the industrial growth rate? (UPSC
2017)

Q.2 Normally countries shift from agriculture to industry and then later to services, but India shifted directly from agri-
culture to services. What are the reasons for the huge growth of services vis-a-vis the industry in the country? Can India
become a developed country without a strong industrial base? (UPSC 2014)

Prelims Links:
Q. In a given year in India, official poverty lines are higher in some States than in others because: (2019)
(a) Poverty rates vary from State to State
(b) Price levels vary from State to State
(c) Gross State Product varies from State to State
(d) Quality of public distribution varies from State to State
Ans: (b)

Q. Increase in absolute and per capita real GNP does not connote a higher level of economic development if (UPSC 2018)
(a) industrial output fails to keep pace with agricultural output.
(b) agricultural output fails to keep pace with industrial output.
(c) poverty and unemployment increase.
(d) imports grow faster than exports.
Ans: (c)

3. 7 YEARS OF GST: BALANCING TECH & TRANSFORMATION

Context:
After seven years, the Goods and Services Tax (GST) has proven to be a game-changer for India’s digital economy. This
tech-driven tax system has facilitated automation for both the government and businesses, moving towards the vision of
“one nation, one tax.”

About Goods and Services Tax (GST):

• It is an indirect tax (not directly paid by customers to the government) that came into effect on July 1, 2017, as a

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result of the 101st Amendment to the Indian Constitution.
• It is imposed on both manufacturers and sellers of goods, as well as suppliers of services.
• For tax collection, it is divided into five tax slabs – 0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, and 28%.

About GST Council:

• It is an apex committee to modifies, reconciles or makes recommendations to the Union and the States on GST, like
the goods and services that may be subjected to or exempted from GST, model GST laws, etc.
• Article 279A of the Indian Constitution empowers the President of India to constitute a joint forum of the Centre
and States called the GST Council.

Need for GST:

• The inclusion of several indirect taxes at various levels of the supply chain hampered the Indian tax system.
• This resulted in a complicated and fragmented tax framework that included excise duty, service tax, VAT, central
sales tax (CST), and other taxes.
• These led to tax cascading (tax on tax), raising the entire tax burden on goods and services.
• Hence, the primary goal of GST is –
o To simplify the tax system by substituting a single indirect tax for several indirect levies
o Eliminating tax cascading by establishing a uniform tax structure

Achievements of GST:
• Revenue collection:
o The Gross Goods and Services Tax (GST) collections hit a record high in April 2024 at Rs 2.10 lakh crore.
• A seamless market and digitised compliance:
o Digital Infrastructure: The GST Network (GSTN) streamlined registration, tax payments, and return filing for
taxpayers.
o Enhanced Compliance: GSTN’s data analytics and automation (e.g., e-waybills, e-invoicing) improved com-
pliance and tax evasion prevention.
• Benefits for MSMEs:
o A simplified system with measures like quarterly returns and relaxed GSTR-9C requirements increased
MSME registrations.
o Improved access to credit accelerated MSME growth.
• Unified Market and Competitiveness:
o Established a common market and eliminated tax cascading, boosting domestic and global competitiveness.
o Removed entry taxes and checkpoints, ensuring smooth movement of goods, faster transit times, and re-
duced logistics costs.

Challenges still persisting:

• Complexities in return forms and the ambiguity surrounding tax rates and classifications of certain goods and ser-
vices lead to disputes and uncertainty.
• Combating tax fraud remained a priority, with measures in place to ensure compliance and weed out fraudulent
businesses.

Some areas that deserve attention are:

• Commence taxation of petroleum crude, high-speed diesel, petrol, natural gas and aviation turbine fuel and simi-
larly, alcohol meant for human consumption;
• Inclusion of other levies such as electricity duty, stamp duty, etc;
• Clarifying taxation of online gaming activities, transactions involving cryptocurrency, etc.
• The officials should also look into rationalisation of the tax rates (slabs); upgrading the law to deal with a digital
world and keep up with the various technological developments.

Conclusion:
• The implementation of GST has definitely been a success but is still a new reform with the potential to witness
phenomenal growth and harmonisation in the coming years.
• GST has shown immense promise, reshaping the economy and driving digitization while also confronting challenges
and fraud.

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Insta Links:
Five years stronger

Mains Links:
Explain the rationale behind the Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act of 2017. How has COVID-19 impact-
ed the GST compensation fund and created new federal tensions? (UPSC 2020)

Prelims Links: (UPSC 2017)

What is/are the most likely advantages of implementing ‘Goods and Services Tax (GST)’?
1. It will replace multiple taxes collected by multiple authorities and will thus create a single market in India.
2. It will drastically reduce the ‘Current Account Deficit’ of India and will enable it to increase its foreign exchange re-
serves.
3. It will enormously increase the growth and size of the economy of India and will enable it to overtake China in the
near future.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
1. 1 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1 and 3 only
4. 1, 2 and 3
Ans: 1

Topics: Major crops cropping patterns in various parts of the country, different types of irrigation and irrigation systems stor-
age, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers.

4. REVAMPING INDIA’S FARMS: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Context:
The farm sector faces the challenge of sharing growth gains sustainably, beyond just boosting productivity.

Significance of Agriculture Sector in Indian Economy:

Significance Description
Contribution to GDP Agriculture contributes around 15-16% to India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), showcasing its
pivotal role in economic growth and development.
Resilience during Despite economic downturns in other sectors during the COVID-19 pandemic, agriculture remained
Covid-19 resilient, contributing 18.8% to Gross Value Added (GVA) in 2021-22.
Employment Gener- The farm sector employs over 45% of the country’s labour force, especially vital in rural areas
ation where most engage in agricultural activities, according to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)
report for 2021-22.
Food Security India’s agriculture sector plays a vital role in ensuring food security for its 1.3 billion population,
producing staple crops like rice, wheat, pulses, and vegetables.
Foreign Exchange Agricultural exports contribute significantly to foreign exchange earnings, surpassing USD 56 billion
Earnings in 2021. India ranks as the largest producer of milk and pulses, and the second-largest producer of
wheat and rice globally.
Raw Material Pro- Agriculture supplies raw materials for various industries such as cotton for textiles, sugarcane for
vider for Industries sugar, and oilseeds for edible oils, fostering strong linkages within the economy and supporting the
Ethanol Economy.
Strategic Signifi- A robust agricultural sector reduces dependence on imports, ensuring food security, especially vital
cance for a populous nation like India.

Current Major Challenges Related to India’s Agriculture Sector:

1. Fragmented Landholdings: 89.4% of agricultural households own less than two hectares of land.
2. Menace of Climate Change: Erratic monsoon patterns and rising temperatures disrupt crop yields.
3. Water Scarcity: Over-exploitation of groundwater and inadequate irrigation infrastructure limit productivity.

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4. Market Inefficiencies and Price Fluctuations: Lack tion access.
of access to well-developed markets and fair pric- 4. Crop Diversification: Government schemes pro-
ing affects farmers. Middlemen and complex supply mote diversification into high-value crops, reducing
chains lead to price gaps. dependency on traditional crops and increasing in-
5. Inadequate Storage and Transportation Facilities: come.
Poor storage infrastructure and transportation net- 5. Organic Farming: The Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yo-
works result in post-harvest losses. Around 74 mil- jana encourages organic farming, reducing chemical
lion tonnes of food is lost annually in India. usage and promoting sustainable agriculture.
6. Limited Access to Credit and Insurance: Small farm- 6. Skill Development: Programs like Skill India Mission
ers struggle to access affordable credit and crop in- provide agricultural training, enhancing farming
skills and modernizing agricultural practices.
surance.
7. Soil Degradation and Resource Depletion: Overuse
Government Initiatives:
of chemical fertilizers and inadequate soil conserva-
tion practices lead to soil degradation. Initiative Description
8. Inefficient Agriculture Policy: Complex policies and National Mission Aims to promote sustainable agri-
ineffective implementation hinder progress. The gap on Sustainable Ag- culture practices, and enhance soil
between policy and reality is highlighted by contro- riculture health, and water efficiency.
versies like Minimum Support Prices (MSPs). Paramparagat Kri- Promotes organic farming and sup-
9. Stagnated Growth: Despite employing a significant shi Vikas Yojana ports farmers in adopting traditional
labour force, agriculture’s contribution to GDP is low. (PKVY) farming methods.
Submission on Encourages the integration of trees
Agrarian Reforms role in driving Socio-Economic Change
1. Land Redistribution: Reforms like the West Bengal AgroForestry into farming systems to enhance
Land Reforms Act aimed to redistribute land to (SMAF) productivity and sustainability.
landless farmers, reducing inequality and poverty Rashtriya Krishi Vi- Focuses on improving agricultural
in rural areas. kas Yojana productivity and ensuring the devel-
2. Improved Credit Access: Initiatives like Kisan Cred- opment of the agricultural sector.
it Cards have enhanced farmers’ access to credit, AgriStack Digital platform to provide compre-
boosting their purchasing power and stimulating hensive information and services to
rural economies. farmers for better decision-making.
3. Promotion of Farmer Cooperatives: The establish-
ment of AMUL (Anand Milk Union Limited) as a co- National e-Gover- Aims to improve the efficiency and
operative model has empowered farmers, ensuring nance Plan in Agri- transparency of agricultural services
fair prices and market access. culture (NeGP-A) through digital technology.
4. Agricultural Insurance: The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Pradhan Mantri Ki- Provides financial assistance to
Bima Yojana (PMFBY) offers insurance against crop san Samman Nidhi farmers in the form of direct income
failures, providing economic stability to farmers. support.
5. Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT): Schemes like PM-KI- Agriculture Infra- Facilitates the creation of agricultur-
SAN provide direct financial support to farmers, structure Fund al infrastructure to improve produc-
enhancing their economic status and reducing reli-
tivity and competitiveness.
ance on informal credit.
6. Rural Infrastructure Development: Programs like World’s largest The plan aims to transform Pri-
the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) grain storage plan mary Agricultural Credit Societies
have improved rural infrastructure, facilitating bet- (PACS) into Multi-Service Societies.
ter market access and socio-economic growth. The pilot project, implemented in
11 states, focuses on creating agri-
Agrarian Reforms serves as a Pivotal tool for Agricultural cultural infrastructure at the PACS
Modernization level, including warehouses and
1. Green Revolution: Introduced in the 1960s, it trans- processing units, through various
formed India’s agriculture through high-yield crops government schemes.
and advanced farming techniques, significantly in-
creasing food production. The potential of AI in Agricultural Reforms:
2. Water Management: Initiatives like the Pradhan 1. Precision Farming: AI algorithms can analyze soil
Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana focus on efficient data, weather patterns, and crop health to tailor
water use, and improving irrigation and crop yields. fertilizer and water application, maximizing yields
3. Technological Advancements: The introduction of and minimizing waste.
digital technologies through the Digital India move- 2. Pest and Disease Control: AI-powered drones can
ment enhances agricultural practices and informa- survey fields, identify early signs of infestations, and

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recommend targeted interventions, reducing crop losses and reliance on harmful pesticides.
3. Market Analytics: AI can analyze market trends and predict prices, helping farmers choose the right crops and ne-
gotiate better deals, leading to improved income and reduced vulnerability.
4. Automation and Labor Efficiency: AI-powered robots can handle tedious tasks like weeding and harvesting, free-
ing up valuable time for farmers to focus on other aspects of their operations and potentially alleviating the labour
shortage in agriculture.
5. Climate Resilience: AI models can predict weather patterns and advise farmers on adaptation strategies, making
agriculture more resilient to climate change and extreme weather events.

Ever Wondered?

Can Crop diversification aid the ailing agri sector? - Yes!!

• For farmers;
o It increases crop portfolio so that farmers are not dependent on a single crop to generate their income.
o Farmers who plant different kinds of crops are able to tap into their regional markets and contribute to
strengthening their local economies. This helps farms thrive and provides them with greater financial
security.
• Government: Most of the Indian population suffers from malnutrition. Most of the girl children have anaemia.
Including crops like pulses, oilseed, horticulture, and vegetable crops can improve socio-economic status by add-
ing quality to the food basket ensuring food safety and nutritional security.
• Environment; - It makes farms more environmentally friendly. This is because planting a variety of crops makes
the soil healthier, along with reducing chemical use.
• Disease resistance: The traditional way to grow crops is to plant a single cultivar in a given area. However, this
results in entire fields that are susceptible to the same hazard, be it a pest or disease.
• Availability of water ; it promotes efficient use of water thereby reducing the demand for water for irrigation
purposes.
• Trade; - India is one of the largest importers of pulses, oilseeds etc. and diversification of crops can potentially
reduce India’s import dependence thereby reducing the burden on exchequer.

Way Forward and Conclusion

To revitalize India’s agriculture sector, several measures can be adopted. Implementing agroecological intensification
methods like permaculture and regenerative agriculture can enhance biodiversity and resilience. Establishing agricultural
innovation clusters fosters collaboration among research institutions, startups, and farmers. Drone-based precision agri-
culture improves efficiency and reduces resource wastage. Genetic editing techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 offer precise crop
improvements. Public-private partnerships in agricultural extension services can provide localized support. Developing
agri-logistics and cold chain infrastructure minimizes post-harvest losses. A model agricultural policy can guide sustainable
practices and empower farmers. Placing agriculture marketing in the Concurrent list and forming an inter-ministerial com-
mittee can ensure better oversight and responsiveness to market dynamics.

Insta Links:
• rstv: the big picture- need for agricultural reforms

Mains Links:
Q. How is science interwoven deeply with our lives? What are the striking changes in agriculture triggered by science-based
technologies? (USPC 2020)

Q. Given the vulnerability of Indian agriculture to vagaries of nature, discuss the need for crop insurance and bring out the
salient features of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY). (UPSC 2016)

Prelims links:
Q. Under the Kisan Credit Card scheme, short-term credit support is given to farmers for which of the following purposes?
(UPSC 2020)
1. Working capital for maintenance of farm assets
2. Purchase of combine harvesters, tractors and mini trucks
3. Consumption requirements of farm households

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4. Post-harvest expenses 6. Impact of Extreme Weather: Weather extremes have
5. Construction of family house and setting up of village been a major driver of acute food insecurity, affecting
cold storage facility over 72 million people in 18 countries.
Select the correct answer using the code given below: 7. Record-breaking Temperatures: May 2024 was the
(a) 1, 2 and 5 only warmest May on record, continuing a trend of re-
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only cord-breaking monthly temperatures.
(c) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only 8. Persistent Acute Food Insecurity: Nearly 282 million
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 people faced high levels of acute food insecurity in 2023,
Ans: (b) with extreme weather being a significant factor.

Q. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2017) Other Impacts of climate change on the food system:
1. The nation-wide ‘Soil Health Card Scheme’ aims at ex- Aspect of Impact of Climate Change
panding the cultivable area under irrigation. Food System
2. Enabling the banks to assess the quantum of loans to be
Crop Pro- 1. Alters growing conditions, affecting crop
granted to farmers on the basis of soil quality.
duction yields and quality.
3. Checking the overuse of fertilizers in farmlands.
2. Increased temperatures can lead to heat
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
stress in crops.
(a) 1 and 2 only
3. Changes in precipitation patterns can re-
(b) 3 only
sult in droughts or floods.
(c) 2 and 3 only
4. Altered pest and disease dynamics affect
(d) 1, 2 and 3
crop health.
Ans: (b)
Food Avail- 1. Unpredictable weather patterns disrupt
ability seasonal food availability
2. Extreme weather events can damage
5. HEAT AND WATER CRISES: A GLOBAL crops and disrupt supply chains
FOOD SECURITY EMERGENCY 3. Reduced food availability can lead to
price fluctuations and shortages.
Context: The report “Global impacts of heat and water stress Food Quality 1. Altered climate conditions affect the nu-
on food production and severe food insecurity,” published in and Safety tritional content of crops.
Scientific Reports, showed a projected decline in food pro- 2. Increased temperatures can lead to
duction by 2050 under various climate change scenarios. spoilage and food safety issues
3. Changes in water availability impact food
What is Food Insecurity? Food insecurity is the lack of reli- processing and safety.
able access to sufficient, affordable, and nutritious food. Se-
vere food insecurity is when individuals frequently run out Food Secu- 1. Climate-induced crop failures can lead to
of food, go hungry, and lack the means to eat regularly. rity food insecurity
2. Vulnerable populations are dispropor-
Major Findings of the Report: tionately affected by food shortages
1. Global Food Production Decline: Heat and water stress 3. Migration and conflict may result from
could lead to a 6-14% decrease in global food production food-related stressors.
by 2050. Food Distri- 1. Transportation routes may be disrupted
2. Increase in Food Insecurity: The number of people with bution due to extreme weather events.
severe food insecurity could rise by up to 1.36 billion by 2. Increased energy costs for transporta-
2050 compared to 2020. tion impact food prices
3. Regional Food Production Decline: 3. Changes in trade patterns affect global
a. India: almost 16% decline food distribution.
b. China: 22% decline Food Waste 1. Climate change can exacerbate food
c. United States: about 12% decline waste due to spoilage from temperature
d. Africa: about 8-11% decline fluctuations
e. Australia: about 14% decline 2. Resource-intensive food production con-
f. Central America: about 19% decline tributes to waste.
4. Shift in Food Trade: Regions like China and ASEAN could E c o s y s t e m 1. Climate change alters ecosystems and
become food importers by 2050. Disruption biodiversity, affecting pollinators and
5. Food Price Increase: Significant increases in food prices, natural pest control
especially under extreme warming scenarios and in re- 2. Loss of biodiversity can disrupt food pro-
gions with high water stress. duction and the ecosystem

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Solutions: pendence era led to a closed economy with limited
• Importance of Adaptation: Scaling up support, in- exposure to international trade.
cluding finance, capacity-building, and technology a. Protectionist policies and trade barriers
transfer, is urgent to enhance adaptive capacity and hindered the development of a robust ex-
port-oriented manufacturing sector.
reduce vulnerability.
2. Slow Liberalization Process: India initiated econom-
• Crop diversification: Diversifying cropping patterns, ic liberalization reforms in 1991, opening up its econ-
particularly towards millets, pulses, and horticul- omy to global trade and investment. However, the
ture, for sustainable agriculture. process was gradual, and certain sectors remained
• Adaptation Finance: Multilateral banks, financial shielded from international competition.
institutions, and the private sector should mobilize a. Delayed liberalization affected the competi-
more resources for adaptation. tiveness of Indian industries
• Multi-Pronged Approach: Addressing the cli- 3. Ease of doing business: Cumbersome bureaucratic
procedures, complex regulations, and red tape have
mate-hunger crisis involves creating resilient liveli-
been persistent challenges for businesses in India.
hoods, promoting climate-resilient food crops, em- Such complexities increase the cost of doing busi-
powering women, supporting small-holder farmers, ness and hinder export competitiveness.
and increasing knowledge about vulnerability and 4. Low manufacturing exports: India’s exports remain
food security. dominated by primary products and resource-inten-
• Sustainable Food Systems: Sustainability should be sive sectors like gems & jewellery.
integrated into production, value chains, and con- a. The manufacturing sector lacks scale, tech
sumption. advancement, and infrastructure competi-
tiveness to effectively integrate with global
o Cash transfers for sustainable agricul-
value chains and ramp up the exports of val-
ture can be more effective than input sub- ue-added products.
sidies. 5. Infrastructure bottlenecks: Poor transport connec-
• Non-Agriculture Sector: Labor-intensive manufac- tivity, and inadequate port and shipping infrastruc-
turing and services can reduce the pressure on ag- ture drive supply chain costs and hurdles Indian ex-
riculture, especially for smallholders and informal ports price competitiveness.
workers. a. Suboptimal logistics account for ~14% of
o Strengthening rural MSMEs and the food product value for India, almost double that
of developed economies.
processing sector is part of the solution.
6. Small producer firm size: The overwhelming share
of micro, small and medium firms in the Indian econ-
Insta Links: omy, at over 90%, prevents them from tapping the
Climate change and agriculture resources to boost technology usage and produc-
tively integrate into cross-border supply chains.
Mains Links:
What measures should India take to weather-proof its food
security in the face of climate change?

Topics: Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in

industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth.

6. A BLUEPRINT FOR BOOSTING INDIA’S

EXPORTS
Context:
India’s foreign trade, valued at $1.63 trillion in FY 2023-24,
constituted 41% of its GDP, highlighting its importance in the
economy and job creation. Facing significant internal and ex-
ternal challenges, the article gives suggestions for the new
government to boost trade and spur economic growth.

Reasons behind India’s modest share in global merchandise

trade:
1. Historical Legacy: India’s historical focus on self-re-
liance and import substitution during the post-inde-

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Foreign Trade Policy, 2023: The Union Ministry of Commerce and Industry launched the Foreign Trade Policy 2023, em-
phasizing its dynamic nature and responsiveness to emerging needs. In the following way, the policy intends to address the
above issue:
1. Incentive to Remission: The policy continues to support time-tested schemes while emphasizing process re-engi-
neering and automation for ease of doing business.
a. Duty exemption schemes for export production will transition to a rule-based IT system, eliminating manual
interfaces and reducing fee structures.
2. Export Promotion through Collaboration: Recognition of new towns through the “Towns of Export Excellence
Scheme” and exporters through the “Status Holder Scheme” encourages regional development and recognizes
export performance.
a. The policy promotes partnerships with states and districts, designating specific areas as Export Hubs and
facilitating grassroots trade development.
3. Ease of Doing Business and E-Initiatives: Process re-engineering and automation leverage automated IT systems for
approvals, moving towards a technology-based facilitation regime.
a. A one-time Amnesty Scheme allows exporters to close old pending authorizations, providing a fresh start
for compliance.
4. Emerging Areas: E-Commerce and SCOMET Policy: Special focus on facilitating e-commerce exports with raised
caps and integration of courier and postal exports with ICEGATE.
a. Streamlining the SCOMET policy ensures a robust export control system, aligning with international treaties.
5. Promotion of Capital Goods: Rationalization and additions to the Export Promotion Capital Goods (EPCG) Scheme,
including incentives for the dairy sector, green technology products, and the Prime Minister Mega Integrated Tex-
tile Region and Apparel Parks (PM MITRA) scheme.
6. Advance Authorization Scheme: Introduction of a Special Advance Authorization Scheme for the Apparel and
Clothing sector to facilitate prompt execution of export orders.
a. Extension of benefits under the Self-Ratification Scheme for fixation of Input-Output Norms to 2-star and
above status holders.
7. Merchanting Trade: Introduction of provisions for Merchanting trade, allowing the shipment of goods between
foreign countries without touching Indian ports, fostering the development of Merchanting hubs.

Way forward:
1. Policy Steps for Domestic Manufacturing: Recent policy measures like corporate tax rate reduction, Produc-
tion-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes, rationalization of labour laws, and redefinition of MSMEs aim to boost domestic
manufacturing.
a. These steps encourage size and scale for the domestic industry.
2. Global Economic Scenario: Global demand is rising with substantial stimulus packages, offering opportunities for
India’s exports.
a. Stimulus measures in the US and favourable growth forecasts globally create a conducive environment for
export growth.
3. A coordinated focus on exports is crucial for India’s economic recovery, especially considering constrained fiscal
space and limited private consumption and investment.
4. Integration into global value chains (GVCs) presents an opportunity that should not be missed, necessitating strong
policy actions across all levels of government.
5. Exports must be the driving force for growth, leveraging the global economic recovery and positioning India as a
key player in international trade.

Conclusion
The Foreign Trade Policy 2023 reflects a forward-looking approach, blending continuity with dynamism to meet the evolv-
ing needs of the global trade landscape. With a focus on collaboration, ease of doing business, and emerging sectors like
e-commerce, the policy aims to propel India’s exports to new heights.

Insta Links:
• Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) 2023 announced

Topics: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.

7. VADHAVAN PORT (INDIA’S FIRST MEGA PORT)

Context:
The Vadhavan port, recently cleared by the Cabinet, will be India’s first mega port, poised to significantly enhance the
country’s sea-based trade.

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Need:
Currently, India handles about 4.6 million TEUs (twenty-foot
equivalent units) of transhipment cargo, with approxi-
mately 4.2 million TEUs processed outside the country due
to geographical challenges. India’s long continental shelf
results in expansive beaches, preventing large vessels from
docking near the coast. This forces most cargo to be offload-
ed at Colombo or transferred mid-sea. The Vadhavan proj-
ect aims to address these issues, allowing larger ships to
dock directly at Indian ports.
Other major Challenges Faced by the Port Sector in India
1. Infrastructure Deficiencies: Many ports lack modern
handling equipment and deep drafts. For instance,
Kolkata Port faces draft limitations that restrict the
entry of large vessels.
2. Capacity Constraints: Indian ports lack enough
room for capacity addition, existing capacity is being
stretched thin.
3. Logistical Inefficiencies: Poor hinterland connectiv-
ity and inadequate rail and road networks lead to
high turnaround times.
4. Regulatory and Bureaucratic Hurdles: Lengthy cus- Significance of the Vadhavan Port Project
toms and clearance processes delay cargo handling. Economic Significance:
Ports like Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT) face 1. Mega Port Status: India’s first true mega port with
procedural delays impacting efficiency. 300+ MMTPA capacity.
5. Technological Lag: Many ports are yet to fully adopt 2. Lower freight costs per unit due to larger volumes.
automation and advanced technologies. 3. Ability to handle diverse cargo types beyond dry
6. Environmental Concerns: Port expansion projects and bulk goods.
often face opposition due to environmental impact 4. Promotes economies of agglomeration by hosting
assessments. suppliers, industrial complexes, and logistics firms.
5. Competition among operators reduces handling
About Vadhavan Port: charges.
The Vadhavan port will be constructed through a Special 6. Functions as a hub in a hub-and-spoke model, man-
Purpose Vehicle (SPV) formed by the Jawaharlal Nehru Port aging global traffic and distributing cargo to smaller
Authority and the Maharashtra Maritime Board. It will be ports.
an all-weather Greenfield deep draft major port in Palghar
District, aligned with the PM Gati Shakti program, and built Trade Implications: Can handle projected sea-based EXIM
on a landlord-model through PPP. trade of $1.6-2 trillion by 2030; Reduces dependence on for-
eign ports for transhipment.
Key Features: Strategic Importance: Key node for IMEEC (India-Middle
1. Greenfield Infrastructure: Developed on previously East-Europe Economic Corridor) and INSTC (International
undeveloped land from scratch. North-South Transport Corridor).
2. Construction: To be built in 2 phases with a total ca-
pacity of 23.2 million TEUs and a 20-meter draft to India’s status in the Port sector:
handle mega vessels. 1. Major Ports: Under the Union Ministry of Ports,
3. Landlord Model: The Port authority acts as a reg- Shipping, and Waterways. There are 12 functional
ulatory body and landlord, with private companies major ports.
managing operations. 2. Minor Ports: Under State Maritime Boards/Govern-
ments. There are 200 non-major ports.
3. India’s trade heavily relies on maritime transport,
constituting over 95% by volume and 65% by value.
4. The 2023 World Bank LPI Report is promising for
Indian ports and logistics. In the “International Ship-
ments” category, India has advanced from the 44th
to the 22nd global rank since 2014.
5. Container Port Performance Index (CPPI) 2023:
Nine Indian ports have found their position among

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the top 100 global ports in CPPI in 2023 India to Develop The Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and
Six Mega Ports Waterways has recently announced
Initiatives taken by the government for the Port sector: by 2047 plans to develop six mega ports by
Initiative Description 2047. Four port clusters with capaci-
Sagarmala Ini- Launched in 2015 to harness India’s ties exceeding 300 MTPA include Co-
tiative coastline and waterways for port-led in- chin-Vizhinjam, Galathea South Bay,
dustrialization. Chennai-Kamarajar-Cuddalore, and
Port Moderniza- Capacity at 12 major ports increased Paradip. Two clusters, Deendayal-Tuna
tion and Expan- from 871 MMT in 2015 to 1,617 MMT Tekra and Jawaharlal Nehru-Vadhavan,
sion in 2023. will exceed 500 MTPA. These develop-
ments are part of the Maritime Amrit
Private Sector Encouragement of public-private part- Kaal Vision, 2047
Participation nerships (PPPs) in port operations.
Brings investments, efficiency, and in- Way forward:
novation. 1. Integrated Connectivity: Strengthening the integra-
New Captive Addresses renewal of concession pe- tion of ports with railways, roadways, and inland wa-
Policy riods, expansion scope, and dynamic terways is essential to ensure seamless cargo move-
business environment for port-depen- ment from ports to hinterlands and vice versa.
dent industries. 2. Digital Transformation: Implementation of ad-
Harit Sagar Aims for safe, efficient, and sustainable vanced technologies like blockchain, Internet of
Green Port ports with sound environmental prac- Things (IoT), and artificial intelligence can streamline
Guidelines tices. documentation, cargo tracking, and communication
Liner Shipping Introduced in 2016 to make the port processes.
Reforms sector more competitive, reducing ship- 3. Investment Promotion: Encourage private sector
ping costs and improving efficiency. participation through well-structured public-private
partnerships (PPPs) and investor-friendly policies.
India’s average turnaround time (TRT)
4. Regional Connectivity: Strengthen regional connec-
of only 0.9 days is among the best glob-
tivity through strategic collaborations and agree-
ally.
ments.
Legislative Changes 5. Promoting transhipment and coastal shipping can
Major Port Au- Grants greater autonomy to major enhance trade within the Indian Ocean region.
thorities Act, ports. 6. Safety and Security: Ensure stringent safety and se-
2021 curity measures at ports to prevent accidents, en-
Marine Aids to Increases safety and efficiency in vessel vironmental hazards, and unauthorized activities.
Navigation Act, traffic services and training. Compliance with international safety standards is
2021 vital.
Indian Vessels Standardizes laws across all inland wa-
Conclusion
Act, 2021 terways.
The global recognition of the operational efficiencies of Indi-
R e p l a c e m e n t Updating legislation to meet pres- an ports and the Indian maritime sector is an important step
of Indian Ports ent-day requirements. in India’s endeavour to become a global maritime power as
Act, 1908 envisaged in the Maritime India Vision, 2030.
Ease of Doing National Logistics Portal (Marine)
Business and Sagar Setu app facilitate seamless Insta Links:
goods movement and enhance ease of 3) Draft Indian Port Bill
doing business.
FDI Policy Allows 100% FDI under the automatic Prelims Links:
route for port-related projects and of- Q. Recently, which of the following States has explored the
fers a 10-year tax holiday for port devel- possibility of constructing an artificial inland port to be con-
opment. nected to the sea by a long navigational channel? (UPSC
2016)
(a) Andhra Pradesh
(b) Chhattisgarh
(c) Karnataka
(d) Rajasthan
Ans: (d)

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Topics: Science and Technology- developments and their Education Sector AGI can revolutionize adaptive learn-
applications and effects in everyday life Achievements of In- ing platforms, offering personalized
dians in science & technology; indigenization of technology education tailored to individual stu-
and developing new technology. dent needs globally.
Space Explora- AGI can operate autonomous systems
8. POTENTIAL OF ARTIFICIAL GENERAL IN- tion for space exploration, analyze data
TELLIGENCE (AGI) FOR INDIA from space missions, and contribute
to new discoveries.
Context: Military and De- AGI can enhance surveillance, military
Artificial general intelligence (AGI) holds the potential to fense strategies, and combat systems for
revolutionize India’s trajectory. defence purposes.

