ComputerComputer is an advanceElectronic device that takes raw data

as input from the user and processes this data under the control of set of
instructions (called program) and gives the result (output) and store
output for the future use. It can process both numerical and non-
numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations. The device also has memory
that stores the data, programs and result of processing.

It is believed that Analytical Engine was the first computer. It was invented by Charles
Babbage in 1837. Charles Babbage is also considered as the father of computer.

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
The first counting device was used by the primitive people. They used sticks, stones and
bones as counting tools. As human mind and technology improved with time more
computing devices were developed. Some of the popular computing devices starting
with the first to recent ones are described below;

ABACUS
The history of computer begins with the birth of abacus which is believed to be the first
computer. It is said that Chinese invented Abacus around 4,000 years ago.

It was a wooden rack which has metal rods with beads mounted on them. The beads
were moved by the abacus operator according to some rules to perform arithmetic
calculations. Abacus is still used in some countries like China, Russia and Japan.

NAPIER'S BONES
It was a manually-operated calculating device which was invented by John Napier
(1550-1617) of Merchiston. In this calculating tool, he used 9 different ivory strips or
bones marked with numbers to multiply and divide. So, the tool became known as
"Napier's Bones. It was also the first machine to use the decimal point.

PASCALINE
Pascaline is also known as Arithmetic Machine or Adding Machine. It was invented
between 1642 and 1644 by a French mathematician-philosopher Biaise Pascal. It is
believed that it was the first mechanical and automatic calculator.

Pascal invented this machine to help his father, a tax accountant. It could only perform
addition and subtraction. It was a wooden box with a series of gears and wheels. When
a wheel is rotated one revolution, it rotates the neighboring wheel. A series of windows
is given on the top of the wheels to read the totals. An image of this tool is shown
below;

STEPPED RECKONER OR LEIBNITZ WHEEL

It was developed by a German mathematician-philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz in
1673. He improved Pascal's invention to develop this machine. It was a digital
mechanical calculator which was called the stepped reckoner as instead of gears it was
made of fluted drums. See the following image;

DIFFERENCE ENGINE
In the early 1820s, it was designed by Charles Babbage who is known as "Father of
Modern Computer". It was a mechanical computer which could perform simple
calculations. It was a steam driven calculating machine designed to solve tables of
numbers like logarithm tables.

ANALYTICAL ENGINE
This calculating machine was also developed by Charles Babbage in 1830. It was a
mechanical computer that used punch-cards as input. It was capable of solving any
mathematical problem and storing information as a permanent memory.
TABULATING MACHINE
It was invented in 1890, by Herman Hollerith, an American statistician. It was a
mechanical tabulator based on punch cards. It could tabulate statistics and record or
sort data or information. This machine was used in the 1890 U.S. Census. Hollerith also
started the Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine Company which later became International
Business Machine (IBM) in 1924.

DIFFERENTIAL ANALYZER
It was the first electronic computer introduced in the United States in 1930. It was an
analog device invented by Vannevar Bush. This machine has vacuum tubes to switch
electrical signals to perform calculations. It could do 25 calculations in few minutes.

MARK I
The next major changes in the history of computer began in 1937 when Howard Aiken
planned to develop a machine that could perform calculations involving large numbers.
In 1944, Mark I computer was built as a partnership between IBM and Harvard. It was
the first programmable digital computer.

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
A generation of computers refers to the specific improvements in computer technology
with time. In 1946, electronic pathways called circuits were developed to perform the
counting. It replaced the gears and other mechanical parts used for counting in previous
computing machines.

In each new generation, the circuits became smaller and more advanced than the
previous generation circuits. The miniaturization helped increase the speed, memory
and power of computers. There are five generations of computers which are described
below;

FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS

The first generation (1946-1959) computers were slow, huge and expensive. In these
computers, vacuum tubes were used as the basic components of CPU and memory.
These computers were mainly depended on batch operating system and punch cards.
Magnetic tape and paper tape were used as output and input devices in this generation;

Some of the popular first generation computers are;

o ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

o EDVAC ( Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

o UNIVACI( Universal Automatic Computer)

o IBM-701

o IBM-650

SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS

The second generation (1959-1965) was the era of the transistor computers. These
computers used transistors which were cheap, compact and consuming less power; it
made transistor computers faster than the first generation computers.

In this generation, magnetic cores were used as the primary memory and magnetic disc
and tapes were used as the secondary storage. Assembly language and programming
languages like COBOL and FORTRAN, and Batch processing and multiprogramming
operating systems were used in these computers.

