CONVENTION LEARNING RESOURCES would rather study individually may also

● Traditional instructional materials that utilize handouts (Ballado, 2012).

have been in the classroom for years.
Like, blackboards, textbooks, Advantages of Printed Materials
flashcards, charts, flip cards, pictures, ● Readily available on various topics and
posters, worksheets, maps, atlases, in many different format
globes, etc. ● Adaptable to many purposes and may
be used in any lighted environment
PRINTED MEDIA ● Easy to use, not requiring special effort
● A large portion of all teaching aids to browse through
commonly used by teachers comprises ● Allow students to practice what they
printed materials. This could be in the have learned and receive feedback
form of textbooks use more often as a ● Relatively inexpensive to produce or
primary reference book, fiction and purchase and can be reused
nonfiction books, booklets, newspaper,
magazines, catalogs, pamphlets, study Limitation of Printed Media
guides, laboratory, manuals and ● Written at a specific reading level
worksheets, as well as the ● Readers who lock some prerequisite
word-processed document prepared by knowledge may find difficulty in
student and teachers (Ballado, 2012). comprehending the text
● The materials may reduce to mere
TEXTBOOKS memorization aids
● A textbook is a systematic organization ● Introduce many vocabulary terms and
of subject matter intended to aid the concepts in a short amount of space
instructor in teaching a certain topic to ● Are not interactive
students of a specified grade/ year level. ● Teacher- pupil learning is fit into the
● Textbooks have historically been organization of textbooks, not the other
cornerstone of classroom education and way around
teachers constant companions ● Some are costly
frequently supplementing other ● Failure of selection committees to
instructional material. scrutinize textbooks
● Textbooks could be used to assign
reading to students. Good textbooks are TO EFFECTIVELY UTILIZE PRINTED MEDIA,
well organized, logical, up to date, THE FOLLOWING GUIDELINES MAY BE
accurate, impartial, reviewed by FOLLOWED (BALLADO, 2012):
scholars and educators, supplemented
by teachers guides, and suited for the 1. Because printed materials are not
intended audience developmental level interactive, teachers should maximize
(Ballado, 2012). the students' active involvement in class
discussions.
SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS 2. Complement printed materials with other
● Supplemental materials are the best instructional media like visuals and
source of ideas and knowledge, audio materials.
especially regarding current problems, 3. Worksheets and handouts could be
which are not available in textbook. provided for topics not part of the
Students regularly consult extra printed textbooks.
materials, such as pamphlets and 4. The love for books and reading, in
magazines, to find information not general, should be cultivated among
addressed in the textbook. Student who children at an early age.
 5. Care in handling books should be given globes, celestial globes, and physical
utmost importance. relief globes.
6. Always refer to new and updated books
7. Teach the pupils to evaluate and Advantages of Maps and Globes
discriminate what they read ● Provide concrete visualization of the
8. Make skillful use of teachers' guides, if features of the earth, a country, or a
there are any, to provide meaningful community.
experiences. Teach the pupils effective ● Provide interest to learn more about
reading using the table of contents, people, geographical influences, and
appendices, index, and glossary. places.
9. Workbook activities should be checked
for accuracy and emphasize higher Limitation of Maps and Globes
order thinking and problem solving ● Require a higher level of background
rather than rote learning. Care should information or experience.
be done in selecting workbooks or
worksheets. Many are lacking in FLASHCARDS
motivational qualities, as well as ● Flash cards are valuable materials for
higher-order thinking skills drill activities, particularly in teaching
Mathematics, English, and Filipino.
MAPS AND GLOBES Flash cards come in picture cards, word
● Maps are instructional materials cards, phrase cards, sentence cards, or
representing the Earth's or portion of the mathematical cards (Ballado, 2012).
Earth's surface. Globes, on the other
hand, are the spherical model of the Advantages of FlashCards
Earth. However, even though a globe is ● Can be important means of fixing skills
threedimensional, it can be classified as or automatizing students' responses
"graphic" because of the use of ● Can be easily made from recycled
symbols, words, and drawings (Ballado, materials
2012). ● Are easy to use and can be easily
carried
Special Purpose Maps
● These maps are used for peculiar Limitations of Flash Cards
purposes, like those presenting rainfall ● May be small to be seen by the class
amounts, population distribution, and ● Students could have difficulty
travel routes. recognizing what is in the flashcard, if
flashed quickly.
Globes can be classified as follows:
To effectively utilize flashcards, the following
Political globes guidelines may be followed:
● These show the location and boundaries 1. The flashcards must be bold and big
of cities, provinces, and other enough to be seen by everybody in the
man-made features. class.
Physical-political globes 2. Flash the cards snappily to develop fast
● These show some political features but thinking or response.
emphasize land elevations and ocean 3. Flash the cards from the back to the
depths front.
Special purpose globes 4. Answers or labels should be written on
● These are globes constructed for the back of the flashcard so the teacher
specific purposes such as satellite
 can check whether the answer is BULLETIN BOARDS
correct. ● Usually present brief news
5. Hold the flashcards firmly at chest level. announcements of urgent interest
posted for public notice.
Display Media ● Aside from serving as instructional aids,
EXHIBITS they could provide decoration and
● Exhibits display various objects and motivation.
visuals that are designed to form an ● Bulletin board used for decoration is the
integrated whole (Henich, 1993). most common thing in schools, done
Exhibits can be used for instructional during school affairs or school
purposes and in the same ways that the celebrations.
individual components of the exhibit are ● When student works are displayed,
used. bulletin boards serve as a motivating
DISPLAY factor.
● This is an array of objects, visuals, and ● When pride is boosted, students' efforts
printed materials. Descriptive to do a good job are enhanced.
information about the objects or visuals ● Displays on bulletin boards can be
are usually written (Heinich, 1993). topics not emphasized in the daily class
DIORAMAS sessions.
● Dioramas, from the Greek word ● Another form is the actual participation
meaning "to see through, " are static of the learnerin constructing the bulletin
displays creating a realistic scene. board displays (Ballado, 2012).

