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366 views80 pagesJava Unit-1 One Shot Marathon Notes
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/ 80
AKTU BTech (2nd Year) gS
& MCA (2nd Sem)
~@ ee
(oY) F AY Tt 4
oe): Sar
Vet OL &
ar atts] = Vikas Sir Chapter No
* Javais ahigh-level] object-oriented programming language that is designed to
be platform-independent.
* It allows dey code that car(run on any device equipped with
theYava Virtual Machine (JVM).|
OR
« Java is a programming language and a platform. Java is a high level, robust,|
object-oriented and secure programming language.
eee eee seen ae’. Java Programming by VikasSir
History Of Java Programming Language:-
* Java was originally designed for (nteractive television] but it was too
advanced technology for the(digital cable televisionjindustry at the time.
* 1)Qames Gosling,|Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java
language project ir June 1991] The small team of sun engineers called Green)
Team.
* 2)Firstly, it was called /Greentalk"/by James Gosling, and the file extension
* 3) After that, it was(called Oak and was developed as a part of the Green
project. Java Programming by VikasSir
History Of Java Programming Language:-
* Oaks a symbolf strengthland chosen as affational tree of many countries
like the U.S.A., France, Germany, Romania, etc.
+ 4) in 1995, Oak was(enamed as "Java']because it was already a trademark by
Gak Technolog
+ 5) JDK 1.0 was released on/January 23, 1996. After the first release of Java,
there have been many additional features added to the language.
2.1997: Java Development Kit KK) 1.1 was released, bringing several new
features, including[inner classe, JavaBeans) and JDBC (Java Database
Connectivity). History Of Java Programming Language:-
* 1998: The release of Java 2 (JDK 1.2) marked a significant update, with the
introduction of Swing for GUI development, |the Collections framework.
* 2004: Java 5{(originally called J2SE 5.0) Introduced major enhancements like
nd the enhanced for loop.
* 2006: Sun released Java under the GNU General Public License (GPL) making
iopen-source software.
* 2010:'Qracle Cor; jon acquired/Sun Microsystems, taking over the
. ee.
development and stewardship of Java. Java Programming by VikasSir
History Of Java Programming Language:
* 2018:
java 10jintroduced local-variable type inference with the var keyword,
and Java|11 provided long-term support (LTS)] featuring new enhancements
and deprec:
24172024, Java's future lies in its(integration with cutting-edge technologiesllike
machine learning, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things (IoT).
_machine learning, cloud computing,
For instance, Java 8 Future introduces features for asynchronous
computations, simplifying the development of multithreaded applications. Java Programming by VikasSir
Characteristics Java Programming Language:-
Object-Oriented:
* Java is based on objects. An object can represent a real-world thing like a car
or aconcept{like a bank account] Each object has attributes (properties) and
behaviors (methods).
PI Independent:
* Writ your code once,and it car{run anywhere /Java programs are compiled
into bytecode, which can be executed on any device with a Java Virtual
Machine (JVM).
_Sipopte and Easy to Learn:
* Java's syntax is straightforward and similar tolether popular programming]
languages like C and Cs+-This makes it easier for new developers to pick up. Java Programming by VikasSir
Characteristics Java Programming Language:-
Secure:
« Javahas buittfin secul rity features that help protect(against malicious code.
For example, it runs inside a virtual machi virtual machine, w which adds an extra layer ot
rotection.
(Robust: l
* Java emphasizes reliability. It has strong memory management, Jerror
hai @ chances of crashes
and bugs.
_yibetreated:
© Java can perforn} many tasks at the same time|(multithreading). This is useful
for creating apptications that need to perform multiple operations
simultaneously, like games or web servers. Java Programming by VikasSir
JVM( Java virtual machine ):-
* AJVM: JVM is an abstract machine. It is a software-based, virtual computer
that provides runtime environment in which java bytecode can be executed. Java Programming by VikasSir
VM contains the Component:
* 1.Classloader: Classloader is aGubsystem of JVM|which is used to load class
files. Whenever we run the java program, it is loaded first by(the classloader.
22 Class area: Class area stores, ber-class structures such ds the runtime
constant pool, field and method data.
* 3.Heap: It is the runtime data area in which(objects are allocated. |
« &Stack: Java stack stores frames. it holds localvariables and partial results,
and plays a part in method invocation and return. * 5.Program Counter (PC) register : PC register contains the address of the Java
virtual machine instructior{ currently being executed. |
* 6. Native method stack: It contains all the native methods used in the
application.
* 7. Execution engine: It contains:
i_A virtual processor
ao Victual processor _
_llJaterpreter: Read bytecode stream then execute the instructions. Java Programming by VikasSir
JVM( Java virtual machine ):-
iii. Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler: It is used to (mprove the performance] JIT
compiles parts of the byteco: nctionality at the same time,
and hence reduces the@mount of
* 8.Java Native Interface: Java Native Interface (JNI) is {framework/which
provides an interface to communicate with another application written in
another language like C, C++, Assembly etc.
_*-9.le of JVM: The primary role of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) in the
execution of programs is to act as an intermediary between the compiled
Java bytecode and the host operating system and hardware. Java Programming by VikasSir
JDK(Java Development Kit)
* Java Development kit (JDK): It's a software package you install on your
computer to develop Java programs. It includes:
© Compiler (javac): Translates your Java code into bytecode that the
computer carvund
_esava Runtime Environment (JRE): Allows {you to run Java programs.)
_oJii6faries: Pre-written code that you can use to build your applications.
© Tools: Utilities like debuggers and documentation generators. Java Programming by VikasSir
JDK(Java Development Kit)
IDK (Java Development Kit) Java Programming by VikasSir
Java Source File Structure:-
A Java source file has aGpecific structure land follows certain conventions to
ensure that the code is organized and easily understandable} able.
ge Declaration:
The package declaration defines the namespace for the classes in the file. It is
the(first line in the source file if present./
Example:- package com.example.myapp;
em Statements:
Import statements allow
jout Java Programming by VikasSir
lass Declaration:
A Java source file can€ontain multiple classes, but only @ne public class} The
name of the public class must match the filename.
public class MyClass {
MTclass content)
} ir io lass pos i
neues
Constructors ate special methodslthat are called when an object of the class is
created. They have the same name as the class and fo return type.
7
pul MyClass(int number, String name) {
this.number = number; ——
this.name = name; ~~
} jain Method (Optional
Entry point of the application.
public static void main(String[] args) { <— Cichsy
MyClass 6bp-{new/MyClass(10, "Alice"); d
obj.displayO>
} >
Methods:
* Functions that define the behavior of the cl
public voidGiisplay) | =
{ = Ais ply C 5
pues Meta i yam
: package com.example.myapp; =
import java.util.List;
___. import javautiArrayList; |
public clas{ MyClass
> private int number;
private String name;
—> Public MyClass(int number, String name) {
this.number= number
7 this.name = 2,04
} )
—> public void display) { uv
System.out.prirtin("Number: "+ Pat er +", Name: "+ name);
—>public static void main(String[] args) {
yClass/6bp= new MyClass(10, "Alice"); Access modifiers:
* Access modifiers in Java determine the(visibility]and accessibilityof
classes, methods, and variables.
* They help td control how different parts of your code can interact with
each other.
* There are four main access modifiers in Java: public, protected, default
(no modifier), and private.
Prive public:
* Visibility: Everywhere.
* Usage: Any class, method, or variable declared as public can be accessed
from any other class, regardless of which package(t belongs to.!
— public class MyClass {
public int fayNumber;
puiste void myMethod()
{
// This method can be accessed from anywher}
} or
i private:
* Visibility: Within thel Game class on! y.
* Usage: Any class, method, or variable declared as private can only be
accessed(within the cl is declared. It is not visible toother classes.
> public class MyClass {
private int myNumber;
rivate void myMethod() {
// This method can only be accessed within MyClass
}
: claps oot f
4 ype, Java Programmingby Vikassir &
protected:
* Visibility: Within the same package and subclasses (even if they are in
different packages).
* Usage: Any class, method, or variable declared as protected can be
accessed @ithin its own packagejand by Gubclasses in other packages.
public class MyClass,
protected int fayNumber;
protected void myMethod() {
// This method can be accessed within the same package and subclasses
————
}
} default (no modifier);
* Visibility: Within the same package.
* Usage: If no the class, method, or variable is
accessible only(within its own package.)
class @yClassit
int myNumber; “uF BN
void myMethod()
{
// This method can be accessed within the same pac!
—
F Data Types:-
* data types specify the different sizes and values[that can be stored ina
variable. yo.
- oO ae. ez, 0
* There are two main categories of data types in Javaf primitive data types
and reference (6r non-primitive)/data types.
a"
=> ol,
Primitive Data Types a”
* Primitive data types are the most basic data types available within the
(ava language/There are eight primitive data typss= ‘JavaProgrammingby Vikassir &
Reference Data Types
« Reference data types are constructed from/(primitive data|types and
refer to objects. These include classes, interfaces, arrays, and enums.
