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Art
Visual art [show]

Styles and movements in visual art

This page brings together art styles and movements from the 1860s to the present day. In addition to the isms of
modern art, the list includes movements that are usually treated as secondary to the visual art canon, such as
Lettrism, Situationism, Sound art, Expanded cinema, Neoism, or Software art, and does not leave out those best
represented by works made by others than Western white males either.

Introduction
Art historians have debated the limits and biases of style analysis and classification for decades,[1] yet style
remains "inseparable from working concepts of art and its history".[2] Its relevance is being reaffirmed in an
unexpected way, as a database column in an ever-growing number of art collections. Major art museums have
adopted it as an organising element of their online catalogues.[3]

Online databases are often presented as neutral resources, with no acknowledgment of editorial work, and
instead derive their legitimacy from the reputation of the institution.[4] While they increasingly influence how we
(and machines (http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/computers-are-getting-better-identifying-artis
Style transfer. Computer rendering of a photograph in the
ts-art-historians-are-180955241/)) see and learn about art, their protocols are rarely discussed. In contrast to the
style of five well-known paintings: The Shipwreck of the
tradition of scholarly argumentation, the context in the database is given by the way its data are interconnected, Minotaur by J.M.W. Turner, 1805; The Starry Night by
where each item is defined by the set of its relations to other items. Rather than notions supporting an Vincent van Gogh, 1889; Der Schrei by Edvard Munch,
argument, styles and movements become vectors along which an online collection is designed to be viewed, 1893; Femme nue assise by Pablo Picasso, 1910; and
Composition VII by Wassily Kandinsky, 1913. From Gatys
queried, and referenced. This allows databases to position artworks as belonging to particular styles and
et al 2015: 5 (http://arxiv.org/abs/1508.06576).
movements simply by designating a relation.[5] Although art collection databases are heirs to the art historical
tradition, they adapt art to the logic of the relational database - the logic of organising data into rows and
columns of items that point to each other. The same can be said of other attributes of artworks, pre-formatted
by the database as lists of authors, materials, years of production, and so on.

To further explore this strand of the datafication of art history, this page juxtaposes styles and movements as represented in the online collections of art museums. To achiev
greater contrast, it adds definitions from dictionaries and glossaries in several languages, as well as selected writings by artists, critics and historians, and recent retrospectiv
exhibitions that challenge the origin myths of this or that style or movement. As a result, the page brings together some 350 art styles and movements from the 1860s to th
present day, as they have come to us through these four paths. In addition to the isms of modern art, the list includes movements that are usually treated as secondary to th
visual art canon, such as Lettrism, Situationism, Sound art, Expanded cinema, Neoism, or Software art, and does not leave out those best represented by works made by othe
than Western white males either.[6]

Entries are structured in the following way:

The term under which a given style, movement, Major texts. These include manifestos, key
ism or school came to be established. essays, magazines, but also later art-historical
Preferably in its original language with an analyses. Links point to their online versions,
English equivalent and optionally frequent some in translation.
synonymous terms. Terms should not be
Associated artists. Only those participating
understood as mutually exclusive: body art does
during the formative years of a given
not exclude performance art, performance art
phenomenon are included (i.e. "first" and
does not exclude conceptual art, process art
"second generations"). Many artist names are
does not exclude postminimalism. Where the
hyperlinked; as there is not more than one link
link is active it leads to a Monoskop page with
per artist/group in an entry, the order of
more detailed information including
preference is as follows: (1) Monoskop wiki
bibliographies; among the most extensive at the
page, (2) official home page/estate, (3) major
moment are Cubism, Constructivism,
collection with online presence, (4) latest
Conceptual art, Expanded cinema, Neoism and
retrospective exhibition with online
Sound art.
companion/catalogue. Country shortcuts
Major events. Mostly exhibitions, but also following names indicate countries where artists
group formations, conferences, etc. In most were active during periods for which they are
cases, titles are kept in their original languages associated with a given phenomenon.
(English equivalents are chosen for events
Media. "Design" includes the broad area of
better known as such today). Links point to
decorative arts and crafts. If there were notable
event websites and online versions of
works created also in architecture, it is
catalogues.
indicated, however architects, their works and
architectural movements per se are not included
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in the table (history of 20th-century architecture vary greatly (no post-processing on our side
is treated on a separate page). was done).

Key references. Collections. Only those with a database entry

for a given term in their online catalogues are
Works are selected to illustrate the diversity of included.
forms, materials, subject matter, and techniques
associated with a term. Size and materials are Dictionary and glossary entries from sources
included and entry in an online catalogue of the in multiple languages published in the last
collection a work is part of is linked where twenty years and at least partly freely available
available. Please note that photo reproductions online. Bibliographic citations for the
come from a multitude of collections and abbreviations are listed at the bottom.
parameters under which they were produced
An ism, style, movement or school is usually established through a number of players: artists, gallerists, collectors, critics and historians, as well as various institution
mechanisms, professional protocols and personal interests. Different phenomena can serve as triggers--aesthetic and/or sociopolitical visions or their (pejorative) criticism
financial speculation or its rejection--and it may be first recognised decades after its foundational works were made. These issues are documented and analysed in publication
some of which are listed in the column Key texts. Those writings, along with recent large-scale reexaminations informed the selection of formative works and artists for respectiv
entries on this page.[7]

The page puts forward the kind of visual art the historian of modernism wishes to see. Regardless, it does not intend to list the most significant artworks nor the most significan
artists of the past 150 years. Admitting a certain power of the concepts of style and movement even today, this page can be seen as an entry point and contextual resource fo
visual art which is not be based primarily on technique, subject matter, material or economic value of works nor on identity of their authors or owners.

First published on 23 May 2016.

Index
Although the default is linear chronology, this is only one way to view the list: the four columns can be sorted, and you can click on any image to switch to visual mode.

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Monet, Renoir, Degas,

1874 Leroy (ht
Cézanne, Pissarro,
tp://en.wikisou
Manet, Morisot, Sisley,
1874-86 eight group rce.org/wiki/Ex
Impressionism Bazille (FR), Cassatt painting
shows hibition_of_the
(US-FR), Caillebotte
_Impressionist
(FR), Whistler, Sickert,
s)
Steer (UK)

Berthe Morisot, Bateaux en construction [Boats under Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Bal du moulin de la galette
Construction], 1874. Oil on canvas. 32 x 41 cm. M [Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette], 1876. Oil on
Marmottan Monet Paris. canvas. 131.1 × 175.3 cm. Orsay (http://www.musee-or
say.fr/en/collections/works-in-focus/painting/commentai
re_id/dance-at-le-moulin-de-la-galette-7138.html).

Claude Monet, La gare Saint-Lazare [The Saint-Lazare

Station], 1877. Oil on canvas. 75 x 104 cm. Orsay (htt
p://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/works-in-focus/s
earch/commentaire_id/la-gare-saint-lazare-7080.html).

FR Orsay (http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/works-in-focus/painting.html), Orangerie (http://www.musee-orangerie.fr/en/article/paintings). U

tp://courtauld.ac.uk/gallery/collection/impressionism-post-impressionism), NG London (http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/collection-overv
verview?viewPage=5), Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=357), Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=6196) Br.I.. US Guggenheim (http://w
m.org/artwork/movement/impressionism), Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/impressionism/), Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/
ican-impressionism/) US i., NGA (http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/collection-search-result.html?artobj_style=Impressionist), Philadelphia M (h
museum.org/exhibitions/813.html), LACMA (http://collections.lacma.org/node/424267), MiA (http://collections.artsmia.org/search/tags:impressionism
www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/category/367), Denver M (http://denverartmuseum.org/tags/impressionism). RU Hermitage (http://www.arther
ressionism.html). NL Gemeente (http://www.gemeentemuseum.nl/en/masterpieces/themes/impressionism). AR MNBA (http://mnba.gob.ar/coleccio
onismo). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/impressionism), Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/american-impressionism) US i., Google AP (http:
om/culturalinstitute/entity/m03xj1).
en Grove (http://web.archive.org/web/20150130095713/http://www.moma.org/collection/details.php?theme_id=10098), Met (http://www.metmuseu
mml/hd_imml.htm), SSM (http://faculty.winthrop.edu/stockk/modernism/styles%20impression001.pdf), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/i/i
Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/b/british-impressionism) UK i., Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism). it Treccani (http://w
enciclopedia/impressionismo/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n277/mode/1up). no SNL (http://snl.no/impresjonisme%2Fb

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

1887 Cobden-
Sanderson
Ruskin 1
1893 Arts and
Morris, Rossetti, ttp://arch
1884 Art Workers' Crafts Essays
Arts and Crafts Brown, Burne-Jones, design g/details
Guild founded (http://archive.
Ashbee, Voysey (UK) sofvenic
org/details/art
k)
scraftsessays
00artsrich)

Tile panel of 66 tiles, designed by Willaim Morris and Screen, designed by John Henry Dearle, manufactured
made by the firm of William de Morgan, 1876. V&A (htt by Morris & Co., 1885-1910. V&A (http://www.vam.ac.u
p://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/a/a-morris-and-de- k/content/articles/a/arts-and-crafts-britain-1880-1914/).
morgan-tile-panel/).

Opening page from John Ruskin's The Nature of Gothic:

The Stones of Venice [1853], 1892, printed by William
Morris at the Kelmscott Press in Golden type inspired
by the 15th-c. printer Nicolas Jenson. IA (http://archive.
org/stream/natureofgothicch00rusk#page/n15/mode/2u
p).

UK V&A (http://collections.vam.ac.uk/style/arts-and-crafts/46/), Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=20148). US Met (http://www.metmuseum.o

ds/arts-and-crafts-movement/). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/arts-and-crafts-movement), Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitut
s).
en Grove (http://books.google.com/books?id=i3Od9bcGus0C&pg=PA48), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/arts-and-crafts), V&A (http:/
k/content/articles/s/style-guide-arts-and-crafts/), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement). de Hartmann (http://www.beya
xikon/lexikon_672.html). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/arts-and-crafts/).

Aesthetic 2011 The Cult of 1882 Hamilton Godwin, Whistler, painting,

Movement, Beauty (http://www. (http://archive. Beardsley, A Moore, design,
Aestheticism vam.ac.uk/content/a org/details/aes Jeckyll (http://www.bgc. architecture
bard.edu/gallery/gallery

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
rticles/a/aestheticis theticmoveme -at-bgc/past-exhibition
m/) n00hamiuoft) s/past-exhibitions-jecky
ll.html), Dresser (UK),
Herter Brothers, Ott &
Brewer of Trenton,
Tiffany, La Forge (US)

E.W. Godwin, Sideboard, 1867-70 (made). Mahogany, Christopher Dresser, Teapot, 1879. Electroplated nickel
ebonised, with silver-plated handles and inset panels of silver with ebony handle. V&A (http://collections.vam.a
embossed leather paper. V&A (http://collections.vam.a c.uk/item/O78328/teapot-dresser-christopher/).
c.uk/item/O8380/sideboard-godwin-edward-william/).

Aubrey Beardsley's drawing illustrating Salomé by

Oscar Wilde, 1894/c1906. From the portfolio of 16
designs. V&A (http://collections.vam.ac.uk/search/?subj
ect%5B0%5D=27815&name%5B%5D=475&narrow=1
&offset=0). BL (http://www.bl.uk/collection-items/aubrey
-beardsley-illustrations-for-salome-by-oscar-wilde). IA
(http://archive.org/stream/salom00unkngoog).

UK V&A (http://collections.vam.ac.uk/style/aesthetic-movement/30/), Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=351). US Met (http://www.metmuseu

words/aestheticism/). INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/the-aesthetic-movement), Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m0182g8)
en Grove DA (http://books.google.com/books?id=i3Od9bcGus0C&pg=PA4), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/aesthetic-movement), V&
am.ac.uk/content/articles/s/style-guide-aestheticism/), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticism).

Neo- 1886 last 1886 Fénéon Seurat, Signac, painting post-imp

Impressionism, Impressionist show Pissarro, Cross, Luce, anarchis
Divisionism, Angrand, Dubois-Pillet,
Pointillism Petitjean (FR),
Rysselberghe, Finch,
Boch, Toorop, Lemmen

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
(BE), Segantini,
Previati (IT)

Georges Seurat, Un dimanche après-midi à l'Île de la Paul Signac, Portrait de Félix Fénéon, Opus 217 [Opus
Grande Jatte – 1884 [A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of 217. Against the Enamel of a Background Rhythmic
La Grande Jatte – 1884], 1884/86. Oil on canvas. with Beats and Angles, Tones, and Tints, Portrait of M.
207.5 x 308.1 cm. Artic (http://www.artic.edu/aic/collecti Félix Fénéon in 1890], 1890. Oil on canvas. 73.5 x 92.5
ons/artwork/27992) + (http://g.co/artproject/ksvu). cm. MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collection/works/787
Orsay (http://www.musee-orsay.fr/fr/collections/catalog 34).
ue-des-oeuvres/notice.html?no_cache=1&nnumid=003
010) (study). Orsay (http://www.musee-orsay.fr/fr/collec
tions/catalogue-des-oeuvres/notice.html?no_cache=1&
nnumid=000531) (study).

Henri-Edmond Cross, L'air du soir [The Evening Air],

c1893. Oil on canvas. 116 x 164 cm. Orsay (http://ww
w.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/works-in-focus/paintin
g/commentaire_id/the-evening-air-3120.html).

FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ADivisionnisme) d. RU Hermitage (http://www.arthermitage.org/Neo-Im

ml). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=358). US Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/neo-impressionism/), Met (http://www.me
oah/keywords/pointillism/) p. INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/neo-impressionism), Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/pointillism) p., Google AP (http:
om/culturalinstitute/entity/m049xrv).
en Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10460), SSM (http://faculty.winthrop.edu/stockk/modernism/styles%20neoim
f), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/neo-impressionism), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-impressionism), Wikipedia (http://en
wiki/Pointillism) p. it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/neoimpressionismo/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n4
no SNL (http://snl.no/neoimpresjonisme).

Symbolism 1891 Aurier (ht Moreau, Chavannes, painting, Baudela

1997 Symbolism in tp://books.goo Redon, Carrière (FR), sculpture 1857, M
Britain (http://www. gle.com/book Böcklin (CH-IT), Burne- 1886 (ht
artmagick.com/exhib s?id=Vn_M6j7 Jones (UK), Gauguin w.berlol.
itions/exhibition.asp KejAC&pg=PA (FR), Munch (NO-DE), ono/chr1
x?id=360) 192) Hodler (CH), Toorop
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
2007 Symbolism in 1906-10 (ID-NL-BE-UK), htm),
Belgium (http://ww Zolotoe runo Khnopff, Ensor (BE), mytholo
w.kunstforumwien.a Picasso (ES), Klimt
t/en/exhibition/kunst (AT), Vrubel, Borisov-
forum/117/the-kiss-of- Musatov (RU),
the-sphinx-symbolis Čiurlionis (LT-PL),
m-in-belgium) Malczewski (PL),
2012 Australian Rossetti, Watts (UK),
Symbolism (http://w Delville (BE), Klinger
ww.artgallery.nsw.go (DE-IT), Segantini (AT-
IT-CH)
v.au/exhibitions/aust
ralian-symbolism/)
2015 Symbolism in
Bohemian Lands (htt
p://www.ngprague.c
z/en/exposition-detai
l/mysterious-distance
s-symbolism-in-bohe
mian-lands-1880-191
4/)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Gustave Moreau, Œdipe et le Sphinx [Oedipus and the Paul Gauguin, D'où venons-nous? Que sommes-nous? Où
Sphinx], 1864. Oil on canvas. 206.4 x 104.8 cm. Met (h allons-nous? [Where Do We Come From? What Are
ttp://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/43715 We? Where Are We Going?], 1897-98. Oil on canvas.
3). 139.1 x 374.6 cm. MFA Boston (http://www.mfa.org/coll
ections/object/where-do-we-come-from-what-are-we-w
here-are-we-going-32558).

Edvard Munch, Livets dans [The Dance of Life], 1899-

1900. Oil on canvas, 125 x 191 cm. Final painting in
The Frieze of Life series. NM Oslo (http://www.nasjonalm
useet.no/en/collections_and_research/our_collections/
edvard_munch_in_the_national_museum/The+Dance+
of+Life,+1899%E2%80%931900.b7C_wljW5c.ips).

GR Costakis (http://www.greekstatemuseum.com/kmst/collections/db/search.html?StylesIndexingTerms=80). US Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/

symbolism/), MiA (http://collections.artsmia.org/search/tags:symbolism). AR MNBA (http://mnba.gob.ar/coleccion/estilo/simbolismo). INT Artsy (http
et/gene/symbolism), Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m011bwy9t).
en Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10205), Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/symbo
p://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/symb/hd_symb.htm), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/symbolism), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org
m). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/simbolismo/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n566/mode/1up). no SNL
ymbolisme%2Fbilledkunst).

