Sambhram Institute of Technology

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Course Name: Principles of Programming using C

Credits: 03
Text Book : Computer fundamentals and programming
in c, “Reema Thareja”, Oxford University, Second edition,
2017.

Module– 1

Faculty:
Snehal Rathi
Assistant Professor
Module 1
Introduction(Chapter 1 of Text book)
What is Computer?
Characteristics of Computers
History of Computers
Classification of Computers
Application of Computers
Input and Output Devices(Chapter 2 of Text book)
Input and Output Devices
Designing Efficient Programs(Chapter 8 of Text book)
Programming paradigms
Structured Program
Design and Implementation of Efficient Programs
Program Design Tools
Types of Errors
Testing and Debugging Approaches
Module 1
Introduction to C(Chapter 9 of text book)
Introduction
Structure of C program
Files used in a C program
Compiling and executing C programs
C Tokens
Keywords
Identifiers
Data Types
Variables
constants
Input/output statements in C,
 Chapter-1
Introduction to Computers
What is a Computer?
• A Computer can be defined as an electronic device which
accepts data, performs the required mathematical and logical
Operations at high speed and outputs the result
Data and Information
• Computer accepts data , processes it and produces
information
• Data refers to some raw facts or figures and information
implies the processed data.
Characteristics of Computer
• Speed: Computers can perform millions of operations per second.
The speed of computers is usually given in nanoseconds and
picoseconds.
• Accuracy: A Computer is a very fast, reliable and robust electronic
device.It always gives accurate results, provided the correct data
are given to it.
• Automation: Computers are automatable devices that can perform
a task without any user intervention. The user just needs to assign
the task to computer after which it automatically controls different
devices attached to it
• Diligence: Computers can work for hours without creating errors.
Even if large number of executions need to be executed, each and
every execution is executed with the same accuracy
Characteristics of Computer
• Versatile:Computers are flexible.Today computers are used in
our daily life in different fileds
• Memory:The computers store large amount of data and
programs in the secondary storage space.The stored data and
programs can be retrived and used whenever required.
• No IQ:Computers do not have any decision making abliities of
their own.They need guidance to perform various tasks.
• Economical:Today computers are considered as short-term
investments for achieving long-term gains.Using computer
also reduced manpower requirements.
Stored Program Concept
Stored Program Concept was introduced by Sir John von Neumann in the late
1940’s.Following are the key characteristic features of this concept:
Before any data is processed, instructions are read into memory
Instructions are stored in the computer’s memory for execution
Instructions are stored in binary form(0’s and 1’s)
Processing starts with the first instruction in the program, which is copied
into a control unit. The Control unit executes the instructions.
Instructions written by the users are performed sequentially until there is
a break in the current flow
Types of Stored Program Concepts
• A Computer with a Von Neumann architecture stores data
and instructions in the same memory
• Data and instructions are transferred to and from memory
through a shared data bus
• Since there is a single bus to carry data and instructions,
process execution becomes slower.
• Later Harvard University proposed a stored program concept
in which there was a separate memory to store data and
instructions.
Types of Stored Program Concepts
• Instructions are selected serially from the instruction
memory and executed in processor.
• When an instruction needs data, it is selected from the data
memory
• Since there are separate memories, execution becomes faster.
Types of Stored Program Concepts
History of Computers
• The abacus was an early aid for mathematical
computations(300 BC)
• A skilled abacus operator can add and subtract with the same
speed as that of a person performing the same calculation
using a hand calculator
• In 1822 English mathematician Charles Babbage designed a
steam-driven calculating machine that could compute table
of numbers.Though the project failed it laid the foundation of
first computer
History of Computers
• First Generation(1942-1955)
Hardware Technology-Computers were manufactured using
thousands of vaccum tubes
Memory-Electromagnetic relay was used as primary memory
and punched cards were used to store data and instructions.
Software Technology-Programming was done in machine or
assembly language.
Use-Scientific Applications
Examples-ENIAC,EDVAC,EDSAC,IBM 701
History of Computers
Advantages: Fastest calculating device of their time
Disadvantages:
1. Dissipate a lot of heat
2. Required air-conditioned rooms for installation
3. Very bulky in size
4. Difficult to use
5. These computers needed constant maintenance because vaacum tubes
used filaments that had limited life time
6. Limited commercial use because these computers were difficult to program
7. Very expensive
History of Computers
• Second Generation(1955-1964)
Hardware Technology-Computers were manufactured using
Transistors
Memory-Magnetic core memory was used as primary
memory and magnetic tapes and magnetic disks were used
to store data and instructions.
Software Technology-Programming was done in high level
programming languages.Batch Operating system was used