What is Artificial general intelligence (AGI)? Initiatives taken:

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) surpasses con-
Initiative Description
ventional AI in sophistication. Unlike AI, AGI aims for
a broad, human-like intelligence, encompassing rea- Global Partnership on India’s participation in an in-
soning, learning, and creativity. It generalizes knowl- Artificial Intelligence ternational initiative aimed at
edge, engages in complex reasoning, and exhibits (GPAI) fostering collaboration among
self-awareness and creativity. AGI seeks to emulate nations to promote the respon-
human cognitive abilities across diverse tasks and domains. sible development and use of
artificial intelligence.
US India Artificial Intel- Collaborative efforts between
ligence Initiative India and the United States to
advance research, develop-
ment, and application of artifi-
cial intelligence technologies for
mutual benefit.
Responsible Artificial An initiative aimed at educating
Intelligence (AI) for and empowering youth to un-
Youth derstand and responsibly utilize
artificial intelligence technolo-
gies for societal benefit.
AIRAWAT (Artificial A platform facilitating research,
Intelligence Research, analytics, and knowledge assim-
Analytics and Knowl- ilation in the field of artificial
edge Assimilation Plat- intelligence, fostering innova-
form) tion and collaboration among
researchers, academia, and in-
dustry professionals.
IndiaAI Mission Approved by the Indian Cabinet
Applications of AGI: in March 2024, this initiative in-
volves significant funding over
Application Example five years to develop AI infra-
Healthcare AGI can analyze diverse medical data structure accessible to startups,
to offer personalized treatment op- academia, and industry, posi-
tions, improving outcomes in person- tioning India as a global AI lead-
alized medicine. er.
Finance and Busi- AGI can automate tasks in finance, Artificial Intelligence The European Union has final-
ness providing real-time analysis and ac- (AI) Act ized the world’s first compre-
curate market predictions for better hensive law regulating artificial
decision-making. intelligence, known as the AI
Act.

Concerns Related to AGI:

1. Existential Risk: Concerns about AGI surpassing hu-

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man intelligence and becoming excessively autono- Mains Link:
mous, posing existential risks that are challenging to Q. What are the main socio-economic implications arising
anticipate and control. out of the development of IT industries in major cities of
2. Job Losses and Unemployment: Potentially substan- India? (UPSC 2022)
tial decrease in job opportunities due to AGI auto- Q. “The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution
mation, leading to social and economic inequality (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance as an inte-
and concentration of power among overseers. gral part of government”. Discuss. (USPC 2020)
3. Human Oversight and Accountability: Risks associ-
ated with AGI controlling information environments Prelims Link:
and influencing critical areas like elections, raising Q. With the present state of development, Artificial
concerns about oversight and accountability. Intelligence can effectively do which of the following?
4. Environmental Concern: Significant energy con- (UPSC 2020)
sumption and e-waste generation associated with 1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units
developing AGI systems, highlighting environmental 2. Create meaningful short stories and songs
impact concerns. 3. Disease diagnosis
5. Ethical Dilemmas: AGI advancement raises ethical 4. Text-to-Speech Conversion
challenges related to responsibility, confidentiality, 5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy
and biased decision-making, requiring compliance Select the correct answer using the code given below:
with ethical norms to avoid unintended outcomes (a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
and inequalities. (b) 1, 3 and 4 only
6. Loss of Basic Human Skills and Creativity: Reduced (c) 2, 4 and 5 only
human involvement in tasks may lead to a decline in (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
creativity and innovation, with AGI potentially pro- Ans: (b)
ducing more innovative but less diverse outcomes
compared to human works.
9. UN DECLARES 2025 AS INTERNATIONAL
What should India do? YEAR OF QUANTUM SCIENCE AND TECH
1. Establish Dedicated AI Department: Create a central
authority to coordinate AI efforts, setting standards Context:
and policies aligned with national interests. UN has declared 2025 as International Year of Quantum Sci-
2. Democratize Data Access: Liberate and democratize ence and Tech. Next year marks the centenary of Werner
access to vast datasets across sectors to stimulate Heisenberg’s foundational paper on quantum mechanics.
AI development tailored to India’s unique landscape.
3. Build Strategic AI Ecosystem: Develop AI capabili- What is Quantum computing?
ties in defence, drone technology, and cybersecurity, Quantum computing is a new way of computing that uses
supporting the creation of companies in these fields. the principles of quantum mechanics to perform calcula-
4. Launch AI Skilling Initiative: Train 50 million people tions. In traditional computing, data is processed using bits,
in AI usage skills and 1 million in advanced AI devel- which are either a 0 or a 1. But in quantum computing, the
opment skills, focusing on data literacy, ethics, and data is processed using quantum bits or qubits, which can
sector-specific applications. be both a 0 and a 1 at the same time. This property of qu-
5. Foster Educational Partnerships: Collaborate with bits is called superposition, which allows for multiple calcu-
universities and technical institutes to integrate lations to be performed simultaneously, making quantum
AI-focused curricula and provide scalable access to computing exponentially faster than traditional computing
industry training through online platforms. for certain types of problems.

Conclusion: Foundational Concepts of Quantum Mechanics

Moving forward, establishing robust ethical frameworks 1. Wave-Particle Duality: Small objects exhibit both
is paramount for the responsible development and de- particle and wave characteristics.
ployment of AGI. Collaborative efforts involving govern- 2. Quantum Superposition: Particles can exist in multi-
ments, industry stakeholders, and researchers are neces- ple states simultaneously until measured.
sary to create guidelines emphasizing safety, transparency, 3. Entanglement: Linked particles affect each other re-
and accountability. Prioritizing transparency and explain- gardless of distance.
ability in AGI systems is crucial to ensure understandable 4. Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle: The position
and verifiable decision-making processes, fostering trust and speed of a particle cannot both be known with
and minimizing the risk of unintended consequences. perfect accuracy simultaneously.

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Potential socio-economic impacts of quantum computing:

Impact on society:
1. Privacy and Data Security: Quantum computing’s ability to break current encryption raises privacy and data securi-
ty concerns. Governments, businesses, and individuals must adapt by developing quantum-resistant encryption and
secure communication protocols.
2. Disruption of Industries and Jobs: Quantum computing can disrupt industries like finance, healthcare, and trans-
portation, introducing efficiency but also potential job displacement.
a. Workforce preparation is vital to mitigate negative employment impacts.
3. Ethical Considerations: Ethical concerns surrounding responsible use, equitable access, and potential misuse of
quantum technology must be addressed.
4. Digital Divide: Widespread quantum computing may worsen the digital divide. Ensuring equitable access to resourc-
es and education is essential to prevent further social and economic disparities.

Economic impact
1. Scientific advancements: Quantum computing could accelerate scientific research by simulating complex quantum
systems, revolutionizing drug discovery, materials science, and climate modelling.
2. Faster data analysis: Quantum computers excel at specific types of calculations, allowing for significantly faster
data analysis. This speed boost is vital for addressing big data challenges, particularly those involving large datasets
generated at high speeds.
3. Enhanced machine learning: Quantum computing enhances machine learning, optimizing algorithms efficiently,
particularly in computer vision for faster and more accurate image and video analysis.
a. Generative AI, offers better real-time recommendations, benefiting driverless cars and digital public ser-
vices.
4. Optimization for complex problems: Quantum computers can solve complex optimization problems much faster
than classical computers. This capability is essential for tackling intricate analytics challenges, resulting in more
efficient solutions for complex systems.
5. Advancements in industrialization: Quantum computing fuels Industry 4.0 and beyond, powering technologies like
digital twins. It boosts the efficiency of distributed computing, federated learning, IoT, blockchain, and more, yield-
ing higher-quality results.
a. For instance, adopting quantum tech could add $280-310 billion to India’s economy by 2030.
6. Process efficiency in digital transformation: Quantum computing’s real-time data analysis capabilities can acceler-
ate process automation within organizations.

Challenges Associated with Quantum Computing:

1. Error Correction: Develop effective error correction techniques, as quantum computers are susceptible to errors
due to their inherent sensitivity.
2. Cost of Implementation: Quantum computers and their infrastructure are expensive to develop and maintain which
may hinder widespread adoption, limiting access to quantum computing resources.
3. Lack of Skilled Workforce: There is a shortage of professionals with expertise in quantum computing which may
impede the effective utilization of quantum technologies.

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4. Ethical and Security Concerns: Addressing ethical considerations surrounding quantum computing, especially in
fields like cryptography and AI.
a. Ensuring responsible use and preventing malicious applications to avoid potential security threats.
5. Integration with Classical Systems: Developing effective interfaces and integration mechanisms between quantum
and classical computing systems.
a. Seamless integration is essential for practical applications in hybrid computing environments.
6. Environmental Impact: Quantum computers require extremely low temperatures, contributing to high energy con-
sumption.
a. Addressing the environmental impact and energy efficiency of quantum computing systems is crucial for
sustainable implementation.

Ethical Considerations of Quantum Computing:

1. Misinformation and Bias: Risk of AI algorithms amplifying biases, leading to unfair outcomes.
2. Privacy Infringement: Potential for more intrusive data analysis; robust privacy protection needed.
3. Autonomous Weaponry: Concerns about creating independent, life-or-death decision-making weapons.
4. Societal Repercussions: Potential disruptions in employment, economy, and social dynamics.
5. Technical and Security Challenges: Ethical issues related to decoherence, error correction, and security implications.

Government Initiatives:
Initiatives Description
National Quantum Mission (2023) To seed, nurture, and scale up scientific and industrial R&D and create a vi-
brant & innovative ecosystem in Quantum Technology.
Quantum Enabled Science & Technology A research program to build quantum capabilities.
(QuEST)
Quantum Computing Applications Lab To accelerate quantum computing-led research and development and enable
(QCAL) new scientific discoveries.

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What Can Be Done to Overcome the Challenges? ern biotechnology.
1. Quantum-Resistant Encryption: Develop new en- The new gene revolution, driven by tools like CRISPR, allows
cryption methods to secure data against quantum precise gene editing without introducing foreign genes. This
computers. technology helps develop new GM crop varieties, enhancing
2. Ethical Guidelines and International Regulations food security.
for Autonomous Systems: Establish clear ethical
guidelines and international regulations to prevent
unintended consequences and ethical breaches.
3. Ethical Frameworks for Converging Technologies:
Create frameworks to manage the ethical impact of
merging technologies like quantum computing and
AI, ensuring equitable benefit distribution.
4. Transparent Communication and Collaboration in
Quantum-Powered AI: Promote transparent com-
munication and collaboration to address security
risks and ensure responsible development.

Conclusion
The government must prioritize quantum computing, as it
relies on exploiting information assets both within and out-
side organizations in the long term. India has a significant
opportunity to make strategic investments in research, de-
velopment, and training to enhance its capability in this do-
main for the benefit of its citizens and the nation.

Insta Links:
Examples:
Quantum Computing
1. Optimized Photosynthesis: Research projects are
focusing on optimizing photosynthesis in staple
Mains Links:
crops such as maize and rice. This aims to improve
Q. What is quantum computing? Explain its applications and
their ability to convert sunlight, water, and carbon
steps taken by India to promote quantum technologies in
dioxide into energy, thereby enhancing yields and
the country. (250 words)
reducing atmospheric carbon.
2. Drought-Tolerant Maize: Scientists are developing
Prelims Link:
drought-tolerant transgenic maize by incorporating
Q. Which one of the following is the context in which the
genes from a plant known as xerophyta viscosa,
term “qubit” is mentioned?
which can tolerate severe dehydration up to 95%.
(a) Cloud Services
3. Insect-Resistant Cowpea: Australian scientists are
(b) Quantum Computing
bioengineering cowpeas to have built-in resistance
(c) Visible Light Communication Technologies
to insect pests, crucial for protecting this important
(d) Wireless Communication Technologies
legume staple in Africa from crop failure
Ans: B
Status of GM Crop in India:
In India, Bt cotton remains the sole GM crop approved for
10. GM CROPS: WEIGHING FOOD SECU- commercial cultivation. As of 2022, the Genetic Engineering
RITY AGAINST ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT Appraisal Committee (GEAC) has granted environmental re-
lease approval for the Mustard hybrid DMH-11, though its
Context: implementation is pending a Supreme Court decision. Addi-
Genetically modified (GM) crops are touted as a solution for tionally, ongoing research and field trials are underway for
global food security, especially in the face of climate change. several other crops including chickpeas, pigeonpea, corn,
The current “gene revolution” uses genetic editing to im- and sugarcane.
prove crop resilience, aiming to support a growing popula-
tion and combat climate-induced agricultural challenges. Regulations for GM Crop In India:
In India, GM crop regulations are governed by the 1989
What is a GM Crop? Rules under the Environment Protection Act (1986). The
A GM or transgenic crop is a plant that has a novel combi- Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) under
nation of genetic material obtained through the use of mod- the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change

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(MoEF&CC) handles the appraisal of GM crop proposals. Way forward:
Recommendation Description
GM Crops role in enhanced yields and resilience:
• Pest Resistance: GM crops can be engineered to Scientific Evi- Governments should base decisions
be more resistant to pests and diseases, which can dence-Based Deci- on GM technologies on robust scien-
lead to increased yields. This is important in a world sions tific evidence, thoroughly evaluating
where food security is a growing concern. benefits and risks before implemen-
o E.g. Bt cotton, engineered with a gene from tation.
the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, pro-
Cultivating an Open communication of scientific
duces a protein toxic to certain pests.
• Drought Tolerance: they contain genes that enable environment of findings and regulatory processes is
the plant to withstand water scarcity. This charac- openness and crucial to address genuine fears and
teristic enhances crop resilience in regions prone to transparency build public trust.
drought, ensuring more consistent yields. Involving stake- Participation of scientists, farmers,
o E.g. Drought-resistant GM maize holders consumers, and environmentalists
• Nutritional Enhancement: GM crops can be engi-
neered to have higher levels of nutrients, such as in regulatory protocols enhances de-
vitamins and minerals. This can help to improve the cision legitimacy and fosters trust in
health of people who consume these crops. GM technology development.
o E.g. Golden rice, fortified with beta-caro- P r e c a u t i o n a r y Given uncertainties over GM safety,
tene, addresses vitamin A deficiency. principle adopting this principle suggests wait-
ing for a broader scientific consensus
Ecological and food safety concerns associated with GM to minimize risks before widespread
crops: implementation.
• Biodiversity Loss: The cultivation of herbicide-toler-
ant GM crops can lead to the overuse of specific her- Policy frameworks Improving policies to address con-
bicides. This can result in the development of her- for equitable ben- cerns such as pricing, and input costs,
bicide-resistant weeds, disrupting local ecosystems efits and ensuring equitable benefits for
and reducing biodiversity. all stakeholders involved in GM culti-
• Biosafety concerns: They can reduce species diver- vation.
sity.
o For example, Insect-resistant plants might Strong liability Implementing robust laws to hold par-
harm insects that are not their intended tar- laws ties accountable for environmental
get and thus result in the destruction of that hazards or unforeseen consequences
particular species. from GM technologies encourages re-
• Cross-Pollination and Gene Flow: GM crops, such sponsible practices.
as genetically modified canola, can crossbreed with
wild relatives, potentially leading to the spread of
modified genes in non-GM populations and affecting Insta Links:
natural plant diversity. • GM food and sustainable food production
• Unintended Consequences: The introduction of GM
crops resistant to specific pests might inadvertently Mains Link:
disrupt ecological balances by affecting non-target Q. How can biotechnology help to improve the living stan-
species, leading to unanticipated ecological conse- dards of farmers? (UPSC 2019)
quences.
Prelims Link:
Food safety concerns:
• Allergenicity: Transfer of allergenic genes into GM Q1. Other than resistance to pests, what are the pros-
crops could potentially introduce new allergens or pects for which genetically engineered plants have been
amplify existing allergenic properties, posing risks to created? (UPSC 2012)
sensitive individuals. To enable them to withstand drought
• Health Impacts: Altered nutritional profiles in GM To increase the nutritive value of the produce
crops could impact human health in unforeseen To enable them to grow and do photosynthesis in space-
ways. The long-term effects of consuming genetical- ships and space stations
ly modified foods need thorough investigation.
• Resistance Development: Over-reliance on certain To increase their shelf life
GM traits can lead to the evolution of resistant pests Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
or diseases, necessitating more intensive chemical (a) 1 and 2 only
treatments and posing risks to the environment and (b) 3 and 4 only
human health. (c) 1, 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans: (c)

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Q2. Bollgard I and Bollgard II technologies are mentioned Harmful Effects of Trans Fats:
in the context of (UPSC 2021) Harmful Effects Description
(a) clonal propagation of crop plants of Trans Fats
(b) developing genetically modified crop plants Heart Disease Raises total cholesterol and lowers HDL
(c) production of plant growth substances (good) cholesterol, increasing the risk of
(d) production of biofertilizers heart disease.
Ans: (b)
Obesity Contributes to weight gain and obesity
due to its adverse effects on metabo-
11. GLOBAL TRANS-FAT ELIMINATION lism.
Type 2 Diabetes Increases the risk of developing insulin
Context: resistance and type 2 diabetes.
WHO has published its fifth milestone report on global trans- Metabolic This leads to conditions like high blood
fat elimination, covering 2018-2023. pressure, high blood sugar, excess ab-
Syndrome
dominal fat, and abnormal cholesterol
What are trans fatty acids? levels, raising the risk of heart attack and
TFA stands for trans fatty acids, commonly known as trans stroke.
fats. These are a type of unsaturated fat that can be found
Infertility May negatively affect reproductive
in small amounts in nature but are primarily produced in-
health and fertility.
dustrially. Industrial trans fats are created through a pro-
cess called hydrogenation, where hydrogen is added to liq- Cancer Associated with a higher risk of certain
uid vegetable oils to make them more solid. These fats are types of cancers.
commonly used in processed foods, such as baked goods, Compromised Can harm fetal development, leading to
snacks, and margarine, to improve texture, shelf life, and fla- Fetal Develop- potential complications for the unborn
vour stability. ment baby.
WHO’s recommendation for adults is to limit consumption Insulin Impairs the body’s ability to use insulin
of trans fat to less than 1% of total energy intake. Resistance effectively, contributing to metabolic
disorders.

Other Issues:
Trans fats can harm brain function and the immune system,
lack nutritional value, strain healthcare systems due to asso-
ciated health costs, and contribute significantly to obesity.

Challenges in Controlling TFA Usage:

1. Lack of Awareness: The public and industry lack
knowledge about TFA harms.
2. Regulatory Gaps: Incomplete or inconsistent regula-
tions across regions.
3. Industry Resistance: Pushback from food manufac-
turers due to cost and convenience.
4. Monitoring and Enforcement: Difficulty in ensuring
compliance with regulations.
5. Global Trade Dynamics: Variability in international
trade policies affects consistency.
6. Cost of Reformulation: High expenses involved in
changing product recipes.
7. Consumer Preferences: Preference for taste and
texture of TFA-containing foods.
Key Highlights of the Report: 8. Inconsistent Policies: Varied policies across coun-
• By late 2023, WHO’s best-practice trans-fat elimina- tries complicate control efforts.
tion policies were implemented in 53 nations, cov-
ering around 46% of the global population.
• In India, approximately 4.63% of coronary heart
disease deaths are attributed to TFA intake.

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Initiatives to tackle Trans-Fats: low in trans fats.
National Initiatives Description 6. Taxation: Consider taxing trans-fat products.
7. Incentives: Reward low-trans fat food production.
FSSAI “Trans Fat- Voluntary labelling promoting TFA-
Free” logo free products with TFA not exceed-
Insta Links:
ing 0.2g per 100g/ml.
• 5 billion people globally are exposed to toxic trans-
“Heart Attack Re- Mass media effort to eliminate fat linked to heart disease
wind” campaign industrial trans fats, part of the
broader “Eat Right” campaign ini-
Prelims Link:
tiated in 2018.
Q. Regular intake of fresh fruits and vegetables is recom-
Pledge by edible oil Commitment to reduce salt, sugar, mended in the diet since they are a good source of an-
industries saturated fat, and trans-fat content tioxidants. How do antioxidants help a person maintain
by 2% health and promote longevity? (UPSC 2011)
Swasth Bharat Yatra Pan-India cyclothon under the “Eat A. They activate the enzymes necessary for vitamin syn-
Right” campaign to engage citizens thesis in the body and help prevent vitamin deficiency.
on food safety and healthy diets. B. They prevent excessive oxidation of Carbohydrates,
Regulation of trans FSSAI regulations to cap TFA in oils fats and proteins in the body and avoid unnecessary
fats and fats to 2% by 2022, down from wastage of energy.
5% previously allowed. C. They neutralize the free radicals produced in the body
during metabolism.
Eat Right Movement Initiative to transform India’s food
D. They activate certain genes in the cells of the body and
system for safe, healthy, and sus-
help delay the ageing process
tainable food under “Eat Right In-
Answer: C
dia”.
Green Purple initia- Program promoting trans-fat-free Topics: Conservation related issues, environmental pollution
tive cooking and food safety among and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
chefs and food establishments.
Global Initiatives 12. STATE OF THE OCEAN REPORT 2024
WHO “REPLACE” The global campaign to eliminate
campaign trans fats from industrially pro- Context:
duced edible oils by 2023. Recently, UNESCO’s State of Ocean Report 2024 was re-
WHO Validation Pro- Recognizes and supports countries leased
gramme for Trans Fat in eliminating TFA, driving policy
Elimination progress globally. More about the State of Ocean Report:
The UNESCO State of Ocean Report 2024, initiated by the
Key Recommendations of WHO report: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC-UN-
1. A mandatory national limit of two grams of indus- ESCO) during the 2022 United Nations Ocean Conference,
trially produced trans-fat per 100 grams of total fat serves as a comprehensive overview of the ocean’s current
in all foods condition. Its primary aim is to track the progress of the
1. Sub-regional bodies should pass mandatory TFA UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development
elimination policies binding on member states to fa- (2021–2030) and inspire efforts towards ensuring a sustain-
cilitate trade and policy implementation. able future for our oceans.
2. Food manufacturers should voluntarily eliminate
industrially produced TFA across their product lines, Initially introduced in 2022, the report enlisted insights from
beyond complying with national policies. over 100 marine science experts, covering critical topics
such as ocean acidification, pollution, and tsunami warn-
More measures to eliminate trans fats in food: ings. Released annually on World Oceans Day (June 8), each
1. Implement regulations: Set limits on trans fats in edition of the report aligns with the seven goals of the UN
food or ban partially hydrogenated oils. Ocean Decade, aiming to foster global collaboration and ac-
2. Increase public awareness: Educate about health tion for the protection and preservation of our oceans.
risks and how to avoid trans fats.
3. Develop alternatives: Research substitutes without Key Findings of the Report:
health risks. 1. Ocean Warming: Rate doubled in 20 years; 2023
4. Encourage reformulation: Prompt food makers to saw a significant increase; Hotspots above 2°C in the
reduce or remove trans fats. Mediterranean, Tropical Atlantic Ocean, and South-
5. Promote healthy eating: Advocate balanced diets ern Oceans

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2. Rising sea level: Sea levels rising, with ocean heat absorption contributing 40%; Accelerated ice mass loss from
Greenland and West Antarctica
3. Declining Oxygen Levels: The Ocean lost 2% oxygen since the 1960s; coastal areas are heavily impacted.; Rising
acidity threatens coastal species’ survival.
4. Blue Carbon and MPAs: Marine forests are crucial for carbon absorption; Marine Protected Areas protect biodiver-
sity; However, many countries lack marine forest conservation in their plans.
5. Acidification: Ocean absorbs 25% of annual anthropogenic CO2; Reduces seawater pH (ocean acidification); Expect-
ed to increase by over 100% by the century’s end.

Challenges in protecting the ocean:

1. Illegal, Unreported and Unregular (IUU) Fishing: Depletes fish stocks; disrupts marine ecosystems; Approx. 33% of
global fish stocks overfished
2. Climate Change: Rises Ocean temperatures; increases acidity; Oceans absorbed over 90% of excess heat since the
1970s; 30% of carbon dioxide, increasing acidity.
3. Pollution: Includes plastic waste, oil spills, and agricultural runoff; Harms marine life; creates dead zones.
4. Unsustainable Tourism: High demand for activities like snorkeling, and diving; Leads to habitat destruction, pollu-
tion, and overfishing.
5. Invasive Species: Disrupts marine ecosystems; harms native species; Invasive species are Introduced via ballast
water, accidental release.
6. Lack of Governance: Only 16% of oceans are covered by MPAs; high seas lack protection and coordination.

Key recommendations of the Report:

1. Coastal Blue Carbon Ecosystems: Mangroves, seagrasses, and tidal marshes provide refuge against a warmer, more
acidic ocean.
2. Marine Spatial Planning: Implement to alleviate pressures on marine ecosystems.
3. Increase Seafloor Knowledge: Globally enhance efforts; 75% of the ocean floor remains unmapped.
4. Engage Indigenous Peoples: Involve in marine policy and planning for a sustainable ocean future.
5. Promote Ocean Literacy: Foster universal appreciation of the ocean’s vital role in society.
6. Adaptation to local changes is vital.

Initiatives for Ocean Protection:

1. BBNJ (Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction) Treaty (2023): Also known as the Treaty of the High Seas, aims to
conserve and sustainably use marine biological diversity beyond national jurisdiction.
2. Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal (mCDR) Technologies: Capture CO2 from the air and store it durably.
3. Marine Biodiversity: The UN 2030 Agenda emphasizes marine biodiversity protection for sustainable food security.
4. Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework aims to protect 30% of the ocean by 2030.
5. Creation of Marine Protected Areas (MPA): 50% of catalogued marine species are found in Marine Protected Areas
(MPAs), covering 9% of the ocean.
6. Case Study: Marine Protected Area (MPA) Success in the Coral Triangle: The success story of Marine Protected
Areas (MPAs) in the Coral Triangle, a marine region in Southeast Asia renowned for its biodiversity, showcases the
efficacy of conservation efforts. Through the establishment and meticulous management of a network of MPAs,
the Coral Triangle has witnessed a significant recovery of coral reefs, has augmented fish populations, and enriched
biodiversity within the protected areas.

About UNESCO-IOC
The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC/UNESCO) was established in 1961 by resolution 2.31
of the General Conference of UNESCO. It assists governments in addressing ocean and coastal management needs through
knowledge sharing, technology, and capacity building. The IOC plays a crucial role in the sustainable development discourse,
supporting the creation of Sustainable Development Goal 14 and engaging in partnerships for ocean sustainability with
organizations like the CBD, UN-Oceans, and the World Ocean Assessment.

Insta Links:
1. How to save our high seas from overfishing and pollution?

Mains Link:
Q. With respect to the South China sea, maritime territorial disputes and rising tension affirm the need for safeguarding

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maritime security to ensure freedom of navigation and overflight throughout the region. In this context, discuss the bilat-
eral issues between India and China. (UPSC 2018)

Prelims Link:
Q. With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements:
1. A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles,
measured from baseline determined in accordance with the convention.
2. Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.
3. The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth
of the territorial sea is measured.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans: (d)

13. REMOULDING THE GLOBAL PLASTICS TREATY

Context:
According to the OECD Global Plastic Outlook, global production of plastic waste was 353 million tonnes in 2019, more
than doubled since it was in 2000, and is set to triple by 2060.

The Global Plastics Treaty:

• It is a significant attempt to establish a legally binding agreement aimed at reducing and eliminating plastic pollu-
tion.
• Establishment of Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) was made in 2021 during the fifth UN Environ-
ment Assembly in Nairobi, Kenya.
• An Ad Hoc Open-Ended Working Group meeting in Dakar, Senegal, in mid-2022
• The final INC-5 meeting in South Korea: There will be active participation from the International Alliance of Waste
Pickers (IAWP).

Ever wondered!?
What’s the role of informal workers in a circular economy?
o According to the United Nations Environment Programme, of the 9% recycled, 85% was done by informal recy-
cling workers.
o These workers collect, sort and recover recyclable and reusable materials from general waste, alleviating munici-
pal budgets of financial burdens around waste management and, at large, subsidising the environmental mandate
of the producers, consumers and the government.
o Their efforts significantly reduce plastic content in landfills and dump sites, effectively preventing plastic leaking
into the environment.

What should the Global Plastic Treaty contain?

1. Global Objectives: The treaty targets marine and environmental pollution caused by plastics, focusing on global
goals and ecosystem impact assessment.
2. Guidelines for International Cooperation: It may outline support mechanisms for wealthier nations to assist poorer
ones in achieving plastic reduction objectives.
3. Prohibitions and Targets: Expect bans on specific plastics, products, and additives, alongside binding targets for
recycling and recycled content in consumer goods.
4. Chemical Testing Mandates: The treaty might mandate testing certain chemicals in plastics for safety and environ-
mental protection.
5. Consideration for Vulnerable Workers: Details may address a just transition for waste pickers and workers in devel-
oping countries reliant on the plastic industry for livelihoods.
6. Progress Assessment: Provisions for evaluating member states’ progress in implementing plastic pollution reduction

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measures will ensure accountability and drive continuous improvement.

Challenges to such a treaty:

Challenges Description
Differences Among The “High Ambition Coalition (HAC)” advocates for ambitious goals like ending plastic pollution
Countries by 2040 and phasing out single-use plastics. Whereas, the US diverges by promoting voluntary
measures over binding commitments. Influence of Industry Interests
Oil-producing countries like Saudi Arabia, Russia, and Iran oppose plastic production caps, using
delay tactics to hinder discussions
Scope of the Agree- Deciding the agreement’s scope involves questions like coverage of plastic creation and disposal,
ment types of pollution, and ban considerations.
Fossil fuel and chemical corporations seek to weaken the treaty’s impact, opposing production
cuts and framing the issue as solely a waste management concern.
Reporting and Moni- Establishing a reliable reporting and monitoring system faces challenges, such as concerns over
toring national self-reporting accuracy.
Strategic Financing Including strategic financing, circularity support, and governance approaches requires alignment
and Governance across participating countries.

Ever Wondered!?

There can be a Fungi that break down Oceanic Plastic?

