Physics

of Optoelectronic Devices
Course code: PHY1001
Course Instructor: Dr. K.R. Nagabhushana
Professor and HOD (Physics)
nagabhushanakr@blr.amity.edu
+91 94810 37231
Course Objectives:
• This course is oriented to give engineering students an
overview of the basics of graduate level physics
➢ Computer science engineering, AI&ML
➢ Electronics and communication engineering
➢ Embedded systems and VLSI

➢ Biotechnology.

• The course enhances the student’s analytical skills and

problem-solving abilities.
Expected course Outcomes

1. Comprehend the basic ideas of quantum behaviour

and wave mechanics.
2. Understand density of states, electronic conduction
and origin of energy bands in solids.
3. Elucidate the principles of LASER systems and explain
the working of typical LASER systems.
4. Know principle, light propagation in optical fibers and
their applications
Syllabus
No Session wise Topic
1 Review of classical electromagnetic wave theory and its failures
2 Quantum theory of light - BB radiation and ultraviolet catastrophe
3 Photoelectric effect: Classical and quantum interpretations
4 Compton effect: Classical and quantum interpretations
5 Wave particle duality, de Broglie hypothesis of matter waves, Double slit
experiment
6 Phase and group velocity, Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle and its application
7 Wave Functions and physical significance
8 Schrödinger time independent wave equation
9 Particle inside one dimensional infinitely deep potential well
10 Quantization of Energy states, Eigen functions and Eigen Values, Numerical
Problems
No Session wise Topic
11 Review of classical free electron theory and its failures
12 Dude Sommerfeld model of electrical conductivity, Concept of Density of States.
13 Fermi Energy, Fermi Factor, Fermi velocity, Fermi temperature
14 Merits and demerits of Dude – Sommerfeld model, motion of electron in
periodic potential - Bloch functions,
15 Kronig Penney model (qualitative), concept of effective mass, E-k diagram and
classification of materials, Numerical Problems
16 Direct and indirect band gap semiconductors, Intrinsic and extrinsic
semiconductors
17 n-type & p-type semiconductors, PN Junction Diode, I – V characteristics
18 Zener diode and tunnel diode: current-voltage characteristics
19 Bipolar transistors and field effect transistors, Heterojunctions
20 Introduction, Interaction of radiation with matter-Quantum transitions
No Session wise Topic
21 Einstein’s Coefficients and Expression for Energy Density
22 Conditions for Laser action, Basic requirement of a Laser system
23 round trip gain in Laser medium, Properties of Laser
24 semiconductor Laser – Carrier and photon confinement
25 Applications of Laser-memory reading, Bar coding, Numerical Problems
26 Principle and structure of optical fiber, Propagation of Light, Acceptance
angle and Numerical Aperture (NA)
27 Modes of Propagation, RI Profile, Classification of Optical Fibers
28 Attenuation and Fiber Losses
29 Applications: Fiber Optic networking, Fiber Optic Communication.
Numerical Problems
30 Contemporary developments in the area related to this course
 Aurthur Beiser (2017)
Concepts of Modern Physics, 7th Edition
McGraw Hill Publication, New Delhi

Textbooks

H. D. Young and R. A. Freedman (2020),

University Physics with Modern Physics,
15th Edition, Pearson, USA.
Reference book(s):
1. Griffith. D. J (2023,). Introduction to Electrodynamics, 4th Edition, Cambridge
University Press.

2. Eisberg. R., Resnik. R (2006), Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei
and Particles, 2nd Edition, Wiley.
3. Solymar. L., Walsh. D., Syms. R. R. A (2018), Electrical Properties of Materials, 10th
Edition Oxford University Press, Oxford.
4. Kittel. C. (2019), Introduction to solid state physics, 7th Edition, Wiley, Delhi.
5. W. Silfvast (2012), Laser Fundamentals, 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press,
India.
6. Saleh. B.E.A. and Teich. M.C. (2019), Fundamentals of Photonics 3rd Edition, Wiley.
Why CSE – AILML students must study Physics
• Problem-Solving and Analytical Skills: Physics fosters a rigorous
approach to problem-solving and analytical thinking.
• These skills are directly transferable to computer science engineering,
where complex problems and systems often require systematic and
innovative solutions
• Fundamental Computing Concepts: Certain advanced computing
concepts, such as quantum computing, are deeply rooted in quantum
physics.
• Understanding these concepts can be crucial for students interested
in cutting-edge technologies.
• Understanding Hardware Fundamentals: Physics is essential for grasping
the principles behind computer hardware.
• Concepts such as electromagnetism and semiconductor physics are
crucial for understanding how electronic components like processors,
memory, and storage devices operate and interact.
• Circuit Design and Analysis: Physics knowledge helps in designing and
analyzing electronic circuits, which are foundational for developing and
troubleshooting hardware.
• Understanding how electrical currents and voltages behave in circuits is
crucial for hardware engineers.
• Signal Processing: Physics is fundamental for understanding signal
processing, which is important in various applications including
communications, image processing, and audio processing.
 Exam Components – 100 Marks
SL No. Exam Percentage Attendance
01 CA-1 20% 75%
02 CA-2 20% 75%
03 CA-3 20% 75%
04 Lab 30%
05 Assignment and Class room 10%
participation/Quiz/class test
Total = 100%