Some of the popular second generation computers are;

o IBM 1620

o IBM 7094

o CDC 1604

o CDC 3600

o UNIVAC 1108

THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS

The third generation computers used integrated circuits (ICs) instead of transistors. A
single IC can pack huge number of transistors which increased the power of a computer
and reduced the cost. The computers also became more reliable, efficient and smaller in
size. These generation computers used remote processing, time-sharing, multi
programming as operating system. Also, the high-level programming languages like
FORTRON-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, ALGOL-68 were used in this generation.

Some of the popular third generation computers are;

o IBM-360 series

o Honeywell-6000 series

o PDP(Personal Data Processor)

o IBM-370/168

o TDC-316

FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS

The fourth generation (1971-1980) computers used very large scale integrated (VLSI)
circuits; a chip containing millions of transistors and other circuit elements. These chips
made this generation computers more compact, powerful, fast and affordable. These
generation computers used real time, time sharing and distributed operating system.
The programming languages like C, C++, DBASE were also used in this generation.

Some of the popular fourth generation computers are;

o DEC 10

o STAR 1000

o PDP 11

o CRAY-1(Super Computer)

o CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)

FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS

In fifth generation (1980-till date) computers, the VLSI technology was replaced with
ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration). It made possible the production of microprocessor
chips with ten million electronic components. This generation computers used parallel
processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. The programming
languages used in this generation were C, C++, Java, .Net, etc.

Some of the popular fifth generation computers are;

o Desktop

o Laptop

o NoteBook

o UltraBook

o ChromeBook

On the basis of data handling capabilities, the computer is of three types:

o Analogue Computer
o Digital Computer
o Hybrid Computer
 o

1) ANALOGUE COMPUTER
Analogue computers are designed to process the analogue data. Analogue data is
continuous data that changes continuously and cannot have discrete values such as
speed, temperature, pressure and current.

The analogue computers measure the continuous changes in physical quantity and
generally render output as a reading on a dial or scale.

Analogue computers directly accept the data from the measuring device without first
converting it into numbers and codes.

Speedometer and mercury thermometer are examples of analogue computers.

2) DIGITAL COMPUTER
Digital computer is designed to perform calculations and logical operations at high
speed. It accepts the raw data as digits or numbers and processes it with programs
stored in its memory to produce output. All modern computers like laptops and
desktops that we use at home or office are digital computers.

3) HYBRID COMPUTER
Hybrid computer has features of both analogue and digital computer. It is fast like
analogue computer and has memory and accuracy like digital computers. It can process
both continuous and discrete data. So it is widely used in specialized applications where
both analogue and digital data is processed. For example, a processor is used in petrol
pumps that converts the measurements of fuel flow into quantity and price.

On the basis of size, the computer can be of five types:

1) SUPERCOMPUTER
Supercomputers are the biggest and fastest computers. They are designed to process
huge amount of data. A supercomputer can process trillions of instructions in a second.
It has thousands of interconnected processors.

Supercomputers are particularly used in scientific and engineering applications such as

weather forecasting, scientific simulations and nuclear energy research. First
supercomputer was developed by Roger Cray in 1976.

2) MAINFRAME COMPUTER
Mainframe computers are designed to support hundreds or thousands of users
simultaneously. They can support multiple programs at the same time. It means they
can execute different processes simultaneously. These features of mainframe
computers make them ideal for big organizations like banking and telecom sectors,
which need to manage and process high volume of data.

3) MINIFRAME COMPUTER
It is a midsize multiprocessing computer. It consists of two or more processors and can
support 4 to 200 users at one time. Miniframe computers are used in institutes and
departments for the tasks such as billing, accounting and inventory management.

4) WORKSTATION
Workstation is a single user computer that is designed for technical or scientific
applications. It has faster microprocessor, large amount of RAM and high speed graphic
adapters. It generally performs a specific job with great expertise; accordingly, they are
of different types such as graphics workstation, music workstation and engineering
design workstation.

5) MICROCOMPUTER
Microcomputer is also known as personal computer. It is a general purpose computer
that is designed for individual use. It has a microprocessor as a central processing unit,
memory, storage area, input unit and output unit. Laptops and desktop computers are
examples of microcomputers.

COMPUTER COMPONENTS
There are 5 main computer components that are given below:

o Input Devices
o CPU
o Output Devices
o Primary Memory
o Secondary Memory
The operations of computer components are given below:

1) Inputting: It is the process of entering raw data, instructions and information into
the computer. It is performed with the help of input devices.

2) Storing: The computer has primary memory and secondary storage to store data
and instructions. It stores the data before sending it to CPU for processing and also
stores the processed data before displaying it as output.