Post- 1886-93 Les XX 1910 Fry (htt

Cézanne, Van Gogh, painting
Impressionism annual shows p://archive.or Toulouse-Lautrec,
1910 Manet and the g/stream/man Gauguin, Seurat, Les
Post-Impressionists etpostimpress Nabis: Sérusier,
(http://archive.org/de 00graf#page/n Bonnard, Vuillard,
tails/manetpostimpre 10/mode/1up) Denis (FR),
ss00graf) Prendergast (US-FR)
1912 Second Post-
Impressionist
Exhibition

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
1979 Post-
Impressionism:
Cross-Currents in
European Painting

Paul Cézanne, Le Château de Médan [House at Médan], Vincent van Gogh, Self-Portrait, 1887. Oil on artist's
c1880. 83.6 x 96.4 cm. Glasgow M (http://collections.gl board, mounted on cradled panel. 41 × 32.5 cm. Artic
asgowmuseums.com/starobject.html?oid=37373). (http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/80607).

Paul Gauguin, Nevermore, 1897. Oil on canvas. 83,7 ×

139,1 cm. Courtauld (http://courtauld.ac.uk/gallery/colle
ction/impressionism-post-impressionism/paul-gauguin-
nevermore).

US Barnes (http://www.barnesfoundation.org/collections/art-collection/about-collection), DIA (http://www.dia.org/art/european.aspx), Met (http://ww

org/toah/keywords/post-impressionism/), Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/post-impressionism), NGA (http://www.nga
aweb/collection-search-result.html?artobj_style=Post-Impressionist), MiA (http://collections.artsmia.org/search/tags:post-impressionism), Artic (http
u/aic/collections/artwork/category/367). UK Courtauld (http://courtauld.ac.uk/gallery/collection/impressionism-post-impressionism), NG London (ht
algallery.org.uk/paintings/collection-overview/collection-overview?viewPage=5), Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=4229). NL Van Gogh M A
p://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/en/explore-the-collection). RU Hermitage (http://www.arthermitage.org/Post-Impressionism.html). AR MNBA (http://mn
ccion/estilo/postimpresionismo). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/post-impressionism), Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/ent
en Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/art/Post-Impressionism), Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10173), Met (
museum.org/toah/hd/poim/hd_poim.htm), SSM (http://faculty.winthrop.edu/stockk/modernism/styles%20postimp003.pdf), Tate (https://www.tate.org
s/p/post-impressionism), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Impressionism). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/postimpre
Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n477/mode/1up). no SNL (http://snl.no/post-impresjonisme).

Gauguin,
Japanes
1889 Volpini Schuffenecker,
Synthetism painting woodcut
Exhibition Bernard, Laval,
Cloisonn
Sérusier (FR)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Paul Gauguin, La Vision après le Sermon (La Lutte de Paul Sérusier, Le Talisman [The Talisman, the Aven
Jacob avec l'Ange) [Vision of the Sermon (Jacob River at the Bois d'Amour], Oct 1888. Oil on wood. 27
Wrestling with the Angel)], 1888. Oil on canvas. 72.2 x × 21.5 cm. Orsay (http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collecti
91 cm. NG Scotland (http://www.nationalgalleries.org/c ons/works-in-focus/search/commentaire_id/le-talisman-
ollection/artists-a-z/g/artist/paul-gauguin/object/vision-o 7071.html).
f-the-sermon-jacob-wrestling-with-the-angel-ng-1643).

Charles Laval, Allant au marché [Going to Market,

Brittany], 1894. Oil on canvas. 37.5 × 46 cm.
Indianapolis M Art (http://collection.imamuseum.org/art
work/56115/).

INT Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m03kw85).

en SSM (http://faculty.winthrop.edu/stockk/modernism/styles%20gauguin004.pdf), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/synthetism), Wikiped
kipedia.org/wiki/Synthetism). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sintetismo/). no SNL (http://snl.no/syntetisme).

Secession, 1893 Internationale 1898-1903 Ver Stuck, Uhde, Dill, painting, impr., ar
Sezessionstil Kunst-Ausstellung Sacrum Habermann (DE), sculpture, nouveau
des Vereins bildender Klimt, Hoffmann, mural,
Künstler Münchens Moser, Moll, Kurzweil printmaking,
"Secession" (http://di (AT), Liebermann, craft, design,
gital.bib-bvb.de/vie Corinth, Leistikow, architecture
w/bvbmets/viewer.0. Slevogt, Beckmann,
5.jsp?folder_id=0&dv Barlach (DE)
s=1460458047626~4
46&pid=4111217)
1898 I. Kunst-
Ausstellung der
Vereinigung bildender
Künstler Österreichs
(http://digitale-biblio
https://monoskop.org/Art 10/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
thek.belvedere.at/vie
wer/browse/secessio
n/-/1/-/-/)
1899 Deutsche
Kunstausstellung der
Berliner Secession (htt
p://archive.org/detail
s/katalogderausste01
berl)
1902
Beethovenausstellung
(http://secession.nya
rc.org/omeka/beetho
ven) + (http://www.s
ecession.at/die-beet
hoven-ausstellung-1
902/)

Gustav Klimt, Beethovenfries: Die feindlichen Gewalten, Gustav Klimt, Jurisprudenz [Jurisprudence], 1903-07.
1902. Secession (http://www.secession.at/bildprogram Oil on canvas. Destroyed 1945. [1] (http://www.klimt.co
m-und-symbolik/). m/en/gallery/early-works/details-klimt-medizin-1897.dht
ml)

Josef Hoffmann, Sitzmaschine, c1905. Bent

beechwood, turned wood, plywood, brass. 106 x 67.5 x
90 cm. Vitra DM (http://www.design-museum.de/en/coll
ection/100-masterpieces/detailseiten/sitzmaschine-jose
f-hoffmann.html).

FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ASécession). US Frye M (http://fryemuseum.org/founding_collection/),

w.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/vienna-secession/) v.s. UK V&A (http://collections.vam.ac.uk/style/secession-movement/31/). INT Artsy (https://w
ene/vienna-secession) v.s., Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m04zh55) V.S.

https://monoskop.org/Art 11/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/secession), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession_(art)). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.
secessione/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n557/mode/1up).

Horta, Hankar (BE),

Van de Velde (BE-DE),
Galle, Feure, Colonna,
Gaillard (FR), Mucha
1895 L'Art Nouveau (CZ-FR), Fouquet,
Art Nouveau, gallery opens 1889-1914 Le
Bracquemond, Lalique,
Jugendstil, 1900 Exposition
Chéret, Toulouse-
Plume
Sezessionstil, Lautrec (FR), botany,
universelle 1893-1964 The design,
Style nouille, Eckmann, Behrens, Arts and
1901 Glasgow Studio architecture,
Modern Style, Endell, Obrist, Paul, Crafts,
International 1896-1940 painting,
Glasgow Style, Riemerschmid (DE), Japonis
Exhibition Jugend sculpture
Modernista, Sezession artists and Violett-le
1902 Esposizione 1899-1904 Mir
Stile Liberty, designers (AT-DE),
Stil' modern internazionale d'arte iskusstva Mackintosh, Macnair,
decorativa moderna M & F Macdonald,
Beardsley (UK),
Schechtel (RU),
Bugatti (IT), Tiffany
(US)

Alphonse Mucha, Gismonda, 1894. Colour lithograph. Henry van de Velde, Bloemenwerf, c1898. Elm, leather,
216 x 74.2 cm. Mucha Foundation (http://www.muchafo brass. H 95.6 cm. Met (http://metmuseum.org/art/collec
undation.org/gallery/browse-works/object/21). tion/search/498042).

Peter Behrens, Vase, c1900-05. Porcelain. H 19.4 cm.

Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/4
86877).

https://monoskop.org/Art 12/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
FR LAD Paris (http://www.lesartsdecoratifs.fr/francais/musees/musee-des-arts-decoratifs/collections/dossiers-thematiques/arts-decoratifs-et-desig
oire-du-bijou/art-nouveau) jewelry, LAD Paris (http://www.lesartsdecoratifs.fr/francais/musees/musee-des-arts-decoratifs/collections/dossiers-them
coratifs-et-design/verre/chronologie-du-verre/#article1706) glass, Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AArt%2
V&A (http://collections.vam.ac.uk/style/art-nouveau/130/), Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=356) (G.s.). RU Hermitage (http://www.arthermit
uveau.html). NL Gemeente (http://www.gemeentemuseum.nl/en/masterpieces/themes/art-nouveau-art-deco). US Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/
art-nouveau-jugendstil/), MiA (http://collections.artsmia.org/search/tags:art-nouveau). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/art-nouveau), Google A
oogle.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m0g6pl).
en Grove DA (http://books.google.com/books?id=i3Od9bcGus0C&pg=PA45), Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/artn/hd_artn.htm), Oxford D
oks.google.com/books?id=mwf6RVGYLjgC&pg=PA39), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/art-nouveau), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art
sgow-school) G.s., V&A (http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/s/style-guide-scottish-school/) G.s., Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art
Larousse (http://www.larousse.fr/archives/peinture/page/43). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/art-nouveau/). cr Šuvaković (http://arch
Suvakovic#page/n79/mode/1up). no SNL (http://snl.no/art_nouveau).

1903-17
Camera Work
1902 American 1903 Stieglitz Stieglitz (https://www.m
Pictorial Photography (http://library.b oma.org/interactives/ob
1905 The Little rown.edu/cds/ jectphoto/artists/5664.h
Galleries of the repository2/re tml) (US), Steichen (htt
Photo-Secession poman.php?v ps://www.moma.org/int
opens (http://libmm erb=render&vi eractives/objectphoto/a
pictorial
Photo-Secession a.contentdm.oclc.or ew=pageturne rtists/5623.html) (LX- photography
secessio
g/cdm/search/searc r&task=jump&i US), White, Käsebier
hterm/Photo-Secess d=141200518 (US), Coburn (https://w
ion/field/publis/mod 8398360&pag ww.moma.org/interacti
e/all/order/date) eno=3) ves/objectphoto/artists/
(renamed 291 in 1960 Doty (htt 1164.html) (US-UK),
1908 ) p://openlibrar Eugene (US)
y.org/works/O
L7635424M/)

https://monoskop.org/Art 13/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Gertrude Käsebier, Blessed Art Thou among Women, Edward J. Steichen, The Flatiron, 1904. Gum
1899. Platinum print. 23 x 13.2 cm. Met (http://www.me bichromate over platinum print. 47.8 x 38.4 cm. Met (htt
tmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/33.43.132/). MoMA (htt p://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/33.43.43/).
p://www.moma.org/collection/works/54871). Artic (htt Whitney (http://collection.whitney.org/object/29879).
p://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/103529). SFMOMA (https://www.sfmoma.org/artwork/52.1851).
Brooklyn M (https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencoll MIA (http://collections.artsmia.org/art/19482/the-flatiron
ection/objects/111126/). MIA (http://collections.artsmia. -evening-photographer-edward-steichen). LOC (https://
org/art/1548/blessed-art-thou-among-women-photogra www.loc.gov/search/?in=&q=Steichen+Flatiron&new=tr
pher-gertrude-kaesebier). Getty (http://www.getty.edu/a ue). Reina Sofia (http://www.museoreinasofia.es/en/coll
rt/collection/objects/62144/). LOC (https://www.loc.gov/ ection/artwork/flatiron-evening). V&A (http://collections.
search/?in=&q=K%C3%A4sebier+Blessed+Art+Thou+ vam.ac.uk/item/O1060342/).
among+Women&new=true). Reina Sofia (http://www.m
useoreinasofia.es/en/collection/artwork/blessed-art-tho
u-among-women). Stedelijk (http://www.stedelijk.nl/en/
artwork/41766).

Alfred Stieglitz, The Steerage, 1907, printed in or before

1913. Photogravure. 32.2 x 25.8 cm. Met (http://www.m
etmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/33.43.419/). MoMA (ht
tp://www.moma.org/collection/works/53358). Whitney
(http://collection.whitney.org/object/5139). SFMOMA (ht
tps://www.sfmoma.org/artwork/52.1796). Artic (http://w
ww.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork-search/results/all/tit
le%3A%22steerage%22~100). MIA (http://collections.a
rtsmia.org/art/24413/the-steerage-artist-alfred-stieglitz).
Brooklyn M (https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencoll
ection/objects/70775/). Jewish M (http://thejewishmuse
um.org/collection/27467-the-steerage). Getty (http://ww
w.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/62771/). LOC (https://
www.loc.gov/search/?in=&q=Stieglitz+Steerage&new=t
rue). Reina Sofia (http://www.museoreinasofia.es/en/co
llection/artwork/steerage). V&A (http://collections.vam.a
c.uk/item/O119609/). NG Scotland (https://www.nationa
lgalleries.org/collection/artists-a-z/s/artist/alfred-stieglit
z/object/the-steerage-pgp-232-1).

https://monoskop.org/Art 14/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
US Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/photo-secession/).
en Britannica (http://global.britannica.com/topic/Photo-Secession), Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10160), Grov
oks.google.com/books?id=sPGdBxzaWj0C&pg=RA3-PA113), Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/pict/hd_pict.htm), Tate (https://www.tate.o
ms/t/the-photo-secession), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo-Secession).

Matisse (http://mediatio
n.centrepompidou.fr/ed
1905
ucation/ressources/EN
Vauxcelles
S-matisse-EN/ENS-ma
1908 Matisse
1905 Salon tisse-en.htm), Camoin,
(http://monosk
d'Automne Manguin, Marquet,
Fauvism op.org/image painting post-imp
1906 Salon Derain, de Vlaminck,
s/c/ce/Matisse
d'Automne Braque, Dufy, Friesz
_on_Art_197
(FR), van Dongen (NL-
8.pdf#page=4
FR), Puy, Valtat,
2)
Rouault (FR), Kupka
(CZ-FR) (FR)

Henri Matisse, Femme au chapeau [Woman with a Hat], Henri Matisse, Le Bonheur de vivre [The Joy of Life], Oct
1905. Oil on canvas. 80.7 cm x 59.7 cm. SFMOMA (htt 1905-Mar 1906. Oil on canvas. 176.5 x 240.7 cm.
p://www.sfmoma.org/artwork/91.161). Barnes (http://www.barnesfoundation.org/collections/art
-collection/object/7199/le-bonheur-de-vivre-also-called-
the-joy-of-life). SFMOMA (http://www.sfmoma.org/artwo
rk/91.160) (sketch).

André Derain, Les deux péniches, 1906. Oil on canvas.

80 x 97,5 cm. Pompidou (http://www.centrepompidou.f
r/cpv/resource/c6bK4r/rLr5oGM).

FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AFauvisme). US Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/fauv

p://collections.artsmia.org/search/tags:fauvism). RU Hermitage (http://www.arthermitage.org/Fauvism.html). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search
Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/fauvism), Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m04lx1).
en Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/art/Fauvism), Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10081), Met (http://www.

https://monoskop.org/Art 15/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
g/toah/hd/fauv/hd_fauv.htm), MoMA (http://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/themes/fauvism), Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.
ty.20110803095812252), SSM (http://faculty.winthrop.edu/stockk/modernism/styles%20fauve005.pdf), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-te
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauvism). fr Pompidou (http://mediation.centrepompidou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-Fauvisme/). it Trecca
reccani.it/enciclopedia/movimento-fauve/), Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fauvisme/). no SNL (http://snl.no/fauvisme).

1906 Brücke
Manifesto (htt
p://www.mom
a.org/collectio Kirchner, Heckel, Marc
n/works/10710 (DE), Kandinsky,
9?locale=en) Jawlensky (RU-DE),
1908 Schiele, Kokoschka
Worringer (htt (AT), Nolde, Rohlfs,
p://archive.or Schmidt-Rottluff,
g/details/abstr Pechstein, Macke,
1905 Brücke aktionundei00 Feininger, Dix (http://w
founded worr) ww.otto-dix.de/), painting,
1911 Blaue Reiter 1912 Blaue Beckmann, Barlach, printmaking Van Gog
founded Reiter Almanac Kollwitz (DE), Permeke (esp. Munch,
Expressionism
2015 Storm Women (http://monosk (BE), Váchal (CZ); woodcut), "primitiv
(http://schirn.de/stur op.org/log/?p=1 groups: Brücke (http:// sculpture, art of ch
mfrauen/digitorial/e 0299) www.bruecke-museum. architecture
n/) 1910-32 Der de/), Blaue Reiter,
Sturm Rheinische
1918 Expressionisten,
November Pathetiker,
Group Novembergruppe,
Manifesto (htt Gruppe 1919 (DE),
p://books.goo Latemse School (BE),
gle.com/book Osma (CZ)
s?id=kgIBb7b
myQwC&pg=
PA477)

https://monoskop.org/Art 16/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Erich Heckel, Fränzi liegend [Fränzi Reclining], 1910. Egon Schiele, Nude Self-Portrait in Gray with Open
Woodcut. Sheet (irreg.): 35.6 x 55.5 cm. MoMA (http:// Mouth, 1910. Black chalk and gouache. 44.8 x 32.1
www.moma.org/collection_ge/object.php?object_id=60 cm. Leopold M Vienna.
684) + (http://www.moma.org/collection/works/60684?l
ocale=en).

