GRAMMAR APPENDIX
Grammar Review
PRESENT SIMPLE
FORM
Affirmariv Neganv Unterrogative
1 Yeu work 1 Youde not {aan} work Dot f yauwork?
bef She / Uoworks: He | She |i does not {coesr’:| Doeshe / she fi work?
fYou { They work 1'You/ They do not {don’t} work Down |yau |:hoy work?
Uses Fxamples Adverbs of frequency / Time expressions
1 regalo hoi ar routine Mysster warkson Suma. always, usually gerry, gully
{Ni herman traba,a les rally, ily, oflen, sametines,
wisps torch selon ne
genétal truth ar seianiit's fee! ‘oretookiss popwor website, 37 |o'deck.at night. in the maming
Saar rue fortootsnzegior teste Safygs ry weck oneal
7 8 pewolien 22
Stotive w assy
SI STATIVE VERBS
Inicon un estade, 8
en Fresent Sin
na citn, ysusten usar Algwosindi tone
an edacicraies core sab en Present Si
tes {aislke, enjoy, have oona thinks the
’ {enna cree que d Wee e
is thinking
f# Iscemeeiones y ks serie
thope like, love,prefer, war
© elpensam’anie y la spinitn
“tupenic) (estaaa)
{believe, forget, guess
know, remember, thirk, uncerstand) Esspensanacen it aWatam — callectiv
« lapercepcige ylos sents el, hear see, smell Elverbo See on Presest Continuousinaicauns avin
‘und, taste, touch! Futura “ads te antemano
+ los precios yas metas east. measure, weigh) y Fieare seeing tonight
« fa postsiin foelong, have, owe eremasa Ann ests coche [Yahenos.auedt
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
FORM
Aflirmativ Newetive tuterrogative
fam singi (ar {I'm} not singing Am singing?
You are singing Youarenotarer't} singing Are yousinging?
be |She eis singing He |She Isisnot ist} singing Ishe |she lit singing?
Ne Mau Theyaresinging II /You |Tney are not farertt singing Aretiit | you |sheysinging?
Uses Examples ‘Time expressions
reba which ishsgnening naw — Greg és reading rghiiny fhow, right wy the marent
eyes leyemt abers misva,
terparaty von studying maths thesterm his year, presen, os
ttadinao water éicaveste hese days. this month
clinive par for the nest future
isee page 103!
hisevening, (oright, comer
2) mee! Fritay week | yea
105PAST SIMPLE
FORM
Affirmativ Negative Interrogative
1 You finishee 1 You ata not (aiar't} finish ia 1 you finish?
Fe |She/ I finshee bef She { Haka not (aide's} finish Dig he |she [1 fish?
We |You |They finishee We You |They did not (aiant] Finish Dig 1 |yau |they finish?
Uses Examples Time expressions
plete action in dogattackedmy sstertast year
thepas for perro atacé 3 rier
lai pasa
ol complaedacions MrSmithelimbed the Inirsand fallowed in
in the ps: £15. Smithsubié las eras y bo siguié.)
PAST CONTINUOUS
FORM
Affirmatiy. Negati
1 visiting 1 not iwase's visiting
You were visi Youwerenot Were yeu vi
He {She} ft visiting He tSh Washe |i
II \You [They werevisiiing We / You /They were not Wereit |
Uses Exemples Time expressions
apleieaction prey thal ing. he waiting | thereoort. Last eight |
alaspeciic time in the gost 964 4 estabs espetanee el inferne) yer, at
npleicactioninierrwpted —_—fwas speaking on thentone, Davticame itotte hen vile, a5
aniras yohablahs por telefono, Davie entrd en ls
Ihirac
Wlhatesonet walking up thenat’. Mevtiowas parking
fentrss bared subs porel ring, Marlinestcbss
spat_nao el cocks
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
FORM
Af Firmativ ativ Invrrogative
1 You had arrives 1 You had not thace’t) arrivee Hac 1 you arrived?
He |She ft had amivee Fe |Shef It hac not hacn't! amives Hag he [she |i awived?
We You [They tad anived Wie [You |They had nat ‘haan arrivee Hae you | they arrived?
Uses Examples ‘Time expressions
jen Tok place Bythetimetnenakcearwed hehad alt
inthe post recyheft
(Prt cuanaollegé ba pate's
ohia marti
sity, by The wre, afer,
orth, never ust
| comoleter action
before another act
106PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
FORM
Alfirmative Negative
You have lives You have net (haven't!
he She
W has tive He She Wt has not thasr’t) lived
IIL |You |They have livee We |You | They have net {haven’t) lived
Uses Examples
An sctian Wrst b
rnihepresert
yon Ue past anc centnu — thave pig
ALlevo jusane
Anaction thal wok piLIL al ai undelerrined
limein the past, buts connected te thepresent Se hs
FUTURE SIMPLE
FORM
Affirmativ Negative
(You will allow t
He |She | ftw allow He She Uwill nat (war't]allew
‘fe You They will allow Feu {They will notivwort} alow
Uses Examples
predicwan cower will attract tharsantsof tourists
| ecauverate 4 3 miles ae tur'st
| plaerec The tourwill begin ai 3.0Dam
scheale Avista enpezt 3 a maganal
cent anytoo tired to wi
sec'sion Estoy ae
"I take ata
sai pars ms
se Coyer un tae
BE GOING TO.