Context: Recently, the marine fungus Parengyodontium album was discovered to break down oceanic polyethylene (PE)
plastic.
About Parengyodontium album:
This fungus converts PE-derived carbon into fungal biomass, using it as an energy source, a process that requires the initial
photodegradation of PE by UV sunlight. This discovery highlights the potential of P. album to degrade floating oceanic
plastic litter.
With over 400 billion kilograms of plastic produced annually, much of which ends up in the ocean, researchers are opti-
mistic that other plastic-degrading fungi may exist in the deeper parts of the ocean, given fungi’s reputation as “masters
of degradation” due to their diverse digestive enzymes.

India’s Stance at INC:

1. India advocates for reaffirming states’ sovereign rights to sustainable development.
2. India proposes objectives to safeguard human health and the environment from plastic pollution while ensuring
sustainable development, emphasizing principles like equity.
3. Restrictions on Plastic Production: India opposes limitations on primary plastic polymers, arguing they exceed UNEA
resolution 5/14’s scope.
4. Chemicals and Polymers of Concern: India advocates for evidence-based decisions on chemicals.
5. Midstream Measures: Advocates for nationally determined approaches for downstream measures like Extended
Producer Responsibility (EPR).
6. Emissions and Releases: Emphasizes eliminating plastic waste leakage, excluding manufacturing and recycling emis-
sions.
7. Prioritizing Waste Management: Advocates prioritizing plastic waste management, excluding manufacturing and
recycling emissions.
8. Cross-Cutting Issues: Expresses concerns about cross-cutting issues like trade and financing, insisting on compre-
hensive assistance and technology transfer.

Mains Link:
Q: What are the impediments in disposing the huge quantities of discarded solid waste which are continuously being
generated? How do we remove safely the toxic wastes that have been accumulating in our habitable environment? (UPSC
2018)

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Prelims Links:
Q. Why is there a great concern about the ‘microbeads’ that are released into the environment? (UPSC 2019)
(a) They are considered harmful to marine ecosystems.
(b) They are considered to cause skin cancer in children.
(c) They are small enough to be absorbed by crop plants in irrigated fields.
(d) They are often found to be used as food adulterants.
Ans: (a)

Q. In India, ‘extend producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following? (UPSC
2019)
(a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998
(b) The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999
(c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011
(d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011
Ans: (c)

14. DRYING UP: FIXING URBAN INDIA’S WATER PROBLEM

Context:
Urban India faces recurring water crises due to fast-depleting aquifers. Despite efforts by the government to provide tap
water, aquifer health remains neglected.

India’s Status:
India is endowed with rich water resources:
• India has 4% of the world’s water resources
• India has 1123 billion cubic metres of surface and groundwater resources.
• Rainfall: According to the Central Water Commission, India receives 4,000 billion cubic metres in rainfall, which
is higher than its requirement.
• However, in 2023, around 91 million Indians will not have access to safe water. This data indicates the massive
water shortage in India.

Structure of Water Management in India:

Level Organization Responsibilities
Central Lev- Ministry of Jal Shakti Formulates national water policies and oversees water resource management
el (MoJS) activities across the country. Established in May 2019.
Central Water Commis- Provides technical guidance on water resource development projects and river
sion (CWC) basin planning.
Central Groundwater Assesses, monitors, and manages groundwater resources in India.
Board (CGWB)
Central Pollution Con- Promotes the cleanliness of streams and wells across states by preventing, con-
trol Board (CPCB) trolling, and reducing water pollution, as defined in the Water Act of 1974.
State Level State Water Resources Implement water policies and manage water resources within their respective
Departments states.
Irrigation Departments Manage irrigation systems and ensure water distribution for agricultural purpos-
es.
State Pollution Control Monitor and control water pollution within the state.
Boards (SPCBs)
Local Level Panchayats (Village Manage water resources at the village level, promote water conservation, and
Councils) ensure equitable distribution.
Municipalities Manage water supply and sanitation in urban areas.
Water User Associations Groups of farmers formed to manage and maintain irrigation systems at the local
(WUAs) level.

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Despite being endowed with water resources, India faces a ter management.
water crisis due to the following reasons: 4. Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABHY): Improves groundwater
• Uneven Rainfall: Uneven distribution of rainfall with management.
around 70% of India’s rainfall being confined to 3-4 5. Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM): Aims to provide tap water
months. And there is regional variability with some to rural households.
regions having very high rainfall while others suffer 6. National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG): Ad-
from scarcity. dresses Ganga basin groundwater issues.
• River basins: Uneven flow of water in different river 7. Programs like the Sahi Fasal Campaign
basins. For instance, the surplus in the Ganga-Brah-
maputra basin but the deficit in seasonal rivers in Steps to Address the Water Crisis in India:
Indian peninsular regions. 1. Inclusive Water Governance: Inclusive representa-
• Inadequate rainfall: According to data released by tion in local water management committees and de-
the India Meteorological Department, the South- cision-making bodies to ensure that the voices of all
West monsoon during June- August 2023 has castes are heard.
been below normal in 42 per cent of the districts. 2. Interlinking of Rivers: Connect surplus rivers to de-
• Groundwater overuse: According to the Stockholm ficient regions.
International Water Institute, with farmers provid- 3. Adopt One Water Approach: Manage water sources
ing electricity subsidies to help power the ground- sustainably and inclusively.
water pumping, the water table has seen a drop of 4. Transforming Fallow Land: Convert underutilized
up to 4 meters in some parts of the country. land into water recharge parks with bioswales, wet-
• Water pollution: The Central Pollution Control lands, and rainwater harvesting structures.
Board reported that of the 603 rivers assessed, 5. Desalination Plants: Use renewable energy and
there are 311 Polluted stretches in 279 rivers in 30 waste-to-energy for desalination plants, creating
States & Union Territories. clean water and utilizing waste.
• Climate change: Changing rainfall patterns and, an 6. Urban Rainwater Harvesting: Mandate rainwater
increase in the frequency of droughts have affected systems in new buildings and retrofit existing ones;
water availability in various regions. Eg: El Nino epi- install green roofs.
sodes are becoming more frequent 7. Promote Drip Irrigation: Encourage drip irrigation
• Agriculture policies and practices: Fertilizer subsi- and aquaponics to reduce water use in agriculture.
dies, free electricity, price support for water-inten- 8. Smart Water Grids: Implement sensors and re-
sive crops and practices like flood irrigation. al-time monitoring for efficient water distribution.
9. Fog Harvesting: Use mesh structures to capture
Major Consequences of the Water Crisis: moisture from fog in hilly areas.
1. Hindering Human Capital Development: Girls miss 10. Decentralized Management: Adopt communi-
school due to water collection duties.; Waterborne ty-driven water supply and sanitation projects, and
illnesses and malnutrition cause cognitive impair- decentralized wastewater treatment.
ments in children. 11. Zero Liquid Discharge: Mandate ZLD systems in in-
2. Long-Term Economic Risks: Water scarcity could dustries to recycle wastewater and reduce freshwa-
cost India up to 6% of its GDP by 2050. ter use.
3. Rise of Water Mafias: Informal water markets with
high prices, worsening social and economic inequal- To learn about Traditional Methods of water conservation
ities. in India: Click Here
4. Impact on Transboundary Water Disputes: Increas-
es tensions and potential conflicts with neighbour- Conclusion:
ing countries over shared river basins. India, despite its water surplus, grapples with a water crisis,
5. Threat to Biodiversity: Depleting water levels and highlighting the need for improved water resource manage-
pollution endanger freshwater species, including the ment. The key lies in credible data collection to understand
Ganges River Dolphin. water demand across various sectors like agriculture,
domestic, and industrial use. Prioritizing water distribution
Key Government Schemes To Tackle The Groundwater Cri- among these sectors is crucial. Embracing the principles
sis in India: of reduce-recycle-reuse and promoting water conserva-
1. MGNREGA: Supports water conservation through tion methods are vital steps. Furthermore, there’s a need for
rural employment. the convergence of laws, schemes, and agencies to ensure
2. Jal Kranti Abhiyan: Raises awareness on water con- optimal utilization of water resources.
servation.
3. National Water Mission: Promotes sustainable wa-

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Insta Links: 15. MONTREAL PROTOCOL: ENVIRON-
• Regenerative agriculture: A step towards water
MENTAL SUCCESS STORY
conservation
Context:
Mains Links:
The Montreal Protocol has successfully reduced radiative
How and to what extent would micro-irrigation help in
forcing and equivalent effective chlorine from hydrochlo-
solving India’s water crisis? (UPSC 2021)
rofluorocarbons (HCFCs) since 2021, indicating progress in
mitigating climate change and ozone layer loss, as per a new
What is water stress? How and why does it differ regionally study published in the Nature Journal.
in India? (UPSC 2019)
What is the Montreal Protocol?
What are the salient features of the Jal Shakti Abhiyan The Montreal Protocol, enacted in 1987, is a global treaty
launched by the Government of India for water conserva- designed to phase out the production and use of ozone-de-
tion and water security? (UPSC 2020) pleting substances (ODS). This treaty operates under the
framework of the Vienna Convention (adopted in 1985). A
Suggest measures to improve water storage and irrigation significant addition to the Protocol came with the adoption
systems to make their judicious use under the depleting of the Kigali Amendment in 2016, which became effective in
scenario. (UPSC 2020) 2019. This amendment specifically targets the reduction of
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which serve as non-ODS alter-
Prelims Links: natives to previously phased-out substances like Chloroflu-
What are the benefits of implementing the ‘Integrated orocarbons (CFCs) and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).
Watershed Development Programme’? (UPSC 2014)
1. Prevention of soil runoff What are Ozone and Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS)?
2. Linking the country’s perennial rivers with seasonal Ozone-depleting substances (ODS) are synthetic com-
rivers pounds, such as Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and Hydrochlo-
3. Rainwater harvesting and recharge of groundwater ta- rofluorocarbons (HCFCs), containing chlorine and bromine.
ble When released into the atmosphere, these chemicals can
4. Regeneration of natural vegetation ascend to the stratosphere, where they trigger catalytic re-
Select the correct answer using the code given below: actions that degrade ozone molecules.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans: C

Q. With reference to ‘Water Credit’, consider the follow-

ing statements: (UPSC 2021)
1. It puts microfinance tools to work in the water and Success of Montreal Protocol: the most successful global
sanitation sector. climate treaty
2. It is a global initiative launched under the aegis of the 1. Researchers indicate a significant reduction in the
World Health Organization and the World Bank. ozone hole’s size since 2000, attributing it to global
3. It aims to enable the poor people to meet their water efforts to limit the use of chlorofluorocarbons and
needs without depending on subsidies. other harmful gases.
Which of the statements given above are correct? 2. Projections suggest complete healing of Northern
(a) 1 and 2 only Hemisphere and mid-latitude ozone by the 2030s,
(b) 2 and 3 only followed by the Southern Hemisphere in the 2050s,
(c) 1 and 3 only and Polar Regions by 2060.
(d) 1, 2 and 3 3. Decrease in the impact of Hydrochlorofluorocar-
bons (HCFCs) on Earth’s energy balance since 2021,
Ans: C five years earlier than expected.
4. HCFCs, compounds, notably HCFC-22, the most
abundant, have declined significantly.
a. HCFC-22, commonly used as a refrigerant,
possesses a Global Warming Potential
(GWP) thousands of times higher than car-
bon dioxide (CO2).

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5. Minor declines in HCFC-141b, the second most Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
abundant, used as a blowing agent in foam produc- (a) 1, 2 and 3 only
tion. (b) 4 only
6. India has successfully phased out HCFC-141b under (c) 1, 3 and 4 only
ODS Regulation and Control Amendment Rules, (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
2014, aligning with its commitment to the Montreal Ans: (c)
Protocol for Ozone Layer Depletion.

The Montreal Protocol offers a model of a successful envi- 16. PESA HAS BOOSTED FOREST CONSER-
ronmental treaty that brought nations together to act swift-
ly on protecting the ozone layer.
VATION IN INDIA
Context:
The Montreal Protocol serves as a model for addressing en-
The Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA)
vironmental challenges:
empowered Scheduled Tribes by mandating political rep-
1. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Despite efforts, emis-
resentation in local governance, thereby linking their liveli-
sions and temperatures continue to rise, with the
hood needs with forest conservation.
Paris Agreement showing limited effectiveness.
2. Biodiversity Loss: Human land and sea use are driv-
What is PESA?
ing biodiversity loss, but international efforts have
• The Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act
seen little progress.
(PESA) of 1996 extended Part IX of the Constitution,
3. Wildfires: Increasing greenhouse gases worsen wild-
which pertains to Panchayats, to Scheduled Areas.
fires, necessitating better planning and international
• These areas, defined under Article 244(1), receive
cooperation.
special provisions under the Fifth Schedule of the
4. Climate Change: The reality of climate change is un-
Constitution.
deniable, requiring developed nations to support
• PESA mandates political representation for Sched-
developing countries in meeting Paris Agreement
uled Tribes (STs) in local governance, ensuring they
goals.
have a significant role in decision-making regarding
their resources and livelihoods.
Conclusion
• This act applies in ten states across India, covering
With the robust international coalitions and effective im-
various districts under the Fifth Schedule, aiming to
plementation of the framework, the Montreal Protocol
empower ST communities economically and envi-
achieved a milestone in reducing ozone depletion. To protect
ronmentally.
the environment and to achieve more sustainable develop-
ment there is a need to follow the pattern of the Montreal
Protocol in solving other environmental problems.

Insta Links:
• Ozone Depletion and Protection

Prelims Link:
Q. Which one of the following is associated with the issue
of control and phasing out of the use of ozone-depleting
substances? (UPSC 2015)
(a) Bretton Woods Conference
(b) Montreal Protocol
(c) Kyoto Protocol
(d) Nagoya Protocol
Ans: (b)

Q. Consider the following statements: (USPC 2012)

Chlorofluorocarbons, known as ozone-depleting substanc-
es, are used
1. in the production of plastic foams
2. in the production of tubeless tyres
3. in cleaning certain electronic components
4. as pressurizing agents in aerosol cans Issues with conservation efforts in India:
The conflict in conservation efforts in India centres on

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balancing conservation with local resource extraction and PESA.
economic development. The government often prioritizes 2. Cultural and Traditional Practices: Both acts recog-
large-scale economic projects such as mining and dam con- nize the importance of traditional and cultural prac-
struction over forest conservation, driven by the interests of tices in environmental conservation. They safeguard
the rights of indigenous communities to follow sus-
the political elite. tainable practices.
a. E.g. The Soligas in the Biligirirangan Hills
What are other laws which complement PESA? of Karnataka have preserved their sacred
• The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional For- groves under FRA.
est Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act 3. Protection against Exploitation and Encroachment:
2006 (FRA) recognizes forest-dwelling communities’ The act protects forest-dwelling communities against
rights to forest resources and allocates forest land exploitation and illegal encroachment. By ensuring
the rights of these communities, FRA acts as a deter-
for community development. It protects tribes from rent to activities that harm the environment.
eviction without rehabilitation and empowers Gram a. E.g. In the Sariska Tiger Reserve area of Ra-
Sabhas to influence local policies. jasthan, the FRA has been instrumental in
• The Forest Rights Act (FRA) of 2006 and the Pan- preventing illegal activities, contributing to
chayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA) the protection of the tiger habitat.
of 1996 were enacted to recognize and protect the
historical connection of these communities with the The success of both acts in forest conservation:
forests, these legal frameworks aim not only to pre- Aspect Details
vent arbitrary evictions but also to empower these Increase in Tree Areas with ST representation under
communities in the sustainable management of Canopy PESA and FRA saw an average annu-
their natural resources. al increase in tree canopy by 3%,
indicating positive impacts on forest
Key aspects of the Forest Rights Act, 2006, and PESA 1996: cover.
Promoting Environmental Conservation:
1. Empowering Forest-Dwelling Communities: The Reduction in Defor- Implementation of PESA and FRA
Forest Rights Act recognizes and vests forest rights estation correlated with a significant reduc-
in the hands of forest-dwelling communities. By em- tion in deforestation rates in Sched-
powering these communities with ownership and uled Areas, enhancing conservation
access rights, FRA promotes sustainable forest man- efforts.
agement.
a. E.g. In Mendha Lekha, Maharashtra, tribal Resistance to Min- ST communities empowered by
communities utilized FRA to gain control ing PESA and FRA showed increased ca-
over their traditional forests. pability to resist mining and large-
2. Conserving Biodiversity and Ecosystems: The act scale commercial activities that
emphasizes the conservation of biodiversity and contribute to deforestation.
ecological balance. By involving local communities
in the conservation process, it contributes to main- Comparison with PESA demonstrated more substan-
taining diverse ecosystems. FRA tial conservation impacts compared
a. For instance, the Bishnois of Rajasthan, to the Forest Rights Act (FRA), high-
under the FRA, has played a crucial role in lighting its effectiveness in enhanc-
protecting the blackbuck, an endangered ing forest stewardship.
species.
3. Recognition of Community Forest Rights: The act
recognizes community forest rights, providing com- Limitations of the FRA and PESA:
munities with the authority to protect and manage 1. Implementation Challenges: Despite its intentions,
forests collectively. This communal approach fosters the Forest Rights Act faces challenges in implemen-
environmental conservation. tation, leading to delays in the recognition of rights.
a. E.g. The Dongria Kondh tribe in Odisha a. Procedural hurdles and lack of awareness
used FRA to protect the Niyamgiri Hills, a limit the effective protection of forest-dwell-
biodiversity hotspot. ing communities.
2. Inadequate Legal Protection: The legal protection
provided by FRA may not be sufficient in instances
Protection of Forest-Dwelling Communities’ Rights: where there is a conflict with other environmental
1. Local Governance and Decision-Making: The Pan- laws.
chayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act empha- a. E.g. In ecologically sensitive areas, conflicts
sizes local governance and decision-making. In trib- between FRA and wildlife protection laws
al areas, it ensures that communities have a say in have arisen, creating ambiguity in legal pro-
matters related to land and resource management, tection.
including forests. 3. Limited Involvement of Gram Sabhas: While PESA
a. E.g. observed in various parts of the country empowers Gram Sabhas, the actual involvement of
where local tribal communities, are under

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these local governance bodies in decision-making ecological significance of the Andaman & Nicobar (A&N) is-
varies. lands.
4. Influence of External Entities: The act does not pro-
vide clear mechanisms to prevent the influence of Strategic Significance of Andaman and Nicobar Islands for
external entities or vested interests in local deci-
sion-making. India
a. E.g. mining companies, have exerted pres- 1. Forward Défense Position: Crucial presence in the
sure on local decisions, compromising the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. Key in moni-
protection of forest rights. toring and controlling maritime chokepoints like the
5. Limited Awareness and Capacity Building: Inade- Malacca Strait
quate awareness and capacity building among for- 2. Naval Power Projection: Acts as India’s first line of
est-dwelling communities limit their ability to fully defence against eastern threats. Base for projecting
exercise their rights and actively participate in con-
servation efforts. naval strength into the eastern Indian Ocean and
western Pacific, countering China’s naval presence.
Way forward: 3. Integrated Military Command: Hosts the Andaman
1. Legal provisions should be strengthened to safe- and Nicobar Command (ANC), India’s only tri-service
guard against external influences on local deci- theatre command. Serves as a model for integrated
sion-making. Transparent mechanisms and checks military operations, vital for future conflicts.
and balances can help protect the autonomy of 4. Exclusive Economic Zone Expansion: Extends India’s
Gram Sabhas and forest-dwelling communities. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and continental shelf
2. Awareness: Government and non-governmental or- under UNCLOS.
ganizations should collaborate to conduct extensive
awareness programs. These initiatives should focus 5. Maritime Trade Hub Potential: Development of Gal-
on educating forest-dwelling communities about athea Bay in Great Nicobar Island as a transhipment
their rights under FRA and PESA. port. Could become a major hub for international
3. Efforts should be made to harmonize the Forest maritime trade, rivalling ports like Singapore.
Rights Act with other environmental laws to pre-
vent conflicts. Ecological Significance of Andaman and Nicobar Islands for
4. Enhanced implementation strategies: Implement- India
ing agencies should adopt robust strategies to over-
come procedural hurdles and expedite the recogni- 1. Biodiversity Hotspot: Home to over 2,200 species
tion of forest rights. of plants, 270 species of birds, and numerous mam-
mals and reptiles.
Conclusion 2. Example: Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve, which
The continuous refinement of these legislative frameworks hosts endemic species like the Nicobar Megapode.
will not only promote environmental conservation but also 3. Marine Ecosystems: Example: The coral reefs
ensure the protection and empowerment of forest-dwell- around Havelock Island, which support diverse ma-
ing communities, fostering a harmonious balance between rine species and protect against coastal erosion.
conservation and the rights of those intricately connected to 4. Unique Fauna: Several endemic species of animals
India’s forests. and birds. Example: The Narcondam Hornbill, found
only on Narcondam Island.
Insta Links: 5. Critical Habitats: Important nesting sites for endan-
• Jharkhand issues PESA draft rules for consultations gered species. Example: Leatherback turtles nest on
• PESA Act the beaches of Great Nicobar Island.
6. Mangrove Forests: Extensive mangrove coverage
Mains Link: providing vital ecosystem services.
Q. The PESA Act is considered to be the backbone of trib- 7. Eco-Tourism Opportunities: Pristine beaches, coral
al legislation in India, in this backdrop do you think proper reefs, and unique wildlife offer immense eco-tour-
implementation of it can rejuvenate self-governance in the ism potential. Generates revenue, creates jobs, and
tribal pockets of the country? Analyse. boosts the Indian economy.
8. Cultural and Anthropological Significance: Home
to indigenous tribes like the Shompen for millennia.
Preserving their unique culture and way of life is cru-
17. ANDAMAN & NICOBAR (A&N) IS- cial for the islands’ identity.
LANDS: STRATEGIC GEMS WITH ECOLOGI-
CAL TREASURES
Context:
The Indian government must recognize the strategic and

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Challenges faced by A&N:
1. Environmental vs. Developmental Balance: Balanc-
ing strategic and economic growth with the protec-
tion of unique ecosystems and biodiversity, such
as leatherback turtle nesting sites at Galathea Bay,
presents significant challenges.
2. Indigenous Rights and Preservation: Development
often conflicts with the preservation of the culture
and rights of Indigenous tribes like the Jarawas, Ong-
es, and Sentinelese, risking violations of protective
laws.
3. Infrastructure Challenges: The remote location, dif-
ficult terrain, and seismic activity complicate infra-
structure projects, including sourcing materials and
skilled labour.
4. Climate Vulnerability: The islands’ susceptibility to
climate change impacts, such as rising sea levels,
threatens both infrastructure and indigenous com-
munities, necessitating long-term adaptive strate-
gies.
5. Surveillance Deficiencies: Inadequate surveillance
networks over the vast maritime expanse leave crit-
ical chokepoints like the Six Degree Channel vulner-
About the Great Nicobar Project: able.
It was introduced in the 1970s for national security in the In-
dian Ocean Region and has gained urgency due to increased Way forward:
Chinese activity in the Bay of Bengal and Indo-Pacific. The To ensure balanced development in the Andaman and Nico-
Rs 72,000 crore development includes a ₹35,000 crore tran- bar Islands, several strategic initiatives can be implement-
shipment port at Galathea Bay, a dual-use military-civ- ed. These include establishing a centre that integrates tra-
il international airport, a power plant, and a greenfield ditional tribal knowledge with modern science to advance
township, overseen by the Andaman and Nicobar Islands medicine, sustainable forestry practices, and climate-resil-
Integrated Development Corporation. ient agriculture. Additionally, creating a startup incubator
focused on maritime technologies and sustainable island
development will stimulate innovation and attract invest-
ment. Designating specific islands as diplomatic and cultural
exchange zones for regional cooperation summits, coupled
with implementing blockchain technology for transparent
resource management, will enhance sustainability and inter-
national collaboration.

Insta Links:
• Andaman and Nicobar to establish wildlife sanctu-
aries

Prelims Link:
Q1. Which one of the following pairs of islands is separated
from each other by the ‘Ten Degree Channel’? (UPSC 2014)
(a) Andaman and Nicobar
(b) Nicobar and Sumatra
(c) Maldives and Lakshadweep
(d) Sumatra and Java
Ans: (a)

Q2. Which of the following have coral reefs? (USPC 2014)

1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands
2. Gulf of Kachchh

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3. Gulf of Mannar
4. Sunderbans
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans: (a)

Topics: Disaster and management.

18. LEARNING FROM THE AHMEDABAD HEAT ACTION PLAN

Context:
The article highlights recent severe heatwaves in India, with temperatures nearing 50°C in some cities, and lessons that the
Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan can give to other cities.

What is a Heat Action Plan?

A Heat Action Plan is a strategy to reduce health risks during extreme heat, protecting vulnerable populations and coordi-
nating responses.

Why are Heat Action Plans (HAPs) necessary?

Heatwaves significantly impact health, especially for vulnerable groups. Heat Action Plans minimize these risks by offering
safety guidance, cooling centres, and early warnings. The National Disaster Management Authority and IMD are working
with 23 states to develop HAPs, detailing roles for disaster management, labour, and police departments.

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Example: Ahmedabad, India – Pioneering a Comprehen- accessible drinking water and cooling centres has
sive Heat Action Plan been a critical component of HAPs.
a. Example: In Odisha, public cooling places
Ahmedabad, experienced a severe heatwave in 2010,
were set up during the 2022 summer, sig-
which led to hundreds of deaths. This prompted the devel-
nificantly aiding the local population.
opment of South Asia’s first comprehensive Heat Action
b. Challenge: Ensuring these facilities in all
Plan (HAP) in 2013, a pioneering step that has since been heat-prone areas, especially in slums and
considered a global model for heatwave preparedness. rural areas, is still a work in progress.
Innovative Steps Taken: 4. Health System Preparedness: Upgrading healthcare
1. Early Warning System and Public Awareness: The facilities to manage heatstroke and dehydration
plan included an early warning system for upcoming cases has been a focus.
heatwaves, disseminating alerts via media, text mes- a. Example: Rajasthan’s enhanced healthcare
sages, and public announcements. Heat-Resistant response during the 2022 heat wave miti-
Infrastructure: Efforts were made to modify urban gated many heat-related health issues.
infrastructure, such as painting roofs white to reflect b. Challenge: Healthcare infrastructure in
sunlight and reduce indoor temperatures. several regions remains under-equipped to
2. Cooling Spaces: Public spaces like temples, public handle the surge during heatwaves.
buildings, and malls were designated as cooling cen- 5. Protecting Outdoor Workers: Guidelines for re-
tres, providing relief during peak heat hours. scheduling work to cooler hours have been benefi-
3. Healthcare System Preparedness: The city’s health- cial for outdoor workers.
care facilities were equipped and trained to deal a. Example: In Punjab, labour departments
with heat-related illnesses, including setting up special advised adjusted work hours during the
wards and training medical staff. peak of summer 2022.
4. Capacity Building and Training: Training programs for b. Challenge: Implementation and monitoring
health professionals, emergency responders, and com- of these guidelines are inconsistent.
munity leaders were implemented to build capacity in 6. Vulnerable Groups Focus: Special attention to the
elderly, children, and those with chronic diseases
dealing with heat waves.
has been prioritized.
5. Water Management: Ensuring water availability, par-
a. Example: Mobile healthcare units in Kerala
ticularly in slum areas, was prioritized to prevent de-
during the 2022 heatwave provided relief to
hydration and heat strokes. vulnerable groups.
6. Impact and Global Recognition: The HAP led to a sig- b. Challenge: Identifying and reaching all vul-
nificant reduction in heat-related deaths. The success nerable individuals, especially in densely
of the Ahmedabad model prompted its adaptation in populated urban areas, remains a hurdle.
over 30 other cities across India. 7. Urban Planning and Green Cover: Efforts to increase
Recognized globally, the Ahmedabad HAP has been high- urban green cover and reflective surfaces have re-
lighted by international organizations like the United Na- duced urban heat islands.
tions Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) a. Example: Delhi’s initiative to expand green
as an effective strategy for combating heat waves. spaces has moderately alleviated heat stress
in some areas.
Analysis of Effectiveness of Heat Action Plans in India b. Challenge: Rapid urbanization and lack of
1. Early Warning Systems and Public Awareness: HAPs space limit the extent of these interven-
have implemented early warning systems, providing tions.
timely alerts about impending heatwaves. 8. Collaboration with NGOs and Civil Society: Partner-
a. Example: In 2023, cities like Ahmedabad is- ships with NGOs for ground-level implementation
sued early warnings, which helped in reduc- and aid distribution have been effective.
ing heatwave-related health emergencies. a. Example: NGOs in Maharashtra played a
b. Challenge: Reaching remote and rural pop- crucial role in distributing water and oral
ulations remains a challenge. rehydration solutions in 2022.
2. Community Outreach and Education: Educational b. Challenge: Coordination and resource allo-
campaigns on heatwave risks and precautions have cation among various stakeholders can be
increased public awareness. challenging.
a. Example: Awareness drives in Telangana in
2022 effectively educated communities on Issues with the HAPs (as per Centre for Policy Research
heat stress prevention. (CPR) Study of HAPs):
b. Challenge: The consistency and reach of 1. Not Fit for Local Contexts: Most HAPs focus on ex-
these campaigns across all states are un- treme dry heat, neglecting humid heat and warm
even. nights. They adopt national thresholds unsuitable
3. Access to Water and Cooling Facilities Providing for local risks. Only 10 of 37 HAPs have locally spec-