Franz Marc, Tierschicksale [The Fate of the Animals],

1913. Oil on canvas. 195 × 263,5 cm. KM Basel.

DE Schleswig-Holstein museums (http://www.museen-sh.de/Objectsearch/%7CSuchbegriff%7CExpressionismus%7C/), Ziegler (http://www.samm

stille/), Ketterer (http://www.kettererkunst.de/result.php?schluessel=2&auswahl=vk&shw=1). FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/art
uery%3AExpressionnisme), Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ADie%20Brücke) B.. AT Leopold M Vienna (
oldmuseum.org/en/leopoldcollection/masterpieces). US MoMA (http://www.moma.org/explore/collection/ge/index), Met (http://www.metmuseum.or
s/expressionism/), Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/die-brucke/) B., LACMA (http://www.lacma.org/art/collection/german-expressio
p://collections.artsmia.org/search/tags:expressionism). RU Hermitage (http://www.arthermitage.org/Expressionism.html). NL Gemeente (http://www
eum.nl/en/masterpieces/themes/expressionism). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=305). AR MNBA (http://mnba.gob.ar/coleccion/estilo/e
INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/expressionism), Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/german-expressionism) g.e., Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/ge
B., Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m0pybl).
en Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10959), Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_
Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/expressionism), MoMA (http://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/themes/expressi
DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095805181), SSM (http://faculty.winthrop.edu/stockk/modernism/styles%20bruc
Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/e/expressionism), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/g/german-expressionism) g.e., Tate (https://
k/art/art-terms/b/br%C3%BCcke) B., Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionism), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Expre
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Brücke) B. it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/espressionismo/). es Akal (http://books.google
=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA98) B. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n165/mode/1up), Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suv
429/mode/1up) g.e. no SNL (http://snl.no/ekspresjonisme), SNL (http://snl.no/Br%C3%BCcke) B.

https://monoskop.org/Art 17/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Picasso (ES-FR),
Braque (FR), Gris (ES-
1907 Kahnweiler FR), Léger, Metzinger,
Gallery opens R Delaunay, Gleizes,
1911 Salle 41 at 1908
Archipenko (UA-FR),
Salon des Vauxcelles painting,
Duchamp, Duchamp-
1912 Gleizes sculpture,
Indépendants Villon (FR), Le
& Metzinger drawing,
1912 Salon de la Fauconnier, Lipchitz Cézanne
Cubism 1920 collage,
Section d'or (LT-FR), Laurens (FR), "primitiv
Kahnweiler construction,
1913 Armory Show Picabia (FR), Zadkine
1939/1951 Barr assemblage,
1936 Cubism and (RU-FR), Csaky (HU-
1972 architecture
Abstract Art (https:// FR), Kupka (CZ-FR),
Steinberg
monoskop.org/log/?p Marcoussis, La
=17514) Fresnaye, Chagall,
Lhôte (FR), Rivera
(MX), Filla, Beneš (CZ)

Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, Jun-Jul 1907. Georges Braque, Le Portugais (L'émigrant) [The
Oil on canvas. 243.9 x 233.7 cm. MoMA (http://www.m Portuguese (Emigrant)], 1911-12. Oil on canvas. 116.7
oma.org/collection/works/79766). x 81.5 cm. KM Basel.

Pablo Picasso, Nature morte à la chaise cannée [Still Life

with Chair Caning], Spring 1912. Oil on oil-cloth over
canvas edged with rope. 29 × 37 cm. M Picasso Paris.

FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ACubisme). US Lauder/Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/art/libraries-a

nters/leonard-lauder-research-center/cubist-collection/the-collection) + (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/cubism/), Guggenheim (http://w
m.org/artwork/movement/cubism), MiA (http://collections.artsmia.org/search/tags:cubism). RU Hermitage (http://www.arthermitage.org/Cubism.htm
p://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=299). CZ Czech Cubism M Prague (http://www.czkubismus.cz/en/czech-cubism-and-its-representatives). AR MNBA
ob.ar/coleccion/estilo/cubismo). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/cubism), Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m09ff3), (
ww.kubisme.info/kt499.html).
en Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/art/Cubism), Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10068), Met (http://www.m

https://monoskop.org/Art 18/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
toah/hd/cube/hd_cube.htm), MoMA (http://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/themes/cubism), Monoskop, Pompidou (http://mediation.centrepo
ation/ressources/ENS-cubisme_en/cubisme_en.html), SSM (http://faculty.winthrop.edu/stockk/modernism/styles%20cubism007.pdf), Tate (https://
k/art/art-terms/c/cubism), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubism). fr Pompidou (http://mediation.centrepompidou.fr/education/ressources/E
ubisme.htm). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/cubismo/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n336/mode/1up). n
nl.no/kubisme).

1910 first series of

serate evenings
1912 Les peintres
futuristes italiens (htt
p://mediation.centre
pompidou.fr/educatio
n/ressources/ENS-fut
urisme2008/ENS-fut
urisme2008-04-galer
1909 Marinetti
ie-Bernheim.html) painting,
1910 Boccioni
1961 Futurism Marinetti, Boccioni, sculpture,
et al symbolis
MoMA Balla, Carrà, Severini, photography,
Futurism 1911 neo-imp
1986 Futurism & Russolo, Bragaglia, printmaking,
Bragaglia cubism
Futurisms Venice Prampolini (IT) film,
1912 Boccioni
2009 Futurism (htt architecture
1913 Russolo
p://www.tate.org.uk/
whats-on/tate-moder
n/exhibition/futuris
m) Tate
2014 Italian
Futurism, 1909-1944
(http://exhibitions.gu
ggenheim.org/futuris
m/) Guggenheim

https://monoskop.org/Art 19/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Anton Giulio Bragaglia, Salutando, [Waving], 1911. Giacomo Balla, Dinamismo di un Cane al Guinzaglio
Gelatin silver print. Image: 8 x 10.7 cm. [Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash], 1912. Oil on canvas.
89.9 x 109.9 cm. Albright-Knox Buffalo (http://www.albri
ghtknox.org/collection/search/piece:505/).

Umberto Boccioni, Forme uniche della continuità nello

spazio [Unique Forms of Continuity in Space], 1913
(cast 1931). Bronze. 111.2 x 88.5 x 40 cm. M del
Novecento Milan (http://www.museodelnovecento.org/e
n/collection). MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collection/w
orks/81179). Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/wor
ks-of-art/1990.38.3/). Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/art/ar
tworks/boccioni-unique-forms-of-continuity-in-space-t0
1589). Kröller-Müller (http://krollermuller.nl/en/umberto-
boccioni-en-forme-uniche-della-continuit-nello-spazio).
KH Mannheim (http://sammlung-online.kunsthalle-man
nheim.de/eMuseumPlus?service=direct/1/ResultLightb
oxView/result.t2.collection_lightbox.$TspTitleLink.link&s
p=10&sp=Scollection&sp=SfilterDefinition&sp=0&sp=0
&sp=1&sp=Slightbox_4x5&sp=0&sp=Sdetail&sp=0&sp
=F&sp=T&sp=1).

IT Mattioli/Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim-venice.it/inglese/collections/collection2.php?id_cat=14). FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepom

rks?filters=query%3AFuturisme). US Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/futurism), Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/
ism/), MiA (http://collections.artsmia.org/search/tags:futurism). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=307). GR Costakis (http://www.greekst
m/kmst/collections/db/search.html?StylesIndexingTerms=83) books. INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/futurism), Google AP (http://www.google
stitute/entity/m01hl64).
en EUA (http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CU%5CFuturism.htm), Grove (http://www.moma.org/collectio
p?theme_id=10085), Monoskop, Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095839381), Pompidou (http://mediatio
dou.fr/Pompidou/Pedagogie.nsf/Docs/ID69D2D236BE519367C12576BE0051C851/$file/Futurism%20_%20English%20version.pdf), Tate (https://
k/art/art-terms/f/futurism), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurism). fr Pompidou (http://mediation.centrepompidou.fr/education/ressources
e/ENS-futurisme.htm). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/futurismo/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n242/
SNL (http://snl.no/futurisme).

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2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Kubišta, Čapek,
Gutfreund (http://otto-g
painting,
utfreund.net), Filla,
Cubo- 1912 Group of Plastic sculpture,
1967 Lamač Kubín, Beneš, expr., cu
Expressionism Artists architecture,
Procházka, Zrzavý,
film
Group of Plastic Artists
(CZ)

Otto Gutfreund, Úzkost [Anxiety], 1911. Bronze. H 147 Otakar Kubín, Lidské bídy [Human Misery], 1914.
cm. MU Olomouc (http://www.olmuart.cz/sbirky/sochy-- Woodcut. Series of 6. Sheet: 21.6 x 24.1 cm. U
45/gutfreund-otto--390/). KM Bochum (http://www.kunst Chicago (http://smartcollection.uchicago.edu/view/obje
museumbochum.de/kunstmuseum-bochum/sammlung/ cts/aslist/search$0040swg$0027Lidske$0020bidy$002
alle-werke/) (study). 7?t:state:flow=18af78da-de3c-4ddd-a4b3-e1cfe09e43a
d). Full portfolio.

Bohumil Kubišta, Oběšenec [Hanged], 1915. Oil on

canvas. 50 x 30.5 cm. Moravia Gallery Brno.

R Delaunay, S
Orphism,
1913 Salon des 1913 Delaunay (FR), Kupka cubism,
Simultanism, painting
Indépendants Apollinaire (CZ-FR), Exter (UA- abstract
Orphic Cubism
FR)

https://monoskop.org/Art 21/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Robert Delaunay, Les Fenêtres simultanée sur la ville František Kupka, Amorpha, fugue a deux couleurs
[Simultaneous Windows on the City], 1912. 40 x 46 cm. [Amorpha: Fugue in Two Colours], 1912. Oil on
Kunsthalle Hamburg. From the Windows series of 23 canvas. 210 x 200 cm. NG Prague. Studies: Pompidou
paintings and drawings. (http://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/resource/cGbEB7A/
rRxobx), MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collection/work
s?q=kupka+amorpha), Guggenheim (http://www.gugge
nheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/artwor
k/2385), Guggenheim Venice (http://www.guggenheim-
venice.it/inglese/collections/artisti/dettagli/opere_dett.p
hp?id_art=92&id_opera=187&page=). Second in the
series: MA Cleveland (http://www.clevelandart.org/art/1
969.51).

Sonia Delaunay (ill.), Blaise Cendrars (text), La Prose du

Transsibérien et de la petite Jehanne de France, 1913.
Illustrated book with pochoir. Page: 207.4 x 36.2 cm.
PDF. Log (http://monoskop.org/log/?p=14217).
Beinecke (http://brbl-dl.library.yale.edu/vufind/Record/3
982467). British Library (http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/f
eatures/breakingtherules/btrtranssiberienz.html).
MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collection/works/11511).

FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AOrphisme). US Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/mo

m), MiA (http://collections.artsmia.org/search/tags:orphism). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=314). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene
en Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10142), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/simultanism), Tate (https:
uk/art/art-terms/o/orphism), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphism_(art)). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/orfismo/), Treccan
eccani.it/enciclopedia/simultaneismo/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n436/mode/1up). no SNL (http://snl.no/orfisme).

https://monoskop.org/Art 22/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

1911 group founded

1911 Die erste 1911
Kandinsky (RU-DE),
Ausstellung der Kandinsky expr., fu
Marc, Münter (DE),
Redaktion Der Blaue 1912 Blaue fauvism
Kubin (AT), Klee (CH- painting,
Blaue Reiter Reiter Reiter Almanac cubism,
DE), Macke (DE), printmaking
1912 Die zweite (http://monosk "primitiv
Jawlensky, Werefkin
Ausstellung der op.org/log/?p=1 child art
(RU-DE)
Redaktion Der Blaue 0299)
Reiter Schwarz-Weiß

Franz Marc, Tiger, 1912. Oil on canvas. 111 x 111.5 cm. Wassily Kandinsky, Composition VII, 1913. Oil on
Lenbachhaus Munich. canvas. 200 х 300 cm. Tretyakov (http://www.tretyakov
gallery.ru/en/collection/_show/image/_id/373).

Paul Klee, Garten der Leidenschaft [Garden of Passion],

1913. Etching in black-brown with plate tone. One of 40
copies on this type of paper. Plate: 9,8 x 14,4 cm. NGA
(http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/Collection/art-obje
ct-page.8111.html). MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collec
tion/works/61348?locale=en). SFMOMA (http://www.sf
moma.org/artwork/91.328). Artic (http://www.artic.edu/a
ic/collections/artwork/79569). Yale (http://artgallery.yal
e.edu/collections/objects/50663). Harvard (http://www.h
arvardartmuseums.org/art/251115). Ketterer (http://ww
w.kettererkunst.de/kunst/kd/details.php?obnr=1150005
69&anummer=424&detail=1).

DE Lenbachhaus Munich (http://www.lenbachhaus.de/sammlung/der-blaue-reiter/einfuehrung/). FR + (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?

3ADer%20Blaue%20Reiter). US Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/der-blaue-reiter/). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/the-blue
AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m02xk0r).

https://monoskop.org/Art 23/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
en Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/topic/Der-Blaue-Reiter), Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10956), Oxford
rdindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095511591), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter). it Treccani (http://www
iclopedia/blaue-reiter/). es Akal (http://books.google.com/books?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA77). no SNL (http://snl.no/Der_Blaue_Reiter).

Larionov, Goncharova,
Malevich, Shevchenko, lubok, ic
1912 Oslinyi khvost 1913
Neo-Primitivism Chagall, D Burliuk, painting peasant
1913 Mishen' Shevchenko
Filonov, Donkey's Tail craft
group (RU)

Mikhail Larionov, Barber, 1907. Oil on canvas. State Natalia Goncharova, Evangelisty. Tetratikh
Russian M (http://en.rusmuseum.ru/collections/painting [Евангелисты. Тетраптих; Four Evangelists], 1911. Oil
-of-the-second-half-of-the-xix-century-beginning-of-xxi- on canvas. 204 х 58 cm (each part). State Russian M
century/artworks/parikmakher/). (http://rusmuseumvrm.ru/data/collections/painting/19_2
0/goncharova_ns_evangelisti_tetraptih_1911/index.ph
p?lang=en).

Kazimir Malevich, Floor Polishers, 1911. Gouache on

paper. 77,7 x 71 cm. Stedelijk (http://www.stedelijk.nl/e
n/artwork/5196-de-vloerboeners).

US MiA (http://collections.artsmia.org/search/tags:neo-primitivism).
en Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100228453), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-primitivism).

1912 A Slap in D Burliuk, Larionov,

the Face of Goncharova, Malevich,
1913 Victory Over Public Taste (ht Rozanova (RU), Exter
the Sun tp://monoskop. (UA-FR), Lentulov cubism,
Cubo-Futurism painting
1915 Tramway V org/log/?p=60 (RU-FR), Tatlin, futurism
1915 0.10 40) Popova, Kliun (RU),
1914 Bogomazov (UA),
Bogomazov Hylaea group (RU)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

David Burliuk, Sibirskaya flotilia (portret moryaka) Kazimir Malevich, Tochil'schik printsip mel'kaniia [The
[Siberian Flotilla (Portrait of a Sailor)], 1911. Oil on Knife Grinder or Principle of Glittering], 1912-13. Oil on
canvas. 46 x 38 cm. canvas. 79.5 x 79.5 cm. Yale (http://artgallery.yale.edu/
collections/objects/45338).

Lyubov Popova, Seated Figure, 1914-15. Oil on canvas.

GR Costakis (http://www.greekstatemuseum.com/kmst/collections/db/search.html?StylesIndexingTerms=81). FR Pompidou (https://collection.centre

tworks?filters=query%3ACubo-Futurisme).
en Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10069), Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.201
28), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubo-Futurism). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n338/mode/1up).

Rayonism, Larionov, Goncharova

1913 Mishen' 1913 Larionov painting futurism
Rayism, Luchism (RU)

https://monoskop.org/Art 25/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Mikhail Larionov, Steklo [Glass], 1912. Oil on canvas. Mikhail Larionov, Rayonist Composition: Domination of
104.1 x 97.1 cm. Guggenheim (http://www.guggenhei Red, 1912-13. Oil on canvas. 52.7 x 72.4 cm. MoMA (ht
m.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/artwork/24 tp://www.moma.org/collection/works/78586?locale=en).
08).