Data Types in java,
Primitive Data Types
es
Floating-Point ee
‘Character ae E
Boolean boolean G ([-
Non-primitive Data Types
ee
Dictionary
All user-defined class
ete 8
16
32
long 64
float 32
double 64
char 16
boolean 1
e(inbits) | Range
Whyte -128 to 127
ea -32,768 to 32,767
-231 to 231-1 ya ol aa
1.4e-045 to 3.4e+038
4,9e-324 to 1.8e+308
< Oto 65,535
ae true or false OPERATOR IN JAVA :-
In Java, operators are/symbols|that perform operations on variables
and values.
They are categorized based on the type ofjoperation they perfor:
>
Types Of Operators: SBS : ze
+Q>7
* Arithmetic operators fee, BE
« Arithmetic operators in Java are used to perform mathematical
operations on numeric values, including integers and floating-point
numbers.
* Arithmetic operators follow the usual rules of mathematics Of Operator: S
Common arithmetic operators used in Java:
Operator Meaning
+ Addition > @+, )
subwaction (a -») 9. gg 3 SC)
+ Multiplication Gb)
/ Division (a /4) i12
% Modulus, remainder after division’ ( a / 4
+ Increment —_
Ste2 2 (L)
an Decrement
* Relational operators:
* Relational operators in Java are used to compare tys-alues and
determine the relationship between them. Relational operators used in Java:
Operator Meaning
== Equal to a@==b 2=-=+>5F/O
= Not equal to Foot
< Less than 2 Trt
> Greater than ries fF
< Less than or equal to
>= Greater than or equal to
* Logical operators:
* Logical operators in Java are used to perform|logical operations/on
boolean values.
* These operators allow you to combine or modify boolean values and
make decisions based on the results¢ Logical operators used in Java:
Operator Meaning
&& Logical AND
I Logical OR
! Logical NOT
ghee =4he 22-5)
sae hl 2 = [ y
* Assignment operators: ¢ “* '
aes” on BE
* Assignment operators in Java are used to assign values to variables.
. {tors combine the assignment of a et Le
(bitwise operation) @=s ) Gees.
pe Wile Operator
Assignment operators used in Java:
a
Meaning ag. fe 4
Assignment G@ = S—_ 2 3
Add And assign Gass gS ots7
Subtract and assign
Multiply and assign
Divide and assign
Modules and assign
Bitwise AND and assign
Bitwise OR and assign
oll
eg Java are used to perform operations on individual
es (byte, short, int, [ong]
* These operators treat the values as(sequences of binary Higits (bits) and
manipulate them at the bit level.
Operator Meaning 1OF stato e's”
& Bitwise AND —— g 22te
I Bitwise OR —— ‘<_
" Bitwise XO!
- Bitwise NOT. oan i?
<< Left shine 4 ft @
> Right Shi ol
sae Unsigned right shi * Conditional Operator:
* The conditional operator in Java, often referred to as the ternary Java
operator," is a shorthand way of writing in a single
apublie(MainOt
x=5;
}
public static void main(String[] args) 7 “eum
{
ae 4
System.out.printin(myObj.x);
}
}
// Outputs 5 Types Of Constructors:-
(1)Default Constructor:
* This constructor does not take(any parameters| It is used to initialize
objects with@efault values. ]
class MyClass {
// default constructor is provided by java
}
(2)Parameterized Constructor:
* This constructor takes parameters and allows you to initialize objects with class @yClasst
int value;
MyClass(int iis
alue = valy
// initialization code
}
}
(3)Copy Constructor:
* This constructor creates a new object as a copy of an existing object. |
It typically takes a reference to an object of the same class.
S class MyClass {
int value;
// Copy constructor
“is MyClass(MyClassobj) {
value = obj.value;
i
: 7
ae
lyClass objl = new MyClass(10); // Calls the parameterized constructor
MyClass obj2 = new MyClass(obj1); // Calls the copy constructor
[0 Jp (4)Private constructor:
If a constructor is declared as private, then its objects are only accessible
from within(the declared class.
class
private ClassName() {
// initialization code
7 Inheritance:-
* Inheritance in Java is a fundamental concept that allows one class (called
the child or subclass) to inherit features (methods and fields) from
another class (called the parent o! p
* The child class inherits all thdfields And nfethods 6fthe parent class.
* This means the child class can reuse the code of the parent class without
_having to rewrite it ——
* It promotes code(feusability!and helps in implementing the "is-a"
relationship Types Of inheritance in java:-
Single Inheritance:-
* Single inheritance occurs when a class extends only oneSuperclass{The
subclass inherits the properties and behaviors of thesuperclass. |
a
Single Inheritance class Animal {
voideatl K
System.out.println("This animal eats food.");
y
pes Dog jextdhds Animal {
void bark() {
System.out.printin(The dog barks.");
H
public class Singleinheritancd { myDe >
public static void main(String[] args) { <= 7
og nyDog {newIDogi); 7
myDog.eat(); Trib animal Cals pe
myDog.bark(); T— Tre Oey boats
yn Multi-level Inheritance:-
* Multilevel inheritance in Java is a feature that allows a class to inherit
properties and behaviours from another class, which in turn inherits from
another class, forming(a "chi f inheritance.
Multi-Level Inheritance pn & ©
5
System.out.printin("The horse is running";L> Deg. ag ae uenald
; anim public class Multilevel_Inheritance {
public static void main(String{] args) {
horse /myhorsd = newhorse();
myhorse.eat(); —> ©
4
yhorse.bark(); —>
myhorse.run(); >
H Hierarchical inheritance:
* Atype of inheritance in object-oriented programming where multiple
derived classes inherit from a single base class.
cae @ i B eby>
obyc 2W 7" de
JL ob:
ot i | of al?
ovy & ®@ ©) oO Tow class Animal {
void eat() {
System.out.printin("This animal eats food.");
a
class(Dogextends{Animall{
void bark() {
System.out.printin("The dog barks.");
n Za
? class horse extends(Animal{ Z
void run() { Di Horse
System.out.printin("The horse is running"); ( °
:
} public class Hierarchical_Inheritance {
public static void main(String[] args) {
horse (nyhorsq= new horse();
myhorse.eat();
myhorse.run();
yobj = new Dog();
eee ?
myobj.Gark();>
n jultiple Inheritance:
* Java does not support(multiple inheritancelwith classes to avoid
land simplify the design, but it can be achieved through
Base2
Basel << =~
NN
Derived [|-—? -JavaProgrammingby Vikassir &
Hybrid Inheritance:
* Acombination of twd or more types of inheritancel It can be achieved using
interfaces to avoidthe diamond problem.
Hybrid Inheritance Interface In Java:
* The interface in Java is a mechanism to achieve(abstraction! There can be
only abstract methods in the Java interface, not the method body.
* Itis used to achieve(abstraction/and multiple inheritances|in Java.using
Interface.
+ Java Interface also represents the IS-A relationship.
Syntax for Java Interfaces:
? interface {
// declare constant fields <—
// declare methods that/abstract |
// by default.
} Uses of Interfaces in Java:
* It is used to achieve(total abstraction.
* java does not support! fnuttipte inheritancesjin the case of class, by using an
interface it can(achieve multi ple noastea]
_t Interfaces are used toimplement abstraction.
2
od
zany clas¢ can extend only 1 class, but can any class implement an infinite
number of interfaces.
* It is also used to achieve/loose coupling. Implement Multiple Inheritance by Using Interfaces in Java:
Interface It
void walk();
P
interface Swimmable {
void swim();
} L 2
clase(Duckimplements Walkable, Swimmable {
public void walk()
fi
System.out.printin("Duck is walking.");
} public void swim()
{
System.out.println("Duck is swimming.");
}}
class Main { [wate ]
public static void main(String[] args)
{ uiwu \
__Duck duck = new Duck(;
duck.walk(); —— Output: [Duck
duck.swim(); Duck is walking.
y}
Duck is swimming. Abstract Classes and Methods:
* Data abstraction is the process of hiding certain details and showing only
essential information to the user.
* Abstraction can be achieved with either abstract classes or interfaces.
Abstract class:
« (isarestrictedclass that cannot be/used to create objects|(to access it, it
must be inherited from another class). Abstract method:
* can only be used in ai and es not have a body! The
* body is provided by the subclass (inherited from).
Advantage Of Abstract class :
. eran
* Testin;
5 Abstraction
* Flexibility ~
* Secure code Gbstract\class Anima
ic abstract void animalSound();
}
wu
class Dog extends Animal {
public void animalSound() {
7 System.out printin("The Dog is barking "); =>
n
spolass Main{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Dog(iny)= new Dog);
y.animalSound();, —> The Dey 18 balks
yn Polymorphism:-
* The word “poly” means many and “morphs” means forms, So it means many
forms.
* we can define Java Polymorphism as the ability of a message to be
displayed ini more than one form. I
Types Of Polymorphism:-
* Compile-time Polymorphism((Method Overloading):
* Compile-time polymorphism is achieved through method overloading. It
occurs when fnultiple methods in the same class have the[same name but
different parameters (different number of parameters or different types of
parameters). “Java Programmingby Vikassir &
Method overloading can be done by changing:
=
* The number of parameters{in two methods. “add (4, 5) ) acld (a4, c)
he data types of the parameters of methods.