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ified temperature thresholds.
2. Underfunded: Only 3 of 37 HAPs identified funding
sources. Eight HAPs require departments to self-al-
locate resources, indicating funding issues.
3. Weak Legal Foundations: HAPs lack legal authority,
reducing compliance incentives.
4. Insufficient Transparency: No national repository of
HAPs; few are listed online. Unclear if HAPs are reg-
ularly updated based on evaluation data.
What is Doctrine for Cyberspace Operation?
Recommendations: A doctrine for cyberspace operations is a set of principles,
1. Reduce global emissions in the next two decades to guidelines, and strategies developed by military organiza-
prevent temperatures from reaching 1.5°C. tions to govern their activities in the cyberspace domain. It
2. HAPs should identify financing sources and inte- outlines how military forces should plan, execute, and man-
grate them with existing policies. age operations involving computers, networks, and electron-
3. Implement rigorous independent evaluations for ic systems.
constant improvement.
4. Effective HAPs are crucial to protect India’s poorest Significance:
from extreme heat impacts on health and income. It promotes jointness and integration among the three ser-
vices (Army, Navy, and Air Force) and aligns with national
Conclusion security strategies. This integration facilitates the develop-
While Heat Action Plans in India have made significant ment of goals, methods, and resources to influence events
strides in protecting vulnerable populations from heat across all operational domains and forms of power.
waves, there are areas that require further improvement. By
addressing the current gaps and focusing on a more integrat- Comparison with China:
ed and adaptive approach, HAPs can significantly bolster China has developed significant capabilities in cyberwar-
India’s resilience to heat waves, ultimately protecting and
fare, including cyberweapons designed to disrupt or incapac-
saving lives, particularly of the most vulnerable populations.
itate an adversary’s military assets and strategic networks.
In contrast, India has been slow to develop similar capa-
Insta Links:
bilities, approving only the creation of a limited tri-service
• Heat stroke
Defence Cyber Agency in 2019, instead of the fully-fledged
Cyber Command requested by the armed forces.
Mains Links:
Q: Bring out the causes for the formation of heat islands in
What are the current threats to cyber security?
the urban habitat of the world. (10M) 1. Outdated protocols: Current protocols to warn
against cyber threats are outdated in India. This
Topics: Challenges to internal security through communica- means that quantum cyberattacks can potentially
tion networks, role of media and social networking sites in breach any hardened target.
internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; mon- 2. Threat to digital infrastructure: China’s quantum ad-
ey-laundering and its prevention vances expand the spectre of quantum cyberattacks
against India’s digital infrastructure, which already
faces a barrage of attacks from Chinese state-spon-
19. INDIA’S FIRST JOINT DOCTRINE FOR sored hackers.
CYBERSPACE OPERATION 3. India’s dependence on foreign, particularly Chinese
hardware, is an additional vulnerability.
Context:
India’s Chief of Defence Staff, General Anil Chauhan, has re- Countermeasures taken by India against cyber threats.
leased the country’s first joint doctrine for cyberspace op- • For Critical information infrastructure (CII)- Cre-
erations. ation of the National Critical Information Infrastruc-
ture Protection Centre, the national nodal agency in
What is Cyberspace respect of CII protection. It was envisaged to act as a
In military terms, cyberspace refers to the domain where 24×7 centre to battle cyber security threats in strate-
operations involving computers, networks, and electronic gic areas such as air control, nuclear and space.
systems occur. It encompasses activities such as cyber war- • Establishment of Defence Information Assurance
fare, cyber defence, and information operations conducted and Research Agency for cyber security issues of the
by military forces in both offensive and defensive capacities. tri-services and Defence Ministry.
• The Army has collaborated with industry and aca-

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demia to build secure communications and cryptog- 5. Raise cybersecurity awareness.
raphy applications. 6. Promote open standards.
• In February 2022, a joint team of the DRDO and 7. Implement a national cybersecurity framework.
IIT-Delhi successfully demonstrated a QKD (Quan- 8. Collaborate with the private sector.
tum Key Distribution) link between two cities in UP
— Prayagraj and Vindhyachal. Securing Private Sector:
• For the Financial sector – CERT-Fin will work closely 9. Establish network obstacles.
with all financial-sector regulators and stakeholders 10. Utilize web application firewalls (WAF).
on issues of cyber security. 11. Respond quickly to breaches.
• Establishment of cyber security infrastructure 12. Foster public-private cooperation.
• CERT-in – The main function of CERT-In is to pro- 13. Engage local hackers for defence.
vide early security warning and effective incident
response. It is also a national agency to collects, an- Insta Links:
alyzes and disseminates information on cyber inci- • Cybersecurity Challenges in India
dents and takes emergency measures for handling
cyber-attacks. Mains Link:
• IT Act 2000 – This act provides a legal framework Keeping in view India’s internal security, analyse the impact
against cybercrimes related to “electronic com- of cross-border cyber-attacks. Also, discuss defensive mea-
merce”. sures against these sophisticated attacks. (UPSC 2021)
• National Cyber Security Policy 2013 has been
framed to create a secure cyber ecosystem, en-
Prelims Link:
sure compliance with global security systems and
strengthen the regulatory framework. With the present state of development, Artificial Intelli-
gence can effectively do which of the following? (UPSC
Others 2020)
• I4C (Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Center) was 1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units
set up in 2016 to look into every kind of cybercrime. 2. Create meaningful short stories and songs
• The Indian Common Criteria Certification Scheme 3. Disease diagnosis
(IC3S) is to evaluate and certify IT Security Products 4. Text-to-Speech Conversion
and Protection Profiles. 5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy
• Cyber Swachhta Kendra was introduced for internet Select the correct answer using the code given below:
users to clean their computers and devices by wip- (a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
ing out viruses and malware. (b) 1, 3 and 4 only
• Cyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative was launched to (c) 2, 4 and 5 only
spread awareness about cybercrime and build ca- (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
pacity for safety measures for Chief Information Se- Ans: B
curity Officers (CISOs) and frontline IT staff across
all government departments.
GENERAL STUDIES – 4
Global Effort: Bletchley Declaration:
The Bletchley Declaration, named after the historic
code-breaking site, signifies a global commitment to ad- 1. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND ITS AP-
dressing AI’s ethical and security challenges, particularly PLICATIONS
generative AI. Signed at the AI Safety Summit (in 2023), it
highlights the increasing global recognition of AI risks and Context:
involves major world powers like China, the EU, India, and Emotional Intelligence (EI) is crucial in today’s interactions,
the US. especially for public servants who must navigate complex
situations.
Way forward:
Cyber Wargames for Risk Assessments: What is Emotional Intelligence (EI)?
1. Test response to cyber warfare scenarios. Emotional Intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to recognize,
2. Expose defence gaps. understand, and manage one’s own emotions, as well as to
3. Improve cooperation. perceive and influence the emotions of others effectively.
It involves being self-aware of one’s emotional state, man-
Layered Defense Approach: aging emotions in a constructive manner, empathizing with
4. Secure cyber ecosystem. others, and using emotional information to guide thinking

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and behaviour.

EI was popularized by Daniel Goleman in his 1995 book titled “Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ.

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Essence of emotional intelligence
Aspect Details
Emotion + In- Emotional Intelligence (EI) combines emotions and intelligence to enhance personal and professional
telligence effectiveness.
Key Building EI comprises self-awareness, self-management, motivation, empathy, and social skills.
Constructs
Self-Aware- Involves understanding one’s physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual self, and being aware of habits
ness that impact well-being.
Self-Manage- Focuses on disciplining oneself to maintain consistency in actions, and manage time, habits, and emo-
ment tions effectively.
Johari Win- A model by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham that enhances self-awareness through four windows: Open
dow Self (known to self and others), Hidden Self (known to self, not to others), Blind Self (known to others, not
to self), and Unknown Self (unknown to self and others).

The Johari Window helps in emotional intelligence by providing a framework to enhance self-aware-
ness and interpersonal communication. Through feedback and self-disclosure, individuals can expand
their Open Self quadrant, reduce their Blind and Unknown Self areas, and increase mutual understand-
ing in relationships.

Applications of Emotional Intelligence:

Application Example
Personal Relation- Understanding and managing emotions in conflicts with family members to foster healthier rela-
ships tionships.
Workplace Leader- Empathizing with team members’ concerns to motivate them effectively, enhancing team produc-
ship tivity.
Stress Management Using self-awareness and self-management techniques to cope with work pressure and reduce
stress levels.
Decision Making Considering emotions alongside logic when making decisions to ensure well-rounded and informed
choices.
Customer Service Recognizing and responding to customers’ emotions to provide better service and resolve issues
more effectively.

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Conflict Resolution Using empathy and social skills to navigate and resolve conflicts peacefully and constructively.
Healthcare Empathizing with patients’ emotions to provide compassionate care and improve patient outcomes.
Education Helping students develop emotional awareness and social skills to enhance learning and classroom
interactions.

Mains Link:

THE CASE Ethical issues in the WikiLeaks case:

You have recently taken the responsibility of the officer in 1. Public right to information vs. government need
charge of a welfare scheme. One morning you were not in for confidentiality: Balancing citizens’ right to know
a good mood and even yelled at your subordinate who was about government actions and the government’s
not providing you with correct information related to the necessity to uphold confidentiality in matters of na-
welfare scheme. The moment you came out of your cham- tional security.
ber you saw a long queue of applicants. You asked your sub- 2. Protection of whistle-blowers vs. national security:
ordinate to consider those persons who have proper docu- Safeguarding individuals who expose wrongdoing
ments. All of a sudden you found a lady shouting at other while considering threats to national security.
staff as they were stopping her to meet you in person. You 3. Media responsibility in handling classified informa-
ignored it and returned to your chamber. tion: The media’s moral duty is to inform the public
After a while, your subordinate came and reported about about government actions while handling danger-
that old lady’s willingness to meet you, but you were in no ous or sensitive information responsibly.
mood to talk to her. You said, “I did not talk to my mother
yesterday as it was Mother’s Day. I have so many things to Ethical values demonstrated by Julian Assange:
do. Please handle yourself.” Julian Assange demonstrated ethical values of transparen-
However, the old woman suddenly comes inside your office cy and accountability by exposing government secrets and
and seeks to become a beneficiary. The woman is illiterate military misconduct, emphasizing the public’s right to know.
and does not have any documents to prove her eligibility for He also highlighted the importance of press freedom and
the scheme. You did not understand what to do. She said, challenged the boundaries of journalistic responsibility in
“After seeing me, why do you turn your face? Would you the digital age.
have made the same gesture for your mother? You are bada
sahab, but without emotion.” What is WikiLeaks?
Finally, you find that she is really poor and destitute with no WikiLeaks is a non-profit media organization and publisher
one to care for her. Though she didn’t have any documents of leaked documents, funded by donations and media part-
but dilemma is that giving her the benefits without the doc- nerships. Founded in 2006 by Julian Assange, an Australian
uments would be tantamount to bypassing the law. editor and activist, it has published classified documents
Q1. What are the core issues in this case? from anonymous sources.
Q.2 Identify those areas where you are lacking officer-like
qualities. About Whistle-blowers:
Q.3 Whether as an officer you have a low EQ or is it com- Whistleblowing refers to calling attention to wrongdoing
pletely absent? happening in an organization. Whistleblowing has to do with
ethics because it represents a person’s understanding, at a
deep level, that an action his or her organization is taking is
harmful—that it interferes with people’s rights or is unfair or
2. WHISTLEBLOWING: THE ETHICS OF detracts from the common good.
SPEAKING OUT
Ethical issues with Whistleblowing:
Context: Being disloyal towards an organization v/s sharing knowl-
Julian Assange, WikiLeaks founder, pleaded guilty to obtain- edge of wrongdoing for the benefit of others and moral com-
ing and publishing U.S. military secrets in a deal with the mitment towards society. He may also gain mistrust of his
U.S. Justice Department, allowing him to avoid American fellow workers.
prison and return to Australia.
The agreement required Assange to admit guilt to a single
felony but considered his five years spent in a UK prison. As-
sange expressed mixed feelings about the outcome, while
his lawyer highlighted concerns for press freedom. The case
involved publishing classified documents and raising issues
about national security and journalism.

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in Bihar, who wrote directly to the Prime Minister’s Office
exposing corruption in the project. He paid with his life for
doing so.

Legislations in India regarding Whistleblowing:

1. The government introduced the Public Interest Dis-
closure and Protection Of Informers (PIDPI) Reso-
lution for the logging of complaints against alleged
corruption or misuse of office by a government offi-
cer or department.
2. Whistle-blowers Protection Act is aimed at provid-
ing a legislative route for people to file complaints
on alleged corruption and misuse of office by public
servants. The act has not come into force, and the
Rules for it have not been finalised.

3. REINING IN FINANCIAL INFLUENCERS

Context: SEBI has barred regulated entities from making

The values that are shown by whistle-blowers: claims about investment returns, aiming to protect investors
1. Courage – It takes moral courage to stand against from misleading information. The regulator has also tight-
your organization and be ready to lose out on stabil- ened criteria for stocks in the F&O market, requiring them to
ity in one’s life. meet specific market value and trading volume thresholds.
2. Self-sacrifice – They work for the public interest at
the cost of themselves. What are Fin-fluencers?
3. Duty bound and respecting the law – However, They are individuals who use public social media platforms
there is a dilemma of breaching ethics by breaching to share advice and personal experiences about money, in-
the contract with the organization as well. vestments, stocks, budgeting, property buying, cryptocur-
rency, and financial trends.
How can the government encourage whistle-blowing?
1. Create a policy about reporting illegal or unethical Need for Regulation:
practices The need for regulations arises due to the surge in unreg-
a. Formal mechanisms for reporting violations, istered investment advisors providing unsolicited stock tips
such as hotlines and mailboxes. on social media, alongside companies using influencers to
b. Clear communications about the process of manipulate share prices. This trend poses risks of fraud, dig-
voicing concerns, such as a specific chain of ital data theft, and financial crises, impacting shareholder
command, or the identification of a specific wealth, ethics, and corporate reputations.
person to handle complaints.
2. Get endorsement of the policy from top offi- Ethical issues with finfluencers revolve around several key
cials and publicize the organization’s commitment concerns:
to the process. 1. Conflicts of Interest: Finfluencers may promote cer-
3. Elected and administrative leadership must encour- tain stocks or financial products without disclosing
age ethical behaviour and hold everyone within the financial relationships or incentives from compa-
organization to the highest standards, including the nies. This lack of transparency can mislead followers
disclosure of activities that would have a negative about the impartiality of the advice given.
impact on the public’s business. 2. Misleading Advice: Some finfluencers may offer fi-
4. Investigate and follow up promptly on all allega- nancial advice based on personal gain rather than
tions of misconduct. Report on these investigations the best interests of their followers. For instance,
to the council or board. promoting speculative investments without ade-
quate risk disclosure can lead to financial losses for
Indian Examples: followers.
One well-known Indian whistle-blower was Satyendra 3. Market Manipulation: Influencers with large follow-
Dubey, an IIT graduate working on a segment of the Nation- ings can potentially manipulate stock prices by pro-
al Highways Authority of India’s (NHAI) Golden Quadrilateral moting or disparaging certain investments. This was

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evident during the GameStop saga, where social media influencers contributed to volatile trading conditions.
4. Lack of Qualifications: Many finfluencers lack formal financial training or qualifications, yet their advice can carry
significant influence. This raises concerns about the credibility and reliability of the information they provide.
5. Regulatory Compliance: Compliance with financial regulations, such as disclosure requirements and investment
advice licensing, may be overlooked by some finfluencers. This can expose followers to risks associated with unreg-
ulated financial advice.

To address ethical issues with finfluencers:

1. Implement stricter regulations and disclosure requirements.
2. Promote transparency in financial advice and conflicts of interest.
3. Educate the public on financial risks and promote literacy.
4. Enforce accountability through penalties for misconduct.
5. Establish industry standards for ethical conduct.

4. NAVIGATING THE NET-NEET CRISIS: ETHICAL INSIGHTS

Context:
The NET (National Eligibility Test) and NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) controversy highlights systemic failures
and poor policy implementation over the years. Recurrent paper leaks, exam cancellations, incorrect results, and unex-
plained grace marks have eroded trust in the National Testing Agency (NTA). The recurrent paper leaks and recruitment
scams point to the lack of fairness in the governance which is one of the 4 principles of virtue ethics.

About Virtue ethics theory:

1. Aristotle is one of the founders of the Virtue Ethics.
2. Virtue Ethics focuses on the development of good character traits (virtues) rather than on rules or consequences.
3. He says that the human is a rational animal. Human has got the ability to reason. This essential characteristic of being
rational leads to achieve a particular goal or end which Aristotle calls virtue.
4. There are 4 important principles of virtue ethics: Fairness, Courage, Temperance, Wisdom.
5. Doctrine of Mean: Aristotle also says that virtue is a golden mean, that which lies in the middle of the two extremes. For
example, courage as a moral virtue lies between the two extremes namely cowardice and fool-hardiness.

Virtues are of two types:

1. Intellectual virtues are that which can be taught and learnt. Prudence is one such virtue. We can easily learn from others
as to how to be prudent.
2. Moral virtues can be achieved by repeatedly doing an action that becomes a habit. These cultivated habits lead to achiev-
ing ultimate happiness.

Application to Paper Leaks and Recruitment Scams in India:

1. Fairness: Paper leaks and recruitment scams represent a significant breach of honesty and integrity. Upholding honesty
in academic and recruitment processes ensures fairness and trustworthiness, which are essential for societal flourishing.
2. Justice: These scams create an unjust advantage for some individuals, undermining the principle of fairness. Ensuring just
and fair practices in examinations and recruitments promotes equality and meritocracy, contributing to societal well-being.

Impact on Individuals and Society:

1. Individual Character Development: Engaging in or benefiting from such scams hampers the development of virtuous
character traits, promoting greed and dishonesty.
2. Social Trust and Cohesion: Scams erode public trust in educational and recruitment institutions, leading to cynicism and
societal fragmentation.

Insta Links:
NET-NEET Crisis: The Reasons Behind India’s Failing Exam System

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CONTENT FOR MAINS ENRICHMENT

Topic in News Usage in Answers

Context: Southern Cryonics, an Australian company, has successfully frozen its first
client in hopes of reviving him in the future. The process involves cryonics, where the
body is preserved at -196°C, aiming for eventual restoration using advanced medical
technologies.

The experiment involving cryonics raises several ethical concerns.

1. Firstly, there’s the issue of consent, as the decision to freeze one’s body after
death may not fully reflect the wishes of the individual or their loved ones.
1. CRYONICS PRACTICE 2. Secondly, there’s uncertainty about the efficacy of the procedure and wheth-
er it can truly revive individuals in the future, potentially leading to false hope
FOR FREEZING THE HU- and exploitation of vulnerable individuals.
MAN BODY 3. Additionally, the high cost of cryonics raises questions about equity and ac-
cess to potentially life-saving technologies.
4. The long-term impact on society and the environment of storing frozen bod-
ies indefinitely is uncertain and raises broader ethical questions about the ma-
nipulation of life and death.

The “Air of the Anthropocene” project utilizes light painting to visually represent air
pollution in India, Ethiopia, and the UK, highlighting significant health risks and initi-
ating global conversations on air quality. Created by artist Robin Price and an envi-
ronmental scientist at the University of Birmingham to document air pollution levels
around the world through photography.
This international initiative combines art and science to create photographic evi-
2. “AIR OF THE ANTHRO- dence of air pollution using digital light painting techniques and low-cost air pollution
sensors.
POCENE” PROJECT
Particulate matter (PM), including PM10 and PM2.5, is a key focus of the project,
with PM concentrations measured in real-time using sensors and visualized through
a moving LED array.

Context: UNESCO has launched the Greening Curriculum Guidance (GCG) and Green
School Quality Standards (GSQS) under the Greening Education Partnership.
Pillars of Green Education:
1. Greening Schools: Ensure schools achieve green accreditation.
3. UNESCO’S NEW 2. Greening Curriculum: Integrate climate education into all levels of education.
TOOLS FOR GREENING 3. Greening Teacher Training: Build school capacities for climate education.
EDUCATION 4. Greening Communities: Enhance community resilience through learning cen-
tres.

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Context: The 2022-23 Household Consumption Expenditure Survey highlights some

surprising dietary trends in India, emphasizing vegetable, fruit, pulse, and milk con-
sumption.
Key findings:
1. Food Expenditure Snapshot: Rural India spends more per capita on milk than
on vegetables, fruits, and pulses. Urban areas also prioritize milk over these
items.
2. Regional Insights: Rajasthan’s “vegetarian” tag contrasts with lower spending
on vegetables, fruits, and pulses. Northeastern states show higher vegetable
consumption than Gujarat ( despite having a significant Vaishnav-Jain popula-
tion)
3. Milk Priority: Milk consumption is high, even in states with lower expenditure
on vegetables, fruits, and pulses. North, West, and Central Indian states spend
4. DIETARY PATTERNS more on milk than on eggs, fish, and meat.
IN INDIA 4. Non-Vegetarian Trend: Kerala, Goa, West Bengal, Northeastern, Odisha,
Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh prioritize expenditure on eggs, fish, and meat
over milk.
5. In India, vegetarianism typically includes dairy but not necessarily veganism.
Key terms:
1. Vegetarians abstain from meat but consume animal products like dairy and
eggs.
2. Vegans avoid all animal products, including dairy, eggs, and honey, relying
solely on plant-based foods.
3. Non-vegetarians include meat, poultry, seafood, and sometimes dairy and
eggs in their diets.
Usage: The data/Examples can be used in Indian Society/ Sociology/ Essay related
Questions on food diversity.

Context: In Assam, amid devastating floods and landslides claiming lives, children in
relief camps will receive educational support through a “school in a box” initiative.

Designed by UNICEF, these kits cater to children aged 6-18, providing learning materi-
als to ensure education continuity despite displacement and trauma. disasters.

The initiative to provide “school in a box” kits during Assam’s floods reflects several
ethical values. It prioritizes:
1. Compassion and Care: By addressing the educational needs of children amidst
trauma, the initiative demonstrates compassion and care for vulnerable pop-
ulations.
5. SCHOOL IN A BOX 2. Equity and Inclusion: The kits are designed to cater to children aged 6-18,
INITIATIVE ensuring inclusivity and equitable access to educational resources regardless
of age or background.
3. Responsibility and Accountability: Training sessions for officials and grass-
roots workers underscore a commitment to responsibly managing relief ef-
forts, ensuring accountability in education and relief camp operations.
4. Empathy and Support: By considering the psychological impact of displace-
ment, the initiative shows empathy and provides essential support to help
children overcome trauma and continue their education.
5. Sustainability: Initiatives such as installing sanitary napkin vending machines
in relief camps reflect a sustainable approach to addressing broader health
and hygiene needs, promoting dignity and well-being.

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Context: Kerala’s government is promoting gender neutrality by revamping school

textbooks to depict men and other family members participating in domestic chores,
breaking traditional gender stereotypes.

This initiative aims to foster inclusivity among children from an early age. New in-
structional materials, featuring fathers engaged in kitchen activities traditionally as-
sociated with women

The initiative to revamp school textbooks and promote gender-neutral education

depicts several ethical values:
6. KERALA’S GEN-
DER-NEUTRAL SCHOOL 1. Equality: Promotes gender equality by challenging traditional roles and ste-
reotypes.
TEXTBOOKS 2. Inclusivity: Encourages an inclusive outlook by representing diverse family dy-
namics.
3. Shared Responsibility: Highlights the importance of shared household re-
sponsibilities.
4. Respect: Fosters respect for all genders by depicting men and women as equal
contributors.
5. Empowerment: Empowers children to question and reshape societal norms.
6. Fairness: Advocates for fair treatment and opportunities for all genders in
both public and private spheres.

Context: CRY’s seven-week campaign aims to raise awareness and increase girls’
school participation.

Only 60% of girls are enrolled in higher secondary education, per the Union Education
Ministry. Only three out of every five girls in India reach 11th and 12th standards.
7. CRY LAUNCHES
“POORI PADHAI DESH KI About CRY:
BHALAI” CAMPAIGN Child Rights and You is an Indian non-governmental organization that works towards
ensuring children’s rights. The organization was started in 1979 by Rippan Kapur, an
Air India purser. CRY works with 99 grassroots projects across 19 states in India and has
impacted the lives of over three million children.

Context: The Army’s Research and Referral Hospital in New Delhi has opened a state-
of-the-art skin bank, the first within the Armed Forces Medical Services.

The skin bank’s main functions include harvesting, processing, preserving, and sup-
plying human skin allografts for burn treatment and polytrauma centres.
8. SKIN BANK
This initiative aims to revolutionize treatment for severe burn injuries and other skin
conditions among service members and their families.

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Context: Digitalization is revolutionizing faecal sludge and septage management

(FSSM) in India, enhancing operational efficiency and sustainability.
Over 1,000 faecal sludge treatment plants (FSTP) have been implemented, but main-
taining them remains challenging. Digital monitoring, using sensors, real-time data
tracking, and GIS, optimize collection routes, manages treatment facilities, and en-
sures environmental compliance. Tools like GPS tracking, mobile apps, and GIS tech-
nology aid in efficient data collection and mapping.

9. DIGITALIZATION IS
REVOLUTIONIZING FAE-
CAL SLUDGE AND SEP-
TAGE MANAGEMENT
(FSSM) Examples:
1. Odisha’s SUJOG Program: Utilizes digital platforms for data collection and
monitoring across the sanitation value chain.
2. SaniTrack App (Maharashtra): Monitors desludging services with GPS track-
ing.
3. FSM Tool Box: Provides comprehensive guidance on planning, designing, and
implementing FSSM.
4. Shit Flow Diagram (SFD): Assesses sanitation situations for better planning
and monitoring.
5. Geographic Information System (GIS): Maps sanitation infrastructure for ef-
fective planning.
6. Mobile Apps (SaniTab, mWater): Streamline field surveys and real-time data
collection.
7. Digital Sensors in Treatment Plants: Monitor performance and ensure effi-
ciency.
8. Digital Helpline and Grievance Redressal: Facilitate reporting and resolving
sanitation issues.
Usage: The example can be used in E-governance questions of GS2

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Context: MoHUA has launched the Safai Apnao, Bimaari Bhagao (SABB) initiative un-
der SBM-U 2.0 to bolster Urban Local Bodies’ readiness for monsoon challenges.

Aim: Aimed at mitigating health risks exacerbated by heavy rainfall, the initiative spans
from July 1st to August 31st, 2024. It emphasizes comprehensive cleanliness drives,
waste management, water quality assessments, and hygiene promotion across ULBs.

The initiative demonstrates ethical values such as:

1. Community Care: Prioritizing community health and well-being through pro-
active measures.
2. Transparency: Ensuring transparency in operations and resource allocation
for sanitation efforts.
3. Collaboration: Encouraging inter-sectoral collaboration to tackle cleanliness
and health challenges effectively.
4. Equity: Promoting equal access to sanitation and hygiene facilities across ur-
ban areas.
5. Accountability: Holding stakeholders accountable for maintaining cleanliness
standards and health outcomes.

10. SAFAI APNAO, BI-

MAARI BHAGAO (SABB)
INITIATIVE

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rupted contemplation of the object of meditation,
FACTS FOR PRELIMS beyond any memory of ego.
8. Samadhi (“total self-collectedness”) is the final
stage and is a precondition of attaining release
GS-1 from samsara, or the cycle of rebirth. In this stage,
the meditator perceives or experiences the object of
Art & Culture his meditation and himself as one.

1. 10TH INTERNATIONAL YOGA DAY (IYD)

Context:
The Prime Minister highlighted the global Muslim adoption
of yoga during the 10th International Day of Yoga in Sri-
nagar, aiming to dissociate yoga from any specific religious
connection.

He cited instances like:

1. Yoga therapy in Turkmenistan’s medical universities
2. Inclusion of Yoga in Saudi Arabia’s education system
3. Yoga-specific schools in Mongolia to emphasize its
universal appeal.

Each year on 21 June, the world comes together to ob-

serve the International Day of Yoga, a day designated by the
United Nations to celebrate the power of yoga in promoting
holistic health practices worldwide.
Yoga derives its name from the Sanskrit root ‘yuj’ which
means to join or to unite. It symbolizes the unity of one’s
mind, body, and spirit with the world outside, through a set About On June 21, the Summer Solstice
of exercises that include breathing techniques, physical pos- It occurs in the Northern Hemisphere when the Earth’s
tures, and relaxation methods. axis is tilted towards the sun. This results in direct sunlight
falling on the Tropic of Cancer. Areas beyond the Arctic Cir-
Yoga Philosophy: cle experience continuous daylight for about six months.
Yoga process is described in eight stages (ashtanga-yoga, It marks the longest day and shortest night of the year in
“eight-membered Yoga”) the northern hemisphere. Conversely, the Southern Hemi-
External Aids: The first two stages are ethical preparations. sphere experiences the opposite conditions during this
1. Yama(“restraint”), which denotes abstinence from time.
injury falsehood, stealing, lust, and avarice;
2. Niyama(“discipline”), denotes cleanliness of body,
contentment, austerity, study, and devotion to God.
The next two stages are physical preparations.
3. Asana(“seat”), is a series of exercises to make the
body supple, flexible, and healthy.
4. Pranayama (“breath control”) is a series of exercis-
es intended to stabilize the rhythm of breathing in
order to encourage complete respiratory relaxation.
The fifth stage,
5. Pratyahara (“withdrawal of the senses”), in-
volves control of the senses, or the ability to with-
draw the attention of the senses from outward ob-
jects.
Mental or internal aids:
2. KOZHIKODE: INDIA’S FIRST UNESCO
6. Dharana (“holding on”) is the ability to hold and ‘CITY OF LITERATURE’
confine awareness of externals to one object for a
long period of time. Context: Kozhikode, Kerala, has been declared India’s first
7. Dhyana (“concentrated meditation”) is the uninter- UNESCO ‘City of Literature’, a prestigious recognition that

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highlights its rich literary heritage and cultural contributions. About Kamakhya temple:
It is situated on Nilachal hills (or Kamagiri), and was re-
About Kozhikode: constructed in the mid-16th century by the Koch dynasty
• It is located on the Malabar coast of Kerala, and was after being destroyed by Kala Pahar. It is revered as one
designated India’s first UNESCO ‘City of Literature’ of the 52 Shakti shrines, where the reproductive organ of
in October 2023, under the UNESCO Creative Cities Goddess Sati is believed to have fallen. The temple is also
Network (UCCN). a significant centre for Tantrik worship, symbolizing the
• Known historically as Calicut, the city has a rich her- convergence of beliefs and practices between Aryan and
itage dating back to medieval times when it was non-Aryan communities.
ruled by the Samoothiris (Zamorins) and traded
spices with Jews, Arabs, Phoenicians, and Chinese.
• Renowned travellers like Ibn Battuta and Vasco da
Gama visited its shores. 4. WORLD CRAFT CITY
• Today, Kozhikode boasts over 500 libraries, 70 pub-
lishers, and a strong literary education base, earning Context:
it the tag of ‘City of Sculptures’ in 2012. Srinagar has been officially recognized as a “World Craft
• June 23 has been declared ‘City of Literature’ Day in City” by the World Crafts Council (WCC), highlighting its rich
Kozhikode, celebrating its literary achievements and heritage and the exceptional skills of its artisans.
cultural significance. • This recognition underscores the city’s longstand-
ing tradition of excellence in crafts such as papi-
Significance: The city’s designation opens up new avenues er-mâché, hand-knotted carpets, and pashmina
for exploration, cultural tourism and preservation. shawls.
Other Indian cities in the UCCN include • Srinagar, one of the oldest cities in South Asia, has a
1. Jaipur: Crafts and Folk Arts (2015) history of around 1,500 years and has been a signifi-
2. Varanasi: Creative City of Music (2015) cant hub on the Silk Route, facilitating the exchange
3. Chennai: Creative City of Music (2017) of arts, crafts, and knowledge.
4. Mumbai: Film (2019)
5. Hyderabad: Gastronomy (2019) About WCC:
6. Srinagar: Crafts and Folk Art (2021) • Launched in 2014 by World Crafts Council- Interna-
tional.
About UCCN: • Establishes a dynamic network of craft cities across
The UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN), established the globe, aligning with the principles of creative
in 2004, fosters cooperation among cities that prioritize cre- economy.
ativity for urban development. Aligned with Sustainable De- • Jaipur. Malappuram and Mysore are the other In-
velopment Goal 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities, dian cities that have previously been recognised as
the network encompasses seven creative fields: crafts and World Craft Cities.
folk arts, media arts, film, design, gastronomy, literature, and
music. 5. DODOL

3. ANNUAL AMBUBACHI MELA Context:

Context: The Goan dessert Dodol is poised to receive a Geographical

Devotees are converging at Guwahati’s Kamakhya temple Indication (GI) tag.
• While GI tags are valuable for commercial purposes
for the annual Ambubachi Mela, with festivities underway.
by linking products to their geographic origins and
unique qualities, they often overlook the dynamic
What is Ambubachi Mela? and migratory nature of food culture.
• The Ambubachi Mela is an annual Hindu fair held at
the historic Kamakhya Temple in Guwahati. It takes About GI Tag:
place during the monsoon season, specifically in • A Geographical Indication (GI) is a designation used
the Assamese month of Ahaar, around the middle on products with a specific geographical origin, in-
of June. dicating qualities or reputation linked to that origin.
• The festival celebrates the yearly menstruation • Internationally recognized under the Paris Conven-
course of goddess Maa Kamakhya and is also tion, GI is part of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs),
covered by the WTO’s TRIPS Agreement, Madrid
known as Ameti or Tantric fertility festival due to its
Agreement, and Lisbon Agreement.
association with the Tantric Shakti cult prevalent in • In India, GI registration is governed by the Geo-
eastern India. graphical Indications of Goods (Registration and

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Protection) Act of 1999. What are Stromatolites?
• Administered by the Registrar of Geographical In- Stromatolites are layered rock formations created by mi-
dications (RGI), it identifies agricultural, natural, or crobial communities, representing some of the earliest evi-
manufactured goods, providing legal protection for dence of life on Earth. These structures are formed as layers
10 years, renewable.
of sediment accumulated over time, trapping and binding
• The Department for Promotion of Industry and
Internal Trade, Ministry of Commerce and Indus- microorganisms like cyanobacteria.
try, oversees GI registration, offering protection As these microorganisms grow and photosynthesize, they
against unauthorized use, promoting exports, and produce layers of carbonate minerals, gradually building up
ensuring quality and distinctiveness. the stromatolite structure. Despite their simple appearance,
stromatolites played a crucial role in shaping Earth’s early
Society environment and are considered significant in the study of
early life and evolutionary history.
6. SATNAMI COMMUNITY
Context:
The Satnami community in Chhattisgarh protested the dese-
cration of a sacred structure, leading to violence where they
attacked the SP office, torched vehicles, and threw stones at
police personnel.

Who are Satnamis?

• The Satnamis, a significant Scheduled Caste (SC)
community in Chhattisgarh, trace their roots back
to Bir Bhan of Narnaul, Haryana, who founded the
sect in 1657.
• They follow the teachings of Saint Ravidas and pri-
oritize honesty, justice, and proper earning.
• Satnamis hold Mini Mata in high regard, as she was
the first female Member of Parliament from Chhat-
tisgarh, winning the 1955 by-election to enter the Modern stromatolites are rare, found mostly in extreme en-
Lok Sabha. vironments like Shark Bay, Australia. The discovery on Shey-
barah Island provides a new site for studying these ancient
More about Satnami: life forms. Understanding these stromatolites can offer in-
1. Satnami revolt of 1672: A rebellion against Mughal sights into early life on Earth and aid in the search for life on
rule led by the Satnamis, triggered by the killing of other planets like Mars.
a Satnami by a Mughal soldier. They seized control
but were eventually suppressed by Aurangzeb, fac- 8. AUTOMATIC WEATHER STATION (AWS)
ing brutal retaliation.
2. Satnami revival: In 1820, Saint Ghasidas founded a Context:
significant Satnami group in Chhattisgarh, providing Recently, an automatic weather station (AWS) in Mungesh-
religious and social identity. His teachings empha- pur, Delhi, recorded a temperature of 52.9°C, which quickly
sized monotheism, ethical conduct, equality, and made headlines. However, the India Meteorological Depart-
dietary restraint, propagated through his work Nir- ment (IMD) discovered that this reading was 3°C higher than
van Gyan. Satnamis have historically navigated their the actual temperature due to a faulty sensor.
position within the broader Hindu hierarchy, influ-
enced by connections with the Kabir Panth. A sec- What is AWS?
tion of the Sanjay-Dubri Tiger Reserve was renamed An Automated Weather Station (AWS) is a meteorological
Guru Ghasidas National Park by the Chhattisgarh station that transmits observations automatically. It uses
government in honour of Guru Ghasidas. four main sensors: wind, temperature/humidity, pressure,
and rainfall. Air temperature is measured in degrees Celsius
Geography using an electrical resistance thermometer, which operates
on the principle that electrical resistance varies with tem-
7. STROMATOLITES perature changes.
Challenges with AWS: AWS accuracy becomes unreliable be-
Context: Researchers have discovered living stromatolites yond certain temperature thresholds. Issues include improp-
on Sheybarah Island in the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia. er calibration, incorrect placement on concrete structures,

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and lack of regular maintenance. Act) has reopened due to the extreme heat in many parts of
Other Heat Measuring Devices: High temperatures can be India.
measured using a thermometer in a Stevenson Screen, a • Currently, heatwaves are not considered disasters
wooden enclosure that protects instruments from precipita- under the Act, which was enacted after the 1999
tion and direct heat radiation while allowing air circulation. Odisha super-cyclone and the 2004 tsunami.
• The Act defines a disaster as a catastrophic event re-
About India Meteorological Department (IMD): Established sulting in substantial loss of life, property, or dam-
in 1875, IMD is the principal government agency for mete- age to the environment, beyond the community’s
orology and related subjects. It is one of six Regional Spe- coping capacity.
cialized Meteorological Centres of the World Meteorological • States have prepared heat action plans to deal with
Organization, under the Ministry of Earth Sciences. Head- extreme heat impacts, but financial constraints hin-
quarters are in New Delhi, with six regional meteorological der their implementation.
centres. • The reluctance to include heatwaves as a notified
disaster stems from concerns about the financial
9. COLD LAVA implications and the difficulty in attributing deaths
solely to heatwaves.
Context: • While some states have added heatwaves as local di-
A volcanic eruption at Mount Kanlaon in the Philippines led sasters, the Centre has resisted national notification,
to rivers of cold lava, or lahar. citing financial and practical difficulties.

About Cold Lava: The Disaster Management Act of 2005:

• Cold lava, or “lahar,” is a hazardous flow of volcanic It regulates the allocation and utilization of resources from
material, debris, and water that descends rapidly the National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) and the State
from volcanoes, resembling a fast-moving landslide Disaster Response Fund (SDRF). These funds are dedicated
rather than molten lava. to managing and responding to notified disasters. Currently,
• This dense mixture forms when water interacts with there are 12 such disasters, including cyclones, droughts,
volcanic ash and debris on a volcano’s slopes, cre- earthquakes, fires, floods, tsunamis, hailstorms, landslides,
ating a river-like flow that can be more destructive avalanches, cloud bursts, pest attacks, and frost & cold
than molten lava due to its speed and force. waves. In 2020, the government designated COVID-19 as a
• The term “cold lava” is misleading, as it remains notified disaster as a special one-time measure
hot internally but appears and behaves like wet con-
crete.
• Driven by gravity and the volume of displaced ma- 11. BRAZIL’S PANTANAL WETLANDS
terial, lahars can travel far from the volcano’s sum-
mit, picking up additional debris and increasing in Context:
volume and destructive power. Brazil’s Pantanal wetlands are facing an unprecedented
surge in wildfires due to extremely dry conditions.

What are Pantanal?

• It is the world’s largest tropical wetland, spanning
across Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay.
• Fed by the Paraguay River and its tributaries, it cov-
ers an estimated area of 140,000 to 195,000 square
kilometres.
• During rainy seasons, about 80% of the floodplains
are submerged, fostering a diverse range of aquatic
plants and supporting numerous animal species.
• Designated as a National Heritage in Brazil, it faces
threats from activities like cattle grazing, pollution,
and infrastructure development.
• Despite its ecological significance, less than 5% of
the Pantanal is protected, with most of it under pri-
10. NOTIFIED DISASTERS vate ownership.

Context: The ongoing discussion on including heatwaves as

a notified disaster under the Disaster Management Act (DM

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Functioning of Parliament and State Legislatures

2. CENTRAL EXCISE BILL, 2024

Context:
The Central Board of Indirect Taxes & Customs (CBIC), operat-
ing under the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance,
has issued an invitation for stakeholders to provide input on
the draft ‘Central Excise Bill, 2024’ by June 26, 2024.
• The Bill aims to enact a comprehensive modern
central excise law repealing old and redundant pro-
visions and promoting ease of doing business.

About Excise duty:

• Excise duty is an indirect tax collected by retailers or
intermediaries from customers at the point of sale.
• It is paid when goods move from manufacturing
units to warehouses. Governed by two key acts, the
Central Excise Act of 1944 handles levy and collec-
tion, while the Central Excise Tariff Act of 1985 clas-
sifies goods and sets duty rates.
• With the implementation of Goods and Services Tax
(GST), many excise duties were subsumed, leaving
only petroleum and liquor subject to excise duty.
• Central GST replaced excise duty in most cases,
while state governments collect excise duty on alco-
hol, alcoholic preparations, and narcotic substances,
referred to as “State Excise” duty.
GS-2
3. SPEAKER PRO TEM OF LOK SABHA
Salient features of Indian Constitution
Context:
Senior Congress leader K Suresh, as the seniormost mem-
1. FREEDOM OF ARTISTIC EXPRESSION IN ber of the Lok Sabha, is expected to be appointed as the
INDIA pro-tem Speaker for the first session of the 18th Lok Sabha.

Context: What is Speaker Pro-tem?

Karnataka bans the Hindi film ‘Hamare Baarah’ due to com- The Speaker pro-tem is a temporary presiding officer in the
munal concerns, suspending its exhibition and trailers for Lok Sabha, appointed by the President before the first ses-
two weeks or until further notice. sion of a new Lok Sabha. This role is typically given to the
senior member. The Speaker pro-tem’s main duty is to ad-
About Freedom of artistic expression: minister oaths to the new MPs until a permanent Speaker is
It is the principle that artists should be free from legal or elected.
conventional constraints in creating their art. In India, the
Supreme Court affirmed this right for movies under Article Role of Pro-tem Speaker:
19(1)(a) of the Constitution. International agreements like 1. Administers oaths to new MPs.
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Inter- 2. Presides over the House’s initial proceedings.
national Covenant on Civil and Political Rights also uphold 3. Ensures the smooth transition of parliamentary du-
this freedom. Films are considered differently due to their ties.
unique ability to combine visuals, sound, and emotions in a
potent manner, making prior censorship necessary to pre- Selection Process:
vent potential negative impacts on viewers’ minds. 1. Chosen by the President from the seniormost mem-
bers of the Lok Sabha.
2. Assisted by three other senior members for oath ad-
ministration.
3. The President administers the oath to the pro-tem

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Speaker, who then swears in other MPs. Procedure for renaming the states:
• Renaming a state in India is governed by Article 3
of the Constitution, which empowers Parliament to
4. DEPUTY SPEAKER alter the name of any state by law.
• The process can be initiated by either Parliament
Context: or the State Legislature. A bill must be introduced
The Deputy Speaker post in the Lok Sabha has been vacant in Parliament on the recommendation of the Pres-
from 2019 to 2024. ident, who then refers it to the state legislature for
• With the Opposition’s increased strength, they are their views.
pushing for this position, which they held continu- • The bill is passed in each house by a simple major-
ously from 1990 to 2014. ity. Once the President assents, the name change is
recorded in the First and Fourth Schedules of the
About Deputy Speaker: Constitution.
• The role of the Deputy Speaker, outlined in Articles
93 and 95(1) of the Constitution, is to perform the
duties of the Speaker when the position is vacant.
• The Deputy Speaker is elected by a simple majority
in the Lok Sabha, typically during the second session
of the new House.
• Despite the constitutional requirement for both
Speaker and Deputy Speaker to be elected “as soon
as may be,” there is no specified timeframe, allow-
ing delays in appointment.

5. LEADER OF OPPOSITION
Context:
The position of Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha has been
filled , which was vacant for 10 years because no party had
numbers equalling a tenth of the strength of the House,
which has been by practice a requirement to lay claim to the
post.
• The role of the Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha
includes representing the opposition in the House,
voicing the opposition’s views, and facilitating the
smooth functioning of parliamentary business.
• The position, officially described in The Salary and
Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Judiciary
Act, 1977, is occupied by the leader of the largest
party in opposition.
• In practical terms, the Leader of Opposition partici- 7. GOA’S FIRST “LIVING WILL”
pates in high-powered committees for key appoint-
ments, such as the Director of CBI and the Central Context:
Vigilance Commissioner. Justice M.S. Sonak, of the Bombay High Court’s Goa Bench,
• This role is crucial for ensuring checks and balances became the first person in Goa to register a “living will”—
within the government.
an advance medical directive specifying actions for when
• The Leader of Opposition sits in the front row and
enjoys certain ceremonial privileges. he cannot make decisions.

About Living Will (Advance Medical Directive):

6. RENAMING THE STATES • A living will is a written document where a person
outlines their medical treatment preferences in ad-
Context: vance, to be followed if they become incapacitated
The Kerala Legislative Assembly unanimously passed a res- or unable to communicate.
olution, to amend the Constitution and change the state’s • It’s a voluntary decision.
name from ‘Kerala’ to ‘Keralam’. • The Supreme Court, in the Common Cause vs. Union
• This resolution, calls for invoking Article 3 of the In- of India & Anr. (2018) case, ruled that a person in a
dian Constitution to update the name in the First persistent vegetative state can opt for passive eutha-
Schedule. nasia, such as withdrawing life support.

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• A living will allows individuals to refuse medical leading claims and complies with regulatory guidelines. The
treatment in the event of a terminal illness. portals for submission will be activated on June 4, 2024, and
• Goa is the first state to implement these directives ongoing ads are currently exempt from this requirement.
formally. This directive aims to enhance transparency and responsible
• The living will must be drafted in the presence of advertising practices.
two witnesses, certified by a gazetted officer or no-
tary, and sent to the District Collector for safekeep- Significance:
ing. The Self-Declaration Certificate (SDC) for advertisements
is significant as it ensures transparency and accountability
8. DOCTRINE OF MERGER AND THE RULE by preventing misleading advertisements and holding man-
ufacturers, promoters, and advertisers responsible. It also
OF STARE DECISIS protects consumers by preventing violations of their rights,
unfair trade practices, and false advertisements that harm
Context:
public interest. Additionally, it supports better implementa-
The Supreme Court emphasized that its power under Article
tion of legislation and rules, such as the 2022 guidelines for
142 of the Indian Constitution is an exception to the doctrine
preventing misleading advertisements.
of merger and the rule of stare decisis, aiming to achieve
complete justice between parties.

What is the Doctrine of Merger and the Rule of stare deci-

sis?
• The doctrine of merger is founded on the principles
of court decorum and propriety.
• It holds that when an appellate court issues an or-
der, the lower court’s order becomes absorbed into
it.
• This principle ensures clarity in enforcing decisions
when multiple orders exist from different levels of
the judiciary.
• Essentially, it dictates that the superior court’s rul-
ing takes precedence, merging with and superseding
the lower court’s decision.
• Although not codified, this doctrine maintains ju-
dicial discipline, guiding subordinate courts in their
proceedings.
• In contrast, the doctrine of stare decisis mandates
that courts adhere to prior judicial decisions when
faced with similar legal issues. These decisions, About the Press Council of India (PCI):
known as precedents, serve as guiding principles for It was established in 1979 under the Press Council Act,
future cases, creating a legal framework for consis- 1978, and is a statutory quasi-judicial autonomous authority
tent judicial decisions based on past rulings. that preserves press freedom and maintains high standards
in newspapers and news agencies in India. The PCI consists
of a Chairman, who is typically a retired Supreme Court
9. SELF-DECLARATION CERTIFICATE MUST judge, and 28 members, with the Chairman nominated by
a committee including the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, the
FOR ADVERTISERS Speaker of the Lok Sabha, and an elected member from the
Council.
Context:
The Supreme Court has mandated that all advertisers and
Related information:
advertising agencies submit a ‘Self-Declaration Certificate’
before releasing any advertisements starting from June 18,
2024.

For TV and radio ads, this certificate must be submitted on

the Broadcast Seva Portal, and for print and digital media
ads, on the Press Council of India Portal. This certificate
must confirm that the advertisement does not contain mis-

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Constitutional and Non-Constitutional Bodies

11. NHRC ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING

Context:
NHRC recommends all states appoint an ‘anti-human traf-
ficking nodal officer’ not below the rank of a state govern-
ment secretary or inspector general of police to combat traf-
ficking effectively.
The Commission also calls for setting up District Anti-Human
Trafficking Units (DAHTU) headed by a deputy SP to monitor
and prevent trafficking incidents. It urges state governments
to take stringent measures, including rehabilitation of vic-
tims and spreading awareness to eradicate these practices.

About Human trafficking:

It is defined as the recruitment, transportation, transfer,
harbouring, or receipt of people through force, fraud, or
10. MERCY PETITION deception to exploit them for profit (UN). It remains a chal-
lenge with 2,250 cases reported in India in 2022. Economic,
Context:
political, and cultural factors contribute to trafficking. Initia-
The President of India has rejected the mercy plea of a
tives like the Immoral Traffic Prevention Act, Anti-Human
member of the banned group Lashkar-e-Taiba convicted for
Trafficking Units, Cri-MAC, and Mission Shakti aim to pre-
the 2000 Red Fort attack.
vent and combat trafficking at global and national levels.
About NHRC:
About Mercy Petition:
• A mercy petition is a formal request made by a per-
son sentenced to death or imprisonment seeking NHRC-India
leniency from the President or Governor. About It is a statutory body established on 12 Oc-
• This process is available in countries like the USA,
tober 1993 (in conformity with the Paris
UK, Canada, and India.
• In India, it is tied to the fundamental right to life un- Principles), under the Protection of Human
der Article 21 of the Constitution. Rights Act (PHRA) 1993 [Amended in 2019].
Objective A watchdog for the promotion and protec-
Constitutional Framework: tion of the human rights of citizens of In-
Article 72: Grants the President the power to pardon, re- dia. The PHRA defines Human Rights as the
prieve, respite, or remit punishments or to suspend, remit, rights relating to life, liberty, equality and
or commute sentences, including: dignity of the individual guaranteed by the
• Sentences by Court Martial Constitution or embodied in the Interna-
• Sentences for offences under Union laws tional Covenants and enforceable by courts
• Death sentences in India.
C o m p o s i - A Chairperson, who has been a Chief Justice
Article 161: Grants similar powers to State Governors for of-
tion (13) of India or a Judge of the SC.
fences under State laws.
Fate of petitions: 1 member, who is, or has been, a Judge of
• At 45, R Venkataraman rejected the maximum number the SC.
of mercy petitions. 2 member, who is, or has been, the Chief
• President Pranab Mukherjee comes second as he has Justice of an HC.
rejected 31 of the 33 petitions he has received from 3 Members, out of which at least one shall
convicts be a woman to be appointed from amongst
• S Radhakrishnan, Zakir Husain and V V Giri received 57, persons having knowledge or practical expe-
22 and 3 mercy petitions, respectively, and all deaths rience in matters relating to human rights.
were commuted to life. 7 ex officio members – NCSC, NCST, NCBC,
• K R Narayanan and A P J Abdul Kalam kept pending NCW, National Commission for Minorities,
almost all pleas they received. National Commission for Protection of
Child Rights and the Chief Commissioner for
Persons with Disabilities.

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A p p o i n t - By the President of India, on the recommen- FSSAI regulates food businesses, enforces safety laws, mon-
ment dation of a committee consisting of – The itors quality, conducts research, provides training, and pro-
PM (Chairperson), The Union Home Minis- motes food fortification and organic food. It operates under
ter, The LoP in the Lok Sabha, The LoP in the the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, with headquarters
Rajya Sabha, The Speaker of the Lok Sabha, in New Delhi and regional offices across the country.
The Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

The sitting Judge of the SC or sitting Chief

Justice of any HC can be appointed only af- Governance
ter consultation with the CJI.
Functions The protection of human rights and recom- 13. SPECIAL CATEGORY STATUS (SCS)
mend measures for their effective imple-
mentation. Context:
The strong showing of Chandrababu Naidu’s Telugu Desam
Enquiry into complaints of violation of Party (TDP) and Nitish Kumar’s Janata Dal-United (JD(U)) in
human rights or negligence in the prevention the 2024 Lok Sabha elections has reignited their calls for spe-
of such violation by a public servant. cial category status (SCS) for their respective states, Andhra
Studies treaties and international instru- Pradesh and Bihar.
ments and makes recommendations for
their effective implementation to the GoI. About SCS:
Review factors that inhibit the enjoyment of Special Catego- Description
human rights and recommend appropriate ry Status (SCS)
remedial measures.
About SCS Special Category Status (SCS) is a clas-
Undertake and promote research in the field sification granted by the Centre to as-
of human rights. sist in the development of states facing
To visit jails and study the condition of in- geographical and socio-economic dis-
mates. advantages. Introduced in 1969 on the
Engage in human rights education among recommendations of the Fifth Finance
various sections of society and promote Commission, it was initially granted to
awareness among the masses. Jammu & Kashmir, Assam, and Naga-
Encourage the efforts of NGOs and land. Later, states like Sikkim and Tripura
institutions working in the field of human were also included. The SCS States used
rights literacy, etc. to receive grants based on the Gadgil
Mukherjee formula. However, after the
12. FSSAI recommendations of the 14th Finance
Commission, SCS was stopped for any
Context: new states.
FSSAI directs companies to stop claiming “100% fruit juice” Current Status No new states have been granted SCS.
on labels and ads due to high sugar content. Special funding patterns for North East-
• As per FSSAI, there is no provision of such claims ern and Himalayan states are based on
as per Food Safety and Standards (Advertising and recommendations from a Sub-Group of
Claims) Regulations, 2018. Chief Ministers, not through SCS.
• The products must be labelled in accordance with Factors for SCS Before granting SCS to a state, five fac-
the Food Safety and Standards (Labelling and Dis- tors were considered: hilly and difficult
play) Regulations, 2020. terrain, low population density and/or
• In the ingredient list, the word “reconstituted” must significant tribal population, strategic lo-
be mentioned against the name of the juice. If add- cation along international borders, eco-
ed nutritive sweeteners exceed 15 gm/kg, product nomic and infrastructural backwardness,
must be labelled as ‘Sweetened juice’. and non-viable nature of state finances.
States with SCS Currently, 11 states in India have SCS:
About FSSAI: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal
The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur,
an autonomous body established under the Food Safety Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim,
and Standards Act of 2006. It consolidates various food-re- Tripura, and Uttarakhand.
lated laws and aims to ensure food safety and quality in India.

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Benefits of SCS States with SCS receive Centre-State About IRDAI:

funding from centrally sponsored The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of
schemes in a more favourable ratio of India (IRDAI) is a statutory body under the Ministry of Fi-
90:10 compared to general category nance, Government of India, regulating the insurance indus-
states. They also enjoy tax concessions try. Established in 1999, it’s headquartered in Hyderabad,
and exemptions to attract investment. Telangana. Recently, IRDAI directed health insurance pro-
viders to create specialized policies for senior citizens and
D e m a n d Bihar and Andhra Pradesh have been de-
removed the age limit for purchasing health insurance pol-
from Bihar manding SCS. Bihar’s demand is based
icies, effective April 1, 2024. It operates with a 10-member
and Andhra on its low per capita income and high
body appointed by the government, including a chairman
Pradesh poverty rates. Andhra Pradesh demands
and both full-time and part-time members.
SCS due to revenue loss after the 2014
bifurcation, as promised by former
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.
15. GREAT SCHEME
Context:
The Ministry of Textiles has approved Grant for Research
and Entrepreneurship across Aspiring Innovators in Tech-
nical Textiles (GREAT) schemes for startups in technical tex-
tiles.
• It is part of the National Technical Textiles Mission
(NTTM).
• Under the GREAT scheme, grant-in-aid, typically up
to INR 50 lakhs, over 18 months will be provided.
• The scheme aims to harness India’s talent and ex-
pertise in the technical textiles sector to introduce
innovative products and technologies to the market.

About Technical textiles:

They are specialized fabrics with diverse applications in
industries like automotive, construction, healthcare, and
more. Their demand stems from a country’s development
and industrialization. These textiles are categorized into 12
segments based on their usage, including Agrotech, Med-
itech, Mobiltech, Geotech, and others. For instance, Mo-
biltech covers products like seat belts and airbags in vehicles,
while Geotech includes materials for soil erosion control.
14. NATIONAL HEALTH CLAIM EXCHANGE
Context:
The Health Ministry and IRDAI are collaborating to launch
the National Health Claim Exchange (NHCX), aiming to
streamline healthcare access and claims processing.

What is NHCX?
NHCX is a communication protocol facilitating the exchange
of health claim information between payers, providers, and
beneficiaries. NHCX will centralize health claims, enabling
seamless interoperability, improving efficiency, and reduc-
ing administrative burdens on hospitals. Twelve insurance
companies and one TPA have integrated with NHCX. Under
the Digital Health Incentive Scheme, hospitals receive finan-
cial incentives for digital health transactions through NHCX.
Current Claim Processing: The existing process lacks stan-
dardization and is mostly manual, leading to inefficiencies
and variations across insurers and providers.

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About The National Technical Textiles Mission:

It was approved in 2020, and aims to elevate India as a
global leader in technical textiles and boost domestic us-
age from USD 40 billion to USD 50 billion by 2024. Op-
erated under the Ministry of Textiles, it spans four years
with key components focusing on research, market devel-
opment, exports, and education. India’s technical textiles
sector, currently at USD 40 billion with an 8% share in the
global market, targets accelerated growth to 15-20% an-
nually to compete with major players like the USA, Europe,
China, and Japan.

16. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT CESS

Context:
Bengaluru’s BBMP proposes a monthly Solid Waste Man-
agement (SWM) Cess of ₹100 per household, as allowed by
the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016.
Solid waste includes discarded items from households and
businesses. In India, approximately 95% of waste is effi-
ciently collected daily, but only about half undergoes treat-
ment, leaving nearly a third unaddressed.
18. E-SAKSHI MOBILE APPLICATION
What is SWM Cess?
Solid Waste Management (SWM) Cess is a fee levied by local Context:
authorities, such as municipal corporations, on households The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
or businesses for the collection, transportation, and disposal (MoSPI) organized a two-day training workshop for the re-
of solid waste. This cess is intended to fund and support sol- vised fund flow procedure under the MPLAD Scheme using
id waste management initiatives, including waste collection, the e-SAKSHI Portal.
segregation, treatment, and disposal.
What is the e-SAKSHI Portal?
eSAKSHI portal is an end-to-end solution for efficient and
17. NATIONAL FORENSIC INFRASTRUC- transparent implementation of the MPLAD scheme.
TURE ENHANCEMENT SCHEME (NFIES) About MPLAD:
1. Type: Central Sector Scheme
Context: 2. Ministry: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Imple-
The Union Cabinet has approved the National Forensic In- mentation
frastructure Enhancement Scheme (NFIES) – a central sec- 3. Allocation: Rs. 5 crore per MP for developmental works
tor scheme. to create durable community assets based on local
• This scheme aims to enhance forensic investigation
capabilities across India by establishing new cam- needs.
puses of the National Forensic Sciences University 4. Funds: Non-lapsable, carried forward to the next year.
(NFSU) and setting up additional Central Forensic 5. Allocation Targets: At least 15% for Scheduled Caste ar-
Science Laboratories. eas and 7.5% for Scheduled Tribe areas.
• The initiative responds to the new criminal laws ef-
fective from July 1, which mandate forensic investi-
gations for serious offences.

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19. FAST TRACK IMMIGRATION TRUSTED 2. Inception: The first medal was presented in 1998 to
the family of Dag Hammarskjöld.
TRAVELLER PROGRAMME
3. Namesake: Dag Hammarskjöld served as the Secre-
tary-General of the United Nations from 1953 until
Context:
his death in 1961.
The Union Home Minister inaugurated the ‘Fast Track Immi-
gration Trusted Traveller Programme’ (FTI-TTP).
India, the second-largest contributor to UN Peacekeeping,
• This initiative aims to expedite immigration for
has deployed over 6,000 personnel across various missions
pre-verified travellers, reducing airport crowding.
and has seen nearly 180 peacekeepers make the ultimate
• Jointly developed by the Ministries of Home Affairs
sacrifice.
and Civil Aviation and the Bureau of Immigration,
the program uses e-gates for automated checks.
International Day of UN Peacekeepers
Initially available at major airports, it will first serve Indian
1. Established: By the UN General Assembly in 2002
citizens and OCI cardholders, later expanding to foreign trav-
2. Purpose: To honour all peacekeepers and those who
ellers.
have lost their lives in the line of duty
3. 2024 Theme: ‘Fit for the future, building better
20. ULLAS - NEW INDIA LITERACY PRO- together’ focuses on the adaptability of UN Peace-
GRAMME (NILP) keeping for future conflicts

Context: About MONUSCO

Recently Ladakh has been declared fully functionally liter- 1. Establishment: By the UN Security Council.
ate under the ULLAS – Nav Bharat Saaksharta Karyakram, 2. Transition: It took over in 2010, from an earlier UN
achieving a literacy rate of over 97%. peacekeeping operation that is the United Nations Or-
The ULLAS - Nav Bharat Saaksharta Karyakram (New India ganization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the
Literacy Programme), a centrally sponsored scheme from Congo (MONUC)
2022-2027 aligned with NEP 2020. The scheme has five 3. Scale: Employs approximately 16,300 individuals, mak-
components, namely; ing it one of the largest UN peacekeeping efforts.
• Foundational Literacy and Numeracy, 4. Primary Role: Protects civilians from violence, especially
• Critical Life Skills (which include, financial literacy, in conflict-prone areas like North Kivu.
digital literacy, legal literacy, healthcare and aware- 5. Innovation: First UN mission to use UAVs for monitoring.
ness, childcare and education, family welfare, etc.),
6. Intervention Brigade: Authorized in 2013 for targeted
• Basic Education (includes preparatory (classes 3 - 5),
middle (classes 6- 8), and secondary stage (classes offensive operations against armed groups.
9-12) equivalency),
• Vocational Skills (Skill development will be a part of
the continuous learning process for neo-literates to 22. PAKISTAN OCCUPIED KASHMIR (POK)
obtain local employment),
• Continuing Education (This includes engaging holis-
tic adult education courses in arts, sciences, tech- Context:
nology, culture, sports, recreation, as well as other Pakistan’s government has acknowledged before the Islam-
topics of interest or use to local learners). abad High Court that Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (PoK) is a
foreign territory.