Natalia Goncharova, Koshki [luchistoe vospr.{iiatie}

rozovoe, chernoe i zheltoe] [Cats (rayist percep.[tion] in
rose, black, and yellow], 1913. Oil on canvas. 85.1 x
85.7 cm. Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/ne
w-york/collections/collection-online/artwork/1500).

FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ARayonnisme). INT Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute

b).
en Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100406286), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/r/rayonism),
p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayonism). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/raggismo/). no SNL (http://snl.no/rayonnisme).

https://monoskop.org/Art 26/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

1914 Rebel Art

Centre (https://www.
tate.org.uk/art/art-ter
ms/r/rebel-art-centr
e) 1914 Lewis et
1915 Vorticist Group al (http://librar
1917 Exhibition of the y.brown.edu/c
Vorticists at the ds/repository
Penguin 2/repoman.ph W Lewis (UK),
2010 Vorticists: p?verb=render Gaudier-Brzeska (FR-
Rebel Artists in &view=pagetu UK), Jacob Epstein painting,
futurism
London and New rner&task=jum (US-UK), Wadsworth, sculpture,
Vorticism cubism,
York, 1914-1918 (htt p&id=1143209 Bomberg (UK), Coburn printmaking,
machine
p://nasher.duke.edu/ 523824844&p (US-UK), W Roberts, drawing
vorticists/) + (http:// ageno=11) Saunders, Dismorr,
www.guggenheim-v 1914-5 Blast Etchells (UK)
enice.it/inglese/exhi 1914 Pound
bitions/mostre.php?i (http://fortnight
d_anno=2011&tipo= lyreview.co.uk/
1) + (http://www.tat vorticism/)
e.org.uk/whats-on/ta
te-britain/exhibition/v
orticists-manifesto-
modern-world)

https://monoskop.org/Art 27/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Jacob Epstein, Rock Drill, 1913. Displayed at Brighton Wyndham Lewis, Workshop, c1914-15. Oil paint on
City Art Gallery Dec 1913-Jan 1914. Now lost. Tate (htt canvas. Support: 76,5 x 61 cm, frame: 91 x 76 cm. Tate
p://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/epstein-torso-in-metal- (http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/lewis-workshop-t01
from-the-rock-drill-t00340) (torso). 931).

Edward Wadsworth, Dazzle-ships in Drydock at

Liverpool, 1919. Oil on canvas. 304.8 x 243.8 cm. NG
Canada (http://www.gallery.ca/en/see/collections/artwor
k.php?mkey=5487).

UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=322), V&A (http://collections.vam.ac.uk/style/vorticist/873/). FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepomp

s?filters=query%3AVorticisme).
en Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10964), Monoskop, Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/v/vorticism), W
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorticism). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vorticismo/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#pa
1up). no SNL (http://snl.no/vorticisme).

1915 0.10
Malevich (RU-BY),
Kliun, Rozanova,
1919 X
Menkov, Udaltsova,
Gosudarstvennaya painting,
Puni (RU), Lissitzky,
vystavka 1915 Malevich sculpture, zaum, fo
Suprematism Suetin (RU-BY),
1922 Erste russische 1927 Malevich design, craft, dimensio
Chashnik, Khidekel
Kunstausstellung architecture
(BY-RU), groups:
1927 Grosse Berliner
Supremus (RU),
Kunstausstellung Unovis (RU-BY)

https://monoskop.org/Art 28/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Kazimir Malevich, Chernyy suprematicheskiy kvadrat El Lissitzky, Proun 1A (Most) [Proun 1A (Bridge)], 1919.
[Черный супрематический квадрат; Black Suprematic Gouache. 8,5 x 15 cm. Private coll. Stedelijk (http://ww
Square], 1915. Oil on canvas. 79,5 х 79,5 cm. w.stedelijk.nl/en/artwork/29476-proun-1a).
Tretyakov (http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/en/collection/
_show/image/_id/378).

Kazimir Malevich, Arkhitekton Gota [Gota Architecton],

1923. Plaster. 85,3 x 56 x 52,5 cm. Russian State M.
Pompidou (http://www.centrepompidou.fr/id/cEbnkX4/r
Ad8yp) (1978). MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collection/
works/163941) (photo c1936). [2] (http://www.moma.or
g/interactives/exhibitions/2012/inventingabstraction/?w
ork=212)

GR Costakis (http://www.greekstatemuseum.com/kmst/collections/db/search.html?StylesIndexingTerms=83). FR Pompidou (https://collection.centre

tworks?filters=query%3ASuprématisme). US Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/suprematism), MiA (http://collections.art
h/tags:suprematism). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/suprematism), Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m01qvqj).
en Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10202), Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.201
57), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/suprematism), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprematism). it Treccani (http://www.trecca
ia/suprematismo/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n603/mode/1up).

1914 group founded

1916-17 Fiatalok
shows Kassák, Uitz, Bortnyik,
Tihanyi, Mattis-
Activists, 1973 Magyar 1915-16 A Tett
Teutsch, Nemes- painting, expr., cu
Hungarian Aktivizmus 1916-26 Ma
Lampérth, Kmetty printmaking constr.
Activists 2016 A magyar 1971 Szabó
(HU), Dobrović (SR-
aktivizmus, 1914-1927
HU)
(http://josamuzeum.
hu/?page_id=4630)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Lajos Kassák, Képarchitektúra [Picture Architecture], Béla Uitz, Ikonanalízis [Icon Analysis], 1922. Oil on
1922. Gouache on paper. 26 x 20 cm. canvas. 156 x 142 cm. MNG Budapest.

Sándor Bortnyik, Az új Ádám [The New Adam], 1924.

Oil on canvas. 48,3 x 38 cm. MNG Budapest (http://ww
w.mng.hu/kiallitasok/allando/178/oldal:2/94).

en Oxford DMCA (http://books.google.com/books?id=mwf6RVGYLjgC&pg=PA11). es Akal (http://books.google.com/books?id=y6709Jr7JD0C

Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n40/mode/1up). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/aktivista
Wikipedia-HU (http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivizmus_(művészet)).

Dada 1916 Cabaret 1916 Cabaret Ball (DE-CH), Tzara performance,

Voltaire events Voltaire (htt (RO-CH-FR), Richter collage,
1920 Erste p://www.ubu.c (DE-CH), Janco (RO- photography,
Internationale Dada- om/historical/d CH), Arp (DE-CH), photomontage,
Messe ada/cabaret-vo Taeuber (CH), Picabia printmaking,
1921 Salon Dada ltaire.html) (FR), Duchamp (FR- painting, film
1953 Dada 1916-1923 (ed. Ball) US), Schwitters (DE),
2005 Dada (http://w 1917 The Höch, Hausmann,
ww.centrepompidou.f Blindman (ed. Heartfield, Grosz, Ernst
r/cpv/resource/c9jjjBj/ Duchamp) (DE), Ray (US-FR),
r8AKaq) + (http://ww 1917-21 Dada Doesburg (NL),
w.nga.gov/exhibition (ed. Tzara) Freytag-Loringhoven
s/2006/dada/cities/) 1917-24 391
(DE-US)
(ed. Picabia)
1922-23
Mécano (ed.
Doesburg)
1923-32

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
Schwitters'
Merz

Marcel Duchamp, L.H.O.O.Q., 1919. Rectified ready- Hannah Höch, Schnitt mit dem Küchenmesser Dada durch
made: pencil on reproduction of Leonardo da Vinci's die letzte Weimarer Bierbauch-Kulturepoche Deutschlands
Mona Lisa. 19.7 x 12.4 cm. Pompidou (http://www.centr [Cut with the Dada Kitchen Knife through the Last
epompidou.fr/cpv/resource/cqpzoxR/rBA4KyL). Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany], 1919.
Pompidou (http://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/resource/ Collage. 114 x 90 cm. NG Berlin (http://www.smb.muse
c5pXdk6/rqy6qz6) (1930). NGA (http://www.nga.gov/ex um/en/museums-and-institutions/neue-nationalgalerie/i
hibitions/2006/dada/images/artwork/202-182.shtm). mage-gallery.html).
versions (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.H.O.O.Q.#Versi
ons).

Raoul Hausmann, Mechanischer Kopf: der Geist unserer

Zeit [Mechanical Head: The Spirit of Our Age], c1919.
Hairdresser's wig-making dummy, crocodile wallet,
ruler, pocket watch mechanism and case, bronze
segment of old camera, typewriter cylinder, segment of
measuring tape, collapsible cup, the number "22",
nails, and bolt. 32,5 x 21 x 20 cm. Pompidou (http://ww
w.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/resource/cGzAKG/rAnxd9j).
NGA (http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2006/dada/image
s/artwork/202-071.shtm).

DE Berlinische (http://www.berlinischegalerie.de/en/collection/collection-online/dada-berlin-online/). FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompido

ters=query%3ADada). US Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/dada), Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/d
p://collections.artsmia.org/search/tags:dada). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=300). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/dada), Googl
w.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m0298q).
en Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/art/Dada), Grove US (http://books.google.com/books?id=sPGdBxzaWj0C&pg=RA1-PA3), Grove (http://ww
ollection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10455), MoMA (http://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/themes/dada), Monoskop, Oxford DA (http://oxford
view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095657447), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/d/dada), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada). f
tp://mediation.centrepompidou.fr/education/ressources/ens-dada/ens-dada.htm). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dadaismo/). es Aka
google.com/books?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA162). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n131/mode/1up). no SNL (http://snl.no/

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2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

1913
Apollinaire
1918-22 Valori
plastici (http:// de Chirico (http://www.f
periodici.librar ondazionedechirico.or Nietzsch
Metaphysical Art,
1921 Valori plastici i.beniculturali.i g) (IT-FR), Carrà, painting symbolis
Pittura Metafisica
t/PeriodicoSche Morandi, Sironi, Giotto
da.aspx?id_test Casorati, de Pisis (IT)
ata=69&Start=
113)
1919 Carrà

Giorgio de Chirico, Le Muse inquietanti [The Disquieting Carlo Carrà, La musa metafisica [The Metaphysical
Muses], c1917. Oil on canvas. 94 × 62 cm. Pinakothek Muse], 1917. Oil on canvas. 90 x 66 cm. Pinacoteca di
Monaco (http://books.google.com/books?id=EACW6cK Brera Milan (http://pinacotecabrera.org/en/collezione-o
b7ZkC&pg=PA45). nline/opere/musa-metafisica/).

Giorgio Morandi, Grande natura morta metafisica [Large

Metaphysical Still Life], 1918. Oil on canvas.

FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3APeinture%20métaphysique). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/searc

INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/pittura-metafisica), Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m06r_26).
en Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10883), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/m/metaphysical-art), Wikip
wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysical_art). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pittura-metafisica_res-8645d5e6-e03b-11df-9ef0-d5ce3506d72
tp://snl.no/La_pittura_metafisica).

De Stijl, 1923 Les Architectes 1917-32 De van Doesburg (NL), painting, cubism,
Neo-Plasticism du groupe De Stijl Stijl Mondrian (NL-FR), sculpture, abstract
2010 Mondrian/De 1917 Huszár (HU-NL), van printmaking,
Stijl (http://mediatio Mondrian der Leck (http://www.b architecture,
n.centrepompidou.fr/ 1918 van artvanderleck.nl/) (NL) design

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
education/ressources/ Doesburg et al
ENS-mondrian/ENS- (http://sdrc.lib.
mondrian-en.html) uiowa.edu/dad
a/De_Stijl/2/1/
pages/02.htm)
1925
Mondrian (htt
p://monoskop.
org/log/?p=13
402)
1925 van
Doesburg

Theo van Doesburg, Glas-in-loodcompositie IV [Stained- Piet Mondrian, Compositie met geel, rood, zwart, blauw
Glass Composition IV], 1917. Stained glass window, en grijs [Composition with Yellow, Red, Black, Blue, and
three sections. 286.5 x 56.6 cm each. Designed for the Gray], 1920. Oil on canvas. 51.5 x 61 cm. Stedelijk (htt
De Lange House, Alkmaar. Kröller-Müller. Tate (http://w p://www.stedelijk.nl/en/artwork/3013-compositie-met-ge
ww.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-modern/exhibition/van-do el-rood-zwart-blauw-en-grijs).
esburg-and-international-avant-garde/van-doesburg-an
d-3).

Vilmos Huszar, Mechanisch dansende figuur [Mechano-

Dancer], 1922. Photomontage. Private collection, NY.

NL Gemeente (http://www.gemeentemuseum.nl/en/masterpieces/themes/mondriaan-de-stijl). FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/art

uery%3ADe%20Stijl) D.S., + (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ANéoplasticisme) N.. US Met (http://www.metmuseum.
rds/de-stijl/), MiA (http://collections.artsmia.org/search/tags:de-stijl). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=1686), V&A (http://collections.vam
stijl/692/). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/de-stijl), Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/neo-plasticism) n.p., Google AP (http://www.google.com/cultura
m01g_xm).
en Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/topic/De-Stijl-art), Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10131), Grove (http:/
g/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10199), Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/de-stijl), Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex
10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100533541), Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100228441), Pompidou (http
ntrepompidou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-mondrian/ENS-mondrian-en.html), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/neo-plasticism), Wikipe

https://monoskop.org/Art 33/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
ikipedia.org/wiki/De_Stijl). fr Pompidou (http://mediation.centrepompidou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-mondrian/ENS-mondrian.html). it Treccani (
cani.it/enciclopedia/neoplasticismo/), Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/elementarismo/) (e.). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suv
142/mode/1up). no SNL (http://snl.no/De_Stijl), SNL (http://snl.no/neoplastisisme), SNL (http://snl.no/elementarisme) (e.).

Czyżewski, Chwistek,
Witkiewicz, A
1917 I wystawa
1918 Chwistek Pronaszko (http://cultur
Ekspresjonistów
1919 Witkacy e.pl/pl/tworca/andrzej-p expr., cu
Formism Polskich painting
1919-21 ronaszko), Z futurism
1919 I wystawa
Formiści Pronaszko (http://cultur
Formistów Polskich e.pl/pl/tworca/zbigniew-
pronaszko) (PL)

Leon Chwistek, Szermierka [Fencing], c1919. Oil on Tytus Czyżewski, Akt z kotkiem [Nude with Cat], 1920.
cardboard. 70 x 100 cm. MN Kraków (http://www.imnk. Oil on canvas. 76 x 96 cm. MN Warsaw (http://cyfrowe.
pl/gallerybox.php?dir=XX092). WMM (http://muzea.mal mnw.art.pl/dmuseion/docmetadata?id=3037).
opolska.pl/en/obiekty/-/a/26885/1118472).

Zbigniew Pronaszko, Akt we wnętrzu (Wnętrze) [Nude in

an Interior (The Interior)], c1920. Oil on canvas. 150 x
125 cm. MN Kraków (http://www.imnk.pl/gallerybox.ph
p?dir=XX081).

PL MN Warsaw (http://cyfrowe.mnw.art.pl/dmuseion/results?action=AdvancedSearchAction&type=-3&search_attid1=14&search_value1=formizm&
se) + (http://cyfrowe.mnw.art.pl/dmuseion/results?action=AdvancedSearchAction&type=-3&search_attid1=14&search_value1=formi%C5%9Bci&s
e).
en Monoskop.

Purism 1918 Ozenfant et 1918 Jeanneret (CH-FR), painting, cubism,

Jeanneret Jeanneret & Ozenfant, Léger (FR) architecture machine
1921 Ozenfant et Ozenfant
1920-5 L'Esprit

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
Jeanneret peintres nouveau
puristes 1921 Ozenfant
& Jeanneret
1925 Ozenfant
& Jeanneret
1928 Ozenfant

Amédée Ozenfant, Nature morte [Still Life], 1920. Oil Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, Nature morte (Nature
on canvas. 80.5 x 100.3 cm. NGV Melbourne (http://ww morte "l'Effort Moderne"; Nature morte Léonce Rosenberg)
w.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/85701/). [Still Life], 1922. Oil on canvas. 65 x 81 cm. Pompidou
(http://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/resource/cbqL5Rj/r8
8A8xb).

Fernand Léger, The Baluster, 1925. Oil on canvas.

129.5 x 97.2 cm. MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collectio
n/works/79058).

FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3APurisme). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=1664). US G

p://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/purism), Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/purism/), MiA (http://collections.artsmia.org/s
sm). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/purism).
en Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100355322), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/purism), W
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purism). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/purismo/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n5
no SNL (http://snl.no/purisme).

Agitprop 1918 ROSTA 1918 Lenin's Cheremnykh, design,

established call for Mayakovsky, Moor, printmaking,
1920 Agit-prop Dept monumental Rodchenko (RU), Exter sculpture
established propaganda (h (UA-FR), Popova,
ttp://ru.wikisou Rozanova, Tatlin (RU),
rce.org/wiki/Д Klutsis (LV-RU)
екрет_СНК_Р
СФСР_от_12.

