Created by T.

Madas

RESIDUES
and
INTEGRATION

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

CALCULATIONS
OF RESIDUES

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 1

sin z
f (z) ≡ , z ∈
.
z2

Find the residue of the pole of f ( z ) .

MM3-A , res ( z = 0 ) = 1

Question 2

f ( z ) ≡ e z z −5 , z ∈
.

Find the residue of the pole of f ( z ) .

MM3-F , res ( z = 0 ) = 1
24

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 3

z2 + 2z +1
f ( z) ≡ , z ∈
.
z2 − 2z +1

Find the residue of the pole of f ( z ) .

MM3-B , res ( z = 1) = 4

Question 4

2z +1
f (z) ≡ 2
, z ∈
.
z −z−2

Find the residue of each of the two poles of f ( z ) .

MM3-E , res ( z = 2 ) = 5 , res ( z = −1) = 1

3 3

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 5

z
f (z) ≡ 2
, z ∈
.
2z − 5z + 2

Find the residue of each of the two poles of f ( z ) .

( 2 )
MM3-J , res z = 1 = − 1 , res ( z = 2 ) = 2
6 3

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 6

1 − ei z
f ( z) ≡ , z ∈
.
z3

a) Find the first four terms in the Laurent expansion of f ( z ) and hence state the
residue of the pole of f ( z ) .

b) Determine the residue of the pole of f ( z ) by an alternative method

MM3-K , res ( z = 0 ) = 1
2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 7

z2 + 4
f ( z) ≡ , z ∈
.
z3 + 2 z 2 + 2 z

Find the residue of each of the three poles of f ( z ) .

res ( z = 0 ) = 2 , res ( z = −1 + i ) = 1 ( −1 + 3i ) , res ( z = −1 − i ) = − 1 (1 + 3i )

2 2

Question 8

tan 3z
f (z) ≡ , z ∈
.
z4

Find the residue of the pole of f ( z ) .

MM3L , res ( z = 0 ) = 9

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 9

z2 − 2z
f ( z) ≡ , z ∈
.
( )
z 2 + 4 ( z + 1)
2

Find the residue of each of the three poles of f ( z ) .

res ( z = 2i ) = 1 ( 7 + i ) , res ( z = −2i ) = 1 ( 7 − i ) , res ( z = −1) = − 14

25 25 25

Question 10

1
f (z) ≡ z
, z ∈
.
e −1

Find the residue of the pole of f ( z ) , at the origin.

res ( z = 0 ) = 1

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 11

z
f ( z) ≡ 2
, z ∈
.
( 3z 2
− 10i z − 3 )
Find the residue of each of the two poles of f ( z ) .

5 5
res ( z = 3i ) =
256
( 3 )
, res z = 1 i = −
256

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 12

cot z coth z
f (z) ≡ , z ∈
.
z3

Find the residue of the pole of f ( z ) at z = 0 .

MM3-D , res ( z = 0 ) = − 7
45

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 13

z6 +1
f ( z) ≡ , z ∈
.
2 z5 − 5z 4 + 2 z3

Find the residue of each of the three poles of f ( z ) .

65 65 21
(
res z = 1 = −
2 )24
, res ( z = 2 ) =
24
, res ( z = 0 ) =
8

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 14

4
f (z) ≡ , z ∈
.
z 2 (1 − 2i ) + 6 z i − (1 + 2i )

Find the residue of each of the two poles of f ( z ) .

( )
res ( z = 2 − i ) = i , res z = 1 ( 2 − i ) = −i
5

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 15

z e kz
f ( z) ≡ , z ∈
, k ∈ , k > 0 .
z4 +1

Show that the sum of the residues of the four poles of f ( z ) , is

 k   k 
sin   sinh   .
 2  2

MM3-C , proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

REAL
INTEGRALS

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 Created by T. Madas

UNIT CIRCLE
CONTOUR

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 1
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find

2π


1
dθ .
0 4cos θ − 5

2π
V , MM3-C , −
3

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 2
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find

2π


1
dθ .
0 2 + cos θ

2π
MM3-J ,
3

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 3
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find

2π

 0
cos 6 θ sin 6 θ dθ .

5π
MM3-A ,
512

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 4
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find the exact
value of

2π


1
dθ .
0 5 + 4sin θ

2π
MM3-N ,
3

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 5
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find the exact
value of

2π
sin 2 t
0 5 − 4cos t
dt .

π
4

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 6
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find the exact
value of

2π


1
dθ .
0 ( 5 − 3sin θ )2

5π
32

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 7

2π


1
I= dx .
0 3 − 2cos x + sin x

By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find the exact
value of I .