Each Continuous Assessment (CA) – 50 Marks & duration : 90 minutes

13
 Engineering
Chemistry

Technology

Physics

Mathematics
Review of electromagnetism
Electric & Magnetic fields
Electric Field
Gauss law for Electric Field
Gauss's Law is a general law
applying to any closed surface.
• The total electric flux out of closed surface is equal to the
ratio of charge enclosed and the permittivity
𝑸
= where  – Electric flux, Q – Charge and o –
𝜺𝒐
permittivity of free space.
• The electric flux through an area is defined as the electric
field multiplied by the area of the surface projected in a plane
perpendicular to the field.
Gauss law for Magnetic Field
The net magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero

• The number of magnetic field lines

leaving the surface is balanced by the
number of lines entering it.

𝑸
• 𝑩 = = 𝟎 (𝒁𝑬𝑹𝑶)
𝜺𝒐
 Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
The magnitude of the induced electro motive force (emf) in a circuit is
equal to the time rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit.

Mathematically, the In the case of a closely wound

induced emf is given by coil of N turns

The negative sign indicates

the direction of  and The induced emf can be increased
hence the direction of by increasing the number of turns
current in a closed loop. N of a closed coil
Ampere’s Law
In the case of static electric field,
the line integral of the magnetic
field around a closed loop is
proportional to the electric
current flowing through the loop.

ර 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁𝒐 𝑰
where I is the total current through the surface
o is the permeability of free space
o = 410-7Hm-1
Summary - Electromagnetism

• Gauss law for Electric Field

• Gauss law for Magnetic Field

• Faraday’s law

• Ampere’s Law
Unification of Electricity and Magnetism
• Initially electricity and magnetism were treated as separate subjects.
Electricity dealt with charges on glass rods, cat’s fur, batteries, lightning, etc.
Magnetism described interactions of magnets, iron filings, compass needles.

• In 1820 Oersted found that a compass needle is deflected by passing

an electric current through a wire placed near the needle.

• Ampere and Faraday supported this observation by saying that

electric charges in motion produce magnetic fields and moving
magnets generate electricity.
Unification of Electricity and Magnetism
• The unification was achieved Maxwell. where he showed the
interdependence of electricity and magnetism.
Electromagnetism
He argued that light is electromagnetic in nature and its speed can be found by
making purely electric and magnetic measurements.
 Displacement Current ර 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁𝒐 𝑰
• While applying the Ampere’s circuital law to find magnetic field at a
point outside a capacitor connected to a time-varying current, there
existence an additional current.

• The total current passing through any surface of which the closed loop
is the sum of the conduction current and the displacement current

𝝏𝑬
ර 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁𝒐 𝑰 + 𝝁𝒐 𝜺𝒐
𝝏𝒕
Ampere – Maxwell’s Law
 Maxwells equations – Isotropic medium
𝑸 Gauss’s Law 𝝆
ර 𝑬 . 𝒅𝑨 = (Electricity)
𝜵 .𝑬 =
𝜺𝒐 𝜺𝒐 𝜺𝒓

‫ 𝑩 ׯ‬. 𝒅𝑨 = 0 Gauss’s Law

(Magnetism)
𝜵 .𝑩 = 0

𝒅∅𝑩 𝝏𝑩
ර 𝑬 . 𝒅𝒔 = − Faraday’s Law 𝜵×𝑬= −
𝒅𝒕 𝝏𝒕

𝝏𝑬 𝝏𝑬
ර 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁𝒐 𝑰 + 𝝁𝒐 𝜺𝒐 Ampere – Maxwell’s Law 𝜵 × 𝑩 = 𝝁𝒐 𝑰 + 𝝁𝒐 𝜺𝒐
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕

Integral form Differential form

 Maxwells equations – Space/Vacuum
‫ 𝑬 ׯ‬. 𝒅𝑨 = 0 Gauss’s Law 𝜵 .𝑬 = 0
(Electricity)

‫ 𝑩 ׯ‬. 𝒅𝑨 = 0 Gauss’s Law

(Magnetism)
𝜵 .𝑩 = 0

𝒅∅𝑩 𝝏𝑩
ර 𝑬 . 𝒅𝒔 = − Faraday’s Law 𝜵×𝑬= −
𝒅𝒕 𝝏𝒕

𝝏𝑬 𝝏𝑬
ර 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁𝒐 𝜺𝒐 Ampere – Maxwell’s Law 𝜵 × 𝑩 = 𝝁 𝒐 𝜺𝒐
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕

Integral form Differential form

Find the velocity of light using Permittivity and
permeability constants for free space
1 1
𝑐= =
𝜀0 𝜇0 (8.854×10−12 )×(1.256×10−6 )

1 1
𝑐= =
9.969 × 10−18 3.157 × 10−9

C = 3.16108 ms−1