3) Processing: It is the process of converting the raw data into useful information. This
process is performed by the CPU of the computer. It takes the raw data from storage,
processes it and then sends back the processed data to storage.

4) Outputting: It is the process of presenting the processed data through output

devices like monitor, printer and speakers.

5) Controlling: This operation is performed by the control unit that is part of CPU. The
control unit ensures that all basic operations are executed in a right manner and
sequence.

INPUT DEVICES
Input device enables the user to send data, information or control signals to computer.
Central processing unit of computer receives the input and processes it to produce
output.

Some of the popular input devices are:

1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Scanner
 4. Joystick
5. Light Pen
6. Track ball
7. Digitizer
8. Microphone
9. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
10. Optical Character Reader (OCR)

OUTPUT DEVICES
Output device displays the result of processing of raw data that is entered in computer
through an input device. There are number of output devices that display output in
different ways such as text, images, hard copies and audio or video.

Some of the popular output devices are:

1. Monitor
o CRT Monitor
o LCD Monitor
o LED Monitor
o Plasma Monitor
2. Printer
o Impact Printers
A. Character Printers
i. Dot Matrix printers
ii. Daisy Wheel printers
B. Line printers
i. Drum printers
ii. Chain printers
o Non-impact printers
A. Laser printers
B. Inkjet printers
3. Projector

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

Central processing unit carries out all important functions of a computer. It receives
instructions from both the hardware and active software and produces output
accordingly. It is also called processer, central processor and microprocessor. It stores
all important programs like operating system and application software. It also helps
Input and output devices to communicate with each other.

Generally, a CPU has three components:

o ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

o Control Unit
o Memory or Storage Unit

Memory: It is called Random access memory (RAM). It temporarily stores data,

programs and intermediate and final results of processing.

Control Unit: It controls and coordinates the functioning of all parts of computer. It
does not involve in processing and storing data.

ALU: It performs arithmetic and logical functions. Arithmetic functions include addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division. Logical functions mainly include selecting,
comparing and merging the data.

HARDWARE
All tangible physical components of computer and the devices connected to it are
hardware. Some of the popular examples of computer hardware are CPU, motherboard,
monitor, mouse and keyboard.

MOTHERBOARD
Motherboard is generally a thin circuit board that holds together almost all parts of
computer except input and output devices. All crucial hardware like CPU, memory, hard
drive and ports for input and output devices are located on the motherboard. It
allocates power to all hardware located on it and enables them to communicate with
each other.
MONITOR
It is the display unit of the computer. It is the basic output device that renders the
processed data as text, images, audio or video.

KEYBOARD
It is the basic input device that is used to input data into the computer. It has different
sets of keys to enter numbers, characters and symbols.

MOUSE
It is an input device that is used to point to or select objects on the display screen of
computer.

SOFTWARE
Software consists a sequence of instruction to perform a particular task. The
software is the instruction that makes the computer work.. All the programs that
run the computer are software. Software is of two types; system software and
application software.

1) SYSTEM SOFTWARE
System software is the main software that runs the computer. When you turn on the
computer it activates the hardware and controls and coordinates their functioning. The
application programs are also controlled by system software. Operating system is an
example of system software.

OPERATING SYSTEM
Operating system is the system software that works as an interface to enable the user
communicate with the computer. It manages and coordinates the functioning of
hardware and software of the computer. The commonly used operating systems are
Microsoft Windows, Linux and Apple Mac OS X

There are three types of the operating system---

i) Single user and single tasking operating system. Ex-Dos
ii) Single user and multi-tasking operating system. Ex-windows
xp, windows 98
iii) Multiuser and multi-tasking operating system. Ex-windows
2000, windows 2003 server

2) APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Applications software is a set of programs designed to perform a specific task. It does
not control or coordinate the working of computer. A computer can run without
application software. Application software can be easily installed or uninstalled as
required. Microsoft Office Suite, Adobe Photoshop and any other software like payroll
software or income tax software are application software.

The application software are two types :-

1)Generalized PackagesThese are user friendly software’s written to

cater to user’s very general needs such as preparing documents, drawing
pictures, database to manage data/information, preparing presentations,
play games etc. It is a group of programs that provide general purpose
tools to solve specific problems. Some of the generalized packages are
listed below:
 Word Processing Software(for preparing documents): WordPerfect,
MS-Word, OpenOffice.org Writer
 Spreadsheets (Data Analysis): Lotus Smart suites, MS-Excel,
OpenOffice.org Calc, Apple Numbers
 Presentations : Presentation Graphics, MS-
PowerPoint,OpenOffice.org Impress
  Database Management System’s-Access, OpenOffice.org Base, MS-
SQLServer, ORACLE
 Graphics Tools: Paint shop pro, Adobe Photoshop
2)Customized PackagesThese are the applications that are customized
(or developed) to meet the specific requirements of an
organization/institution. For Example: Student information details,
Payroll packages, inventory control etc. These packages are developed
using high-level computer language.