Use-Scientific and commercial Applications
Examples-Honeywell 400,IBM 7030,CDC 1604
History of Computers
Advantages:
1. Dissipated less heat as compared to first generation computers
2. Faster, cheaper smaller and more reliable than first generation computers.
Disadvantages:
1. Dissipated less heat than first generation computers but still required air-
conditioned rooms for installation
3. Very bulky in size
4. Difficult to use
5. Very expensive
History of Computers
• Third Generation(1964-1975)
Hardware Technology-Computers were manufactured using integrated
chips(IC’s). Minicomputers came into existence
Memory-Larger Magnetic core memory was used as primary memory and
larger capacity magnetic tapes and magnetic disks were used to store
data and instructions.
Software Technology-Programming was done in high level programming
languages such as FORTRAN,COBOL,Pascal and BASIC.Time sharing
operating system was used.
Use-Scientific, commercial and interactive online applications
Examples-IBM 360/370,PDP-8,PADP-11.
History of Computers
Advantages:
1. Consumed less power compared to second generation computers
2. Faster, cheaper smaller and more reliable than first and second generation
computers.
3.Easier to use and upgrade
Disadvantages:
1. Dissipated less heat than second generation computers but still required
air-conditioned rooms for installation
2. Very bulky in size
3. Very expensive
History of Computers
• FourthGeneration(1975-1989 )
Hardware Technology-Computers were manufactured using integrated
chips(IC’s) with LSI(Large Scale Integrated) and later with VLSI(very large
scale integrated). Microcomputers came into existence.High speed LANs,
WANs and MANs started growing
Memory-Semiconductor memory was used as primary memory and larger
capacity magnetic disks were used as built-in secondary memory.
Magnetic tapes and floppy disks were used as portable storage devices
Software Technology-Programming was done in high level programming
languages such as C and C++.Windows,UNIX and Apple Mac Operating
system were introduced.
Use-Scientific, commercial interactive online and network applications
Examples-IBM PC Apple II CRAY-1,CRAY-2
History of Computers
Advantages:
1 Faster, cheaper smaller and more reliable than previous generation
computers.
2. Consumed less electricity and therefore dissipated less heat
3. They had faster and larger primary memory and secondary storage.
4. Networks allowed sharing of resources thereby efficient utilization of
computer hardware and software
Disadvantages:
1.Not intelligent systems
History of Computers
• Fifth Generation(1989-Present)
Hardware Technology-Computers were manufactured using integrated
chips(IC’s) with ULSI( Ultra Large Scale Integrated) technology. Use of
internet became widespread and very powerful mainframes, desktops
laptops and smartphones are being used commonly.
Memory-Semiconductor memory was used as primary memory and larger
capacity magnetic disks were used as built-in secondary memory.
Magnetic tapes and floppy disks were replaced by optical disks and USB
flash drives as portable storage devices
Software Technology-Programming was done in high level programming
languages such as java,python and C#. Windows,UNIX and Apple Mac
Operating system are being used.
Use-Scientific, commercial interactive online,multimedia and network
applications
Examples-IBM notebooks,pentium PCs,workstations
History of Computers
Advantages:
1 Faster, cheaper smaller and more reliable than previous generation
computers.
2. Speed of microprocessors and the size of memory are growing rapidly
3. High-end features available on mainframe computers in the fourth
generation are now available on the microprocessors
4. Consume less power than computers of prior generations.
5.Air-conditioned rooms required for mainframes and supercomputers but
not for microprocessors
Classification of Computers
Classification of Computers
1.Supercomputers
Classification of Computers
2.Mainframe Computers
Classification of Computers
2.Mainframe Computers
• Users can access mainframes by either using terminals or via
PCs. The two type of terminals that can be used are:
Dumb Terminals: Dumb terminals consist of only a monitor
and a keyboard(or mouse).They do not have their own CPU
and memory and use the mainframe system’s CPU and
storage devices.
Intelligent Terminals: Intelligent terminals have their own
processor and thus can perform some processing operations
but they do not have their own storage space. Usually PCs are
used as intelligent terminals
Classification of Computers
3.MiniComputers
Classification of Computers
4.MicroComputers
• Microcomputers commonly known as PCs are very small
and cheap
• The first microcomputer was designed by IBM in 1981
and was known as IBM-PC
• Another type of popular PC is designed by Apple.
• PC commonly use the windows operating system while
Apple computers use the Macintosh operating
system(MacOS).
Classification of Computers
PCs can be classified into the following categories
Classification of Computers
Classification of Computers
Classification of Computers
Classification of Computers
Some Examples of handheld computers are:
• Smartphones
Cellular phones with web-enabled are called smartphones
They facilitate users to access the internet and send e-mails,
edit word documents,generate an excel sheet create
presentation and lot more
The four major mobile operating systems are iOS,Android,
BlackBerryOS and windowsMobile
Smartphones also have CPU more storage space,more
memory and a larger screen than a regular cell phone
Classification of Computers