International Relations About PoK:

• PoK was historically part of the princely state of
Jammu and Kashmir, which acceded to India in
21. DAG HAMMARSKJOLD MEDAL 1947 after the Partition.
• It consists of two ethnically and linguistically differ-
Context: ent regions: Mirpur-Muzaffarabad region and Gilg-
Naik Dhananjay Kumar Singh, an Indian peacekeeper who it-Baltistan region.
served with the UN Stabilisation Mission in the Democratic • However, the region was illegally occupied by Pa-
Republic of Congo (MONUSCO), will be posthumously hon- kistan in 1947 following an invasion by Pashtun
oured with the prestigious Dag Hammarskjold medal. tribesmen and the Pakistani Army.

Dag Hammarskjöld Medal:

1. Purpose: The Dag Hammarskjöld Medal is a post-
humous award given to members of peacekeeping
operations who have lost their lives in service under
the UN flag.

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rights and obligations in handling cross-border pub-
lic health events and emergencies.
3. Members: Includes 194 WHO Member States, plus
Liechtenstein and the Holy See.
4. Need for Amendments: Experience from epidemics
like Ebola and COVID-19 emphasized the necessity
for enhanced public health surveillance, response,
and preparedness mechanisms globally.

Key Amendments:
1. Definition of Pandemic Emergency: Defined as
a communicable disease with wide geographical
spread or high risk, exceeding national health sys-
tem capacities.
2. Coordinating Financial Mechanism: Addressing
23. UN ASSISTANCE MISSION FOR IRAQ needs and priorities of developing countries.
(UNAMI) 3. States Parties Committee: Facilitate effective IHR
implementation.
Context: 4. National IHR Authorities: Improve coordination
The UN Security Council voted to end the UN mission in Iraq among countries.
(UNAMI) that was set up after the 2003 US-led invasion.
UNAMI’s job was to help Iraq rebuild after the war and re- About World Health Assembly (WHA):
store a government. The resolution doesn’t mention the The World Health Assembly (formed in 1948) is the forum
geographical features of Iraq. through which the World Health Organization is governed
by its 194 member states. It is the world’s highest health pol-
Key points: icy setting body and is composed of health ministers from
• UNAMI will cease operations by December 31, 2025. member states
• Iraq wants to manage its own security and stability.
• The resolution supports Iraq’s reform efforts and
helps with remaining issues from the Saddam Hus- 25. NON-PERMANENT MEMBERS OF THE
sein era. UNSC
• Both the US and Russia agree Iraq is ready for
self-reliance. Context:
Pakistan, Panama, Somalia, Denmark, and Greece have
been elected as non-permanent members of the UN Secu-
24. INTERNATIONAL HEALTH REGULA- rity Council for a two-year term starting in 2025. This marks
TIONS (IHR 2005) Pakistan’s 8th term as a non-permanent member
1. India has been elected as a non-permanent mem-
Context: ber of the UN Security Council 8 times, the last be-
The 77th World Health Assembly adopted amendments to ing 2021-2022.
the International Health Regulations (IHR 2005), incorporat-
ing 300 proposals by member states following the Covid-19 About UNSC:
pandemic. The UNSC is one of the six principal organs of the UN, along
• Also, decided to extend the mandate of the Inter- with the UNGA, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship
governmental Negotiating Body (established in Council, International Court of Justice, and UN Secretariat.
2021) to finish its work to negotiate a Pandemic It consists of 15 members, with five permanent members
Agreement within a year. (China, France, Russia, the UK, and the US) holding veto
power. The UNSC has primary responsibility for maintain-
Aim: These amendments aim to enhance countries’ readi- ing international peace and security. United Nations Gen-
ness and response to Public Health Emergencies of Interna- eral Assembly (UNGA) annually elects five non-permanent
tional Concern and Pandemic Emergencies. members of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) for
a two-year term through a secret ballot.
About International Health Regulations (IHR):
1. Successor: International Sanitary Regulations (1951).
2. Aim Legally binding framework defining countries’

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26. DRAFT RECIPROCAL EXCHANGE OF Context:

The Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) variable rate repo (VRR)
LOGISTICS AGREEMENT (RELOS)
auction attracted significant interest from banks, with
bids totalling ₹1,13,915 crore, surpassing the RBI’s offer of
Context:
₹50,000 crore.
Russia has approved a draft logistics agreement with India,
This underscores the growing demand for liquidity in the
ending years of delays.
banking sector amid an estimated deficit of around ₹1.54-
About Reciprocal Exchange of Logistics Agreement (RELOS)
lakh crore.
RELOS is an administrative arrangement between India and
Russia to enhance military cooperation.
What is VRR, or Variable Rate Repo?
Purpose: It streamlines military logistics support, making
It is a mechanism where the RBI permits banks to borrow
joint operations more efficient and cost-effective.
funds at rates determined by the market, differing from the
fixed Repo Rate at which banks borrow directly from the RBI.
Significance:
1. Sustained Operations: Facilitates replenishment
Typically lasting up to 14 days, VRR serves as a means to in-
of supplies, providing berthing facilities for troops,
ject short-term liquidity into the banking system. Converse-
warships, and aircraft during both wartime and
ly, Variable Rate Reverse Repo (VRRR) is employed to absorb
peacetime missions.
surplus liquidity from the system.
2. Strategic Advantages: Enables smoother use of host
nation’s logistics networks, swift crisis response, and
reduces overall mission costs.
3. Expanded Military Reach: Enhances India’s mari- 28. FDI INFLOWS INTO INDIA DECREASED
time influence and awareness, and improves infor-
mation exchange about maritime activities. Context:
4. Balancing Quad Agreements: Balances India’s logis- Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows into India fell 3.5% to
tics agreements with Quad countries and Russia’s $44 billion in FY24 due to reduced investments in services,
non-Quad stance, countering US and Chinese re- telecom, and pharma sectors.
gional influence.
5. Scientific Interconnections: Supports India’s Arctic Data in a nutshell
research, focusing on links between Arctic Sea ice • January-March FY24 saw a 33.4% rise to $12.38 bil-
melt and Indian monsoon systems. lion.
• Total FDI, including reinvested earnings, declined
India’s Logistics Agreements with Various Countries: marginally to $70.95 billion from $71.35 billion in
FY23.
Country Agreement Details
• Maharashtra (received the highest FDI) and Gujarat
USA GSOMIA (2002): Facilitates sharing military saw increased inflows, while Karnataka and several
intelligence. LEMOA (2016): Allows mutual other states experienced declines.
use of military logistics facilities. BECA (2020): • In FY 2023-24, Singapore was the top source of FDI
Provides access to U.S. geospatial intelligence inflows into India, followed by Mauritius and the
data. COMCASA (2018): Enables transfer of en- USA.
crypted communication equipment. • From 2000-2024, the top five countries for FDI were
France Facilitates logistical support during joint ex- Mauritius, Singapore, the USA, the Netherlands,
ercises, port visits, humanitarian efforts and and Japan.
maritime intelligence sharing. • The leading sectors for FDI in FY 2023-24 were Com-
Australia MLSA (2020): Emphasizes shared vision for In- puter Software & Hardware, Services, and Con-
do-Pacific maritime cooperation. struction.
Japan ACSA (2020): Allows close coordination of ser- • Over the 2000-2024 period, the top sectors were
vices and supplies between armed forces. Services, Computer Software & Hardware, Trading,
Telecommunications, and the Automobile Industry.

About FDI
GS-3 1. Definition: Investment by a company or individual in
one country into business interests in another country.
Indian Economy 2. Policy: Formulated by the Department for Promotion of
Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT).
27. VARIABLE RATE REPO (VRR) 3. Routes:
4. Automatic Route: No government approval is required.

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5. Government Route: Approval required. cilitation and risk spreading (around 50% is stored locally
6. Inclusions: Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds, Foreign in India). These reserves are primarily held in the Bank of
Institutional Investment (with conditions), and Global England, the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) in
Depository Receipts. Switzerland, and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
7. Prohibitions: Lottery Business, Gambling and Betting, This move aims to mitigate risks associated with geopolitical
Chit Funds, Nidhi Company, Trading in Transferable De- tensions and ensure greater control over gold reserves for
velopment Rights, etc. economic stability and inflation management.

Significance of FDI Why has RBI hoarded Gold in recent years?

1. Stimulates economic growth. • The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is accumulating gold
2. Promotes development in backward areas. as a counter-strategy against negative interest rates
3. Ensures exchange rate stability. and geopolitical uncertainties.
• In times of inflation and economic stress, gold offers
a good return compared to US government bonds.
29. UNIFIED PAYMENTS INTERFACE (UPI) • Gold provides a hedge against geopolitical un-
certainty, especially amid conflicts like the Rus-
Context: sia-Ukraine war and tensions between the US and
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in collaboration with NPCI China.
International Payments Ltd. (NIPL) has planned to take the • Diversifying forex reserves with gold adds security,
Unified Payments Interface (UPI) to over 20 nations by fi- liquidity, and value during crises.
nancial year 2029. • Gold’s historical significance in the economy in-
• RBI also aims to explore collaboration on the Fast cludes its role as a reserve currency, intrinsic value,
Payment System with groups of countries such as and its ability to boost a nation’s currency value.
the European Union and SAARC, along with multi- • It can also serve as a substitute for government se-
lateral linkages. curities in central bank operations.
All banknotes issued by RBI are backed by assets such as
About Unified Payments Interface (UPI): gold, Government Securities and Foreign Currency Assets, as
• Unified Payments Interface (UPI) is a system that defined in Section 33 of the RBI Act, 1934.
powers multiple bank accounts into a single mobile
application (of any participating bank), merging
several banking features, seamless fund routing &
merchant payments into one hood.
• It also caters to the “Peer to Peer” collect request
which can be scheduled and paid as per require-
ment and convenience.
• Currently, several countries, including Bhutan, Ne-
pal, UAE, France, Mauritius, etc., support UPI pay-
ments.

Measures for Internationalization of UPI:

• NIPL: A wholly owned subsidiary of the National
Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), incorporated 31. OPEN NETWORK FOR DIGITAL COM-
in 2020, for the deployment of RuPay and UPI out- MERCE (ONDC)
side of India.
• UPI One World: Prepaid payment instrument linked
to UPI provided to foreign nationals/ NRIs coming Context:
from G20 countries. The Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) achieved a
record 8.9 million transactions in May, a 23% increase from
April.
30. INDIA’S GOLD RESERVE
What is ONDC?
Context: The Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) is a gov-
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) recently moved 100 metric ernment initiative aimed at transforming the e-commerce
tonnes of gold from the UK to domestic vaults, a significant market in India by shifting from a platform-centric model to
shift reflecting geopolitical concerns and risk diversification an open-network model.
strategies. Similar to the success of the Unified Payments Interface
India’s total gold holdings stand at 822 metric tonnes, with (UPI) project, which enables seamless money transfers
a portion stored in foreign vaults for international trade fa- across different payment platforms, the ONDC seeks to facil-
itate transactions between buyers and sellers regardless of

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the platforms they are registered on. 32. PRESTON CURVE
How it works? Context:
Let’s imagine you want to buy a product online, like The Preston curve gives a positive empirical relationship be-
a smartphone. You are registered on Amazon, but you tween a country’s life expectancy and its per capita income.
find a better deal on Flipkart for the same smartphone It was first identified by Samuel H. Preston in 1975.
you want to buy. In the current system, you wouldn’t be It suggests that as poor countries grow and their per capita
able to purchase it from Flipkart because you’re not reg- income increases, life expectancy rises significantly due to
istered there. better access to healthcare, education, nutrition, and living
But ONDC is like a big network that connects all the dif- conditions. However, this relationship flattens out at higher
ferent e-commerce platforms together. So instead of be- income levels, indicating diminishing returns on life expec-
ing limited to one specific platform, you can buy products tancy gains with further income increases.
from different platforms, even if you are registered on only
one of them. 33. DUTY DRAWBACKS
Context:
Starting from June 5th, 2024, the Central Board of Indirect
Taxes and Customs (CBIC) has initiated electronic disbursal
of duty drawback amounts directly to exporters’ bank ac-
counts through the Public Finance Management System
(PFMS).

What are Duty Drawbacks?

Duty drawback, governed by section 75 of the Customs
Act, 1962, refunds customs duty on imported or excisable
materials used in the production of export goods. This
mechanism assists exporters in mitigating some of the
expenses incurred during the export process, particularly
within the supply or value chain.
Electronic disbursal of duty drawback aims to streamline
the process, reduce processing time, eliminate manual
intervention, and enhance transparency in customs op-
erations. This initiative aligns with CBIC’s commitment to
paperless customs and trade facilitation, building upon its
implementation of the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement
(TFA).
About ONDC:
1. Section 8 Company: Non-profit organization.
2. DPIIT Initiative: Launched by the Department for
Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade.

Benefits of ONDC:
1. Sellers: Compete fairly with big players, and become
discoverable online.
2. Buyers: Seamless shopping with a wide product
range in one checkout.
3. Tech Companies: Faster product/service adoption Fig: Mechanism of duty drawback (a similar mechanism is
and scalability. followed in India)
4. FinTech: Offer credit and financing to e-commerce
entities.
34. BASE EROSION AND PROFIT SHIFT-
Challenges: ING
1. Resistance from established players. Context:
2. Transitioning offline businesses to online. The 16th meeting of the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on
Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) concluded

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• An inclusive framework on BEPS is finalizing negoti- 35. IBBI
ations on Pillar One, while the Global Minimum Tax
under Pillar Two is being implemented in countries Context:
globally Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) issues new
guidelines for appointing IPs as resolution professionals ef-
What is an Inclusive Framework? fective from July 1, 2024. The guidelines aim to streamline
The OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS, with 147 the process by establishing a panel of IPs for appointments,
countries and jurisdictions including India, fights tax avoid- ensuring eligibility criteria, and requiring prior experience in
ance and promotes fair tax practices through a Two-pillar handling Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code assignments.
approach: Pillar One reallocates profits of large MNEs, while
Pillar Two establishes a Global Minimum Corporate Tax of What is IBBI?
15%. This framework ensures fairness in tax systems, ad- IBBI is a statutory body under the Insolvency and Bankrupt-
dresses tax avoidance, and adapts to evolving business mod- cy Code, 2016, headquartered in New Delhi under the Min-
els and digital economies. istry of Corporate Affairs. It oversees service providers in the
What is BEPS? insolvency ecosystem, regulates insolvency and resolution
processes for corporations and individuals, and operates
• It refers to corporate tax planning strategies used by
under a Governing Board appointed by the Central Govern-
multinationals to shift profits from higher-tax ju-
ment.
risdictions to lower or no-tax jurisdictions.
• The OECD defines BEPS strategies as exploiting
gaps and mismatches in tax rules. It erodes the tax
base (costing countries USD 100-240 billion in lost
revenue annually) of the higher-tax jurisdictions.
• As developing countries have a higher reliance on
corporate income tax, they suffer from BEPS dis-
proportionately.
• Working together within the OECD/G20 Inclusive
Framework on BEPS, over 135 countries and juris-
dictions are collaborating on –
o The implementation of measures to tackle tax
avoidance,
o Improving the coherence of international tax
36. GAAR
rules and
Context: The Telangana High Court ruled against a taxpay-
o Ensuring a more transparent tax environment.
er using bonus stripping to offset losses, marking the first
judgment on GAAR.
The objective of the Outcome Statement: It delivered a
package to further implement the Two‐Pillar Solution to Ad-
What is Bonus Stripping? Bonus stripping involves buying
dress the Tax Challenges Arising from the Digitalisation of
shares of a company before it issues bonus shares and sell-
the Economy.
ing the original shares immediately after to incur a short-
Two‐Pillar Solution/ Global Anti-Base Erosion (GloBE)
term capital loss.
rules: These rules were agreed upon in 2021 by 137 coun-
tries and jurisdictions under the OECD/G20 Inclusive Frame-
What is GAAR? GAAR, or General Anti-Avoidance Rules,
work on BEPS.
authorize tax authorities to reject tax advantages on trans-
actions lacking commercial substance and aiming solely to
evade taxes. It commenced on April 1, 2017, and is outlined
in Chapter X-A of the Income-tax Act, 1961.

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debt levels.
37. ANGEL TAX • The European Commission can launch an EDP
against an EU country not respecting the Stability
and Growth Pact (SGP), a body of rules governing
Context: the coordination of EU countries’ fiscal policies.
The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) has recommend-
ed removing the ‘Angel Tax’ to boost capital formation, citing
its negative impact on start-up funding.
39. PRIORITY SECTOR LENDING (PSL)
Context:
What is Angel Tax?
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) revises Priority Sector Lending
Angel Tax, introduced in 2012 under the Income-tax Act,
(PSL) norms
1961, is levied on the capital raised by unlisted companies
through the issue of shares if the share price exceeds the fair
What is Priority Sector Lending (PSL)?
market value. This tax aims to curb money laundering and
• Priority Sector Lending (PSL) is a mandate by the Re-
ensure compliance with tax norms.
serve Bank of India (RBI) to ensure that vulnerable
sectors receive adequate credit.
• The purpose of PSL is to promote inclusive develop-
ment by directing funds to sectors such as agricul-
ture, MSMEs, education, housing, social infrastruc-
ture, renewable energy, and others.
• Formalized in 1972, PSL ensures the flow of credit to
creditworthy sectors that struggle to access formal
financial institutions. Banks must allocate a portion
of their Adjusted Net Bank Credit (ANBC) or Credit
Equivalent of Off-Balance Sheet Exposure (CEOBE),
whichever is higher, towards PSL. The target is
1. 40% for scheduled commercial banks and foreign
banks with 20 or more branches
2. 75% for Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) and Small Fi-
nance Banks (SFBs)
3. 65% for Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs) in FY
2024-25, increasing to 75% in FY 2025-26.

It applies to all commercial banks, including Regional Rural

Banks (RRBs), Small Finance Banks (SFBs), Local Area Banks,
and Primary (Urban) Cooperative Banks (UCBs).

40. PROHIBITION OF INSIDER TRADING

(PIT)
Context:
The Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi) has
amended its Prohibition of Insider Trading (PIT) regula-
38. EXCESSIVE DEFICIT PROCEDURE tions, offering more flexibility to senior executives of listed
(EDP) companies who need to submit a “trading plan” for dealing
with their shares.
Context: • These insiders, who typically have access to unpub-
The European Commission has proposed disciplinary mea- lished price-sensitive information (UPSI), must now
sures for France and six other EU countries (Belgium, Italy, specify share price, amount, and transaction date
Hungary, Malta, Poland, and Slovakia) due to their exces- in advance.
• Key changes include reducing the minimum cool-off
sive budget deficits.
period from six to four months and allowing a 20%
• These deficits stem from the financial impacts of
price range for share transactions.
the COVID-19 pandemic and the energy crisis fol-
lowing Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
About Excessive deficit procedure (EDP):
• The aim of the excessive deficit procedure (EDP) is
that EU countries correct excessive deficit and/or

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41. ‘MINI RATNA’ STATUS (CATEGORY-1) FOR CENTRAL ELECTRONICS LIMITED (CEL)
Context:
Recently Central Electronics Limited (CEL) has been granted “Mini RATNA” status (Category-1).

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42. INDIA’S FOREX RESERVE

Context:
India’s forex kitty jumps by USD 816 mln to USD 653.71 bln
• India’s forex reserves witnessed an increase of USD 816 million, reaching USD 653.711 billion for the week ending June
21, according to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
• Components of Forex Reserves
 Foreign Currency Assets (FCA): it is the major component of India’s forex reserves.
• It has decreased by USD 106 million to USD 574.134 billion.
• FCA expressed in dollar terms reflects the effect of appreciation or depreciation of non-US currencies
like the euro, pound, and yen.
 Gold Reserves: it has increased by USD 988 million. Total gold reserves stood at USD 56.956 billion during the
week.
 Special Drawing Rights (SDRs): it decreased by USD 57 million. SDRs totaled USD 18.049 billion.
 India’s Reserve Position with the IMF: Decreased by USD 9 million. The reserve position was USD 4.572 billion.

Agriculture

43. UNIFIED INDIA ORGANIC LOGO

Context:
FSSAI and APEDA have developed a new “Unified India Organic” logo to replace the existing India Organic and Jaivik Bharat
logos.
This move aims to bring uniformity in the implementation of organic regulations by NPOP and FSSAI. The new logo is ex-
pected to come into force in the near future, and certification bodies will be given a 3-month transition period for imple-
mentation. It will distinguish organic products from non-organic communicating adherence to the National Standards for
Organic Production.

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Currently, the India Organic logo is used on organic products complying with the National Programme for Organic Products
(NPOP), while Jaivik Bharat is used on organic products certified by FSSAI.

Regulator of Organic Products:

Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) (under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare) regulates the man-
ufacture, distribution, sale or import of Organic products through the Food Safety and Standards (Organic Foods) Regula-
tions, 2017 (under FSSA 2006).

Certification of Organic products:

Certification Description
Participatory Guar- Implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. Ensures organic product pro-
antee System (PGS) duction adheres to quality standards. Does not require third-party certification agencies. Certifi-
cation is carried out by local groups consisting of producers and consumers and is based on trust.
Involves a documented logo or statement as proof of certification.
National Pro- Implemented by APEDA, under the Ministry of Commerce & Industries. Regulates organic farming
gramme on Organic certification. Involves accreditation of Certification Bodies. Sets standards for organic production.
Production (NPOP) Promotes organic farming and marketing. Its Standards have been recognized by the EU, Switzer-
land, and the US.
Other Programs for NMSA (National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture): Promotes sustainable agriculture, including
Organic Production organic production.
Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North East Region (MOVCD-NER): Supports the
development of organic value chains in the North East region of India.
Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojna (PKVY): Promotes organic farming.

44. WORLD’S LARGEST GRAIN STORAGE PLAN

Context:
The National Level Coordination Committee (NLCC) for the world’s largest grain storage plan held its first meeting in Delhi.
The plan aims to transform Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) into Multi-Service Societies. The pilot project, im-
plemented in 11 states, focuses on creating agricultural infrastructure at the PACS level, including warehouses and process-
ing units, through various government schemes.

About the World’s largest grain storage plan

Implementation The Ministry of Cooperation will implement a pilot project in at least 10 districts to gather regional
insights for nationwide implementation. An IMC will modify guidelines and implementation meth-
odologies for creating infrastructure at Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) using available
schemes.
The ministry will implement it through the National Cooperative Development Corporation with
support from NABARD, FCI, and others
Schemes for Con- Ministry of Agriculture Agriculture Infrastructure Fund, Agricultural Marketing Infrastruc-
vergence and Farmers Welfare ture Scheme, Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture, Sub Mis-
sion on Agricultural Mechanization.
Ministry of Food Pro- Pradhan Mantri Formalization of Micro Food Processing Enterprises
cessing Industries Scheme, Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana.
Ministry of Consumer Allocation of food grains under the National Food Security Act, Procurement
Affairs, Food and Public operations at Minimum Support Price.
Distribution
Benefits The plan aims to address the agricultural storage infrastructure shortage and enable PACS to function
as procurement centres, fair price shops, custom hiring centres, and processing units.

It will reduce food grain wastage, enhance food security, prevent distress sales, reduce transportation
costs, and strengthen PACS.

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Implementation The National Level Coordination Committee was formed within one week of approval. Implementa-
Timeline tion guidelines are issued within 15 days of approval.

Portal for PACS linkage rolled out within 45 days of approval.

Implementation starts within 45 days of approval.
FCI is a nodal agency responsible for procurement, storage and movement of food grains, public distribution and main-
tenance of buffer stocks. FCI, set up under the Food Corporation’s Act 1964, works under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs,
Food and Public Distribution. CWC established under Warehousing Corporations Act, 1962 for warehousing of agricultural
produce and other notified commodities

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About Low Methane Rice Project (LMRP)
45. DIRECT SEEDING OF RICE (DSR) The LMRP is an initiative of the World Bank’s 2030 Water
Resources Group (WRG), a multi-donor trust fund hosted by
Context: the World Bank Group.
The Punjab government is promoting the direct seeding of About Direct Seeded Rice:
rice (DSR) technique due to its benefits, such as reducing Direct seeded rice is a practice of sowing paddy which in-
water usage by 15-20%, requiring less labour, and maturing volves planting rice seeds directly into the field, instead of
faster than traditional methods. the traditional method of growing seedlings in nurseries and
• DSR involves sowing seeds directly into the field then transplanting them into the fields.
without nursery preparation or transplantation,
which reduces water and labour requirements.
• Successful DSR implementation depends heavily on
soil texture and iron content.

Significance:
• Faster planting and maturing of the crop.
• Reduces the water consumption and labour as com-
pared to the traditional transplantation method.
• Controlling stubble burning also helps in reducing
Methane emissions.

Science & Technology

47. HYDROXYUREA
Context:
The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) is seeking to
develop a pediatric oral formulation of hydroxyurea to treat
sickle cell disease in India, where over 20 million individuals
are affected.
Currently, hydroxyurea is mainly available in 500 mg cap-
46. UP-PRAGATI ACCELERATOR PRO- sules or 200 mg tablets, making dosing for children challeng-
GRAM ing.
This initiative is crucial, especially with the launch of the Na-
Context: tional Mission to eliminate Sickle Cell Anemia/SCD by 2047.
KisanKraft Ltd, an agricultural firm based in Bengaluru, has
joined the World Bank’s Water Resource Group’s (WRG) low What is SCD (Sickle Cell Disease)?
methane rice project to promote direct seeded rice (DSR) in Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder that affects
Uttar Pradesh. the shape of red blood cells, causing them to become sick-
KisanKraft’s DSR varieties use less water, reduce the need le-shaped instead of round. This abnormal shape can lead
for pesticides and fertilizers, and do not require stagnant to various complications, including pain, anaemia, and
water. The initiative is part of the UP-PRAGATI Accelera- organ damage. SCD is one of the most common inherited
tor program aiming to promote DSR cultivation on 250,000 blood disorders and can result in serious health issues, in-
hectares over the next five years, enhancing water efficiency cluding stroke and organ failure.
and low-carbon practices.

What is the UP-PRAGATI Accelerator program?

The Uttar Pradesh Program for Agricultural Transformation
and Increased Incomes (UPPAP) aims to enhance agricultur-
al advancements and boost incomes by promoting water-use
efficiency and low-carbon practices through technological
and institutional innovations.
Launched by the Uttar Pradesh Multi-Stakeholder Platform,
it is supported by the 2030 Water Resources Group (WRG)
and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

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48. REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE

Context:
Researchers have discovered that the bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae may use a newly identified protein, Neo, to counter
bacteriophage infections. This protein, created through a process involving Reverse Transcriptase (RTs) and non-coding
RNA, can halt the replication of both the bacterium and the invading bacteriophage, effectively stopping the infection.

What are RTs?

• Reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme that synthesizes DNA from an RNA template. This process reverses the
usual flow of genetic information, which typically goes from DNA to RNA to protein.
• RTs play a crucial role in the replication of retroviruses, like HIV, and are used extensively in molecular biology re-
search and diagnostics to study and detect RNA viruses.
• This finding highlights the versatile role of reverse transcriptase in bacterial defence mechanisms and hints at po-
tential applications in biotechnology and medicine, particularly in addressing antimicrobial resistance

49. RECOMBINANT PROTEINS

Context:
Researchers at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru, have devised a groundbreaking method for mass-producing
recombinant proteins, which include vital substances like vaccine antigens, insulin, and monoclonal antibodies.

What are Recombinant Proteins?

• Recombinant proteins are proteins that are artificially produced through genetic engineering techniques.
• These proteins are created by introducing specific DNA sequences, encoding desired protein products, into host
organisms such as bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells.
• The host cells then use their own cellular machinery to produce the recombinant proteins according to the inserted
genetic instructions.
• Recombinant proteins have a wide range of applications, including in medicine (such as vaccine antigens, insulin,
and therapeutic antibodies), agriculture, industry, and research. They are crucial for various biotechnological and
pharmaceutical purposes due to their precise control over protein structure and function.

What are Proteins?

Proteins serve as the backbone of biological systems, driving essential processes like gene expression, cell growth, and
communication within cells. The blueprint for protein synthesis resides in DNA, guiding the tightly regulated transcription
process to generate messenger RNA (mRNA) for protein production.

50. ROLE OF NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGIES IN FOOD SYSTEM

Context:
At the International Symposium on Food Safety and Control: FAO Director-General underscores the importance of nuclear
technologies for measuring, managing and controlling food safety. It was organized by FAO and IAEA.

Role of Nuclear Technologies in Food System:

1. Animal Health: PCR tests for rapid disease detection.
2. Soil and Water Management: Use of radioactive nuclides to assess soil health and erosion rates.
3. Insect Pest Management: Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) for pest control. Mass-rearing and sterilizing insects through
ionizing radiation before release.
4. Food Safety and Control: Food irradiation to improve safety and extend shelf life by reducing/eliminating microor-
ganisms and insects.
5. Plant Breeding and Genetics: Inducing desired genetic changes via irradiation.

Key Initiatives:
1. Global: Atoms4Food Initiative by FAO and IAEA; Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agricul-
ture.

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2. India: Technology demonstration plants for irradiation: KRUSHAK at Lasalgaon, Nashik (low dose radiation); Radia-
tion Processing Plant (RPP) in Navi Mumbai (high dose radiation); FSSAI’s Food Safety and Standards (Food Products
Standards and Food Additives) Sixth Amendment Regulations, 2016, to align food irradiation rules with international
standards.

51. PHENOME INDIA-CSIR HEALTH COHORT KNOWLEDGEBASE (PI-CHECK) PROJECT

Context:
CSIR’s ‘Phenome India’ project, a pioneering longitudinal health monitoring initiative, has achieved its target of collecting
10,000 samples, marking a significant step towards precision medicine in India.

What is Precision Medicine?

Precision medicine refers to an approach to healthcare that tailors medical treatment and prevention strategies to the in-
dividual characteristics of each patient. This approach takes into account factors such as genetic makeup, lifestyle, environ-
ment, and other personal data to customize healthcare decisions. By considering individual variability, precision medicine
aims to optimize treatment outcomes and minimize adverse effects, leading to more effective and personalized patient care.

The Phenome India-CSIR Health Cohort Knowledgebase (PI-CHeCK) project was launched in 2023 by the Council of Scien-
tific and Industrial Research (CSIR). It aims to assess risk factors in non-communicable diseases, particularly cardio-met-
abolic conditions, within the Indian population. It aligns with the vision of “Swasthya Bharat Viksit Bharat” by promoting
health and wellness checks. Additionally, the project underscores CSIR’s dedication to advancing precision medicine through
Predictive, Personalized, Participatory, and Preventive healthcare approaches.