COMPUTER LANGUAGESLanguages are a means of communication.

Normally people interact with each other through a language. On the same
pattern, communication with computers is carried out through a language.
This language is understood both by user and the machine. Just as every
language like English, Hindi has its grammatical rules; every computer
language is bound by rules known as SYNTAX of that language. The user is
bound by that syntax while communicating with the computer system.
Computer languages are broadly classified as:
1. Low Level Languagethe term low level means closeness to the way in
which machine understand. The low level languages are:
a. Machine LanguageThis is the language (in the form of 0’s and
1’s, called binary numbers) understood directly by the computer. It
is machine dependent. It is difficult to learn and even more difficult
to write programs.
b. Assembly Language This is the language where the machine
codes comprising of 0’sand 1’s are substituted by symbolic codes
(called mnemonics) to improve their understanding. It is the first
step to improve programming structure.
Assembly language programming is simpler and less time
consuming than machine level programming, it is easier to locate
and correct errors in assembly language than in machine
language programs. It is also machine dependent. Programmers
must have knowledge of the machine on which the program will
run.
2. High Level Language you know that low level language requires
extensive knowledge of the hardware since it is machine dependent. To
overcome the limitation, high level language has been evolved which uses
normal English like, easy to understand statements to solve any problem.
Higher level languages are computer independent and programming
becomes quite easy and simple. Various high level languages are given
below:
1. BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code):
It is widely used, easy to learn general purpose language.
Mainly used in microcomputers in earlier days.
2. COBOL (Common Business Oriented language): A
Standardized language used for commercial applications.
3. FORTRAN (Formula Translation): Developed for solving
Mathematical and scientific problems. One of the most
Popular languages among scientific community.
4. C:- Structured Programming Language used for all purpose
Such as scientific application, commercial application,
Developing games etc.
5. C++:- Popular object oriented programming language, used
for general purpose.
COMPILER AND ASSEMBLER As you know that High Level language is
machine independent and assembly language though it is machine
dependent yet mnemonics that are being used to represent instructions
are not directly understandable by machine. Hence to make the machine
understand the instructions provided by both the languages, Compiler and
Assembler are required to convert these instructions into machine
language.
The software (set of programs) that reads a program written in high level
language and translates it into an equivalent program in machine language
is called as Compiler.
The program written by the programmer in high level language is called
source program and the program generated by the compiler after
translation is called as object program.

Source Program Compiler Object Program

(High Level Language) (Machine
Language)
The software (set of programs) that reads a program written in assembly
language and translates it into an equivalent program in machine language
is called as Assembler.

Source Program Object Program

(Assembly Language) Assembler (Machine
Language)

COMPUTER MEMORY
The computer memory holds the data and instructions needed to process raw data and
produce output. The computer memory is divided into large number of small parts
known as cells. Each cell has a unique address which varies from 0 to memory size
minus one.

Computer memory is of two types: Volatile (RAM) and Non-volatile

(ROM). The secondary memory (hard disk) is referred as storage not memory.

But, if we categorize memory on behalf of space or location, it is of four types:

o Register memory
o Cache memory
o Primary memory
o Secondary memory

REGISTER MEMORY
Register memory is the smallest and fastest memory in a computer. It is located in the
CPU in the form of registers. A register temporarily holds frequently used data,
instructions and memory address that can be quickly accessed by the CPU.
CACHE MEMORY
It is small in size but faster than the main memory. The CPU can access it more quickly
than the primary memory. It holds the data and programs frequently used by the CPU.
So if the CPU finds the required data or instructions in cache memory it doesn't need to
access the primary memory (RAM). Thus, it speeds up the system performance.

PRIMARY MEMORY
Primary Memory is of two types: RAM and ROM.

RAM (VOLATILE MEMORY)

It is a volatile memory. It means it does not store data or instructions permanently.
When you switch on the computer the data and instructions from the hard disk are
stored in RAM.

CPU utilizes this data to perform the required tasks. As soon as you shut down the
computer the RAM loses all the data.
 ROM (NON-VOLATILE MEMORY)
It is a non-volatile memory. It means it does not lose its data or programs that are
written on it at the time of manufacture. So it is a permanent memory that contains all
important data and instructions needed to perform important tasks like the boot
process.

