A MICROPROJECT REPORT On “TCL(Transmission control protocal)” Mr. Sonawane Anuj Sandip Mr. Bhangare Kamlesh Sitaram Mr. Burke Onkar Dnyaneshwar Mr. Chavhan Yash Sanjay Mr. Suryawanshi Vedant Sanjay Ms. Kamble Suhani Zunaji Under The Guidance of Prof. S.B. Deshmukh SECOND YEAR (COMPUTER) DEPARTMENT AKOLE TALUKA EDUCATION SOCIETY’S FACULTY OF POLYTECHNIC, AKOLE, ACADEMIC YEAR - 2023-24CERTIFICATE ‘This is to certify that the Micro-Project Report entitled “TCL(Transmission control protocal)” Has been submitted by, . Sonawane Anuj Sandip . Bhangare Kamlesh Sitaram Burke Onkar Dnyaneshwar Mr. Chavhan Yash Sanjay Mr. Suryawanshi Vedant Sanjay Ms. Kamble Subani Zunaji Asa partial fulfillment of the prescribed syllabus of Subject Data Communication and Computer Network (22414), (Micro-Project) of Second Year Diploma in Computer Engineering. Prof. S.B, Deshmukh Prof. S. B. Deshmukh Project Guide & Subject Teacher Head of Department Dr.R.D. Palhade PrincipalACKNOWLEDGEMENT Itis privilege to acknowledge with deep sense of gratitude to our micro project guide Prof. $.B, Deshmukh for her valuable suggestions through out our course of study, We express our gratitude to Head of Department, Prof. 8. B. Deshmukh for his kind help & co-operation. We also take this opportunity to thank all our colleagues who backed us interest by giving useful suggestions & all possible help without whose help & moral support it would not has been possible to complete this report. Sonawane Anuj Sandip Bhangare Kamlesh Sitaram . Burke Onkar Dnyaneshwar . Chavhan Yash Sanjay Suryawanshi Vedant Sanjay . Kamble Suhani ZunajiTCP Transmission control protocal Sr.No. INDEX Title Introduction, Working Advantages Disadvantages Characteristices Flowchart Reference Page No. 10TCP Transmission control protocal INTRODUCTION TCP is the dominant transport protocol in today's data center networks (DCNs) which have been the infrastructures for Internet and cloud computing. However, the widespread TCP has many inadequacies in meeting the throughput and latency demand of Internet applications and cloud services. First, TCP Incast [1], which refers to throughput collapse in many-to-one communication pattern, has risen to be a critical problem in DCNs. Since the many-to-one communication pattern widely exists in many Internet applications and cloud services (eg., web search and Map-Reduce), this problem could badly degrade their performance. Second, in DCNs, short TCP flows often suffer from high delays when long TCP flows occupy the link bandwidth for a long time. Since a large portion of traffic in DCNs is short flows which are latency sensitive and latency inversely correlates with business profit (Amazon estimates every 100ms of latency costs them one percent profit [2]), this problem is also critical for TCP in DCNS. Actually, both of the two problems are highly related with TCP timeout. In the case where TCP Incast occurs, since no TCP sender can transfer a new data unit to the receiver until all senders finish transferring their current data units, even one flow’s timeout can significantly reduce the whole throughput of all the flows. Moreover, timeout can easily prolong the flow completion time (FCT), which is the main metric of latency. Unfortunately, TCP timeout is common in today's DCNs. The authors of Corrective take a measurement of billions of TCPconnections from clients to Google DCNs and found that about 10% of the TCP flows beget at least one packet loss. Furthermore, among all the losses in the measurement, 77% are recovered by timeoutTCP Transmission control protocal WORKING The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a transport protocol that is used on top of IP to ensure reliable transmission of packets. TCP includes mechanisms to solve many of the problems that arise from packet-based messaging, such as lost packets, out of order packets, duplicate packets, and corrupted packets. Since TCP is the protocol used most commonly on top of IP, the Internet protocol stack is sometimes referred to as TCP/IP. Packet format When sending packets using TCP/IP, the data portion of cach IP packet is formatted as a TCP segment. IP packet TCP segment IP Header a =~ IP Data Each TCP segment contains a header and data, The TCP header contains many more fields TCP segmentTCP Transmission control protocal than the UDP header and can range in size from 202020 to 606060 bytes, depending on the size of the options field, The TCP header shares some fields with the UDP header: source port number, destination port number, and checksum. To remember how those are used, review the UDP article. From start to finish Let's step through the process of transmitting a packet with TCP/IP. Step 1: Establish connection When two computers want to send data to each other over TCP, they first need to establish a connection using a three-way handshake. 2 —— os a a The first computer sends a packet with the SYN bit set to 111 (SYN = "synchronize?"). The second computer sends back a packet with the ACK bit set to 111 (ACK ="acknowledge!") plus the SYN bit set to 111. The first computer replies back with an ACK, In fact, the three packets involved in the three-way handshake do not typically include any data. Once the computers are done with the handshake, they're ready to receive packets containing actual data. The SYN and ACK bits are both part of the TCP headerTCP Transmission control protocal + 4btes (2 bitsy ——____________> Source port number Destination port number Sequence number ‘Acknowledgement number offset Reserved AE EAE Window size Checksum Urgent pointer Options/Padding, Step 2: Send packets of data When a packet of data is sent over TCP, the recipient must always acknowledge what they received ‘The first computer sends a packet with data and a sequence number. The second computer acknowledges it by setting the ACK bit and increasing the acknowledgement number by the length of the received data, The sequence and acknowledgement numbers are part of the TCP header: 4 bytes (32 bits) ——————> Source port number Destination port number eee ued Gare ese SESE ee a waa Options/PaddingTCP Transmission control protocal Those two numbers help the computers to keep track of which data was successfully received, which data was lost, and which data was accidentally sent twice. Step 3: Close the connection Either computer can close the connection when they no longer want to send or receive data A computer initiates closing the connection by sending a packet with the FIN bit set to 1 (FIN = finish). The other computer replies with an ACK and another FIN. After one more ACK from the initiating computer, the connection is closed. oOTCP Transmission control protocal + Advantages of the TCP model * Ithelps you to establish/set up a connection between different types of computers. © It operates independently of the operating system. * It supports many routing-protocols. © It enables the internetworking between the organizations. TCP/IP model has a highly scalable client-server architecture. * It can be operated independently. Supports a number of routing protocols. + Itcan be used to establish a connection between two computers. ~ Disadvantages of the TCP model * TCP/IP is a complicated model to set up and manage. + The shallow/overhead of TCP/IP is higher than IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange). In this, model the transport layer does not guarantee delivery of packets. * Replacing protocol in TCP/IP is not easy. * Ithas no clear separation from its services, interfaces, and protocols.TCP Transmission control protocal CHARACTERISTICS * Support for a flexible TCP/IP architecture * Adding more system to a network is easy. + In TCP/IP, the network remains intact until the source, and destination, machines were functioning properly. + TCP is a connection-oriented protocol. TCP offers reliability and ensures that data which arrives out of sequence should put © back into order. * TCP allows you to implement flow control, so sender never overpowers a receiver with data.TCP Transmission control protocal FLOWCHART i oe > veo [mown v Oi es x aa o~ o~ ee Eo [rsisrasear] ves» | rereoaonrang $a J Fadia 68 > | orf Ba &> > [apenas O-P~) le vata eonMOVING TRAIN REFERENCE In the project group member to many hard work to creating project. Reference the many books to follows this reference: © Data communication and computer network-TCP(Transmission control protocal) © hitps://www.seribd.com. uw