• Tablet PCs
A tablet PC is a computing device that is smaller than a laptop
but bigger than smartphones
Features such as user-friendly interface,portablity and
touchscreen have made them very popular in last few years
Some operating systems that are used in tablets are iOS,
Android jellybean and windows 8
Users can download applications which extends the tablet
functionality
 APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS
● Word Processing
● Internet
● Digital Audio or Video Composition
● Desktop Publishing
● e-business
● Bioinformatics
● Health Care
● Geographic Information system and remote sensing
● Multimedia and Animation
● Legal System
● Retail Business
● Sports
 APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS

● Travel and Tourism

● Astronomy
● Weather Forecasting
● Simulation
● Education
● Online Banking
● Industry and Engineering
● Robots
● Decision Support Systems
● Expert Systems
Basic Organization of a Computer
• A computer is an electronic device that performs five major
operations:
1.Accepting data or instructions
2.Storing Data
3.Processing Data
4.Displaying Results(Output)
5.Controlling and coordinating all operations inside a computer
Basic Organization of a Computer

Fig:Block Diagram of Computer

Basic Organization of a Computer

• Input: The process of entering data and instructions (also

known as programs) in a computer system.Computers can
only understand binary language so it is responsibility of the
input devices to convert input data into binary codes.
• Storage: Storage is the process of saving data and
instructions permanately in the computer.It also stores the
intermediate results and final results of processing.A
Computer has two types of storage areas:
 Basic Organization of a Computer

✔ Primary Storage(main memory) is the storage area that is

directly accessible by the CPU at very high speeds. It is used
to store the data and parts of programs, the intermediate
results of processing and the generated results of jobs that
are currently being worked by computer. Primary storage is
expensive and hence limited in capacity. They are also
volatile in nature. example: RAM
✔ Secondary storage(auxiliary memory) overcomes all the
drawbacks of the primary memory. It is cheaper non-volatile
and used to permanently store data and programs of those
jobs that are not being currently executed by CPU. Example:
Magnetic disk
Basic Organization of a Computer

• Processing: The process of performing operations on the

data as per the instructions specified by user is called
processing. Data and instructions are taken from primary and
transferred to ALU which performs all sorts of calculations. is
transferred When the processing completes the final result to
main memory.
• Control:The control unit(CU) is the central nervous system of
the entire computer system.It manages and controls all the
components of the computer system.CU decides the manner
in which instructions will be executed and operations will be
performed.
Basic Organization of a Computer
• Output: Output is the process of giving results of data to the
outside world. Since the computers only accept binary input
and the result is also in binary form,It is responsibility of
output devices to convert results from binary codes into
human readable language before displaying it to the user.