52. PRAVAHA SOFTWARE

Context:
SRO’s Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) develops PraVaHa (Parallel RANS Solver for Aerospace Vehicle Aero-thermo-dy-
namic Analysis), a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software for aerodynamic design and analysis of aerospace vehicles.
PraVaHa simulates external and internal flows on launch vehicles, winged, and non-winged re-entry vehicles, aiding in the
evaluation of aerodynamic and aerothermal loads during launch and re-entry. It is extensively used in the Gaganyaan pro-
gram for analyzing human-rated launch vehicles and is designed to utilize CPU and GPU architectures for efficient simulation.

53. MILGROMIAN DYNAMICS (MOND) THEORY

Context:
The Cassini mission’s findings challenge Milgromian dynamics (MOND), an alternative theory to dark matter, which predicts
subtle deviations in celestial orbits due to weak gravity.
• Cassini is a joint endeavour of NASA, the European Space Agency, and the Italian Space Agency to study Saturn
and its complex system of rings and moons.

What is the theory of Dark Matter and what is its alternative theory?
The theory of dark matter proposes that there is an unseen form of matter in the universe, which does not emit light but
exerts gravitational forces, explaining phenomena like the faster-than-expected rotation of galaxies.
In contrast, Milgromian dynamics (MOND) says that those deviations from Newton’s laws of gravity occur at very weak grav-
itational fields, such as those found at the edges of galaxies. MOND suggests modifying gravity rather than invoking unseen
dark matter. It seeks to replace Newtonian dynamics and General Relativity.
However, recent observations, including those from the Cassini mission and studies of celestial bodies, have cast doubt on
MOND’s predictions, indicating that it fails to explain various phenomena accurately. Therefore, MOND is not considered a
correct alternative to the theory of dark matter.

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What are LAMs?
Large Action Models (LAMs) are advanced AI models that
can understand complex goals communicated in natu-
ral language and autonomously perform tasks in the real
world. They go beyond generating and interpreting text like
ChatGPT and can handle tasks like vacation planning, job
application automation, and personalized content creation.

Examples include automating claims processing in insur-

ance firms, enhancing customer interactions in airlines, and
boosting sales conversions in retail through personalized
recommendations. LAMs are expected to become integral
to businesses, similar to SAAS applications or hyper-scale
cloud enablement, and may lead to job displacement but
also create new roles and opportunities.

54. TRISHNA 56. SAFEEXO-CAS

Context: Context:
Thermal Infrared Imaging Satellite for High-resolution Nat- Scientists at Columbia University College of Dental Medicine
ural Resource Assessment (TRISHNA) mission, a collabora- have developed a new gene editing platform called “safe-
tion between ISRO and CNES (French Space Agency), aims EXO-Cas,” using exosomes as delivery vehicles for CRISPR/
to monitor surface temperature and water management Cas9 components.
globally. This platform enhances precision in targeting specific cells
It includes two primary payloads: Thermal Infra-Red (TIR) and tissues, overcoming the limitations of current delivery
from CNES for infrared imaging and VNIR-SWIR from ISRO for methods.
surface reflectance mapping. Operating in a Sun-synchro-
nous orbit, it will aid climate monitoring, urban planning, What are Exosomes?
and disaster management. Exosomes are naturally occurring vesicles that act as ve-
hicles for transporting molecules, such as proteins and ge-
Objectives: netic material, between cells. These tiny membrane-bound
• To monitor the energy and water budgets of conti- structures play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication
nental biospheres, alongside high-resolution obser- and have potential applications in drug delivery, diagnostics,
vation of water quality and dynamics. and therapeutics.
• It provides detailed monitoring of surface tempera- About CRISPR/Cas9 technology:
ture, emissivity, and radiation variables, aiding re- It is a genome editing tool, that works as a cut-and-paste
gional to global surface energy budgeting. mechanism on DNA strands, allowing targeted modifica-
• It assists in assessing urban heat islands, detecting tions to the genome. Its applications include editing genes
thermal anomalies, and monitoring snow-melt run- in human embryos, improving crop resilience, and treating
off, glacier dynamics, aerosol optical depth, atmo- diseases like sickle cell disease.
spheric water vapour, and cloud cover.
Other Indo-French collaborations to monitor Earth: Megha-
Tropiques. Saral
Other Related Initiatives: GEOGLAM is an initiative launched
by the G20 to improve food security and sustainable agri-
culture through Earth observations. Global Water Watch is
a data platform offering free, global information on water
reservoirs and river systems using AI and Earth Observation
algorithms, developed by Deltares, WRI, and WWF

55. LARGE ACTION MODELS (LAMS)

Context:
Global companies are increasingly adopting Large Action
Models (LAMs) to streamline operations and reduce costs.

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57. INITIATIVES TO FOSTER INNOVATION 59. XYLITOL – THE KILLER SWEETNER

Context: Context:
NITI Aayog, under its Atal Innovation Mission (AIM), A recent study has found that artificial sweeteners, partic-
launched two initiatives, to foster innovation and sustain- ularly xylitol, commonly found in products like sugar-free
ability in India. chewing gums, low-sugar baked goods, mints, and tooth-
Initiative Description Collaboration/Fo- paste, may increase the risk of blood clots, heart attacks,
cus and strokes.
• The study revealed that xylitol enhances platelet
AIM – ICDK Tackles critical wa- Collaboration with
aggregation and activity, leading to a hypercoagu-
Water Chal- ter-related chal- Innovation Centre
lable state.
lenge 4.0 lenges through in- Denmark (ICDK) at
• This heightened platelet reactivity can cause clots
novative solutions the Royal Danish
in blood vessels, potentially obstructing blood flow
Embassy in India
and resulting in serious cardiovascular events.
Innovations for Coffee table book Focuses on SDG The study also noted that erythritol, another artificial
You (5th Edi- series featuring Entrepreneurs in sweetener, poses similar risks.
tion) 60 entrepreneurs India
contributing to so-
cietal betterment
60. PORTABLE OPTICAL ATOMIC CLOCK
through sustain-
Context:
able innovations
Researchers have developed a portable optical atomic clock
for use on ships, offering superior accuracy compared to
58. MICROALGAE other maritime timekeeping methods. They assert it is the
most advanced optical clock available for maritime use.
Context:
Scientists at the CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technol- About Atomic Clock:
ogy (IICT) have identified microalgae, specifically ‘Chlorella • Atomic clocks measure time using atom vibrations,
sorokiniana’, as a promising protein supplement for food particularly electrons’ oscillations, with extreme
and feed. precision, having an error margin of a few billionths
• Their research highlights the Chlorella Growth Fac- of a second per day.
tor (CGF), a protein-rich extract from the algae, • They rely on stable caesium atoms, whose specific
which offers high-quality protein and essential ami- vibration frequency serves as the clock’s basis.
no acids that surpass those in commercially avail- • A microwave cavity filled with caesium vapour stim-
able soy meal. ulates atom vibration, emitting radiation at a precise
• CGF is beneficial for human and animal health, pro- frequency. This emitted frequency is compared to a
moting overall well-being and immunity. standard, adjusting the clock’s timekeeping.
• Developed for maritime use, it represents a signif-
The microalgae do not compete with traditional crops for icant advancement in optical timekeeping, aiding
space and resources, making them a sustainable alternative navigation, maritime communication, and scientific
protein source. research, including monitoring underwater seismic
and volcanic activity and conducting experiments in
space.

61. ISRO’S ADITYA-L1 MISSION

Context:
Recently, ISRO’s Aditya-L1 mission captured images of the
Sun during the May solar storm.
The Solar Ultra Violet Imaging Telescope (SUIT) and the
Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) instruments on
board took images and made vital observations, aiding in
the study of solar flares, energy distribution, sunspots, and
space weather prediction.

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ria that have become resistant to multiple antibiot-
ics and can no longer be treated with them.
• MDROs are also sometimes called “superbugs” be-
cause they can cause infections and are often easy
to spread.

What are Geomagnetic storms?

• They occur when events like solar flares emit high-
er-than-normal levels of radiation toward Earth, in-
teracting with its magnetic field. 63. NITROUS OXIDE
• These disturbances, driven by solar coronal mass ejec-
tions (CMEs) or high-speed streams of solar wind from Context:
coronal holes, lead to geomagnetic storms. A study by the Global Carbon Project found that nitrous ox-
• Effects of such storms range from the appearance of ide (N2O) emissions increased by 40% from 1980 to 2020,
auroras to disruptions in communication systems due with China being the largest emitter, followed by India and
to high radiation, making communication on Earth the US.
challenging. • Nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas, is primar-
• These storms are classified on a scale measuring their ily released from agricultural activities, specifically
effects. At G1, there are weak fluctuations in power from nitrogen fertilizers and animal manure, which
grids and minor impacts on satellite operations, with accounted for 74% of emissions in the last decade.
auroras visible. At G5, voltage control problems and • In 2022, N2O levels in the atmosphere were 25%
higher than in the pre-industrial era.
grid system collapse occur, radio waves are disrupted • To limit global warming to below 2 degrees Celsius,
for days, and auroras can be seen at lower latitudes. nitrous oxide emissions from human activities
must be reduced by at least 20% from 2019 levels
by 2050.
62. ENTEROBACTER BUGANDENSIS The top 10 emitters also include Brazil, Russia, Pakistan, Aus-
tralia, Indonesia, Turkey, and Canada.
Context:
A collaborative study by IIT-Madras and NASA’s Jet Propul-
sion Laboratory has examined the behaviour of multi-drug
resistant Enterobacter bugandensis aboard the Interna-
tional Space Station (ISS).
• This bacterium, known for causing difficult-to-treat
hospital infections, displayed significant genomic
and functional adaptations due to the unique ISS
environment, including microgravity, elevated CO2,
and increased radiation.

About Multidrug-resistant organisms:

• Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are bacte-

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It’s characterized by changes in the brain that lead to pro-
64. FATTY LIVER DISEASE tein deposits, brain shrinkage, and eventually cell death.

Context:
The rise in fatty liver disease, now termed Metabolic dys-
function-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).
• MASLD, particularly its progressive form known as
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis
(MASH), which causes liver inflammation and scar-
ring, is expected to become the leading cause of
chronic liver disease and liver transplants.
• Global MASLD prevalence is around 25-30%, with
India’s adult prevalence at 38.6% and 36% among
obese children.

Causes leading to fatty liver cases:

1. Consuming excessive carbohydrates, especially re-
fined carbs and sugars, worsens these conditions by
causing metabolic problems.
2. When the body has too much glucose, it increases 66. GOOGLE SEARCH ALGORITHMS
insulin production to help cells absorb the glucose.
3. High insulin levels, leading to insulin resistance, Context:
where cells become less responsive to insulin. An anonymous email claiming access to Google’s Search al-
4. Insulin resistance disrupts normal metabolism and gorithm API documents was recently disclosed.
promotes the conversion of excess glucose into fatty
acids, which are then stored in the liver. What is an API document?
5. The liver cells fill up with fat, leading to fatty liver. API documents, or Application Programming Interface doc-
6. Over time, this continuous damage affects the liv- uments, are comprehensive guides that detail the function-
er’s ability to function properly alities, parameters, endpoints, and usage instructions for
a. progressing from simple fatty liver to more developers seeking to integrate with or utilize an API (Appli-
severe conditions such as steatohepati- cation Programming Interface).
tis and cirrhosis, which are hallmarks of
MASLD, and may require a liver transplant. What is Google’s search algorithms?
They are intricate systems designed to retrieve and pres-
ent information from its vast index based on user queries.
They analyze billions of web pages using specific criteria like
backlinks and content quality to rank results. Google contin-
uously updates these algorithms to enhance search quality
and combat spam.

How does it work?

The search process involves three stages:
1. Crawling
2. Indexing
3. Searching/ranking
65. DONANEMAB
Web crawlers discover and index URLs, categorizing their
Context:
content. When a user queries, the algorithm uses language
A new Alzheimer’s drug, donanemab, has received support
models to understand the query, correct spelling, and de-
from an FDA advisory committee, moving closer to approv-
termine intent. It assesses content relevance based on key-
al.
• Intended for early-stage Alzheimer’s, it shows sig- word matches and signals of expertise and trustworthiness,
nificant slowing of cognitive decline. like backlinks and content length.
• The drug works by targeting amyloid beta protein User-friendly factors like mobile-friendliness and page load
deposits in the brain. times are also prioritized, along with personalization based
Alzheimer’s disease is a brain disorder that slowly destroys on location and search history.
memory and thinking skills and is the most common type
of dementia.

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67. SUPERHYDROPHOBIC CATALYST

Context:
A global team of scientists, has developed a superhydrophobic catalyst that significantly reduces the cost of producing
biodiesel.
• This catalyst, which is water-repellent and derived from biomass (cellulose), can lower biodiesel production costs
from the current $1.2 per litre to 37 cents per litre.
• The catalyst’s robustness allows it to withstand the water by-products of biodiesel production, making the process
more efficient and cost-effective.
The research, published in Advanced Functional Materials, suggests this innovation could promote wider adoption of bio-
diesel as a sustainable energy source, offering an environmentally friendly and economically viable alternative to tradi-
tional fossil fuels.

68. CAPSAICIN
Context:
Denmark has recalled several spicy Korean instant ramen noodles produced by Samyang due to concerns over high levels
of capsaicin, which could cause “acute poisoning.”
• Capsaicin, the compound that gives chilli peppers their heat, can cause inflammation and irritation in the digestive
tract, potentially leading to symptoms like abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and vomiting.
• Despite these risks, moderate consumption of spicy foods can offer benefits like pain relief, antibacterial proper-
ties, boosted metabolism, improved cardiovascular health, and anti-cancer effects.

What is Scoville Scale?

The Scoville scale is a measurement of pungency (spiciness or “heat”) of chili peppers and other substances, recorded in
Scoville heat units (SHU).

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69. PIGMENT PURPUROGALLIN 72. STREPTOCOCCAL TOXIC SHOCK SYN-

DROME (STSS)
Context:
A team of scientists from the UK and Canada traced the Content:
evolution of purple glacier algae, revealing their significant The recent spread of “flesh-eating bacteria” in Japan,
impact on glaciers and challenging traditional evolutionary known as Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS), has
theories. health officials alarmed, with close to 1,000 cases reported
• These algae, which thrive in extreme glacier envi-
ronments, have evolved to produce a purple pig- nationwide.
ment, purpurogallin, that protects them from UV
and visible light, aiding in their survival. STSS is a severe illness caused by group A Streptococcus
• The study shows that these adaptations likely bacteria. It triggers a rare, rapid and severe inflammatory
emerged 520-455 million years ago, rather than response affecting multiple organs. Symptoms include fe-
during the Snowball Earth period as previously ver, muscle pain, nausea, and organ failure. Diagnosis in-
thought. volves blood tests to detect the bacteria and organ function.
• This suggests a more recent glacial period drove Treatment includes strong antibiotics, fluids, and sometimes
their evolution.
• The algae’s ability to simplify rather than increase surgery. Early medical intervention is crucial for recovery and
in complexity contradicts the traditional “march of preventing complications or death from STSS.
progress” hypothesis in evolution.
These adaptations have enabled glacier algae to persist and What is toxic shock syndrome?
significantly affect glacier melt, highlighting their role in frag- •Toxic Shock Syndrome is a rare, often life-threatening ill-
ile ecosystems and the importance of understanding their ness that results from an infection and can impact several
evolution in the context of climate change. organ systems, such as the liver, kidneys, and lungs.
•The disease develops quickly, making immediate medical
attention necessary.
70. KAVLI PRIZE Conditions for the development of TSS include:
Bacterial colonization, Exotoxin production, Entry portal
Context:
for the bacteria
The Kavli Prize, named after Norwegian-American philan-
thropist Fred Kavli, donors’ significant achievements in as-
trophysics, neuroscience, and nanoscience. 73. ‘5G INTELLIGENT VILLAGE’ AND
• Established by the Kavli Foundation in 2000, the
prize is awarded biennially and includes a $1 mil- ‘QUANTUM ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM’
lion cash award per field, along with a medal and
a scroll. Context:
• It mirrors the Nobel Prize but is considered broader The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has an-
in scope, as it recognizes contributions without the nounced two significant calls for proposals to stimulate in-
restriction of being made in the preceding year. novation and technological advancement in the telecom-
• The inaugural Kavli Prize was awarded in 2008. munications sector.
• These initiatives aim to promote indigenous R&D, IP
71. DIVYA DRISHTI creation, and inclusive digital growth across India
under the Telecom Technology Development Fund
Context: (TTDF) scheme.
“Divya Drishti” is an advanced AI tool developed by the
woman-led start-up Ingenious Research Solutions. Initiative5G Intelligent Village Quantum Encryption
• The tool integrates facial recognition with gait and Initiative Algorithm (QEA)
skeleton analysis to enhance identification accura- Objective To harness 5G tech- To develop an In-
cy and reduce false positives and identity fraud. nology to transform dia-specific quantum
• This dual-approach biometric authentication sys- rural life, driving digi- encryption algorithm
tem has versatile applications across various sectors,
including defence, law enforcement, corporate, tal inclusion and eco- for securing digital
and public infrastructure. nomic growth. communication chan-
Developed with technical guidance from DRDO’s Centre for nels.
Artificial Intelligence & Robotics (CAIR) in Bangalore, “Divya
Drishti” signifies a significant advancement in biometric
technology.

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Scope Focuses on agricul- Not Applicable Design and Capabilities:

• Depth Capability: The Matsya 6000 is designed to
ture, education,
operate at depths of up to 6000 meters (approxi-
healthcare, gover- mately 19,685 feet).
nance, and sustain- • Occupancy: It can accommodate three crew mem-
ability in selected vil- bers.
lages across India. • Duration: The submersible can stay submerged for
Goals Enable effective utili- Not Applicable up to 12 hours of operational time, with an addi-
tional 96 hours of emergency endurance.
zation of 5G’s URLLC
• Material: The pressure hull is made from titanium
and mMTC, establish to withstand the extreme pressures of deep-sea
5G connectivity in environments.
uncovered areas, and • Instruments: It is equipped with advanced scientif-
unite various stake- ic instruments for underwater research, including
holders for R&D in 5G high-definition cameras, sonar systems, and robotic
technology. arms for sampling and interaction with the seabed.
Features Not Applicable Unparalleled securi-
ty, advanced encryp- 75. BIO-BITUMEN
tion capabilities, and
ultrafast, efficient Context:
encryption. India is planning to produce bio-bitumen from biomass and
agricultural waste to reduce its reliance on imports and ad-
QUANTUM COMPUTING CLASSICAL COMPUTING dress stubble-burning issues in road construction.
• Calculates with qubits, • Calculates with transis- • Currently, India imports about half of its annual bi-
which can represent O tors, which can represent tumen requirement.
• A pilot study by the Central Road Research Institute
and I at the same time either O or I
(CRRI) and the Indian Institute of Petroleum, Deh-
• Power increases expo- Power increases in a 1:1 radun, will test bio-bitumen on a 1-km road stretch.
nentially in proportion relationship with the • This initiative aims to save foreign exchange, achieve
to the number of qu- number of transistors self-sufficiency in bitumen production, and provide
bits a solution for stubble burning.
• Quantum computers • Classical computers have Bitumen Facts
have high error rates low error rates and can • Bio-bitumen is an eco-friendly alternative to tradi-
and need to be kept operate at room temp tional petroleum-based bitumen, used primarily in
ultracold road construction and roofing.
• It is derived from renewable biomass sources such as
• Well suited for tasks • Most everyday process-
agricultural residues, forestry waste, and other or-
like optimization prob- ing is best handled by
ganic materials.
lems, data analysis, classical computers
• The development and utilization of bio-bitumen aim to
and simulations.
reduce reliance on fossil fuels and minimize the en-
vironmental impact of bitumen production and use.
74. MATSYA 6000 • India Imports 3.21MT of Bitumen while it’s indige-
nous bitumen production was 5.24 in the previous
Context: fiscal
India is set to become the sixth country to have its own
Deep Sea Mission.
• The first stage of the harbour trial aims at reaching 76. FUNCTIONAL ULTRASOUND IMAG-
a depth of 40-50 meters. ING (FUSI)
• The National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT)
developed Matsya 6000, a submersible capable of
reaching depths of 6000 meters, and collaborated Context:
with ISRO on creating a titanium hull to withstand Scientists have pioneered a groundbreaking ultrasound
extreme pressures. technology to map brain activity with unprecedented clarity,
using Functional Ultrasound Imaging (fUSI)
About Matsya 6000:
• The Matsya 6000 is a human-occupied submersible What is Functional Ultrasound Imaging (fUSI)?
designed and developed by India’s National Insti- • fUSI stands for Functional Ultrasound Imaging. It is
tute of Ocean Technology (NIOT). a cutting-edge technology that combines ultrasound
• It is part of India’s ambitious Samudrayaan Mission, imaging with functional imaging techniques to ob-
aimed at deep-sea exploration and research.
serve and map brain activity in real time.

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• Unlike traditional ultrasound, which is primarily used for visualizing structures like organs and tissues, functional
ultrasound imaging specifically targets changes in blood flow within the brain.
• This allows researchers to indirectly monitor neuronal activity by measuring the metabolic demands of active brain
regions, providing high-resolution insights into how the brain functions during various tasks and activities.

About Ultrasound technology:

It utilizes high-frequency sound waves (above 20 kHz) to visualize the body’s internal organs without using radiation, en-
suring it is a safe and effective diagnostic tool. This technology operates on the principle of the piezoelectric effect, where
certain materials generate an electric charge when subjected to mechanical stress.
Beyond medical diagnostics, ultrasound finds applications in underwater acoustics (sonar), non-destructive testing of
materials, and processes like welding and cleaning. Its versatility underscores its role in various scientific and industrial
fields, making it indispensable for both research and practical applications

77. CLAUDE 3.5 SONNET

Context:
Claude 3.5 Sonnet, the latest AI model from Anthropic, represents a significant advancement in the field of large language
models (LLMs).

What is Claude 3.5 Sonnet?

It is the latest AI model developed by Anthropic, positioned within their family of generative pre-trained transformers
(GPTs).

Comparative table outlining the key features and capabilities of Claude 3.5 Sonnet, GPT-4o, and Gemini-1.5 Pro:
Feature Claude 3.5 Sonnet GPT-4o (OpenAI) Gemini-1.5 Pro (Google)
Speed and Operates at twice the Optimal balance of speed and Efficient processing of large datasets
Efficiency speed of Claude 3 Sonnet computational resources
Performance Outperforms competitors Versatile in natural language Strong in information retrieval and con-
in coding, reasoning tasks understanding and genera- text understanding
tion
Benchmarks Leading in coding profi- Not specified, but designed Competes well in complex information
ciency, reasoning, knowl- for diverse text applications environments
edge
Application Focus Suitable for nuanced un- Widely applicable across do- Integrates with Google ecosystem, mul-
derstanding, humour, mains, text generation timedia processing
complex instructions
Vision Capabilities Strong in visual reasoning, Primarily text-based, lacks Advanced AI for image recognition and
transcribing from images specific visual processing multimedia contexts
Company Anthropic OpenAI Google

78. INDIA’S FIRST UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION PILOT

Context:
The Ministry of Coal has initiated India’s first pilot project for Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) in Jharkhand, aiming to
revolutionize the coal industry.

What is Coal Gasification?

Coal gasification is a process that converts underground coal into valuable gases such as methane, hydrogen, carbon
monoxide, and carbon dioxide. This is achieved by partially oxidizing coal using air, oxygen, steam, or CO2 under controlled
conditions to produce syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Syngas can be used for power generation and
making methanol.

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Government Initiatives:
India has initiated the National Coal Gasification Mission, aiming for 100 million tons of coal gasification by 2030, allowed
100% FDI in coal mining, and implemented the Viability Gap Funding scheme for promoting coal and lignite gasification
projects.

79. MULTI-OMICS
Context:
India’s use of multi-omics—integrating genomics, metagenomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics—is revo-
lutionizing the detection and treatment of diseases like tuberculosis (TB), cancers, and antimicrobial resistance.

Major initiatives include:

• Genome India Project: Sequenced 10,000 genomes from 99 ethnic groups to develop a reference genome, aiding in
low-cost diagnostics and research.
• IndiGen Project: Sequenced genomes of 1,008 individuals to analyze genetic disease epidemiology and optimize
treatments.

80. HYDROGEN GAS FROM A MIXTURE OF METHANOL AND PARAFORMALDEHYDE

Context:
Researchers at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati have developed an efficient method
for generating hydrogen gas from a mixture of methanol and paraformaldehyde.
• This innovative process, which operates under mild conditions using commercially available nickel catalysts, offers
significant potential for advancing the “Hydrogen economy.”
• This method does not require bases or activators and has shown exceptional performance, producing hydrogen
effectively used in chemical synthesis.

Supported by ANRF and published in Catalysis Science & Technology, this research highlights the potential of methanol and
paraformaldehyde as viable hydrogen carriers, contributing to sustainable and renewable energy solutions.

81. SPACE MAITRI

Context:
ISRO is set to launch the 450kg Optimus spacecraft, Australia’s largest designed and built spacecraft, on its Small Satellite
Launch Vehicle (SSLV).
• This mission, named Space MAITRI (Mission for Australia-India’s Technology, Research, and Innovation), marks a
significant collaboration between NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) and Australia’s Space Machines Company.

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• The mission underscores the strategic partnership between India and Australia, focusing on sustainable space
exploration and debris management.

About Space MAITRI:

• It aims to foster closer ties among commercial, institutional, and governmental space organizations from both
countries in the space domain.

Environment & Ecology

82. HOLLANGAPAR GIBBON SANCTUARY

Context:
The Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) plans to construct canopy bridges in Assam’s Hollangapar Gibbon Sanctuary to help
India’s only ape, the hoolock gibbon, safely cross railway tracks dividing its habitat.
The sanctuary, home to about 125 gibbons, faces fragmentation due to a railway track. These bridges, designed by the Wild-
life Institute of India (WII) and NFR, will facilitate the arboreal species’ movement. Safety measures, including nets, will be
implemented to prevent accidents.

Key Facts about Hoolock Gibbon:

Facts Description
About Gibbons, the smallest and fastest of all apes, inhabit tropical and subtropical forests in Southeast Asia.
They have high intelligence, distinct personalities, and strong family bonds. They are one of the 20 gib-
bon species found worldwide.

Population and The current population of hoolock gibbons is around 12,000. They are found in Northeast India, Bangla-
Habitat desh, Myanmar, and Southern China.
Gibbon Species Two distinct species in India’s northeast: the eastern hoolock gibbon (Hoolock leuconedys) and the
in India western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock).
Threats All 20 gibbon species, including hoolock gibbons, are at high risk of extinction due to conservation
challenges. Significant population and habitat decline due to deforestation for infrastructure projects
in India.
C o n s e r vat i o n International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List: Western Hoolock Gibbon: Endangered; East-
Status ern Hoolock Gibbon: Vulnerable. Both species are listed on Schedule 1 of the Indian (Wildlife) Protec-
tion Act 1972.
The Global Gibbon Network (GGN) recently convened its inaugural meeting in Haikou, China’s Hainan
province, to address its critical situation. The GGN was initiated at the International Gibbon Day 2020
event, with representatives from 20 gibbon conservation organizations.
About Hollon- The Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary, formerly known as the Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary or Hollongapar
gapar Gibbon Reserved Forest, is an isolated evergreen forest in Assam, India. Established in 1997, the sanctuary
Sanctuary was initially set aside in 1881, with its forests once extending to the Patkai mountain foothills. It is home
to India’s only ape and gibbon species, the hoolock gibbons, and the Bengal slow loris, Northeastern
India’s only nocturnal primate. The forest’s upper canopy is dominated by hollong trees, the middle by
nahar trees, and the lower by evergreen shrubs and herbs.

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Prelims Link: 84. NAGI AND NAKTI BIRD SANCTUAR-
IES: TWO MORE SITES ADDED TO RAMSAR
Q. Consider the following pairs: (UPSC 2010)
LIST
Protected area Well-known for
Context:
Bhiterkanika,
1. Salt Water Crocodile Nagi and Nakti bird sanctuaries in Bihar’s Jamui district are
Orissa
now recognized under the Ramsar Convention, bringing In-
Desert National dia’s total Ramsar sites to 82.
2. Great Indian Bustard
Park, Rajasthan
About Nagi-Nakti Wetland:
Eravikulam, Ker- Nagi-Nakti Wetlands in Bihar’s Jamui district, nestled within
3. Hoolock Gibbon the Jhajha forest range, are man-made reservoirs surround-
ala
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? ed by dry deciduous forests and hills. Developed primarily
(a) 1 only for irrigation, they host diverse flora and fauna, including
(b) 1 and 2 only over 150 bird species, mammals, fish, aquatic plants, rep-
(c) 2 only tiles, and amphibians.
(d) 1, 2 and 3 They are also designated as Important Bird and Biodiversity
Areas by BirdLife International. They provide habitat for var-
ious migratory and resident bird species. The
83. BIOCOVER
Context:
The use of microbial methane oxidation systems, specifically
biocovers utilizing fine fractions from landfill mining, pres-
ents a promising model for methane control.

What is Biocover?
Biocovers are a type of methane oxidation system that uti-
lizes the fine fraction material from landfill mining to effec-
tively control methane emissions. These are porous material
layers laid directly on top of a landfill which is then covered
by an oxidizing layer of mature compost. It provides optimal
conditions for methanotrophic (methane-utilizing) bacteria
to thrive and act as biofilters, hence controlling methane
emissions by converting methane to CO2.

The key points about biocovers are: About Ramsar Convention:

1. They reduce methane emissions from landfills and It was adopted in 1971 and aims to conserve and wisely use
dumpsites. wetlands and their resources, with India becoming a party
2. The fine fraction material recovered from landfill in 1982.
mining is used to construct the biocover system. This India and China rank third globally for Ramsar Sites, each
fine fraction would otherwise be difficult to repur- with 82 sites. The United Kingdom leads with 175, followed
pose due to high contaminant levels. by Mexico with 144. India’s Ramsar Sites have increased
3. By using the fine fraction in the biocover, it pro- from 26 to 82 in the last decade, with 40 added in the past
vides a sustainable solution for methane control, three years.
especially for smaller to medium-sized landfills and
dumpsites. 85. FRESHWATER DIATOM
4. This method shows promise for application in India’s
over 3,000 legacy dumpsites, which continuously Context:
generate methane and are prone to fires, making Researchers from the Agharkar Research Institute (ARI),
effective methane control critical for climate change Pune, have discovered a new genus of freshwater diatom in
mitigation. the rivers of the Eastern and Western Ghats.

What are Diatoms?