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 8

2π


cos3 x
I= dx .
0 5 − 4 cos x

By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find the exact
value of I .

π
12

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

SEMI CIRCLE
CONTOUR

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Jordan’s Lemma

Suppose that f ( z ) → 0 uniformly, as z → ∞ , for 0 ≤ arg z ≤ π .

If α > 0 , then

γR
f ( z ) eiα z dz → 0 as R → ∞ , where γ R (θ ) = R eiθ , for 0 ≤ θ ≤ π .

Proof

Given ε > 0 we may always pick R0 , so that if R > R0 , f ( z ) < ε , ∀z ∈ γ R .

Thus

 
iα R( cosθ +isin θ )
e iα z
f ( z ) dz =
0
e ( )
f R eiθ i eiθ dθ =
γR
π π

 0
e iα R cosθ
e −α R sin θ
f Re( iθ
) ie iθ
dθ ≤
 0
( )
eiα R cosθ e−α R sin θ f R eiθ i eiθ dθ =

π π

 0
e iα R cosθ
e −α R sin θ
f Re( iθ
)ie iθ
dθ =
 0
(
e−α R sin θ f R eiθ ) dθ ≤

π
π

 
2 −α R sin θ  π
εR e −α R sin θ dθ = 2ε R e dθ since sin θ is even about 2 
0 0

Now by Jordan’s Inequality

2 sin θ π
≤ ≤ 1 , if 0 < θ ≤
π θ 2

2θ 2θ π
sin θ ≥  e− sin θ ≤ e π , if 0 < θ ≤
π 2

Hence
π π π

 
2 −α R sin θ 2 − π2 α Rθ  π − π2 α Rθ  2
2ε R e dθ ≤ 2ε R e dθ = 2ε R  − e  =
0 0  2α R 0
0
επ e− π2 α Rθ  = επ 1 − e −α R  → 0 since as R → ∞ , ε → 0 
α   π α  
2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 1
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find


cos x
dx .
−∞ x2 + 1

π
V , MM3-B ,
e

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 2
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find


1
dx .
0 1 + x2

π
2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 3
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find

(
1
2
dx .
0
x2 + 4 )
π
MM3-D ,
32

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 4
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find


1
dx .
0 1 + x4

π 2
4

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 5
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find


1
2
dx .
−∞
( )( )
x2 + 4 x2 + 1

π
9

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 6
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find

(
1
2
dx .
−∞
x2 + 4 x + 5 )
π
2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 7
Given that k > 0 find the exact value of

∞ ∞

 
x cos kx x sin kx
2
dx and 2
dx .
−∞ x + 2x + 5 −∞ x + 2x + 5

MM3-G , 1 π e−2 k ( 2sin k − cos k ) , 1 π e−2 k ( sin k + 2 cos k )

2 2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 8
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find


cos ax
a) … dx , a > 0 .
0 x 2 + b2


cos ax
b) … dx , a < 0 .
0 x 2 + b2

π e − ab π e ab
, a>0 , ,<0
2b 2b

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 9
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find


x sin ax
dx , a > 0 .
0 x2 + b2

1 π e− ab
2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 10
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find


(1 − x2 ) cosα x dx , α > 0 .
2
0
(1 + x2 )
1 πα e−α
2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 11
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find

(
cos ax
2
dx , a > 0 .
0
x 2 + b2 )
π e − ab ( ab + 1)
4b3

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 12
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find


cos x
dx .
0 1 + x6

π    3  3  
1 + e cos   + 3 sin    
6 e    2   2   

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 13
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find an exact
simplified value for


1
2
dx ,
−∞ ax + bx + c

where a , b and c are real constants such that a > 0 and b 2 − 4ac < 0 .

2π
V , MM3S ,
4ac − b 2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 14


I=
(
ln x 2 + 1 ) dx .
x2 + 1
0

ln ( z + i )
By integrating over a semicircular contour find the exact value of I .
z2 + 1

I = π ln 2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

SEMI CIRCLE
CONTOUR
WITH HOLE

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 1
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour show that


sin x π
dx = .
0 x 2

V , MM3R , proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 2
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour show that


sin x π
dx = (1 − e−a ) .
0 ( 2
x x +a 2
) 2a 2

V , MM3V , proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 3
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour show that


1 − cos x π
2
dx = .
0 x 2

MM3L , proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 4


ln x
dx .
0
1 + x4

a) Find the value of the above improper integral, by integrating

log z
f (z) = , z ∈
,
1+ z4

over a semicircular contour with a branch cut starting at the origin and
oriented in some arbitrary direction in the third or fourth quadrant.

b) State the value of


1
dx .
0
1 + x4

π2 2 π 2
− ,
16 4

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 5


( ln x )2 dx .
0
1 + x2

Find the value of the above improper integral, by integrating

f (z) =
( log z )2 , z ∈
,
1+ z2

over a semicircular contour with a branch cut starting at the origin and oriented in
some arbitrary direction in the third or fourth quadrant.

π3
MM3-E ,
8

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 6
∞


( ln x )2 dx .
0
1 + x4

a) Find the value of the above improper integral, by integrating

f (z) =
( log z )2 , z ∈
,
1+ z4

over a semicircular contour with a branch cut starting at the origin and
oriented in some arbitrary direction in the third or fourth quadrant.
 π 2

∞
1
 You may assume without proof that dx = 
 4 
4
0
1 + x


b) State the value of


ln x
dx .
0
1 + x4

3π 3 2 π2 2
, −
64 16

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

KEYHOLE
CONTOUR
(Branch Cuts)

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 1

log z
f ( z) = , z ∈
.
1 + z2

By integrating f ( z ) over a suitable contour Γ , show that


1 π
2
dx = .
1+ x 2
0

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 2
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour show that


x p −1
dx = π cosec ( pπ ) , 0 < p < 1 .
0
1+ x

V , proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 3
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour show that


x p −1 π  pπ 
2
dx = cosec  , 0< p < 2.
0
1+ x 2  2 

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 4

log z
f ( z) = , z ∈
.
( z + 1)( z + 2 )

By integrating f ( z ) over a suitable contour Γ , show that

(
1
dx = ln 2 .
x + 1)( x + 2 )
0

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 5

log z
f ( z) = , z ∈
,
( z + a )( z + b )

where a ∈  + , b ∈  + with b > a .

By integrating f ( z ) over a suitable contour Γ , show that

(
1 1 b
dx = ln   .
x + a )( x + b ) b−a a
0

MM3-H , proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 6
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour show that


x π
3
dx = .
1+ x 3
0

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 7


( ln x )2 dx .
0
1 + x2

An attempt is made to find the value of the above improper integral, by integrating

f (z) =
( ln z )2 , z ∈
,
1+ z2

over the standard “keyhole” contour with a branch cut taken on the positive x axis.

a) Show that such attempt fails.

b) Calculate the value of the two integrals that can be found during this attempt.

∞ ∞

 
1 π ln x
2
dx = , dx = 0
0 1+ x 2 0 1 + x2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 8
Use a substitution followed by integration of a suitable complex function over an
appropriate contour, to show that

1π


2
( tan x )α ( )
dx = 1 π sec 1 πα , −1 < α < 1 .
2 2
0

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

SPECIAL
CONTOURS

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 1
Consider the contour Γ located in the first quadrant, defined as the boundary of a
quarter circular sector of radius R , with centre at the origin O .

By integrating a suitable complex function over Γ show that


1 π 2
4
dx = .
0 1+ x 4

π 2
MM3F ,
4

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 2
By integrating a suitable complex function over a contour defined as the outline of a
circular sector subtending an angle of 1 π at the origin, find an exact value for
3


1
dx .
0 1 + x6

No credit will be given for integration over alternative contours.

π
V , MM3T ,
3

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 3
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find


1
dx .
0 1 + x3

2π 3
9

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 4
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour show that

∞ ∞

 
π
0
( )
cos x 2 dx =
0
( )
sin x 2 dx =
8
.

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 5
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour show that


ln x π ln a
2 2
dx = .
0 a +x 2a

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 6
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour show that

−∞
sech x dx = π .

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 7
It is required to evaluate the integral


2
e− x cos x dx .
0

a) Show that the above integral can be written as

∞ 2


1 e− 4
1
e
(
− x + 12 i ) dx
2
−∞

2
b) By integrating the complex function f ( z ) = e− z , over a rectangular contour

( )
with vertices at ( − R,0 ) , ( R,0 ) , R, 1 i and − R, 1 i , show that
2 2 ( )
∞


2 − 1
e − x cos x dx = 1 e 4 π .
2
0

You may assume without proof that


2
e − x dx = 1 π .
2
0

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 8

1
f (z) ≡ , z ∈
, z ≠ 0 .
z

By considering the integral of f ( z ) over two different suitably parameterized closed

paths, show that

2π


1 π
2 2
dθ = .
0 9cos θ + 4sin θ 3

MM3I , proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 9
The complex number z = c + a cos θ + i b sin θ , 0 ≤ θ < 2π , traces a closed contour C ,
where a , b and c are positive real numbers with a > c .

By considering


1
dz ,
z
C

show that

2π


a + c cos θ 2π
2 2
dθ = .
( c + a cosθ ) + ( b sin θ ) b
0

proof

Created by T. Madas