SECON DARY MEMORY

The storage devices in the computer or connected to the computer are known as
secondary memory of the computer. It is non-volatile in nature so permanently stores
the data even when the computer is turned off. The CPU can't directly access the
secondary memory. First the secondary memory data is transferred to primary memory
then CPU can access it.

The hard disk, optical disk and pen drive are some of the popular examples of
secondary memory or storage of computer.

HARD DISK
It isn a rigid magnetic disc that is used to store data. It permanently stores data and is
located within a drive unit.

OPTICAL DISK
It has a plastic coating. The data in optical disc is recorded digitally and the recorded
data is read with laser that scans its surface.

PEN DRIVE
It is a compact secondary storage device. It is connected to a computer through a USB
port to store or retrieve data.

MEMORY UNITS
Memory units are used to measure and represent data. Some of the commonly used
memory units are:

1) Bit: The computer memory units start from bit. A bit is the smallest memory unit to
measure data stored in main memory and storage devices. A bit can have only one
binary value out of 0 and 1.

2) Byte: It is the fundamental unit to measure data. It contains 8 bits or is equal to 8

bits. Thus a byte can represent 2*8 or 256 values.

3) Kilobyte: A kilobyte contains 1024 bytes.

4) Megabyte: A megabyte contains 1024 kilobytes.

5) Gigabyte: A gigabyte contains 1024 megabyte.

6) Terabyte: A terabyte contains 1024 gigabytes

COMPUTER NETWORK
A network set up by connecting two or more computers through communication
channels is called computer network. It enables computers communicate with each
other and to share commands, data and hardware and software resources.

The popular computer networks are:

o Local Area Network (LAN)

o Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
o Wide Area Network (WAN)

LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

As the name suggests, the local area network is confined to small geographical area like
within an office, company, school or any other organization. Ethernet cables are used to
set up LAN.

METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

Metropolitan area network extends over a metropolitan area like a city or town. It is set
up by connecting the local area networks of the city or town. It is ideal for the people of
a particular region to share data or information.
WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
Wide area network covers large geographical area. It is not confined within office,
school or a town. It is mainly set up by telecommunication lines. Big organizations like
banks and multinational companies communicate with their branches and customers
through WAN. Internet that we use is also a WAN.

MICROSOFT DISK OPERATING SYSTEM

 To open Microsoft disk operating system
Start-all programs-accessories-command prompt
Or
Start-run-type cmd/command/command.com
1) To back in main drive :- cd\
2) To back to step by step :-cd..
3) To clear the screen :-cls
4) To show the date :- date
5) To show the time :- time
6) To show the version :-ver
7) To show the volume :- vol
8) To make a directory:- md directory name
9) To enter the directory :- cd directory name
10) To create a file :- copy con file name.txt
type something and press f6 to save the file
11) To show the file :- type file name.txt
12) To edit the file :- edit file name.txt
type something and save this file and exit
13) To show the directory :- dir
14) To show the all hidden files :- dir/ah
15) To show the without hidden files :- dir/a-h
16) To show the all read only files :- dir/ar
17) To show the without read only files :- dir/a-r
18) To show the all system files :- dir/as
19) To show the without system files :- dir/a-s
20) To show the file ascending order by name :-dir/on
21) To show the file descending order by name :-dir/o-n
22) To show the file ascending order by size :-dir/os
23) To show the file descending order by size :-dir/o-s
24) To show the file ascending order by extension name :-dir/oe
25) To show the file descending order by extension name :-dir/o-e
26) To show the file ascending order by date :-dir/od
27) To show the file descending order by date :-dir/o-d
28) To rename a file :- ren old file name new file name
29) To remove a directory :- rd directory name
30) To delete a file :- del file name.txt
31) To copy a file one drive to another drive :- copy source file path target file
path
32) To copy a file same drive but another directory :- xcopy source file path
target file path
33) To move a file with directory at same drive :-move source file path target
file path
34) To attribute a file :- attrib (attribute) file name.txt
attribute command :- +h to create hidden
-hto create non- hidden
+r to create read only
-r to remove read only
35) Prompt :- this command is used to change our current prompt

Prompt (text)

$$ ‘$’ sign

$Q ‘=’ sign

$T  ‘to show the current time’

$D ‘to show the current date’

$P ‘to show the current drive and path’

$V ‘to show the version number’

$G ‘>’ sign

$L ‘<’ sign

$B ‘|’ sign

$P$G  ‘to back in main drive’

36) To create a batch file :- make a program and run this program

Copy con file name.bat

 Date
Time
Ver
Vol
Color 1
Pause
Color 2
Pause
Color 3
Pause
Color 4
Pause
Color 5
Pause
Color 6
Pause
Color 7
And press F6 to save the file
37) To run the batch file :- file name.bat

HTML  HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE

<HTML>
 <HEAD>
<TITTLE>
THIS IS MY FIRST PAGE
</TITTLE>
</HEAD>

<BODY BGCOLOR=ANY COLOR>

<MARQUEE><B><I><U>TYPE SOMETHING
<FONT SIZE=14PT>
</BODY></MARQUEE></B></I></U></FONT>
</HTML>

To save the file filename:- any file name.html and save as type :-
change to all file
 to open Microsoft word

startall programsmicrosoft officemicrosoft office word 2007

or

startruntype winwordok

OFFICE BUTTON

1)NEW:-to create a new file

Office buttonnewblank documentcreate/ctrl+n

2)OPEN:-to open an existing document

Office buttonopenselect a fileopen/ctrl+o

3)SAVE :-to store the document in hard disk

Office buttonsaveselect a locationtype a file

namesave/ctrl+s

4)SAVE AS:-to store the same file in different location or different

name use save as

Office buttonsave astype a new name or select a new location

save

5)PRINT:-to print a document

Office buttonprintselect a printer nameselect a page

rangetype no of
copiesprint/ctrl+p

6)PRINT PREVIEW:-to see the file before printing

Office buttonprintprint preview

7)Prepare:-to use password in a document

Office buttonprepareencrypt documenttype a

passwordretype the same password againoksave

8)CLOSE:-to exit from MSWord

Office buttonclose

HOME

1)UNDO:-to back to your previous work

Homeundo typing/ctrl+z

2)CUT:-to cut a text

select the textHomecut/ctrl+x

3)COPY:-to copy a text

select the texthomecopy/ctrl+c

4)PASTE:-to paste a document

at first cut or copy a texthomepaste/ctrl+v

5)FONT:-to change the font of a text

select the texthomefontchoose any font /ctrl+shift+f

6)FONT SIZE:-to change the font size of a text

select the texthomefontfont sizeselect any font size

7)GROW FONT:-to increase the font size

select the textclick on grow font/ctrl+>

8)SHRINK FONT:-to decrease the font size

select the textclick on shrink font/ctrl+<

9)FONT COLOR:-to change the font color

select the textHomefontfont colorselect any color

10)BOLD:-to use bold option

select a texthomefontclick on bold option

ITALIC:-to use italic option

select a texthomefontclick on italic option

UNDERLINE:-to use underline option

select a texthomefontclick on underline option

STRIKETHROUGH:-to use strikethrough option

select a texthomefontclick on strikethrough option

SUBSCRIPT:-to use subscript option(x2)

select a texthomefontclick on subscript option

SUPERSCRIPT:-to use superscript option(x2)

 select a texthomefontclick on superscript option

CHANGE CASE:-to change the case of a text

select the texthomefontchange caseselect any case

BULLETS:-to use bullets option

homeparagraphchoose any bullets option

DECREASE INDENT:-to decrease the indent level of a paragraph

select a paragraph homeparagraph click on decrease indent

INCREASE INDENT:-to increase the indent level of a paragraph

select a paragraphclick on increase indent

SORT:-to alphabetize the selected text or sort numerical area

select the textclick on sort

TEXT ALIGNMENT:-to align the text left, center or right

homeparagraphclick on left, center or right

LINE SPACING:- to change the space between line and text

homeparagraphline spacingadd or remove the spacing

SHADING:-color the background selected text or paragraph

select a text or paragraphhomeparagraphshadingselect a

color

BOTTOM BORDER:-customize the border of the selected cells or text

select a texthomeparagraphbottom borderselect a border

FIND:-to find a particular word in a paragraph

homeeditingfind/ctrl+ftype the text in ‘find what’click on

find next
 REPLACE:-to replace a word with a new word

home editingreplace/ctrl+htype the text in ‘find what’ and

type the new text in ‘replace with’replacereplace all

SELECT ALL:-to select the whole document at a time

homeeditingeditingselectselect all

INSERT

COVER PAGE:-to insert a fully formatted cover page

insertcover pageselect a page

BLANK PAGE:-to insert a new blank page

insertblank page

PAGE BREAK:-to start the new page at the current position

Inser t page break

TABLE:-

a)to draw a table

inserttabledraw tabledraw the table

b)to insert a table

inserttableinsert tabletype no. of rows and columnsok

c)merge cell:-to merge two or more cell in a table

select the celllayoutmerge cell

d)split cell:-to split a cell

select a cellsplit celltype no. of rows and columnsok

e)insert below:-to add a new row directly below the selected row
 select a rowlayoutrows and columnsinsert below

f)insert left:-to add a new column directly left of the selected columns

select a rowlayoutrows and columnsinsert left

g)insert above:-to add a new row directly above the selected row

select a rowlayoutrows and columnsinsert above

g)insert right:-to add a new column directly in right in the selected

columns

select a rowlayoutrows and columnsinsert right

i)delete:-to delete row ,columns, cell or table

Select row, cell, columns or tablelayoutrows and

columnsdeleteselect a option

j)formula:-to use formula on a table

select the cursor on a celllayoutdataformulatype direction

with in the bracket(ex:=sum(left/right/below/above))

PICTURE:-to insert a picture from a file

insertpictureselect a pictureinsert

CLIP ART:-to insert a clip art

insertclip arttype a clip art namegoclick on the clip art

SHAPE:-to draw a shape

insertshapeselect a shapedraw the shape

SMART ART:-to draw a smart art

insertsmart artselect a smart artdraw the smart art

HYPERLINK:-to create a link between two or more files

at first create two filesselect some

textinsertlinkshyperlinkbrowse for fileselect the other
fileokokctrl+click on the selected text to run the hyper link

BOOKMARK:-to create a bookmark

select a text in a paragraphinsertlinksbookmarktype a

bookmark nameadd

to run the bookmark

insertbookmarkselect the bookmark namego to

Header:-to edit the header of a document use header. The contain of

the header will appear at the top of each printed page

Insertheaderblanktype some textinsert some blank page

FOOTER:-to edit the footer of a document use footer. The contain of

the footer will appear at the bottom of each printed page

Insertfooterblanktype some textinsert some blank page

PAGE NUMBER:-to insert page number into a document

insertpage numberchoose a position of page number plain

number 1

TEXT BOX:-to insert or draw a text box

inserttextboxinsert or draw the text box

WORD ART:-to insert word art

to insert a word artinsertword artselect a arttype a textok

DROP CAP:-to maximize the first character of a paragraph

set the cursor on a paragraphinsertdrop capdropped/in

margin
SYMBOL:-to insert a symbol

insert symbolwindingsselect a symbolinsert

PAGE LAYOUT

THEMES:-change the overall design of the entire document, including

colors, fonts and effects

page layoutthemesselect a theme

MARGINS:-select the margin sizes for the entire document or the

current section

page layoutmarginsselect a margin

ORIENTATION:-switch the pages between portrait or landscape

layouts

page layoutorientationselect portrait or landscape

SIZE:-choose a paper size for the current document

page layoutsizeselect a size

COLUMNS:-split text into two or more columns

select a paragraphpage layoutcolumnsmore columnstype

number of columnsok

LINE NUMBERS:-add line numbers in the margin alongside each line

of the document

select a paragraphpage layout line numberscontinuous

WATERMARK:-insert ghosted text behind the content on the page

page layout  watermarkcustom watermarktext

watermarktype a text ok
PAGE COLOR:-choose a color for the background of the page

page layout page colorselect a color

PAGE BORDER:-add or change the border around the page

page layout page borderselect a border or artok

INDENT LEFT:-move in the left size of the paragraph by a certain

amount

page layoutindentleft

INDENT RIGHT:- move in the right size of the paragraph by a certain

amount

Pagelayoutindentright

SPECING BEFORE:-change the spacing between paragraphs by adding

space above the selected paragraphs

page layoutspacing before

SPECING AFTER:- change the spacing between paragraphs by adding

space below the selected paragraphs

page layoutspacingafter

POSITION:- position the selected object on the page

at first insert a pictureselect the picturepage

layoutpositionselect a position

REFFERENCES

INSERT FOOTNOTE:-to insert foot note

select a text referencesinsert footnotetype the footnote

MAILINGS
MAILMERGE:-type a letterstart mail mergestep by step mail
merge wizardletternext nexttype a new
listcreatecustomize columnsadd or delete the field
namesoktype dataoktype a file namesaveokset the
cursorinsert merge fieldselect the fieldinsertfinish and
mergeedit individual documentsallok