(oO Essen pes ett ie? medi Inka, jot): PIP, RO
* The Order of the parameters of methods. aJd {flout a, {let ) ,
id(imta, flaath), —
7 C loge , imt bd 7
2a et class Adder{
void add(int a, int b){
System.out.println(“sum =”+(a+b));
q
void add(int a, int b,int c){
System.out.println(“sui ies (a+ i
}
public static void main(String[] args)
J sadereenen Adder();
ad,add(5,6);
ad.add(5,4,7);
n
{ -JavaProgrammingby Vikassir &
* Runtime Polymorphism (Method Overriding):
* Runtime polymorphism is achieved through method overriding,|It occurs
when a subclass has a method with the same name, retutn oo and
Parameters asametiod in its(superclass.) add
: Gard>
Rules for Java Method Overriding: av J=>
pat? add
* The method(must have the same name as i in the parent 2
* The method must have the same parameter as i in the parent class.
* There must be an |S-A relationship (inheritance). class Vehicle {
void move() {
System.out.printin(" The vehicle is moving)
car extelids Vehicle {
void move() {
System.out.printin("The car is driving.");
public class TestOvel ing {
(> public static void main(String{] args) {
Vehicle myVehicle = new Vehicle();_
yVehicle.move(); // Output: The vehicle is moving.
Car myCar = rigw Car();
yCar.move(); // Output: The caris driving.
yn Interface
interface support multiple
inheritance.
‘erface does'n Contains Data
Member.
_2 Interface does'n contains
Cunstructors.
Pe ouuearieas Contains only
incomplete member (signature of
member).
Member of interface can not be
Static.
“Java Programmingby Vikassir &
Abstract class
* Abstract class does not support
multiple inheritance.
_2-Abstract class contains Data
Member.
_2- Abstract class contains
Cunstructors.
* An abstract class Contains both
_incomplete (abstract) and
co! jembe!
_2 Only Complete Member/of abstract
class can be Static. “Java Programmingby Vikassir &
Method Overloading Method Overriding
+ Multiplemethodsfsamenamein + Multiple methods of same name in
single class. (different class. 1
. a of inheritance] as it is in * Inheritance is used, as it is in different
single class. yeeeEeEeEG——n—
class.
* All methods have different signature./ » all methodsihave same signature.|_
* It's acompile time polymorphism. | * It's Arun time polymorphism.
_v/No special keyword used. _Alitual & override keywords. Package:-
* Package in Java is a mechanism to encapsulate a group of classes, sub
packages and interfaces.
Types of Packages in Java
Packages
User Defined InBuilt
Packages Packages Built-in Packages:-
* These packages consist of a large number of classes which are a part of
Java API. oe
* Some of the commonly used built-in packages are:/>__
java.tang, java.io, java.util, ete
oC a“
User-defined package:
* These are the packages that are defined by the uset
« First we create a directory myPackage (name should be same as the name
7?»
of the package).
* Then create the MyClass inside the directory with the first statement
————
being the package names. Creating a Package:
// Calculator.java
package com.example.math; =>
public class(Calculator {
public int add(int a, int b) {
return a+b; “Java Programmingby Vikassir &
To use this calculator in another class
// Mainjava
import com.example.math.Calculator;
J ee eee
public class Main {
D2 balk
public static void main(String[] args) { => qlee tpetstel
Calculator calc = new Calculator(); = Ame 4
int sum = calc.add(5, 3);
“System tin("Sum:"+sum); ( 5“ : |
} int aml 5 on) “Java Programmingby Vikassir &
CLASSPATH IN JAVA
* The classpath in Java is an environment variable that tells the Java
compiler (javac) and the Java runtime (java) where to find user-defined
classes and packages. _
* Itis essential when running Java programs that depend on external Setting the CLASSPATH in Java:
1. Temporary Setting of CLASSPATH
FOR WINDOWS set CLASSPATH=path1;path2;path3
—
Linux/Mac Terminal: | export CLASSPATH=path1:path2:path3
Rae eeee
2. Permanent Setting of CLASSPATH
On Windows:
* Right-click on My Computer or This PC and select Properties.
_—— eee
* Click on Advanced sys ettings. * Under System variables, click New to aa new CLASSPATH or select an
existing CLASSPATH variable and click Edit.
* Enter the paths to your libraries and classes. Separate each path with a
semicolon (‘;’).
. EXAMPLE:-
5C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_231\lib;
(.) refers to the current directory.
: my JavaProjects\lib
NU Regular Import Static Import
« Uesd to importclasses orpackage,