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
04.1918_О_п
амятниках_Р
еспублики)

El Lissitzky, Klinom krasnym bey belykh [Клином ROSTA Collective (Mayakovsky), Khochesh? - Vstupi.
красным бей белых; Beat the Whites with the Red ROSTA No 867 [Хочешь? - вступи. Роста No 867], [Jan
Wedge], 1919-20. Lithograph. 23 × 19 cm. Van 1921]. Poster.
Abbemuseum.

Ekran. Design for Screen, Rostrum and Propaganda

Stand, 1922. drawing, 34,7x19 cm. Costakis (http://ww
w.greekstatemuseum.com/kmst/collections/db/search.h
tml?primary_control_0=AN&secondary_control_0=S&t
ertiary_control_text_0=Klutsis%20Gustav&sort_order=
1&start=56&show=1).

en Grove DA (http://books.google.com/books?id=i3Od9bcGus0C&pg=PA6), Oxford DMCA (http://books.google.com/books?id=mwf6RVGYLjgC&p

(https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/agit-prop), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agitprop).

1919 Bauhaus
founded painting,
1923 Staatliches
Gropius, Itten,
sculpture,
Feininger, Schlemmer
Bauhaus Weimar, 1919 Gropius mural,
(DE), Klee (CH-DE),
1919-1923 (http://mon 1923 Gropius printmaking, expr., co
Bauhaus Kandinsky (RU-DE),
oskop.org/log/?p=119 1925-29 photography, function
Moholy-Nagy (HU-AT-
43) Bauhausbücher design,
DE), Bayer, Breuer,
1938 Bauhaus 1919– textiles,
Albers (DE)
1928 (http://monosko architecture
p.org/log/?p=10334)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Gunta Stölzl, Schlitzgobelin Rot-Grün [Red-Green Slit Paul Klee, Burg und Sonne [Castle and Sun], 1928. Oil
Tapestry], 1927-28. Bauhaus-Archiv Berlin (http://www. on canvas. 50 x 59 cm. Private coll.
bauhaus.de/en/ausstellungen/sammlung/207_textil/37
1) + (http://bauhaus-online.de/en/atlas/werke/slit-tapest
ry-red-green).

László Moholy-Nagy, Lichtrequisit einer elektrischen

Buehne [Light Prop for an Electric Stage, now known as
Light-Space Modulator], 1922-30. Kinetic sculpture of
aluminum, steel, nickel-plated brass, other metals,
plastic, wood and electric motor. 151.1 x 69.9 x 69.9
cm. Harvard (http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collec
tions/object/299819). Bauhaus-Archiv Berlin (http://ww
w.bauhaus.de/en/ausstellungen/sammlung/80_skulptu
r/361) (1970) [3] (http://bauhaus-online.de/en/atlas/wer
ke/light-space-modulator). Van Abbemuseum (http://va
nabbemuseum.nl/collectie-en-context/details/collectie/?
tx_dresolr_pi%5Bsend%5D=repeat&tx_dresolr_pi%5Bf
ield%5D%5Bsearch%5D=Moholy-Nagy%2C%20L%C
3%A1szl%C3%B3&tx_dresolr_pi%5BuidField%5D=CC
IDENTIFIER&tx_dresolr_pi%5BuidValue%5D=C681)
(1970). photos: MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collectio
n/works/50131), Getty (http://www.getty.edu/art/collecti
on/objects/45320/), NGC (http://www.gallery.ca/en/see/
collections/artwork.php?mkey=97370). more.

DE Bauhaus-Archiv (http://www.bauhaus.de/en/ausstellungen/sammlung/). US Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/bau

p://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/bauhaus/), MiA (http://collections.artsmia.org/search/tags:bauhaus). FR Pompidou (https://collection.centre
tworks?filters=query%3ABauhaus). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=294), V&A (http://collections.vam.ac.uk/style/bauhaus/77/). INT A
w.artsy.net/gene/bauhaus), Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m0jwkcjv).
en Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10950), Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/bauh/hd_bauh.htm), Met (ht
useum.org/toah/hd/phbh/hd_phbh.htm) photogr., Monoskop, Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/b/bauhaus), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia
us). fr Larousse (http://www.larousse.fr/archives/peinture/page/80). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bauhaus/). es Akal (http://books
oks?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA55). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n110/mode/1up).

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

1921 INKhUK
Tatlin, Gabo,
debate
Rodchenko, Popova
1921 Vtoraya
(RU), Stepanova (LT-
vesennyaya vystavka 1920 Gabo
RU), Stenberg bros,
Obmokhu 1922 spatial
Medunetsky (RU),
1922 Düsseldorf Rodchenko, construction,
Constructivism Ioganson, Klutsis (LV-
congress Stepanova, et set design,
RU), Vesnin brothers
1922 Weimar al. graphic design
(RU), Kobro (RU-PL),
congress 1922 Gan
Strzemiński (PL-RU),
1922 First Russian
Szczuka (PL), Kassák
Art Exhibition (HU), more
more

Naum Gabo, Constructed Head No. 2, c1916. Alexander Rodchenko, "Ellipse" from his Second Series
Galvanised iron painted yellow ochre. 45x40.5x40.5 of Spatial Constructions, 1920-21. Plywood, open
cm. Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gabo-hea construction partially painted with aluminum paint, and
d-no-2-t01520). More works in the series. wire. 61x84x47 cm. MoMA (http://www.moma.org/colle
ction/works/81043?locale=en). More works in the
series.

Vladimir Tatlin, model for the Monument to the Third

International, 1920. More images.

GR Costakis (http://www.greekstatemuseum.com/kmst/collections/db/search.html?StylesIndexingTerms=85). US Guggenheim (http://www.guggenh

k/movement/constructivism). FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AConstructivisme). UK Tate (http://www.t
ch?gm=298), Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=419) UK c. INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/constructivism), Google AP (http://www.go
alinstitute/entity/m07fzg6).
en Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/art/Constructivism-art), Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10955), Monosk
(http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095634114), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/c/constructivism), Wikipedia
pedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(art)). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/costruttivismo/). es Akal (http://books.google.com/books?id=y6
g=PA144). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n319/mode/1up). no SNL (http://snl.no/konstruktivisme%2Fkunstretning).

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

1921-26 Zenit
1924 Première
1921 Micić Petrov (SR),
exposition painting, expr., co
Zenitism 1921 Goll Klek/Seissel, Gecan
internationale d'art printmaking futurism
1921 Micić, (CR)
nouveau
Goll, Tokin

Mihailo Petrov, Autoportret [Self-Portrait], 1921, printed Jo Klek, Pafama, 1922. Collage; pastel/paper. 17 x 17
1971. Linocut. MSU Belgrade. cm. MSU Zagreb (http://www.msu.hr/?/hr/48/104319/0/
1/). [4] (http://www.posta.hr/print.aspx?id=3622&m=532
56&p=-1)

Mihailo Petrov, Kompozicija 77 [Composition 77], 1924.

Gouache on paper. 31 x 23.5 cm. MSU Belgrade.

CR Sudac (http://www.avantgarde-museum.com/en/museum/collection/authorszenit~pe4393/).
en Monoskop, Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenitism). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n684/mode/1up).

Muralismo, 1921 Vasconcelos's 1921 Orozco, Rivera, mural painting Italian

Mexican mural program Siqueiros (htt Siqueiros, Tamayo Renaiss
Muralism, launched p://icaadocs.m (MX), Mérida (GT-MX), 1900s-2
Indigenismo fah.org/icaado Leal, Revueltas, avant-ga
cs/THEARCHI Montenegro, art,
VE/FullRecor O'Gorman (MX), neoclass
d/tabid/88/do Charlot (http://www.jea Marx &
c/801659/lang ncharlot.org) (FR-MX),
uage/en-US/D Castellanos (MX),
efault.aspx) Sabogal (PE), Guzmán
1924 de Rojas (BO), Egas,
Siqueiros et al Guayasamín (http://ww
(http://icaadoc w.guayasamin.org/)
s.mfah.org/ica
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
adocs/THEAR (EC), Acuña Tapias
CHIVE/FullRe (CO)
cord/tabid/88/
doc/751080/la
nguage/en-U
S/Default.asp
x)

José Clemente Orozco, La trinchera [The Trench], Diego Rivera, West wall of the mural cycle Epopeya del
1926. Fresco. National Preparatory School, Mexico pueblo mexicano [Epic of the Mexican People], 1929-30.
City. San Ildefonso (http://www.sanildefonso.org.mx/mu Fresco. ca 8.59 x 12.87 m. Palacio Nacional, Mexico
seo-digital/zoom/trinchera.html). City. Schalkwijk (http://www.artres.com/C.aspx?VP3=Vi
ewBox_VPage&VBID=2UN365NHOJW3P&IT=ZoomIm
ageTemplate01_VForm&IID=2UNTWAWQ7HJ7&PN=3
7&CT=Search&SF=0).

Juan O'Gorman, The Colonial Past, 1949-52. Mosaic on

the Central Library, Mexico University, Mexico City.

US WPA (http://www.wpamurals.com/). INT Schalkwijk Archive (http://www.artres.com/C.aspx?VP3=CMS3&VF=ARTAR6_24_VForm), Artsy (https

t/gene/mexican-muralism).
en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/m/mexican-muralism) mm, Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/i/indigenism) i, Oxford DA (http
up.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100154568) mm, Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_muralism). es Akal (http://books.goog
d=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA454) m.

Modernismo 1922 Semana de Arte 1922-23 Klaxon Malfatti, Di Cavalcanti, painting, cubism,
Brasileiro Moderna (http://alm Monteiro, Tarsila (htt drawing, futurism
anaque.folha.uol.co p://tarsiladoamaral.co sculpture surrealis
m.br/semana22.htm) m.br/) (BR), Brecheret
(IT-BR), Segall (http://w
ww.museusegall.org.b
r/) (LT-DE-BR), Graz,

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
Gomide, Nery, Dias
(BR), Goeldi (BR-CH),
Guignard (BR-DE)

Lasar Segall, Bananal [Banana Grove], 1927. Oil on Tarsila do Amaral, Abaporu, 1928. Oil on canvas. 85 x
canvas. 87 x 127 cm. Folha (http://pintores.folha.com.b 73 cm. MALBA Buenos Aires (http://www.malba.org.ar/
r/lasar_segall-volume_06.html). online/?idobra=46). Folha (http://pintores.folha.com.br/t
arcila_do_amaral-volume_03.html). Estate (http://tarsil
adoamaral.com.br/obras/antropofagica-1928-1930/).

Emiliano Di Cavalcanti, Cinco moças de Guaratinguetá

[Five Girls from Guaratinguetá], 1930. Oil on canvas.
92 x 70 cm. MASP São Paulo (http://masp.art.br/masp
2010/acervo_detalheobra.php?id=417). Folha (http://pi
ntores.folha.com.br/di_cavalcanti-volume_01.html).

en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/m/modernismo). pt Wikipedia-PT (http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernismo_no_Brasil).

Stridentism, 1924 first Stridentist 1921 Maples Revueltas, Alva de la performance, futurism
Estridentismo exhibition Arce (http://ica Canal, Méndez, Cueto printmaking, ultraism
adocs.mfah.or (MX) sculpture, moderni
g/icaadocs/TH painting technolo
EARCHIVE/F
ullRecord/tabi
d/88/doc/7374
63/language/e
n-US/Default.
aspx)
1923 Maples
Arce (http://ica
adocs.mfah.or
g/icaadocs/TH
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
EARCHIVE/F
ullRecord/tabi
d/88/doc/7375
80/language/e
n-US/Default.
aspx)
1924
Irradiador
1926 List
Arzubide

Ramón Alva de la Canal, Edificio estridentista, 1921. Fermín Revueltas, Andamios exteriores, 1923.
Watercolor on paper. 26.5 x 32.5 cm. MUNAL.

Germán Cueto, Máscara III, 1924. Painted cardboard.

53.5 x 41 x 9 cm. Blaisten México DF (http://www.muse
oblaisten.com/v2008/indexEng.asp?myURL=artistDetai
lEnglish&artistId=80).

en Monoskop, Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/e/estridentismo), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stridentism).

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Fuller (http://www.danf
orthart.org/assets/form
1925 Locke (h
s/meta_fuller_catalog_
ttps://archive.o
1984-5.pdf), Douglas,
rg/details/new
Motley (http://nasher.d
negrointerpre0
uke.edu/motley/),
1928-33 Exhibit of
0unse/page/n
Hayden (http://www.ma
25/mode/2up),
Fine Arts Productions aala.org/palmerhayden
PDF
of American Negro collection.html), MG
1926 Fire!! (htt
Harlem Artists (http://libmm Johnson, LM Jones (htt painting,
p://monoskop.
Renaissance, a.contentdm.oclc.or p://www.loismailoujone sculpture,
org/log/?p=16
New Negro g/cdm/search/searcht s.com/), Bearden (htt mural,
738)
Movement erm/Harmon%20Fou p://www.beardenfound printmaking
1940 Locke (h
ndation/field/creato/ ttps://archive.o ation.org), J Lawrence
mode/exact/conn/an rg/details/negr (http://www.jacobandg
d/order/date) series wenlawrence.org/), NW
oin00lock)
Lewis (http://www.pafa.
1943 Porter (h
org/normanlewis),
ttp://monosko
Catlett (http://elizabeth
p.org/log/?p=1
catlett.net/), Parks (htt
6618)
p://www.gordonparksfo
undation.org/) (US)

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2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Meta Warrick Fuller, Ethiopia Awakening, c1921. Aaron Douglas, Aspects of Negro Life, 1934. Oil on
Bronze. 170.2 x 40.6 x 51 cm. Schomburg/NYPL (htt canvas. Schomburg/NYPL (http://digitalcollections.nypl.
p://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/671040d4-2bfa-093 org/items/634ad849-7832-309e-e040-e00a180639bb).
0-e040-e00a1806450c). from the series (http://exhibitions.nypl.org/treasures/ite
ms/show/170).

Loïs Mailou Jones, Les Fétiches, 1938. Oil on linen. 64.7

x 54 cm. SAAM (http://americanart.si.edu/collections/se
arch/artwork/?id=31947).

US Smithsonian (http://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/online/aaa/), SLAM (http://www.slam.org:8080/emuseum/view/objects/asimages/9259), Met (

museum.org/toah/keywords/harlem-renaissance/), Artic (http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/exhibitions/AfricanAmerican/selectedworks), Schomb
p://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/art-and-artifacts-division-painting-sculpture-collection#/?tab=navigation). INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/ha
ce), Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m019y_2).
en Grove US (http://books.google.com/books?id=sPGdBxzaWj0C&pg=PA43), Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.201
46), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/h/harlem-renaissance), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance).

1924
Strzemiński (h
ttp://monosko
p.org/images/
d/db/Blok_8-9
painting,
_Nov-Dec_19 Strzemiński (PL-RU),
1927 Strzemiński's sculpture, suprema
Unism 24.pdf#page= Kobro (RU-PL),
first solo show architecture, De Stijl
18) Stażewski (PL)
design
1928
Strzemiński
1931
Strzemiński &
Kobro

https://monoskop.org/Art 44/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Katarzyna Kobro, Kompozycja przestrzenna (1) [Spatial Władysław Strzemiński, Kompozycja architektoniczna (1)
Composition (1)], 1925. Painted steel. 14 x 39,5 x 53,5 [Architectonic Composition (1)], 1926. Oil on canvas.
cm. From the series of eight Spatial Compositions. MS 90 x 64 cm. MS Łódź (http://zbiory.muzeumsztuki.pl/no
Łódź (http://zbiory.muzeumsztuki.pl/node/51086). [5] (h de/51313). [6] (http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibi
ttp://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2012/inven tions/2012/inventingabstraction/?work=217)
tingabstraction/?work=113)

Katarzyna Kobro, Kompozycja przestrzenna (4) [Spatial

Composition (4)], 1929. Painted steel. 40 x 64 x 40 cm.
MS Łódź (http://zbiory.muzeumsztuki.pl/node/51137).

pl Wikipedia-PL (http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unizm).