FORM
Affirmati
am going to buy
Negative
{am (te not going to buy
Yeuare going to buy Yeuare not {arer"t! going +9 buy
Be She Mis going to buy He She His aatdisn’s} going to buy
You They are going to buy
li fortwo pets,
lbalercesto aos
pu
{Ne |You [They ate not {aren't} going to buy
® Grammar Appendix
Inrerrogative
He 1 |youlived?
Heshe she UlWwed?
te you. theylived?
Time expressions
c already just yet,
nly, ately, hs kang
Since, in Cece yes
Shehasmowedhousereceniiy:
ribinde sie fx
Interrogative
Will | yau allow?
Wille |she lit alow?
Will |yau [they allow?
ind, in an haut a 2 8"cack
amerow, eect month yet
000, in 3 fess HekS, in the future
the Fal Noy
Interrogativ
‘Am I going to buy?
Areyau going 10 buy?
Ise |she |it going to buy?
Are |yau |they going to buy?
Uses Examples ‘Time expressions
plomrec action forthe fulure are going ta spend our next hola in tonto Wis ingtoter,
Wome. posareussies prox anesen Lenarss.)! in an haus al a <'ciock
Aniacvon that e abouts
happen ora ture ni bases
anipresen evi
Becorefit You umn going to falls
oso cae!
sy much mated
-comisgoing to bei
ified)
next ment yea.
inafes weeks,
the Bf Nixy
107IEL PRESENT CONTINUOUS CON VALOR DE FUTURO
Anurciasecianes fi
cas
rirse en un future préxiens. Se sucter
temsno aue
et Chore pls premonsles ya
Eneuches:
I'm washing /going to wash ony hairthisev
Wevway ala eel pelo-esia racne.!
exp lsmisirs ies auebe going to
fr nbio.pa
i'm going to talk tokim ai
‘metatking-to-hineaort
{Le voy s hablar sobre ells. [ent
Hm secing Puiitonyht
{veo | 16 5Phil esta rache. [ertisis
habiarite inven
1 es preferible ular be gol
pln enaao]
Fl Present Continuouscen lore Suture distingue sel earetal en que ba expresién temporal ave an bb ‘taneinien
up (reps furura, c¢ presente.
Hieis studying hetory at the moment
Leste exlucisndo historia en este moreno) [present
Heis signing 9 contract tomarrow.
FEL fers emacs un ccerats mana [faters)
FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE
FORM
Affirmative Negative nterrogariv
1 Youwill have eater 1 Youwill not {wor't}have cater Will | | you have e
Fe [She |fiwillhaveeater He She t1illaot{wor't! have eaten Willhe |she |ivhave eaten?
IIL |You |They will have eater I You |Theywillmot {wor's/have eaten Will you. theyhave eaten?
Uses Examples Time expressions
‘ cntytoga, theshiozewillhave closed by this time next week, by chek,
acter atacensin dl parte lostisndashobren by ihe estat ag by then, by August
future ore ada) in fovemanib
ja cuanic él este
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
FORM
Alfirmativ Negative Interrogativ
U You will be travelling | You will not (won't! be travelling Will L| you be travelling?
He She Iwill betravelling He |She |Irwillnot{wor't}be travelling Wille |she lithe travelling?
You They willbe travelling We | Yau [They will net {wor‘t} be travelling Will we / you {theybe travellirg?
Uses Examples Time expressions
Anaetian in prcgt alacenidin Yt be visiting heron Tasca al this tim-etomeresi at this time Pet
‘uiuee time ister wsitendtola € uewes fon Thursiay, in the noetstecsle
108® Grammar Appendix
1. Fame
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUGUS
FORM
Affirmative Negativ Interrogative
Yeu hieve been working Fyauhaveno? beer working Havel fyoubeen working?
He She/ Ithes been working he She} Ithas aot been working Hashe |she jitbeen working?
heyhavebeen working ¥
ie You
Yau Taeyhavenotbeen working Have |ynv |theybeen working?
Uses Examples ‘Time expressions
An aaien that stacea‘n the gos! thave been working che 2002
an confiues in thepre sso un so rsbajande alln’gh
tio toughave youbeen waiting? amin [sy | week
nie tiempehaseste 04
An action whose resdts Hie stll J am ted. have been signing autograph
app en nso Re ertato feench AUnGKE
FORMA usos
Afemativersujew + have |has been + verbo prin pal = fpr eacelsnes que empezatan en elpresado y que
evninado ening nin contaiian Como d Present Perfect Continous
Negative: view +have |has not io n'S)+ been + rove ol vempsaueestiaueanie bs cn
verbo principal termfiado en ing suce taducepar lle ¢ en presenie-+un verbo ea
Incerrocative: hai has + suyeco + been + verb gerundio.
principal terminado en-ing Theactress hasbeen acting forto yeors
ls wiclle dosatosaeluande}
= Exe eaecion
efecias son yisibles teeta,
erriraaiss pete reciente
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
FORM
Fiemaciv Negative Interrogatiy
1 FYou tad been wai fYauhad not been waiting Hac |! youbeen waiting?
He fe (She! Wthadnotbcer waiting Hache she ivbeen waiting?
yhacbeen wating
Yeu
ney had net been waiting — Hadi |yau | they been waiting?
Uses Examples Time expressions
An action which cont viet His fans had been waiting forthrectzours when h for haurs.since bt Apel
upts sth arrived all merrirg
(Sustees hab! estado & creshor cuanto él when, until betere
FORMA Necativa: