A RGUMENT FORMS FROM
PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC :
EXAMPLES
1.A or B. Not B. So A.
2.A or B. A. So Not B.
3.Not both A and B. B. So not A.
4.Not A. Not B. So neither A nor B.
5.Neither A nor B. So not B.
6.Not both A and B. So neither A nor B.
7.Neither A nor B. So not both A and B.
• True
8.If A then B. A. So B.
9.If A then B. B. So A.
10. A if B. A. So B.
• False (think rabbits)
11. If A then B. Not A. So not B.
12. If A then B. Not B. So not A
13. Not A unless B. B. So A.
14. A unless B. Not B. So A.
15. Not A only if B. B. So A.
16. A only if B. Not B. So not A.
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S YMBOLIZATION E XAMPLES :
E NGLISH TO SYMBOLS
Dictionary: P Peters is logical; Q:
Quine is logical. R Russell is logical
1.Peters is illogical. ¬P
2.Peters is logical but Quine isn’t. P & ¬Q
3.Russell isn’t logical, nor is Quine. ¬R&¬Q
4.Peters and Russell aren’t both logical.
¬(P&R)
5.Peters isn’t logical, though Quine is.
¬P&Q
6.Either Russell or Quine is logical. RvQ
7.Either Quine or Russell is illogical.
(¬Qv¬R)
8.Either Peters is logical or Russell is
illogical. (Pv¬R)
9.Neither Peters nor Quine is logical.
¬(QvR)
10. Neither Russell nor Quine is illogical.
¬(¬Qv¬R)
11. Peters will be logical if Quine is. QP
12. Quine won’t be logical if Russell isn’t.
¬R¬Q
2
13. If Peters isn’t logical, then
Quine won’t be logical either
14. Quine will be logical provided
that Rus- sell and Peters are both
illogical. ¬(R&P)Q
15. Although Russell is logical,
neither Peters nor Quine is.
16. If Russell is illogical, then not
both Peters and Quine are logical
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4
S YMBOLS TO E NGLISH
DICTIONARY: A: Al is honest; B: Beth is hon- est; C: Cam is honest; D:
Deb is honest
1. A&¬B- Al is 8. D ∨ C- Either Deb or Cam is honest
9. A&(B&C) – Al, Beth, and Cam are honest
honest and
10. ¬(A ∨ B)&C – Neither Al nor Beth are honest,
however Cam is honest
Beth is
11. ¬(¬C&¬B) Cam and Beth are not both
dishonest
dishonest
12. ¬(¬D ∨ ¬C) Neither Deb or Cam are
2. ¬A&B – Al is dishonest
dishonest and
13. A → (B ∨ C)
Beth is honest
14. (B&C) → ¬A
3. ¬(A&C) – Al and
Cam are both
dishonest
4. (¬D&¬B)
Deb and Beth are
both dishonest
5. ¬(C&¬B) -
6. ¬C ∨ A – Either
Cam is dishonest or
Al is honest
7. ¬(D ∨ B) –
Neither Deb or Beth
are honest
15. (¬A ∨ ¬B) → (C&D)
16. ¬(A ∨ B)&(C ∨ D)
17. ¬C → D
18. ¬(A → B)
19. ¬(A&C) → ¬(B ∨ D)
20. A → (¬B → (C&D))