Moholy-Nagy (HU-DE),
Lissitzky (RU-DE),
Rodchenko (RU),
Bayer (AT-DE),
Peterhans (DE),
1929 Film und Foto
1925 Moholy- Citroen (DE-NL),
(http://www.moma.o
Nagy Umbo, Renger- photography,
Neues Sehen rg/interactives/object
1929 Roh Patzsch, Biermann photogram, Bauhaus
New Vision photo/exhibitions/5.h
1929 Moholy- (DE), Man Ray (US- photomontage
tml)
Nagy FR), Moholy (CZ-DE),
1931 Fotomontage
Henri (US-DE-FR),
Krull (DE-FR), Funke,
Rössler (CZ), Finsler
(CH-DE), Stone (RU-
DE), Consemüller (DE)

https://monoskop.org/Art 45/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Paul Citroen, Weltstadt (Meine Geburtsstadt) [Metropolis El Lissitzky, Self-Portrait (The Constructor), 1924.
(City of My Birth)], 1923. Gelatin silver print. 20.3 x Gelatin silver print. 13.9 x 8.9 cm. MoMA (http://www.m
15.3 cm. MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collection/work oma.org/collection/works/83836). V&A (http://collection
s/83984). [7] (http://www.moma.org/interactives/objectp s.vam.ac.uk/item/O136602/self-portrait-constructor-pho
hoto/objects/83984.html) tograph-lissitzky-el/). [8] (http://www.moma.org/interacti
ves/objectphoto/assets/essays/Pollmeier.pdf#page=7)

László Moholy-Nagy, Berlin, Funkturm [Berlin, Radio

Tower], 1928. Gelatin silver print. 38.1 x 27.8 cm.
MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collection/works/84043).
NGA (http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/Collection/ar
t-object-page.132226.html). Artic (http://www.artic.edu/
aic/collections/artwork/55476). [9] (http://www.moma.or
g/interactives/objectphoto/objects/84043.html)

DE Folkwang (http://collection-online.museum-folkwang.de/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&siteId=1&module=exhibition&objectId=474&v
lView&lang=en). US Thomas Walther/MoMA (http://www.moma.org/interactives/objectphoto/). FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/a
query%3ALa%20Nouvelle%20Vision).
en Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nvis/hd_nvis.htm), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/the-new-vision), Wikipedia (http://en.w
i/Neues_Sehen).

Neue 1925 Die neue 1922 Das verists: Dix (http://www. painting, pittura
Sachlichkeit, New Sachlichkeit (http://b Kunstblatt 9 otto-dix.de), Grosz, photography metafisic
Objectivity ooks.google.com/boo 1925 Hartlaub Beckmann, Schad,
ks?id=EQzdp1zN--oC 1925 Roh Schlichter, Hubbuch,
&pg=PA145) Scholz; classicists:
2015 New Kanoldt, Schrimpf,
Objectivity, 1919-1933 Mense,
(http://www.nuovao Davringhausen,
ggettivitacorrer.it/?l= Schnarrenberger (htt
en) p://www.wilhelm-schna
rrenberger.de),

https://monoskop.org/Art 46/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
Viegener; photography:
Renger-Patzsch,
Sander (http://augustsa
nder.com/) (DE)

George Grosz, Die Stützen der Gesellschaft [Pillars of August Sander, Handlanger [Handyman], 1926. Gelatin
Society], 1926. NNG Berlin (http://www.smb.museum/ silver print. 39.8 x 30 cm. From the series Menschen des
museen-und-einrichtungen/neue-nationalgalerie/bilderg 20. Jahrhunderts [Men of the Twentieth Century] (1927).
alerie.html). Sprengel (http://www.sprengel-museum.com/photograp
hy_and_new_media/index.htm?bild_id=71951651).
Pinakothek Munich (http://www.pinakothek.de/en/augu
st-sander-handlanger-1926-august-sander-archiv-kultu
rstitftung-stadtsparkasse-koeln-vg-bild-kuns). Tate (htt
p://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/sander-bricklayer-al00
038). NGS (http://www.nationalgalleries.org/object/AL0
0038).

Christian Schad, Selbstbildnis mit Modell [Self-Portrait

with Model], 1927. Oil on wood. Support: 76 x 61.5 cm.
Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/schad-self-port
rait-l01710).

DE Lenbachhaus Munich (http://www.lenbachhaus.de/sammlung/neue-sachlichkeit/). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=22165). FR Pomp

llection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ANeue%20Sachlichkeit). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/neue-sachlichkeit), Google AP
ogle.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m03jk24).
en Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/neue-sachlichkeit), Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/author
0229775), Oxford DMCA (http://books.google.com/books?id=mwf6RVGYLjgC&pg=PA507), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/neu
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Objectivity). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/neue-sachlichkeit/). cr Šuvaković (http://ar
m/Suvakovic#page/n422/mode/1up). no SNL (http://snl.no/Neue_Sachlichkeit).

https://monoskop.org/Art 47/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Ernst, Arp (DE-FR),

Man Ray (US-FR),
Masson (FR), Miró
1925 La Peinture (ES), Tanguy (FR),
surréaliste Magritte, Mesens (BE),
1936 Exposition Giacometti (CH-FR),
surréaliste d'objects Sima (CZ-FR), Dalí
1936 International (ES), Penrose (UK-
1924 Breton
Surrealist Exhibition FR), Toyen, Štyrský
1925-27
(CZ-FR), Brauner (RO-
1936 Fantastic Art, Breton
FR), Koga (JP), Ubac painting,
Dada, Surrealism (htt 1929 Breton automat
(BE-FR), Oppenheim sculpture,
ps://monoskop.org/lo 1930 Bataille Freud's
Surrealism (http://web.archive.org/ drawing,
g/?p=17511) et al psychoa
web/20140104204403/ collage, relief,
1938 Exposition 1985 Krauss dada
http://meret-oppenhei film
internationale du (http://sci-hub.
m.ch/index.php?c=bio)
surréalisme st/10.2307/77
(DE-CH), Domínguez
1972 Surrealism 8393)
(ES), Paalen (AT-MX),
1922–1942 (http://ww Delvaux (BE), Tanning
w.hausderkunst.de/e (http://www.dorotheata
n/agenda/detail/surre nning.org/) (US), Matta
alism-1/) (http://www.matta-art.c
om/) (CL), Fini (AR),
Lam (http://www.wifred
olam.net/) (CU-FR)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Man Ray, Cadeau [Gift], 1921.Painted flatiron and 14 Max Ernst, La forêt [The Forest], 1927-28. Oil on
iron tacks. 15.8 x 9 x 9 cm. Original now lost. Tate (htt canvas. 96.3 x 129.5 cm. From a series. Guggenheim
p://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/man-ray-cadeau-t0788 (http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/colle
3). MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collection/works/8121 ction-online/artwork/1133). Grenoble M (http://www.mu
2). Artic (http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/19 seedegrenoble.fr/TPL_CODE/TPL_OEUVRE/PAR_TP
9055). NGA Australia (http://artsearch.nga.gov.au/Detai L_IDENTIFIANT/21/981-art-moderne.htm). Sprengel (h
l.cfm?IRN=170160). ttp://sprengel-museum.com/painting_and_sculpture/ind
ividual_artists/max-ernst3.htm?bild_id=71950686).
Artic (http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/18576
0). NGS (http://www.nationalgalleries.org/collection/arti
sts-a-z/e/artist/max-ernst/object/la-foret-the-forest-gma-
2217). Melki (http://www.galerie-melki.fr/content/ernst-
max/foret-grise).

René Magritte, Les Amants [The Lovers], 1928. Oil on

canvas. 54 x 73.4 cm. Second of four variations. MoMA
(http://www.moma.org/collection/works/79933). NGA
Australia (http://artsearch.nga.gov.au/Detail.cfm?IRN=1
48052&PICTAUS=TRUE).

FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ASurréalisme). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=320), NGS

tionalgalleries.org/collection/surrealism/surrealism), V&A (http://collections.vam.ac.uk/style/surrealist/126/). US Guggenheim (http://www.guggenhe
movement/surrealism), Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/surrealism/), MiA (http://collections.artsmia.org/search/tags:surrealism). AR
mnba.gob.ar/coleccion/estilo/surrealismo). AU NGA (http://nga.gov.au/australiansurrealism/). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/surrealism), Go
www.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m073_6).
en Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10203), Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/surr/hd_surr.htm), Met (http
eum.org/toah/hd/phsr/hd_phsr.htm) photogr., MoMA (http://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/themes/surrealism), Monoskop, Oxford DA (http:/
press.com/2010/02/01/surrealism/), Pompidou (http://mediation.centrepompidou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-surrealistart-EN/ENS-surrealistart-E
ttps://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/surrealism), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism). fr Pompidou (http://mediation.centrepompidou
ssources/ENS-surrealisme/ENS-surrealisme.htm). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/surrealismo/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/str
#page/n394/mode/1up). no SNL (http://snl.no/surrealisme).

Art Deco 1925 Exposition 1912 Vera Poiret, Süe, Mare, furniture, art nouv
internationale des Dunand, Follot, pottery,

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
arts décoratifs et Legrain, Puiforcat, textiles,
industriels (http://w Ruhlmann (http://ruhlm jewellery,
ww.mediatheque-pat ann.info/) (FR), glass
rimoine.culture.gouv. studios: Atelier Martine,
fr/fr/archives_photo/v Atelier Français,
isites_guidees/expo_1 Compagnie des arts
925.html) français (FR)

André Mare, Paravent "Les Faunes", c1920. Enamel paint Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann, Cabinet "État Rectangle",
on parchment glued on wood panels, gilt brass mounts. c1922-23. Amaranth, ivory, ebony, bronze. 126,7 x 84 x
LAD Paris (http://www.lesartsdecoratifs.fr/francais/mus 31,5 cm. LAD Paris (http://www.lesartsdecoratifs.fr/fran
ees/musee-des-arts-decoratifs/parcours/art-nouveau-ar cais/musees/musee-des-arts-decoratifs/parcours/art-no
t-deco/les-fondements-de-l-art-deco/paravent-les-faune uveau-art-deco/l-art-deco-modernite-et-tradition/cabine
s). t-etat-rectangle). Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/art/c
ollection/search/487424).

Pierre Legrain, Chaise africaine, c1924. Palm wood,

plywood, sheep skin. LAD Paris (http://www.lesartsdec
oratifs.fr/francais/musees/musee-des-arts-decoratifs/pa
rcours/art-nouveau-art-deco/l-art-deco-modernite-et-tra
dition/chaise-africaine).

FR LAD Paris (http://www.lesartsdecoratifs.fr/en/about-us/collections/#article4086) + (http://www.lesartsdecoratifs.fr/francais/musees/musee-des-a

arcours/art-nouveau-art-deco/l-art-deco-modernite-et-tradition/) + (http://www.lesartsdecoratifs.fr/francais/musees/musee-des-arts-decoratifs/parco
u-art-deco/les-fondements-de-l-art-deco/), Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AArt%20Déco). UK V&A (http
m.ac.uk/style/art-deco/32/). NL Gemeente (http://www.gemeentemuseum.nl/en/masterpieces/themes/art-nouveau-art-deco). US Met (http://www.m
toah/keywords/art-deco/), MiA (http://collections.artsmia.org/search/tags:art-deco). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/art-deco), Google AP (http
com/culturalinstitute/entity/m0tyq).
en Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10453), Grove DA (http://books.google.com/books?id=i3Od9bcGus0C&pg=P
p://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/frdc/hd_frdc.htm), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/art-deco), V&A (http://www.vam.ac.uk/pa
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco). fr Larousse (http://www.larousse.fr/archives/peinture/page/41). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it
eco/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n78/mode/1up).

https://monoskop.org/Art 50/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

1926 Štyrský & painting,

1927 Štyrský surrealis
Artificialism Toyen's first solo Štyrský, Toyen drawing,
& Toyen poetry
show collage

Toyen, Fata morgana, 1926. Oil on canvas. 100 x 73 Jindřich Štyrský, Chrpy (Květy ve sněhu), 1927. Oil on
cm. canvas. 46 x 61 cm. Kodl (http://www.galeriekodl.cz/cz/
galerie/detail.html?id_galerie=346).

cz ArtsLexikon (http://artslexikon.cz/index.php/Artificialismus). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n82/mode/1up).

1928 10-letiye
Krasnoy Armii Deineka, Brodsky,
1933 Beskin
1935 Pervaya
Gerasimov, B
1934 Zhdanov
Ioganson,
vystavka (http://www.m
Samokhvalov, Plastov, painting,
leningradskikh arxists.org/sub
Nissky, Pimenov, sculpture, Peredviz
Socialist Realism khudozhnikov (htt ject/art/lit_crit/
Laktionov (RU), mural, agitprop
p://www.maslovka.o sovietwriterco
Khmelko (UA), architecture
rg/modules.php?nam ngress/zdhan
associations: AKhRR,
e=Content&pa=show ov.htm)
Society of Easel
page&pid=765&page 1936 Zhdanov
Painters/OSt (RU)
=6)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Alexander Deineka, Na stroyke novykh tsekhov [На Isaak Brodsky, V.I. Lenin v Smol'nom [В.И. Ленин в
стройке новых цехов; Building New Industrial Plants], Смольном; Lenin in the Smolny Palace], 1930. Oil on
1926. Oil on canvas. 209 × 200 cm. Tretyakov (http://w canvas. 190 x 287 cm. Tretyakov (http://www.tretyakov
ww.tretyakovgallery.ru/en/collection/_show/image/_id/3 gallery.ru/ru/collection/_show/image/_id/331).
36).

Aleksandr Gerasimov, V.I. Lenin na tribune [В.И. Ленин

на трибуне; Lenin on the Tribune], 1930. Oil on
canvas. 288 x 177 cm. GIM Moscow.

RU IRRI (http://www.rusrealart.ru/en/media/catalog/). UK Art Russe (http://artrusse.uk/collection), Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=12699).

p://www.moramuseum.org/collection/). FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ARéalisme%20socialiste). INT
ww.artsy.net/gene/socialist-realism), Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m0hkjj).
en Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100515259), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/so
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_realism). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n584/mode/1up). hu Artportal (h
u/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/szocialista-realizmus--szocreal). sl Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmovnik.si/koncept/socialisticni_realizem/).

1960 The Precisionist Sheeler, O'Keeffe,

cubism,
View in American Art Demuth, Ault, Driggs, painting,
1927 Barr realism,
Precisionism (http://babel.hathitr Dickinson, Hirsch, drawing,
1943-5 Brown moderni
ust.org/cgi/pt?id=md Lozowick, Spencer, printmaking
machine
p.39015006778990) Stella (US)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Georgia O'Keeffe, Black Iris, 1926. Oil on canvas. 91.4 Charles Demuth, My Egypt, 1927. Whitney (http://collec
x 75.9 cm. Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collecti tion.whitney.org/object/635).
on/search/489813).

Charles Sheeler, American Landscape, 1930. Oil on

canvas. 61 x 78.8 cm. MoMA (http://www.moma.org/col
lection/works/79032?locale=en).

US Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/precisionism/), MiA (http://collections.artsmia.org/search/tags:precisionism). FR Pompidou (htt

entrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3APrécisionnisme). INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/precisionism).
en Grove US (http://books.google.com/books?id=sPGdBxzaWj0C&pg=RA3-PA181&lpg=RA3-PA180), Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/p
m), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precisionism). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/precisionisti/).

Herbin, Hélion (FR),

Vantongerloo (BE-FR),
1932-36 Arp (DE-FR), Gabo
Abstraction- 1931 association painting, cubism,
Abstraction- (RU-UK), Kandinsky
Création founded sculpture Stijl, con
création (RU-DE), Mondrian
(NL), Hepworth,
Nicholson (UK)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Jean Hélion, Ile de France, 1935. Oil paint on canvas.

Support: 145.4 x 200 cm. Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/a
rt/artworks/helion-ile-de-france-t00766).

FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AAbstraction-Création). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=16

(http://artsy.net/gene/abstraction-creation).
en Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/topic/Abstraction-Creation), Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.201108
Oxford DMCA (http://books.google.com/books?id=mwf6RVGYLjgC&pg=PA7), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/abstraction-creation), W
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction-Création). fr Larousse (http://www.larousse.fr/archives/peinture/page/2). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclo
on-creation/). es Akal (http://books.google.com/books?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA3). no SNL (http://snl.no/Abstraction-Cr%C3%A9ation).