Advantage of Exhibits Advantages of Bulletin Boards

● Used to re-create scenes from the past ● Can lend visual stimulation
or show scenes in the future ● Stimulate students' creativity and
Limitations of Exhibits interest.
● Demand enough space in the ● Provide students with additional
classroom. learning.
● May take a lot of time to prepare ● Preview of the lesson can be a
illustrated on the bulletin boards.
To effectively utilize exhibits, the following ● Add to an effective classroom
guidelines may be followed: atmosphere.
1. The exhibit must be large enough to be ● Displays can allow many students to
easily seen. browse content simultaneously.
2. The exhibit must attract attention.
3. The exhibit must be well-lighted. Limitations of Bulletin Boards
4. The exhibit must be built around one ● Materials could easily fade or fall.
central idea. ● Tend to be overcrowded
5. The captions of the exhibit must be ● Can be time-consuming and expensive
short and simple. ● Materials to be used in the bulletin
6. The exhibit must convey the message at board could not be available.
a glance.
7. The materials in the exhibit must not be To effectively utilize bulletin boards, the
crowded together. following guidelines may be followed:
1. Encourage students to prepare the
bulletin boards to maximize students'
participation.
 2. Concern yourself with what the bulletin 4. Tableau - This is a play acted without
board says and does, rather than just words.
how it looks. The bulletin board should 5. Puppetry - This special dramatization
contribute to learning and not just add to employs puppets or doll-like figures of
the many displays in the classroom. human or animal forms that are
3. The items displayed on the bulletin operated mechanically or by the hand of
board must be appropriately selected. the operator. The operator speaks for
4. Generate a theme and adopt it as a the puppet. Puppets can be in the form
heading for the bulletin board display. of marionettes, hand puppets, and stick
Keep the display up-to-date. puppets.
5. Wordings on the bulletin board should
be simple and according to the viewers' Advantages of Dramatization
language ● Can improve vocabulary and reading
6. Select a background such as cloth, comprehension
aluminum foil, or colored paper. Lines ● Provide for the development of
can be made from ribbon, yarn, string intelligence like linguistic and bodily
wire, or paper strips while letters can be kinesthetic
freehand drawn from a lettering guide or ● Develop skills in acquiring a foreign
cut from construction paper (Heinich, language
1993). ● Can stir the learner's creativity and
imagination
DRAMATIZATIONS ● Could help teach attitude areas
● Childhood educators assert that children ● Could present a large chunk of concepts
learn best through dramatic play and within a short time
interaction with their environment.
Drama is a living experience. Acting is a Limitations of Dramatization
wonderful way of living in which ● Require a great deal of money and
students are in a creative, make-believe labor.
activity. The students, thus, can express ● Content may get out of context if
their imagination (Ballado, 2012). roleplaying is for older students.