• Diatoms are a type of microscopic algae belonging to

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the phylum Bacillariophyta. 87. BIOLUMINESCENCE
• They are characterized by their intricate silica cell
walls, which form intricate patterns like geometric Context:
shapes or lines. Animals have used bioluminescence for millions of years,
• Diatoms are primary producers in aquatic ecosys- but much about it remains a mystery. Scientists are exploring
tems, responsible for producing a significant portion its origins and functions, particularly in deep-sea habitats
of the world’s oxygen through photosynthesis. like coral reefs.
• They play a crucial role in aquatic food chains, serv- Recent research suggests bioluminescence may have
ing as food for many organisms. Diatoms are high- evolved as a means of communication and survival during
ly sensitive to changes in water chemistry, making the Cambrian Explosion, over 540 million years ago. Study-
them valuable indicators of water quality and eco- ing bioluminescent organisms, such as corals and shrimp,
system health. sheds light on how light production has shaped evolution
and behaviour over geological time scales.

86. DEAD ZONE What is Bioluminescence?

It is the ability of living organisms to emit light, generat-
Context: ed through enzyme-catalyzed oxidation reactions involving
NOAA forecasts an above-average summer “dead zone” in unique chemicals like luciferin and luciferase or photopro-
the Gulf of Mexico. tein. This phenomenon spans across various species includ-
• A “dead zone” is an area in a body of water where ing sponges, jellyfish, fireflies, and bacteria. Its functions
the oxygen levels are so low that most marine life range from camouflage and prey attraction to intraspecies
cannot survive. These zones are also known as hy- communication.
poxic areas.

Causes:
Dead zones typically form as a result of nutrient pollution 88. E-FLOW ECOLOGICAL MONITORING
from human activities, such as: SYSTEM
• Agricultural Runoff
• Urban Runoff
• Atmospheric Deposition Context:
The Union Jal Shakti Ministry launched an e-flow ecological
Impact: monitoring system for real-time tracking of river quality,
• Marine Life: Fish, shrimp, and other marine organ- aiding project planning and monitoring.
isms either die or leave the area due to lack of ox-
Developed by the National Mission for Clean Ganga ( Nama-
ygen.
• Ecosystems: The depletion of marine life can disrupt mi Gange, under the Ministry of Jal Shakti), it monitors the
food chains and ecosystems. water quality of the Ganga, Yamuna, and tributaries, along
• Economy: Fisheries and tourism can suffer due to with Namami Gange program activities. The system utiliz-
the decline in marine populations and overall water es data from Central Water Commission reports to track
quality. key parameters like in-flow, out-flow, and mandated E-flow
across 11 projects along the Ganga Main Stream.

More about E-flow:

E-flow stands for environmental flow, which refers to
the amount of water necessary to sustain the ecological
health and functions of rivers, streams, and other water
bodies. It ensures that enough water is available to sup-
port aquatic ecosystems, maintain water quality, and sus-
tain biodiversity. In 2018, the Indian government mandat-
ed minimum E-flow requirements for different parts of
the Ganga River to be maintained throughout the year. In
response, the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)
specified flow parameters necessary to preserve the riv-
er’s ecological balance, protect aquatic life, and ensure
sustainability amid various water usage demands.

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90. GANDHISAGAR SANCTUARY

Context:
Madhya Pradesh is developing the Gandhi Sagar Wildlife
Sanctuary as India’s second home for cheetahs, following
Kuno National Park.

Why develop a second home?

The move comes after experts suggested that Kuno National
Park, the current home for cheetahs, does not have enough
space for all of them. Recently, two cheetahs (translocated
under The Cheetah Project) died.

About Gandhisagar Sanctuary:

About Description
Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary situated
on the northern boundary of the Mandsaur and Nimach
districts in Madhya Pradesh (adjoining Rajasthan)
89. WORLD CROCODILE DAY Year of creation 1974
Context: Landscape Vast open landscapes, rocky terrain
In 1975, India initiated its Crocodile Conservation Project in Vegetation Northern tropical dry deciduous forest,
Odisha’s Bhitarkanika National Park with support from the mixed deciduous forest, and scrub
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Flora Khair, Salai, Kardhai, Dhawda, Tendu,
UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Palash
Fauna Chinkara, Nilgai, Spotted Deer, Indian
About Crocodiles: Leopard, Striped Hyena, Jackal, croco-
• Crocodiles are large, aquatic reptiles found in tropi- diles, fish, otters, and turtles
cal and subtropical regions around the world. They
belong to the family Crocodylidae and are known Places of Interest Chaurasigarh, Chaturbhujnath temple,
for their powerful jaws, armoured bodies, and re- Bhadkaji rock paintings, Narsinghjhar
markable adaptations for a semi-aquatic lifestyle. Hinglajgarh fort, Taxakeshwar temple
• There are three main species of crocodiles in India

91. STRIPED CAECILIAN (ICHTHYOPHIS

SPP)
Context: A limbless amphibian, the striped caecilian (Ichthy-
ophis spp), has been newly discovered in Assam’s Kaziranga

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National Park and Tiger Reserve during a recent survey. Climate Change.

About Striped caecilian: About GEF

They are classified under the order Apoda, a limbless am- GEF (est. during 1992 Rio Conference; HQ: Washington,
phibian known for spending most of its life burrowed un- D.C) is a multi-stakeholder partnership to tackle various en-
der soil. These wormlike creatures have smooth, moist skin vironmental issues. Its funding is provided by participating
that appears narrowly segmented, with small eyes covered donor countries and is mobilized through a replenishment
by skin, limiting visual perception to distinguishing light process every four years.
and dark. They can breathe through their skin and lungs It funds:
and belong to the egg-laying genus Ichthyophis. Caecilians 1. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
are found in six families across Africa, South America, and 2. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Southeast Asia. Change (UNFCCC)
3. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollut-
About Kaziranga National Park: ants (POPs)
1. Located in the State of Assam and is the single larg- 4. UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
est undisturbed and representative area in the Brah- 5. Minamata Convention on Mercury
maputra Valley floodplain.
International Status: About Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework:
• 1985: It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage It is a global agreement adopted at the 15th Conference of
Site in 1985. Parties (2022) to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity
• 1986: It is recognized as an Important Bird (CBD). It sets forth four goals and 23 targets to be achieved
Area by BirdLife International. by 2030 to address the biodiversity crisis. The framework
aims to restore and conserve ecosystems, reduce species
Important Species Found: extinction risk, mitigate pollution, promote sustainable prac-
1. KNP is home to the world’s most one-horned rhi- tices, and allocate financial resources for biodiversity conser-
nos. Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary has the highest vation. It also emphasizes the need for international cooper-
density of one-horned rhinos in the world and the ation and monitoring to track progress.
second-highest number of Rhinos in Assam after Ka-
ziranga National Park.
2. Much of the focus of conservation efforts in Kaziran- 93. THREATS TO FLAMINGOS AT LAKE
ga is focused on the ‘big four’ species— Rhino, Ele-
phant, Royal Bengal tiger and Asiatic water buffalo.
NATRON, TANZANIA
3. Rivers and Highways: The park has the Diphlu Riv-
Context:
er running through it.
Millions of flamingos at Lake Natron in Tanzania face threats
from climate change and human activities, which disrupt
their habitat and food sources.
92. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY
(GEF) About Flamingos:
They are wading birds in the family Phoenicopteridae, the
Context: only family in the order Phoenicopteriformes. There are four
The Global Environment Facility (GEF) Council has approved species in the Americas, including the Caribbean, and two
over $736.4 million in funding to address pressing environ- species native to Afro-Eurasia.
mental challenges worldwide.
There are six extant species of flamingos:
Funding from the GEF Trust Fund, Least Developed Coun- 1. Greater flamingo (Africa, southern Europe, south-
tries Fund (LDCF), and Global Biodiversity Framework Fund ern and southwest Asia)
(GBFF) supports diverse projects including: 2. Lesser flamingo (Africa’s Great Rift Valley, northwest
1. Great Green Wall (GGW) for landscape restoration India)
in Africa’s Sahel region 3. Chilean flamingo (temperate South America),
2. Sustainable Cities Integrated Program (SCIP) span- 4. James’s or Puna flamingo (high Andes in Peru, Chile,
ning 20 countries to catalyze urban system transfor- Bolivia, Argentina),
mation 5. Andean flamingo (high Andes in Peru, Chile, Bolivia,
3. India: The CoHABITAT Project focuses on conserving Argentina)
wetlands, forests, and grasslands along the Central 6. American or Caribbean flamingo (Caribbean islands
Asian Flyway, implemented by UNDP in collabora- and Latin America)
tion with the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and

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About the Rhisotope Project:
• The Rhisotope Project, initiated in 2021 by Prof. James
Larkin, involves inserting measured quantities of radio-
isotopes into the horns of live rhinos.
• Aim : By embedding “two tiny little radioactive chips”
into the horn, the project aims to render the horn “use-
less” and “poisonous for human consumption.”
• The final phase includes follow-up care and blood sam-
ples to ensure animal protection. The radioactive ma-
terial lasts five years, proving more cost-effective than
dehorning every 18 months.
• Benefits: The procedure, conducted on sedated rhinos,
is safe, with radiation doses low enough not to harm
their health or the environment.
Lake Natron  Additionally, radioactively treated horns are
more likely to be detected at international bor-
Lake Natron, a salt or alkaline lake in northern Tanzania’s
ders, increasing the chances of exposing and
Ngorongoro District, is part of the East African Rift and a prosecuting smuggling syndicates under an-
Ramsar Site of international significance. It is the only regu- ti-terrorism laws.
lar breeding area for Africa’s lesser flamingoes, though this • Need:
habitat faces threats from planned development projects.  Rhinoceros horns are highly sought after on
black markets, where their price by weight rivals
that of gold and cocaine.
 Previous anti-poaching strategies like dehorning
and poisoning horns have failed to deter poach-
ers.

Defence

96. MINUTEMAN III

Context:
The US conducted an unarmed Minuteman III interconti-
nental ballistic missile (ICBM) test from Vandenberg Space
Force Base, California.
The LGM-30G Minuteman III, a solid-fueled ICBM first de-
ployed by the USAF in the 1960s, serves as the sole land-
based component of the U.S. nuclear triad. Designed and
manufactured by Boeing, it was initially intended for a ten-
year service life but has been continually modernized.
94. MAINLAND SEROW
What are ICBMs?
Context:
Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) are long-range
A mainland serow, a vulnerable antelope-like mammal, has
missiles capable of delivering nuclear warheads across con-
been recorded at the lowest elevation in Assam’s Raimona
tinents. They are a key component of a nation’s nuclear de-
National Park.
terrent strategy due to their ability to strike distant targets
• This discovery is significant as the mainland serow
typically inhabits altitudes between 200 and 3,000 quickly. In India, examples of ICBMs include the Agni series,
meters, primarily in Bhutan. such as Agni-V, which has a range of over 5,000 kilometres,
• Species of serow native to the Himalayas, Southeast and Agni-VI, which is currently under development and is ex-
Asia and China. pected to have an even longer range.
• IUCN Status- Vulnerable
CITES- Appendix I

95. RHISOTOPE PROJECT

Context:
South African scientists make rhino horns radioactive to
curb poaching

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97. DEFENCE SYSTEMS IN NEWS: NAGASTRA-1 AND ISKANDER MISSILE

Feature Nagastra-1 Iskander Missile

Context Indian Army received the first batch of Na- Russia claimed to have struck the Ukrainian military air-
gastra-1 from Solar Industries, developed base in Mirgorod.
by Economic Explosives Ltd.
Development Indigenous UAV-based munitions with Road-mobile short-range ballistic missile system, service
over 75% domestic content. since 2006.
Capabilities Hover, perform GPS-enabled precision Designed for tactical strikes on high-value land targets.
strikes with 2-meter accuracy, and be safe-
ly recovered.
Altitude Designed for high-altitude operations Not specified.
above 4,500 meters.
Detection Evades radar detection; low acoustic sig- Employs manoeuvrable re-entry vehicles and decoys.
nature.
Surveillance Day-night surveillance capabilities. Not specified.
Operation Capable of operating in extreme condi- Uses inertial and optical guidance systems.
tions.
Variants Not specified. Iskander-E: Range 280 km for export.
Iskander-K: Features a new cruise missile R-500 with a max
range of 280 km.

98. TARANG SHAKTI-2024

Context:
India will host its inaugural multinational air exercise, Tarang Shakti-2024, in August.

Tarang Shakti Exercise:

1. Participants: Ten countries with others as observers; including Australia, France, Germany, Japan, Spain, UAE, UK,
and USA.
2. Objectives: Enhance interoperability with friendly foreign countries.
3. Exercise Phases: Two phases in southern India and the western sector.

Red Flag Exercise:

1. About: Air combat exercise with realistic scenarios.
2. Hosted by: U.S. Air Force at Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska.
3. Participants: Indian Air Force, Singapore Air Force, UK’s Royal Air Force, Royal Netherlands Air Force, and German
Luftwaffe.
4. Exercise Details: Simulates air defence (Red Force) and offensive elements (Blue Force); mainly USAF Aggressor
Squadron.

99. CYBER MERCENARIES

Context:
UN Secretary-General António Guterres warned about escalating cybersecurity threats and misuse of digital technology
through Cyber Mercenaries, highlighting growing sophistication in malware like trojans and AI-enabled cyber operations.

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About Cyber mercenaries:
They are individuals or private groups hired to conduct cyber operations, both offensive and defensive, targeting specific
networks and infrastructure. They facilitate spying on internet-connected devices such as computers and phones. Examples
of cyber mercenaries include Lazarus, Ocean Lotus group, and NSO group. This practice operates in a legal grey area due to
the absence of international conventions regulating their activities.

100. JAVELIN ANTI-TANK MISSILES

Context:
India and the US recently discussed the co-production of American Javelin anti-tank missiles to meet Indian military needs.
• The Javelin anti-tank weapon system is a premier, single-man-portable, medium-range missile system.
• It uses a “fire-and-forget” principle, automatically guiding itself to the target after launch, allowing the gunner to
take cover and avoid counter-fire.

101. MEDIUM RANGE-MICROWAVE OBSCURANT CHAFF ROCKET (MR-MOCR)

Context:
The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) handed over the Medium Range-Microwave Obscurant
Chaff Rocket (MR-MOCR) to the Indian Navy.
• It obscures radar signals and creates a microwave shield, reducing radar detection of platforms and assets.
• The rocket uses special fibres to form a microwave obscurant cloud in space when fired, effectively covering a wide
area.

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• Chaff is a passive electronic countermeasure consisting of electrically conducting fine fibre of resonant length to
act as a microwave dipole

102. REPORTS IN NEWS

Reports Description
Global Purchasing The International Comparison Program (ICP) has released data covering 176 economies on
Power Parities (PPP) their Purchasing power parities.
2021 Key findings reveal that in 2021, China, with a GDP of $28.8 trillion based on Purchasing Power
Parity (PPP), was the largest economy, followed by the United States. India, with a GDP of $11
trillion, was the third largest, accounting for 7.2% of global GDP. In terms of GDP ranking by
nominal values, India is currently the 5th largest economy.
PPP, or Purchasing Power Parity, is an exchange rate at which one nation’s currency would be
converted into another to purchase the same amounts of a large group of products. It provides a
more accurate measure of living standards across countries compared to the Market Exchange
Rate (MER), which often inflates the buying power of high-income countries (where prices are
high) and underestimates that of low-income countries (where prices are lower).
The ICP is a worldwide statistical initiative that collects comparative price data and detailed
GDP expenditures to produce PPPs for the world’s economies. It is coordinated by the World
Bank under the auspices of the United Nations Statistical Commission. The ICP also measures
the Price Level Index (PLI), which is the ratio of a PPP to its corresponding exchange rate.

ICRIER’s Policy Brief on The policy brief highlights the benefits of reducing post-harvest losses (PHL): increasing farm-
Post-Harvest Losses ers’ income, enhancing food security, and ensuring sustainability in agrifood systems.
(PHL) in India Key highlights include India’s production growth, with food grain increasing from 74.23 million
metric tonnes (MMT) in 1966-67 to over 330 MMT in 2022-23, and horticulture rising from
about 96 MMT in 1991-92 to over 355 MMT in 2022-23. India’s storage capacity expanded from
about 108 MMT in 2010 to over 219 MMT in 2021. Globally, about 30% of food produced never
reaches consumers, and India faces higher PHL in cereals, pulses, and oilseeds, leading to an
annual loss of about $18 billion from 2020 to 2022.
Initiatives to reduce PHL include the Private Entrepreneurs Guarantee (PEG) Scheme for en-
hancing food storage capacity, PM Kisan Sampada Yojana for reducing PHL in horticulture and
non-horticulture produce, the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund for financing post-harvest man-
agement projects, and the National Cooperative Grain Storage Project launched in 2023 to
expand cooperative storage facilities by 700 lakh tonnes.

Reports Description
A World of Debt Re- The “A World of Debt Report 2024” by UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD) highlights a sig-
port 2024 nificant surge in global public debt, which reached a historic peak of $97 trillion in 2023. India’s
public debt reached $2.9 trillion in 2023, amounting to 82.7% of its GDP.
To address the current debt crisis, the report outlines several initiatives, including the Heavily
Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative by the IMF and World Bank, the Debt Management
and Financial Analysis System (DMFAS) programme by UNCTAD, and the Global Sovereign Debt
Roundtable (GSDR), launched in February 2023 by the IMF in coordination with the World Bank
and India’s G20 presidency.

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Global Annual to This annual report by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) synthesizes global annual
Decadal Climate Up- to decadal predictions. Key highlights include an 80% likelihood that the annual average global
date (2024-2028) temperature will temporarily exceed 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels for at least one year be-
tween 2024-2028; Predicted reductions in sea-ice concentration in the Barents Sea, Bering Sea,
and the Sea of Okhotsk.
Environmental Per- The Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy recently published the EPI 2024, ranking 180
formance Index (EPI), countries on climate change performance, environmental health, and ecosystem vitality using
2024 58 indicators across 11 categories. Estonia tops the list. India is ranked 176th, being the world’s
third-largest greenhouse gas emitter with a 32% increase in emissions over the past decade. In
2022, India surpassed China as the largest emitter of anthropogenic sulfur dioxide.
Nature Geoscienc- A study in Nature Geosciences projects a 2.1°C rise in groundwater temperature from 2000 to
es projects study on 2100 due to climate change. This warming reduces oxygen levels, causing hypoxic conditions that
Groundwater harm species growth and distribution, trigger harmful algal blooms, and impact food and repro-
ductive cycles of temperature-sensitive species, threatening biodiversity.
India has the largest area under groundwater irrigation globally.
Report Description
Sustainable Development Report 2024 By UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN)
Key Highlights of the report:
Globally, only 16% of SDG targets are on track for achieve-
ment by 2030. Progress varies widely among countries, with
Nordic nations leading, BRICS making strides, and Poor &
Vulnerable nations falling behind.

India is ranked 109th out of 166 countries, with on-track

performance in Poverty reduction and Quality Education
targets while decreasing progress in Sustainable Cities and
Climate Action targets.

New Index of Support to UN-based Multilateralism (UN-

Mi): It ranks countries based on their engagement with the
UN System. Barbados ranks highest, India at 139th place
while the USA ranks last.

Recommendations of the Report: The UNSDSN recom-

mends keeping the Sustainable Development agenda
central to global cooperation until 2050, ensuring it is
well-funded. It advocates for strengthening UN agencies
and systematically monitoring UN-based multilateralism.
Additionally, it emphasizes enhancing governance of tech-
nological risks and ensuring universal access to essential
technologies and R&D. The recommendations also include
establishing a UN Parliamentary Assembly and reforming
the UN Security Council by adding India as a permanent
member and adopting procedures to override a veto.

About SDSN:
The Sustainable Development Solutions Network is a
non-profit created in 2012 by the United Nations to pro-
mote the 17 Sustainable Development Goals at national
and international levels. As of 2022, the SDSN has over
1,700 members in 50 networks across 144 countries, with
offices in New York, Paris, and Kuala Lumpur.

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SIPRI Yearbook 2024: Armaments, Disarmament, and In- The SIPRI Yearbook 2024 reports an increase in nuclear
ternational Security released weapons development and modernization by the nine nu-
clear-armed states, with a total global inventory of approx-
imately 12,121 warheads. The USA and Russia hold nearly
90% of these. China’s nuclear arsenal is expanding rapidly,
now estimated at 500 warheads. Tensions over Ukraine and
Gaza have further weakened nuclear diplomacy.
Nine nuclear-armed states are—the US, Russia, the UK,
France, China, India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel. India,
now with 172 warheads, has slightly surpassed Pakistan’s
count. Both India and Israel primarily use plutonium in their
nuclear weapons.
About SIPRI:
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute is an
international institute based in Stockholm, Sweden. It was
founded in 1966 and provides data, analysis and recom-
mendations for armed conflict, military expenditure and
arms trade as well as disarmament and arms control.

Reports Description
“Fostering Effec- By World Economic Forum
tive Energy Transi- The Energy Transition Index (ETI) evaluates 120 countries on their energy system performance and
tion 2024” Report readiness for secure, sustainable, and inclusive energy systems, focusing on the shift from fossil fuels
to renewable energy to reduce CO2 emissions.
Key findings from the report highlight that clean energy infrastructure investments reached $1.8
trillion in 2023, with 90% of the growth occurring in advanced economies and China.
Top performers in the index include Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Switzerland, and France
India ranks 63rd on the ETI. Notably, eight countries, including Bhutan and Panama, achieved net-ze-
ro emissions in 2022.
About World Economic Forum:
It is an international advocacy non-governmental organization and think tank, based in Cologny,
Canton of Geneva, Switzerland. It was founded on 24 January 1971 by German engineer Klaus
Schwab.

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Container Port Nine Indian ports have found their position among the top 100 global ports in CPPI in 2023.
Performance In- The Container Port Performance Index (CPPI) 2023, developed by the World Bank and S&P Global
dex (CPPI) Market Intelligence, assesses performance based on vessel time in port. It identifies improvement
opportunities for terminals and ports, benefiting public and private stakeholders. The top-ranked
container port in CPPI 2023 is Yangshan Port in China.
Also in the News:
The Union Cabinet approved the development of a Greenfield Major Port at Vadhavan in Maharash-
tra (Palaghar District). This port will be constructed through a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) formed
by Jawaharlal Nehru Port Authority and Maharashtra Maritime Board on the basis of the Landlord
Model.

State of Global air- The report by the Health Effects Institute and UNICEF examines global air pollution trends from 1990
2024’ Report to 2021, highlighting significant health impacts.
Almost the entire global population (99%) resides in areas with unhealthy levels of PM2.5 pollution,
which refers to fine airborne particles less than 2.5 micrometres in diameter.
Low- and middle-income countries typically face 1.3 to 4 times higher levels of PM2.5 exposure.
Air pollution exacerbated COVID-19 outcomes by compromising immune systems and causing lung
inflammation and oxidative stress.
In India, along with China, over half of the global disease burden associated with air pollution
was reported, and nearly half of all ozone-related Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD)
deaths occurred in India in 2021.

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MAPPING
INTERNATIONAL

Place in news Context

1. TECHO Context: Cambodia will start constructing the Chinese-backed Techo Funan Canal. The 180-km ca-
nal aims to connect the Mekong River basin to the Cambodian coast. This is despite tensions with
FUNAN CANAL
Vietnam and concerns about potential military use by China.
(CAMBODIA)
About Cambodia:
It is a Southeast Asian country bordering Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam, with a coastline along the
Gulf of Thailand. A 1997 coup established Hun Sen and the Cambodian People’s Party’s dominance,
making Cambodia a de facto one-party state despite being constitutionally multi-party. Designated
a least developed country by the UN, Cambodia is a member of ASEAN, WTO, and other interna-
tional organizations. Its economy is primarily agricultural, with growing sectors in textiles, construc-
tion, garments, and tourism, making it vulnerable to climate change.

2. ABU MUSA, Context: Iran summoned China’s ambassador to protest a China-UAE statement on the sovereignty
of Abu Musa, Greater Tunb, and Lesser Tunb islands, which are also claimed by the UAE but have
GREATER
been held by Iran since 1971.
TUNB, AND
LESSER TUNB
ISLANDS

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3. FIVE EYES Context: Australia will allow non-Australian citizens from Five Eyes countries to join its armed forc-
es, in order to meet the shortage of personnel.
ALLIANCE
About Five Eyes Alliance:
1. Five Eyes Alliance: The Five Eyes Alliance refers to an intelligence-sharing partnership among
five countries: the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand.
2. These nations collaborate closely on intelligence matters, sharing information to protect
their shared national interests.
3. Origins of the Alliance: The alliance traces its origins back to World War II when the UK
and the US decided to share intelligence after successfully breaking German and Japanese
codes.
4. It began as the Britain-USA (BRUSA) agreement, later evolving into the UK-USA (UKUSA)
agreement, with Canada joining in 1949 and New Zealand and Australia in 1956.

4. MOUNT Context: Mount Kanlaon, located in the central Philippines, erupted recently (through a Phreatic
eruption), prompting hundreds of people to seek shelter in evacuation centres.
KANLAON
About Mount Kanlaon/ Canlaon:
It stands as the highest peak on Negros Island and is one of the active volcanoes within the Phil-
ippines’ Pacific Ring of Fire. The volcano comprises various pyroclastic cones and craters, with its
summit boasting a broad caldera and a crater lake.
Phreatic eruptions, characterized by steam-driven explosions resulting from heated groundwater,
are typical occurrences, often preceding or following traditional volcanic eruptions.

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5. MERCURY Context: The documentary “My Mercury” premiered at the 18th Mumbai International Film Festi-
val (MIFF) for Documentary, Short Fiction, and Animation Films.
ISLAND
• The film explores the life of her brother, Yves Chesselet, a conservationist on Mercury Island
off the coast of Namibia. The 104-minute documentary portrays Yves’ efforts to reclaim the
island for endangered seabirds and seals, emphasizing the psychological challenges and
deep bond between man and nature.

About Mercury Island:

Mercury Island is a small rocky island off The Diamond Coast, Namibia. Despite its small size, it is
recognised by BirdLife International and other global conservation groups as an Important Bird
Area (IBA) for its significant coastal seabird breeding.

6. NORD Context: Thousands of tonnes of methane from the September 2022 Nord Stream pipeline explo-
sions dissolved in the Baltic Sea, raising concerns about marine life and carbon cycles.
STREAM
A study found that between 10,000 and 50,000 tonnes of methane likely dissolved in the water,
METHANE potentially altering microbial life and local carbon budgets.
LEAKS The Nord Stream pipelines are crucial conduits for transporting natural gas from Russia to Europe.
Nord Stream 1, completed in 2011, runs from Vyborg in Russia to Lubmin near Greifswald, Germa-
ny, with majority ownership by the Russian state-owned gas company Gazprom. Before the war, this
pipeline supplied 40% of Europe’s pipeline gas, which has now decreased to 9%. Nord Stream 2 is a
1,200-km pipeline extending from Ust-Luga in Russia to Greifswald in Germany, designed to carry
55 billion cubic meters of gas annually. This pipeline crosses the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs)
of Russia, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, and Germany, as well as the territorial waters of Russia, Den-
mark, and Germany, highlighting its extensive reach and strategic importance.

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7. NAMAQUA- Context: Scientists recently discovered that termite mounds along the Buffels River in Namaqual-
and are the world’s oldest inhabited, dating back 34,000 years.
LAND (AFRI-
What is Namaqualand?
CA)
Namaqualand is a desert region in southwestern Africa, extending from the Karas region in Namib-
ia to the Northern Cape province in South Africa. It stretches from the Namib Desert in the west
to the Kalahari Desert in the east. The northern part, known as Great Namaqualand, is in Namibia,
while the southern part, called Little Namaqualand, is in South Africa. This arid area is known for
its succulents and spectacular spring wildflower blooms following winter rains. Historically, the
Nama people lived there, mining copper and, later, diamonds were discovered in the early 1900s.

8. DEN- Context: Denmark will impose a tax on livestock CO2 emissions from 2030, the first country to do
so, aiming to meet its 2030 goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 70% from 1990 levels.
MARK TO
INTRODUCE
The government reached a compromise with farmers, industry, labour unions, and environmental
WORLD’S groups. The tax will start at 300 Danish crowns per tonne of CO2, rising to 750 crowns by 2035,
FIRST CO2 TAX with income tax deductions and subsidies to support farmers. This initiative is expected to inspire
ON FARMS similar actions in other countries.

Denmark is a Nordic country, part of the Jutland Peninsula, shares a territorial boundary with
Germany to the south and is bordered by the North Sea on the west coast and Kattegat Bay on the
east coast. Geographically, Denmark is an archipelago of around 400 islands, with Zealand being
the largest.

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INDIAN

Place Why in News?

9. KOLAR Context: The Karnataka government has approved the Centre’s proposal to revive gold mining and
auction 13 tailing dumps spanning 1,003 acres at Kolar Gold Fields (KGF).
GOLD FIELDS
The mines, owned by Bharat Gold Mines Ltd. (BGML), are set for revival under the Mines and Min-
(KGF) erals Development and Regulation Act, 1957. The move aims to generate employment and boost
domestic gold production. KGF is among the deepest in the world. Mining at KGF began in 1880 by
Jhon Taylor & Sons. After 121 years of operation, the mines closed on February 28, 2001, due to
high operational costs and low revenues. Besides gold extraction, KGF has been utilized for particle
physics experiments, leading to the discovery of atmospheric neutrinos.

Currently, India operates three gold mines: Hutti and Uti in Karnataka, and Hirabuddini in
Jharkhand. India produces approximately 1.6 tonnes of gold annually, far below its consumption of
774 tonnes per year.
KGF (Kolar Gold Fields) is situated 100 kilometres from Bangalore in Karnataka’s Kolar district.

Fig: Kolar District (Karnataka)

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10. SRI- Context: Srikakulam boasts significant Buddhist sites, Neolithic caves, and ancient temples. Histo-
rians, academics, and enthusiasts are working to restore the prominence of Srikakulam’s ancient
KAKULAM
history.
(ANDHRA
PRADESH) Srikakulam, formerly known as Chicacole during British colonial rule, boasts a rich history. It was
once part of the Kalinga Dynasty and later came under the Gajapati Kingdom during the medi-
eval period, followed by the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi, and was also part of the Kakatiya and
Vijayanagara Empires. The district is home to significant cultural sites, including the Buddhist lo-
cations of Salihundam, from where Buddhism spread to Sumatra and other eastern countries, and
Danthapuri. Jainism is represented in Tangamayyakonda and Rottavalasa villages. Notable Hindu
temples include Srimukhalingam, Srikurmam, and Arasavilli. Additionally, the district features Neo-
lithic-era caves in Nandi Hills, showcasing its diverse and ancient heritage.

11. BAR- Context: The Gujarat Forest Department has begun transferring spotted deer (cheetal) and sam-
bars from Gir Forest to Barda Wildlife Sanctuary, aiming to enhance the prey base for Asiatic lions.
DA WILDLIFE
This move follows the migration of six lions to Barda from Gir, marking their return after 143 years.
SANCTUARY

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