Evans (http://www.mo
ma.org/calendar/exhibit
1935 Farm Security
ions/1360), Lange (htt
Administration
p://www.oac.cdlib.org/fi
launched
ndaid/ark:/13030/ft3f59
1938 MoMA show of
n5wt/), Rothstein (htt
American Evans (http://www.m
p://www.arthurrothstein
Documentary oma.org/momaorg/s photography
archive.com), Vachon,
Photography hared/pdfs/docs/pre
R Lee (http://alkek.libra
ss_archives/456/rele
ry.txstate.edu/swwc/w
ases/MOMA_1938_
g/exhibits/rlee/index.as
0036_1938-09-19_3
p), Wolcott (http://peopl
8919-24.pdf)
e.virginia.edu/~ds8s/m
pw/mpw-top.html) (US)

https://monoskop.org/Art 54/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California, Arthur Rothstein, Farmer and Sons Walking in Dust Storm,
Mar 1936. Gelatin silver print. LOC (http://www.loc.gov/ Cimaroon County, Oklahoma, Apr 1936. Gelatin silver
pictures/item/fsa1998021539/PP/). LOC (http://www.lo print. LOC (http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsc.00241).
c.gov/rr/print/list/128_migm.html) (series). MoMA (htt MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collection/works/50949).
p://www.moma.org/collection/works/50989). MoMA (htt Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/2
p://www.moma.org/collection/works/58627) (version). 85684). Artic (http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwor
Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/2 k/101556). MiA (http://collections.artsmia.org/art/4487/d
84152). SI (http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/sea ust-storm-cimarron-county-oklahoma-photographer-art
rch/object/nmah_1313354). Artic (http://www.artic.edu/ hur-rothstein). Brooklyn M (http://www.brooklynmuseu
aic/collections/artwork-search/results/%22migrant+mot m.org/opencollection/objects/66962/). RISD M (http://ri
her%22). Getty (http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/obje sdmuseum.org/art_design/objects/1107).
cts/125690). DIA (http://www.dia.org/object-info/f8ab5ff
8-6615-428d-90a6-1e1ab17ff26e.aspx?position=52).
SFMOMA (http://www.sfmoma.org/artwork/71.71.10).
SLAM (http://slam.org:8080/emuseum/view/objects/asit
em/items$0040:57571). MiA (http://collections.artsmia.
org/art/4383/migrant-mother-nipomo-california-photogr
apher-dorothea-lange). Brooklyn M (http://www.brookly
nmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/127819/). Tate (ht
tp://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/lange-migrant-mother-
nipomo-california-p13115).

https://monoskop.org/Art 55/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Walker Evans, Penny Picture Display, Savannah, 1936.

Gelatin silver print. LOC (http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppm
sca.24398). NGA (http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/
Collection/art-object-page.150722.html). MoMA (http://
www.moma.org/collection/works/58181). Met (http://ww
w.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/265556). Artic
(http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/88584).
Getty (http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/4582
1/). SFMOMA (http://www.sfmoma.org/artwork/80.159).
SAAM (http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/art
work/?id=76146). MiA (http://collections.artsmia.org/art/
11731/penny-picture-display-savannah-walker-evans).
Princeton (http://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/o
bjects/14026).

US LOC (http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/fsa/).
en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/american-social-realist-photography), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_realism#FSA_pr

1936 Berni (htt

p://icaadocs.m
fah.org/icaado
cs/THEARCHI Berni, Castagnino,
Nuevo Realismo,
VE/FullRecor Urruchúa, Policastro, painting, mural
New Realism
d/tabid/88/do Alonso (AR)
c/767930/lang
uage/en-US/D
efault.aspx)

AR MNBA (http://www.mnba.gob.ar/coleccion/buscar?q=%22nuevo+realismo%22).

Concrete Art 1944 Konkrete Kunst 1930 van Bill (http://maxbill.ch) painting, constr.,
(https://monoskop.or Doesburg et al (CH), van Doesburg sculpture abstract
g/log/?p=17494) 1944-45 (NL), Vasarely (http://w
1946 1ª Exposición de Abstrakt ww.vasarely.com/)
la Asociación Arte Konkret (HU-FR), Morellet
Concreto Invención 1946 (FR), Albers (DE-US),
1951 Arte Astratta e Inventionist Graeser, Lohse (http://
Concreta in Italia Manifesto (htt www.lohse.ch) (CH),
1952 Ruptura p://icaadocs.m Espinosa (http://www.si
1960 Concrete Art: fah.org/icaado cardi.com/artists/estate
Fifty Years of cs/THEARCHI -of-manuel-espinosa),
VE/FullRecor Maldonado (AR),
Development
d/tabid/88/do Arden Quin (UY-AR-
c/731641/lang FR), Kosice (http://ww
uage/en-US/D w.kosice.com.ar/) (SK-

https://monoskop.org/Art 56/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
efault.aspx) + AR), Bloc (FR), Soldati,
(http://cvaa.co Munari (http://www.bru
m.ar/04ingles/ nomunari.it/) (IT),
02dossiers_e Cordeiro (BR); groups:
n/concretos_e Concrete-Invention Art
n/05_docs_0 Association, Madí
5.php) (AR), Movimento arte
1946 Madí concreta (IT), Espace
Manifesto (htt (FR), Ruptura (BR)
p://cvaa.com.a
r/04ingles/02d
ossiers_en/co
ncretos_en/05
_docs_10.ph
p)
1952 Ruptura
Manifesto (htt
p://icaadocs.m
fah.org/icaado
cs/THEARCHI
VE/FullRecor
d/tabid/88/do
c/771349/lang
uage/en-US/D
efault.aspx)
1957 Gerstner

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2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Theo van Doesburg, Arithmetic Composition, 1929-30. Josef Albers, Ascension, 1942. Lithograph. Sheet: 60 ×
Oil on canvas. 101 x 101 cm. 48.3 cm. Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collectio
n/search/373167).

Max Bill, Kontinuität [Continuity], 1946-47. Displayed in

a public park in Zurich. Plaster. 300 x 300 x 300 cm.
Destroyed 1948. ETH Zürich (http://www.e-pics.ethz.c
h/index/ethbib.bildarchiv/ETHBIB.Bildarchiv_Fel_01860
7-RE_130472.html).

FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AArt%20concret), + (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filter

adi) M. US Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/concrete-art/). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=25895). INT Artsy (https://ww
ne/concrete-art).
en CVAA (http://cvaa.com.ar/04ingles/02dossiers_en/concretos_en/03_definicion_en.php), Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?
66), Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095630524), Oxford DMCA (http://books.google.com/books?id=mw
pg=PA149), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/c/concrete-art), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/m/manifesto-invencionista) inv., W
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_art). es Akal (http://books.google.com/books?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA31), CVAA (http://cvaa.com.ar/02dossiers/c
efinicion.php). fr Larousse (http://www.larousse.fr/archives/peinture/page/41). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/concreto/). cr Šuvakov
e.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n318/mode/1up). no SNL (http://snl.no/konkret_kunst).

Josef Albers, Anni

1944 first summer Albers, Schawinsky,
arts program painting,
Feininger, Gropius
2015 Leap Before You
performance,
(DE-US), Cage,
printmaking,
Look: Black Mountain Cunningham, de
drawing,
Black Mountain College 1933-1957 (htt Kooning, Motherwell,
weaving, Bauhaus
College p://www.icaboston.o Kline; students:
textile,
rg/exhibitions/leap-y Chamberlain, Ray
photography,
ou-look-black-mount Johnson, Noland,
design,
ain-college-1933%E2% Rauschenberg,
architecture
80%931957) Twombly, Vanderbeek
(US)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Josef Albers, Fenced, 1944. Linoleum cut. Sheet: 25.4 × Anni Albers, Black-White-Gold I, 1950. Cotton, lurex,
31.1 cm. Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collectio jute. 68.3 × 48.3 cm. Albers Foundation (http://www.alb
n/search/373218). Frost (http://www.francisfrost.com/al ersfoundation.org/art/anni-albers/weavings/#slide4).
bersfenced.html).

Robert Rauschenberg, Untitled (Merce III), 1953.

Contact print. 5.7 x 5.7 cm. Rauschenberg Foundation
(http://www.rauschenbergfoundation.org/art/artwork/unt
itled-merce-iii).

INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/black-mountain-college).

en Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10952), Monoskop, Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/a
03095510171), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mountain_College). es Akal (http://books.google.com/books?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&
Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n118/mode/1up).

Isou (RO-FR),
1946 La Pomerand (http://web.a
Dictature rchive.org/web/201207
lettriste 26162640/http://www.le
1946 Première 1950 Isou (htt lettrisme.com/pages/03 printmaking, dada,
Lettrism manifestation p://72.52.202. _createurs/pomerand.p film, painting, surrealis
lettriste 216/~fenders hp), Roberdhay (http:// collage everyda
e/youth.pdf) www.roberdhay.fr/),
1950-53 Ur Dufrêne (http://www.du
1952 Ion frene.net/), Lemaître,
Wolman, Brau (FR)

https://monoskop.org/Art 59/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Isidore Isou, plates 42-43 from Les journaux des dieux Gil J Wolman, still from L'Anticoncept [Anti-Concept],
[Diaries of the Gods], 1950. 24 cm. Beinecke (http://brb 1951. 35 mm film, 60 min. Video online (http://ubu.com/
l-dl.library.yale.edu/vufind/Record/3558621). film/wolman_anticoncept.html). Reina Sofia (http://ww
w.museoreinasofia.es/en/collection/artwork/lanticoncep
t-anti-concept).

Gabriel Pomerand, Le Prisonnier [The Prisoner], 1952.

Oil on canvas. 73 x 60 cm. Reina Sofia (http://www.mu
seoreinasofia.es/en/collection/artwork/prisonnier-prison
er).

FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ALettrisme). INT UbuWeb (http://www.ubu.com/historical/letterists/).

en Monoskop, Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/l/lettrisme), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettrism). it Treccani (http://www.trecca
a/lettrismo/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n347/mode/1up). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/le

1946 Coates action painting:

1947 Pollock, de Kooning,
Possibilities Gorky, Kline (US), early
1952 colour field painting: surrealis
Abstract 1947 Possibilities
Rosenberg Rothko, Newman (htt automat
Expressionism, 1948 de Kooning at painting
1970 Sandler p://www.barnettnewma expr., co
New York School MoMA
1994 Clark (htt n.org), Still (US), other: field
p://timothyquig Motherwell, Gottlieb,
ley.net/vcs/clar Guston, Frankenthaler
k-abex.pdf) (US)

https://monoskop.org/Art 60/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Barnett Newman, Onement, I, 1948. Oil on canvas and Willem de Kooning, Untitled, 1948-49. Oil and enamel
oil on masking tape on canvas. 69.2 x 41.2 cm. MoMA on paper, mounted on composition board. 92.1 x 123.8
(http://www.moma.org/collection/works/79601). cm. Artic (http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/6
2290).

Mark Rothko, No. 3/No. 13, 1949. Oil on canvas. 216.5 x

164.8 cm. MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collection/work
s/79687).

US Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/abstract-expressionism), Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/abstra

m/), Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/action-painting-gestural-painting/) a.p., NGA (http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/collection-s
ml?artobj_style=Abstract%20Expressionist), MiA (http://collections.artsmia.org/search/tags:abstract-expressionism). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.u
416). FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AExpressionnisme%20abstrait), + (https://collection.centrepomp
s?filters=query%3AAction%20Painting) a.p.. INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/abstract-expressionism), Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/action-pain
(http://artsy.net/gene/new-york-school) NY, Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m012yb9).
en Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/art/Abstract-Expressionism), Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10051), G
w.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10088) a.p., Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/abex/hd_abex.htm), MoMA (http://www.mo
oma_learning/themes/abstract-expressionism) a.p., Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095345107), Oxford
books.google.no/books?id=mwf6RVGYLjgC&pg=PA1), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/abstract-expressionism), Tate (https://www.tate
erms/a/action-painters) a.p., Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_expressionism), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_pa
Larousse (http://www.larousse.fr/archives/peinture/page/6) a.p. it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/action-painting/) a.p. es Akal (http://
om/books?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA6) a.p. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n38/mode/1up) a.p., Šuvaković (http://archive
vakovic#page/n65/mode/1up), Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n431/mode/1up) (NYS). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon
kkek/absztrakt-expresszionizmus). sl Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmovnik.si/koncept/gestualno_slikarstvo/) a.p. no SNL (http://snl.no/abstrakt_ekspres

da Silva, de Staël,
Soulages (http://mediat
Lyrical
ion.centrepompidou.fr/
Abstraction, art inform
1947 L'Imaginaire 1947 Mathieu education/ressources/ painting
Abstraction abstract
ENS-soulages-ENG/E
Lyrique
NS-soulages-EN.html),
Wou Ki (FR)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AAbstraction%20lyrique). US Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/key
-art-informel-lyrical-abstraction/).
en Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction). fr Larousse (http://www.larousse.fr/archives/peinture/page/2). es Akal (http://books.go
s?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA3). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n352/mode/1up). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fo
k/lirai-absztrakcio). no SNL (http://snl.no/abstraction_lyrique). sl Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmovnik.si/koncept/liricna_abstrakcija/).

1946 Fontana
et al (http://cv
aa.com.ar/04i
Fontana (http://www.fo
ngles/02dossi
ndazioneluciofontana.i
ers_en/concre
t) (AR-IT), Crippa (htt
tos_en/05_do
Spatialism, p://cortinaarte.it/Robert painting,
1950 Arte spaziale cs_13.php)
Spazialismo oCrippa/home.html), installation
1947 Fontana
Joppolo, Dova,
et al (http://ww
Dangelo, Peverelli,
w.giacomobell
Carozzi (IT)
oni.com/page
4/styled-15/ind
ex.html)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Ambiente spaziale a luce nera [Spatial Environment with Gianni Dova, Pittura spaziale [Spatial Painting], 1952.
Black Light], 1948-49/1976. Papier-mâché, Oil on canvas. 70 x 100 cm.
phosphorescent pigment. Installation view, Musée d'Art
Moderne de la Ville de Paris, 2014.

Lucio Fontana, Concetto spaziale [Spatial Conception],

1955. Oil and glass on canvas. 96.2 x 64.8 cm.

FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ASpatialisme). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=4246). INT

sy.net/gene/spatialism).
en Grove (http://artcanon.wordpress.com/2010/02/02/spazialismo/), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/spazialismo), Wikipedia (http://en.w
ki/Spatialism). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/spazialismo/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n587/mode/1u
(http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/spacializmus).

1948 Compagnie de Aloïse (Corbaz) (CH),

painting,
l'Art Brut formed Forestier (FR), Gill
drawing, Prinzhor
1949 L'art brut (UK), Lesage (FR),
Art Brut, sculpture, (http://m
préféré aux arts 1949 Dubuffet Wölfli (CH),
Outsider Art carving, op.org/lo
culturels (http://mon Maisonneuve,
manuscript, 9691)
oskop.org/log/?p=1611 Parguey, Salingardes,
embroidery
6) Tripier (FR)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Adolf Wölfli, Saint Adolf mordu à la jambe par le serpent Augustin Lesage, Composition symbolique, amour pour
[Saint Adolph Bitten in the Leg by the Snake], 1921. l'humanité [Symbolic Composition, Love for Humanity],
Lead pencil and coloured pencil on paper. 68 x 51 cm. 1932. Oil on canvas. 97 x 70 cm. Art Brut Lausanne (ht
Art Brut Lausanne (http://www.artbrut.ch/en/21004/103 tp://www.artbrut.ch/en/21004/1013-6/auteurs/lesage--a
6-5/auteurs/wolfli--adolf). ugustin).

Madge Gill, sans titre [Untitled], n.d. Dress embroidered

with mercerized cotton thread and wool enriched with
cotton voile. Height 93 cm. Art Brut Lausanne (http://w
ww.artbrut.ch/en/21004/1009-7/auteurs/gill--madge).

CH Art Brut Lausanne (http://www.artbrut.ch/en/21004/authors). FR ABCD Paris (http://abcd-artbrut.net/collection/), LAM Lille (http://www.musee-la
3338), Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AArt%20brut). DE Prinzhorn Heidelberg (http://prinzhorn.ukl-hd.de
14&L=1). JP NO-MA (http://www.artbrut.jp/e_artists/index.html). US Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/art-brut), Met (htt
seum.org/toah/keywords/art-brut/). UK Musgrave Kinley London (http://www.contemporaryartsociety.org/list-of-works/musgrave-kinley-outsider-
Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=16669), Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=24291) o.a. INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/art-brut
www.artsy.net/gene/outsider-art) o.a.
en Grove (http://web.archive.org/web/20150507154733/http://www.moma.org/collection/details.php?theme_id=10053&texttype=2), Oxford DA (htt
oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095426279), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/art-brut), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art
er-art) o.a., Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outsider_art). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/art-brut/). es Akal (http://books.goog
id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA29). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/art-brut).

Jorn (DK), Constant,

Appel (NL), Dotremont,
1948
1948 group founded Alechinsky (BE),
Dotremont et expr.,
1949 Bregnerød Jacobsen, Pedersen, painting,
al (http://brbl-d surrealis
CoBrA congress Heerup (DK), mural,
l.library.yale.e informel
1949 International Nieuwenhuys, sculpture
du/vufind/Rec Marxism
Experimental Art Corneille (NL), Atlan
ord/3558757)
(DZ-FR), Gilbert (UK-
FR), Götz (DE)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Constant, Fantastic Animals, 1947. Gouache. 39 x 40 Karel Appel, De vrijheidsschreeuw [Cry for Freedom],
cm. 1948. Oil on canvas. 100 x 80 cm.

Asger Jorn, Såret vilddyr 2 [Wounded Beast 2], 1951. Oil

on hardboard.