Used to introduce a unit or as a tool for To effectively utilize dramatizations, the

evaluation, dramatizations could be in the following guidelines may be followed:
form of: 1. The teacher should introduce
1. Plays - Plays are rehearsed activities dramatization carefully and see that the
using proper costumes and stage class takes it seriously.
settings. 2. Emphasize to the class actions,
2. Pageants - Pageants are activities expressions, voice, and interpretation
where persons appear in proper dresses rather than clothing and scenery.
and makeup. They also parade before 3. Choose characters as appropriately as
the class. Aside from the display of possible.
dress and accessories, pageants could 4. Teach students some routines for work,
also feature students carrying name e.g. students stopping movement when
tags of important concepts and ideas teacher raises hand, among others.
about the lesson. 5. Brief all students before the activity.
3. Pantomime - This is an activity where Describe the situations and indicate
participants express themselves through what nonparticipants should do.
bodily actions to the music 6. There should be follow-up discussions
accompaniment. after the dramatization.
 7. The teacher must keep control of parts preserved for convenient
situations to provide continuity of the inspection.
activity. However, students' ideas should 3. Exhibits - Real objects can be collected
be considered while providing them with to form an exhibit.
the correct answer.
8. Students should be oriented on the REAL OBJECTS AND SPECIMENS THAT
beginning and end of the drama so that CAN BE BOUGHT TO THE CLASSROOM
the students will have a proper mindset INCLUDE ROCK AND SEA SHELLS
on when to focus back on the class COLLECTION, PRESSED OR FRESH LEAVES
activities. AND FLOWERS, OR MOUNTED INSECTS IN
9. Drama experiences should involve SCIENCE; COINS, CALCULATORS, METER
warm-ups like simple body exercises or STICKS, COMPASS, OR TIMEPIECES IN
role internalization sessions MATHEMATICS; CLAY POTS, COSTUMES,
10. It is better if drama activities are RELICS, OR SOUVENIRS IN SOCIAL
scheduled in the morning when students STUDIES; AND FOOD AND UTENSILS,
are more attentive. FABRICS, AND SEWING EQUIPMENT IN
11. Focus on drama in the classroom to HOME ECONOMICS (BALLADO, 2012).
ease shifting to class activities.
Advantages of Realia
CONTRIVED EXPERIENCES ● Provide first-hand experiences
REALIA ● Can be viewed, handled, and examined
● Realia is an inclusive term that covers by students from various angles
tangible or visible things removed from ● Readily available in the environment,
their normal setting, which serves the school, and home
purpose of teaching. These are concrete Limitations of Realia
audiovisual materials that give a feeling ● Demand classroom space in terms of
of reality, which could further provide a storage
richer and more complete understanding ● More expensive than pictures and
of real things because the students can graphics
see, feel, and investigate them. ● Availability of real objects could be a
Examples of realia are actual objects, problem
specimens, relics, and replicas (Ballado, ● Some materials are complex and fragile.
2012).
To effectively utilize realia, specimens and
REAL OBJECTS MAY BE USED AS IS OR artifacts should be displayed in a part ofthe
CAN BE MODIFIED TO ENHANCE classroom where they can be highlighted. A
INSTRUCTION. EXAMPLES OF name and a brief explanation should be
MODIFICATION INCLUDE: placed below or beside it(Ballado, 2012)

1. Cutaways - These are parts like that of MODELS

machines with one side cut away to ● Models are three-dimensional
allow a closer look at the inner structure. representations of real things, which
An example is a machine cutaway to could be smaller, larger, or the same
reveal the machine's hidden size as the real thing. It may be
components. complete in detail or simplified for
2. Specimens - These objects are instructional purposes (Ballado, 2012)
considered representative or typical
members of a group represented.
Examples are actual plants, animals, or
Models could be in the following forms:
1. Solid models - These are used mainly
for recognizing external features.
Examples are globes and puppets.
2. Cut-away models - These are used
mainly for recognizing internal
structures. Examples are models of the
cross-section of fruits and flowers.
3. Construction models - These can be
assembled and disassembled to show
the relationships of parts to the whole. A
good example is a toy car.
4. Working models - These are in the
forms of machines or power systems,
indicating how a thing represented
actually separates. An example is a
model of how a basket is woven from
straw.

Manipulatives that are used in lessons are

called models. These manipulatives can be
in the form of algebra tiles,tangrams, and
pentominoes. In science lessons, improvised
materials can be classified under working
models.