REVIEW

SPELLING & GRAMMAR :-to check the spelling and grammar from a
documents

reviewspelling & grammar/f7select a suggestionchangeok

NEW COMMENT:-to insert a new comment

select a textreviewnew commenttype the comment

to permanently hide the comment

trackingshow markupcomments

PROTECT DOCUMENT:-to protect a document from wrong entry

reviewprotect documentrestrict formatting and editingediting

restrictionyes start enforcing protectiontype passwordretype
the same password againok

to stop the protectionclick on stop protectiontype the password

VIEW

ZOOM:-to specify the zoom level of the document

viewzoomselect a zoom option

NEW WINDOW:-to insert a new window

viewnew window

ARRANGE ALL:-to arrange two or more document in onescreen

viewarrange allselect a option

SPLIT:-to split the current window into two parts

viewsplit

MACRO:-to create a macro

Type a textmacrorecord macroctrl+achange the

formattingmacrostop recording

To run the macro

Take a new window or documentviewmacroview

macroselect the macro namerun

HOME

BOTTOM BORDER:-customize the border of the selected cells

Select a cellfontsbottom borderselect a border

ORIENTATION:-to change the text orientation

homealignmentorientationformat cell alignmentchange the

orientation

MERGE CELL:-to merge two or more cell at a time

select two or more cellhomealignmentorientationformat

cell alignmentmerge cellok
SH RINK TO FIT:-to condensed a text

type a text in a cell homealignmentorientationformat cell

alignmentshrink to fitok

WRAP TEXT:-to wrap a text

type a text in a cell homealignmentorientationformat cell

alignmentwrap textok

MERGE &CENTER:-this is use often to create label that’s span

multiple columns

select some cell homealignmentmerge & centerselect a

merge

CONDITIONAL FORMATTING

.:-highlight interesting cells, emphasize unusual values and visualize

data using data bars, color cells and icon sets based on criteria

select some datahomeconditional formatting select a

formatting fill up the formatting ok.

FORMAT AS TABLE:- quickly format a range of cell and convert it to a

table by choosing a pre-defined table style

select some cell homestyleformat as tableselect a table

format

CELL STYLES:-quickly format a cell by choosing from pre-defined

style

select some cell  homestylecell stylesselect a style

INSERT

PIVOT TABLE:-pivot tables make it easy to arrange and summarize

complicated data and drill down on details
insertpivot tableselect pivot table or pivot chartselect some
data or click to use an external data source choose connection
select a file open

CHART:- charts are used to compare values across categories

select

some datainsertchartselect a chart type

FORMULA

1)to calculate total:-

=sum(1st cell add :last cell add)

2)to calculate average:-

=average(1st cell add :last cell add)

3)to calculate additional:-

=if(addi cell add>34,addi cell add-34+total cell add, totalcealladd)

4)to calculate grade

=if(average cell add>90,”a+”,if(average cell add>80,”a”,if(average cell

add>60,”b”,if(average cell add>40,”c”,”fail”))))

5)to calculate power

=power(cell add,number)

6)to concate two or more cell value

=concatenate(1st cell add,2nd cell add)

7)to calculate maximum no

=max(cell range)

8)to calculate minimum no

=min(cell range)

9)to calculate factorial no

=fact(cell add)

10)to calculate squre root

=sqrt (celladd)

11)to count blank cell

=countblank(cell range)

12)to count char length

=len(celladd)

13)to calculate ascii value

=char(celladd)

14)to count no of component

=count(cellrange)

15)To calculate mod

=mod(cell add/divisor)

16)to change lower to upper

=upper(cell add)

17)to change upper to lower

=lower(cell add)

18)to calculate integer value

=int(cell add)

19)to use vlookup

At first type some data in sheet 1copy some data in sheet
2formulalookup and referencevlookupselect the first cell
add for lookup valueselect the sheet 1 total data for table array
type the column index no(count from 1st column as 1)type 0 in
range look upok

DATA

1.filter:-to view particular data from a table……

Select the datadatafilter

2.advance filter(to use condition on filter)

Type a criteria range (ex:salary>15000)select the main

datadataadvance filterselect criteria for criteria
rangechoose filter the list in place or copy to another location
optionselect a other locationok.

3.validation

1whole no:-to use number validation in a particular cell range.

select some celldatavalidationwhole notype minimum and

maximum valueok

2.list:-type some source data in other cell.

select some celldatavalidationlistselect the source

optionselect the source data cell rangeok

3)NOTEPAD:-to access data from notepad.

select some celldatafrom textdelimitedselect a

delimiter(like coma or tab)nextok.

View
1) Arrangeall:-to arrange two or more worksheet in one screen use
arrange all

Viewarrange allselect cascade or horizontal or vertical option-ok

2) Freezepane:-to freeze top row or first column use freeze pane.

Select second row or second column-viewfreeze panes freeze

pane.

3) Save work space:-to save the current layout of all windows as a

workspace so that it can be restored later

Viewsave workspacesave.

4)MACRO:-to use macro in excel

Type some no in cellview macrorecord macrotype a shortcut

keyuse a formulastop recordingtake a new worksheetuse
shortcut key.