NL Cobra Museum (http://www.cobra-museum.nl/en/collection.html). DK Kunsten Aalborg (http://www.kunsten.dk/en/term/cobra-73), Birch (http://g

n/cobra/). FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ACobra). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=420)
p://artsy.net/gene/cobra).
en Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/theme.php?theme_id=10954), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/c/cobra), Wikipedia (http://
g/wiki/COBRA_(avant-garde_movement)). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n127/mode/1up). no SNL (http://snl.no/COBRA

1950-53
Perceptismo (h
ttp://icaadocs.
mfah.org/icaad
1949 First Exhibition R Lozza (http://www.ra
ocs/ELARCHIV
Perceptismo of Perceptista ullozza.coop), RD painting concrete
O/Resultados/t
Painting Lozza (AR)
abid/95/q/Perc
eptismo/langu
age/en-US/Def
ault.aspx)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Raúl Lozza, Relief No. 30, 1946. Phelps de Cisneros

collection.

AR MNBA (http://mnba.gob.ar/coleccion/buscar?q=perceptismo). ES Lafuente (http://archivolafuente.com/en/fondos-y-conjuntos/conjunto-documen

ptismo).
en CVAA (http://cvaa.com.ar/04ingles/02dossiers_en/concretos_en/04_historia_6_en.php), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/perceptism
tp://cvaa.com.ar/02dossiers/concretos/04_historia_6.php), Wikipedia-ES (http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptismo).

1950 Tapié
Dubuffet, Wols,
1951
Fautrier, Mathieu,
Guéguen
Matta, Michaux,
1951 Estienne abstract
Poliakoff, Soulages (htt
Art Informel, 1951 Véhémences 1952 Tapié (ht automat
p://mediation.centrepo
Art Autre, confrontées tp://archive.or painting existent
mpidou.fr/education/re
Tachisme 1952 Un art autre g/stream/ArtIn Kandins
ssources/ENS-soulage
Theory/AIT#p Klee
s-ENG/ENS-soulages-
age/n321/mod
EN.html), de Staël,
e/1up)
Hartung (FR)
1962 Paulhan

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Jean Fautrier, Tete d'otage, no. 20 [Head of a Hostage Wols, L'oiseau [Bird], 1949. Oil, grattage, and tube
no. 20], 1944. Oil and plaster on paper pasted on marks on canvas. 92.1 x 65.1 cm. Menil, Houston (htt
canvas. 33 x 24 cm. Rumpf, Cologne (http://quod.lib.u p://www.menil.org/exhibitions/30-wols-retrospective).
mich.edu/h/hart/x-358104/07D115116).

Jean Dubuffet, Le Métafisyx, 1950. Oil on canvas. 116 x

89,5 cm. Pompidou (http://mediation.centrepompidou.f
r/education/ressources/ENS-corps-oeuvre/popup03.ht
ml).

FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AArt%20informel) i., Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/a

query%3ATachisme) t. US Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/art-informel), Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywo
-informel-lyrical-abstraction/). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=8454). AR MNBA (http://mnba.gob.ar/coleccion/estilo/informalismo). INT
ww.artsy.net/gene/art-informel), Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m03l47c) t.
en CVAA (http://cvaa.com.ar/04ingles/02dossiers_en/informalismo_en/3_definicion_i.php) AR, Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093
110803095427333), Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803101840693) t., Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-
rmel), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/t/tachisme) t., Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informalism), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.o
e) t. es Akal (http://books.google.com/books?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA32), CVAA (http://cvaa.com.ar/02dossiers/informalismo/3_definicion_
Larousse (http://www.larousse.fr/archives/peinture/page/612#t152675), Larousse (http://www.larousse.fr/archives/peinture/page/1241) t. it Treccan
eccani.it/enciclopedia/arte-informale/), Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/tachisme/) t. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#
de/1up). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/informel). sl Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmovnik.si/koncept/informel/). no SNL (http
ormel).

Independent 1951 Growth and Hamilton (http://indepe collage, cinema,

Group Form ndentgroup.org.uk/cont sculpture, science
1953 Parallel of Art ributors/hamilton/index. painting advertis
and Life html), Henderson (htt pop mus
1955 Man, Machine, p://independentgroup.o art
and Motion rg.uk/contributors/hend
1956 This is erson/index.html),
Tomorrow McHale (http://indepen
dentgroup.org.uk/contri
butors/mchale/index.ht
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2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
ml), Paolozzi (http://ind
ependentgroup.org.uk/
contributors/paolozzi/in
dex.html), Turnbull
(UK)

Eduardo Paolozzi, Automobile Head, 1954-62. Nigel Henderson, Head of a Man, 1956. Photographs on
Screenprint on paper. 61.6 x 41.3 cm. Tate (http://www. paper on harcboard. Support: 159.7 x 121.6 cm. Tate
tate.org.uk/art/artworks/paolozzi-automobile-head-p047 (http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/henderson-head-of-
46). a-man-t01939).

John McHale, Telemath, 1958. Oil and collage on

board. 91.5 x 122 cm.

UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=425).
en Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100000808), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/i/indep
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Group). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n279/mode/1up).

1951 collective
founded
1953 5th Exhibition
Yamaguchi, Kitadai,
and Presentation performance,
Fukushima, Akiyama,
Jikken Kobo, 2009 Experimental environment,
1953-54 Asahi Komai, Ōtsuji,
Experimental Workshop: Japan printmaking,
Picture News composers: Takemitsu,
Workshop 1950–1958 (http://ww film,
Yuasa, Suzuki, Satō
w.annelyjudafineart.c photography
(JP)
o.uk/exhibitions/expe
rimental-workshop-ja
pan-1951-58)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Katsuhiro Yamaguchi, Vitorīnu: Yoru no shinkō [Vitrine: Mirai no ivu [The Future Eve], Mar 1955. Stage shot at
Deep into the Night], 1954. Watercolor on paper, oil on Haiyuza Theater, Tokyo. Photo: Kiyoji Ōtsuji.
wood, corrugated glass. 65.5 x 56.5 x 9 cm.

A still from Jinrin (Silver Wheel) / Bicycle in Dream, 1955. A

collaboration between Toshio Matsumoto and Jikken
Kobo. Video (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgfDIA
K4MZA).

en Monoskop, Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/j/jikken-kobo). jp Wikipedia-JA (http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/実験工房).

1954 group founded 1955-65 Gutai

1956 painting,
1955 1st Gutai Art Yoshihara, Shimamoto
Yoshihara (htt performance,
Gutai, Exhibition (http://www.shozo.net),
p://web.gugge installation, informel
Gutai Bijutsu 1958 Gutai Group Kanayama, Motonaga,
nheim.org/exh environment, abstract
Kyokai Exhibition NY Murakami, Shiraga,
ibitions/gutai/d printmaking,
1960 International Sumi, Tanaka (JP)
ata/manifesto. film
Sky Festival
html)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Jirō Yoshihara, Work (Colored Chickens), 1956. Atsuko Tanaka wearing Denkifuku [Electric Dress]
(1956) at 2nd Gutai Art Exhibition, Ohara Kaikan,
Tokyo, October 1956. Pompidou (http://www.centrepom
pidou.fr/cpv/resource/cxAAya8/rdLR8X8).

Saburō Murakami, Sakuhin (Tsuka) [Passage], 1956.

Performance at 2nd Gutai Art Exhibition, Ohara Hall,
Tokyo, October 1956. 1994 video (http://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=EWctXXGeJMA).

JP Osaka City Museum of Modern Art (http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu120/artrip/en/gutai_member.html). FR Pompidou (https://collection.ce

fr/artworks?filters=query%3AGutaï). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=32889). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/gutai).
en Monoskop, Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutai_group). fr Universalis (http://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/gutai/). it Treccani (http://w
enciclopedia/gutai/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n255/mode/1up).

Fantastic 1959 Belvedere 1974 Muschik Fuchs, Brauer, painting surrealis

Realism, exhibition Hausner, Hutter,
Phantastischer 1990 Die Phantasten Lehmden (AT), Dado
Realismus 2008 Fantastic (http://www.dado.virtua
Realism (http://ww l.museum/) (ME-SR-
w.freizeitbetriebe-wie FR), Jedlička, Rachlík,
n.at/guides/downloa Kotyza (CZ)
d/InfoMappe_Phanta
stischerRealismus_Be
lvedere.pdf)
2016 Pražský
fantastický realismus
1960–1967 (http://ww
w.ghmp.cz/vystavy/p

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
razsky-fantasticky-re
alismus-1960-1967/)

Ernst Fuchs, Kampf der verwandelten Götter [Battle of Rudolf Hausner, Gelber Narrenhut [Yellow Fool's Hat],
the Gods That Have Been Transformed], 1951-52. 1955. Tempera and resin on fiberboard. 65 x 55.2 cm.
Watercolor on paper. 60 x 40 cm. Ernst Fuchs Vienna M.
Privatstiftung, Vienna.

Mikuláš Rachlík, Dobříš, 1964. Oil on canvas. 80 x 100

cm.

en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/f/fantastic-realism), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism). cr

p://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n200/mode/1up). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/fantasztikus-realizmus).

Gabo 19
Ducham
Tinguely (CH), Bury (http://w
1955 Mouvement (BE-FR), Soto (http://w ma.org/e
1961 Rörelse i ww.jr-soto.com) (VE- e/multim
1955 Vasarely
Kinetic Art, konsten FR), Agam (IL-FR), udios/33
1964-66 sculpture
Kineticism 1964-66 Signals Takis (GR-FR), 7), Cald
Signals
Gallery Medalla (PH-UK), 1932ff (h
1966 9 Evenings GRAV (FR), ww.cald
Dvizheniye (RU) work/by-
ry/hangi
bile)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Jean Tinguely, Méta-mécanique, 1955. Iron tripod, Takis, Signal, 1955. Painted steel rods and iron.
metal rods and wires, 9 variously coloured metal
elements, electric motor. 89 x 82 x 65 cm. Museum
Tinguely Basel (http://www.tinguely.ch/en/museum_sa
mmlung/sammlung.html?period=1954-1959&detail=1a
269758-7487-49c6-b230-7bef1451a47b).

Pol Bury, Ponctuation [Punctuation], 1959. Wood and

electric motor. Diameter: 70 cm. Private collection,
Brussels.

FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ACinétisme). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=12072&typ

Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/kinetic-art). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/kinetic-sculpture) k.s., Google AP (
gle.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m03g48h).
en Monoskop, Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100037240), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-term
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_art). fr Pompidou (http://mediation.centrepompidou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-cinetique/ENS-cin
Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/arte-cinetica/). es Akal (http://books.google.com/books?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA30). cr Šuvaković (h
g/stream/Suvakovic#page/n302/mode/1up). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/kinetizmus). sl Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmov
kineticna_umetnost/).

Kelly, Newman (http://

1959 Four Abstract www.barnettnewman.o
Classicists rg), Noland (http://ww
Hard-Edge 1966 Systemic w.kennethnoland.co
1959 Langster painting
Painting Painting (http://archi m/), Reinhardt, Stella,
ve.org/details/system Williams (http://www.wil
icpainting00allo) liamtwilliams.com/),
Gilliam (US)

https://monoskop.org/Art 72/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Ellsworth Kelly, Méditerranée, 1952. Oil paint on wood. Barnett Newman, The Gate, 1954. Oil on canvas. 236 x
150 x 194.3 x 7 cm (support). Tate (http://www.tate.org. 192 cm. Stedelijk (http://www.stedelijk.nl/kunstwerk/159
uk/art/artworks/kelly-mediterranee-l02465). 9-the-gate).

Frank Stella, Hyena Stomp, 1962. Alkyd paint on

canvas. 195.6 x 195.6 cm (support). Tate (http://www.ta
te.org.uk/art/artworks/stella-hyena-stomp-t00730).

US Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/hard-edge-painting). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/hard-edged-1).

en Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095920421), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/h/hard-
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard-edge_painting). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n257/mode/1up). hu Artportal
l.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/hard-edge), Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/hard-edge-magyarorszagon). no SNL (http://snl.n

Johns, Rauschenberg
(http://www.rauschenb
ergfoundation.org),
1957 dada, no
1958 Johns' show at Rivers (http://www.larry collage,
Neo-Dada Rosenblum réalisme
Castelli riversfoundation.org), assemblage
1962 Rose art
Kaprow, Dine,
Oldenburg (US), Neo-
Dada Organizers (JP)

https://monoskop.org/Art 73/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Larry Rivers, Washington Crossing the Delaware, 1953. Robert Rauschenberg, Bed, 1955. Oil and pencil on
Oil, graphite, and charcoal on linen. 212.4 x 283.5 cm. pillow, quilt, and sheet on wood supports. 191.1 x 80 x
MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collection/works/78504?l 20.3 cm. MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collection/work
ocale=en). Rivers Foundation (http://www.larryriversfou s/78712?locale=en).
ndation.org/seminal_works_washington.html).

Jasper Johns, Target with Four Faces, 1955. Encaustic

on newspaper and cloth over canvas surmounted by
four tinted-plaster faces in wood box with hinged front.
85.3 x 66 x 7.6 cm (overall, with box open). MoMA (htt
p://www.moma.org/collection/works/78393?locale=en).

US Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/neo-dada). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=32899). FR Pompidou (htt

entrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ANéo-Dada). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/neo-dada).
en Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100228209), Oxford DMCA (http://books.google.com/books?id=mwf6
=PA503), SSM (http://faculty.winthrop.edu/stockk/contemporary%20art/styles%20neo%20dada001.pdf), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-term
Walker (http://www.walkerart.org/archive/B/B02359F93489B1B96168.htm), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Dada). it Treccani (http://ww
nciclopedia/neodadaismo/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n408/mode/1up). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogal
eodada)

1997 Kac (htt

Schöffer (HU-FR), Paik
p://beausiever
Cybernetic (KO-US), Bonačić
1968 Cybernetic s.com/bhqfu/c
Sculpture, (CR), Ihnatowicz (PL- sculpture cyberne
Serendipity omputer_art/r
Robotic Art UK), Pask (UK),
eadings/kac-r
Dvizheniye (RU)
obotic_art.pdf)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Nicolas Schöffer, CYSP 1, 1956. Aluminium and mixed Vladimir Bonačić, Dynamic Object GF.E (16,4), 1969-71.
media (computer, traction motor, direction motor, 2 Computer-controlled dynamic object, aluminum, light
microphones, 2 photoelectric cells, 19 micromotors), bulbs, electric parts, 68 × 68 × 12 cm.
height 2,6 meters. The first spatiodynamic sculpture,
having total autonomy of movement (travel in all
directions at two speeds as well as axial and eccentric
rotation (setting in motion of its 16 pivoting
polychromed plates).

Edward Ihnatowicz, Senster, 1971. Artist (http://www.se

nster.com/ihnatowicz/senster/).

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

1956 This is
Tomorrow
1962 Green Gallery
show
Hamilton, Paolozzi,
1962 The New
Blake, R Smith, Tilson,
Realists A Jones, Caulfield
1962 The Factory 1957 Hamilton
(UK), Warhol,
opens (http://www.wa
Lichtenstein, Rivers (ht
1963 Six Painters and rholstars.org/
tp://www.larryriversfoun
the Object (https://ar warhol/warhol
dation.org/),
chive.org/details/sixp 1/andy/warhol/
Rauschenberg (http://w
aintersobjec00allo) articles/popar
ww.rauschenbergfound
2010 Seductive
t/hamilton.htm
ation.org), Johns, advertis
l)
Subversion: Women Rosenquist, Oldenburg printmaking, popular
1958 Alloway
Pop Artists, 1958– (http://www.oldenburgv painting, culture,
Pop Art (http://www.wa
1968 (http://www.br anbruggen.com/), collage, media,
rholstars.org/a
ooklynmuseum.org/e Wesselmann (http://ww sculpture machine
rts_mass-med
xhibitions/seductive_ w.tomwesselmannestat producti
ia_lawrence_a
subversion/) e.org/) (US), Dich­gans,
lloway.html)
2015 International Klapheck, Roehr (DE),
1962 Alloway
Pop (http://www.wal group: Scuola di
(http://timothy
kerart.org/calendar/2 Piazza del Popolo (IT),
quigley.net/vc
015/international-po Shinohara (JP),
s/alloway-pop.
p) Želibská (CZ-SK),
pdf#page=8)
2015 World Goes Pop Otašević (SR),
(http://www.tate.or Zieliński, Pinińska-
Bereś (PL)
g.uk/whats-on/tate-
modern/exhibition/ey
-exhibition-world-goe
s-pop)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Richard Hamilton, Just What Is It That Makes Today's James Rosenquist, President Elect, 1960-61. Oil on
Homes So Different, So Appealing?, 1956. Collage. 26 x masonite. 228 x 366 cm. Pompidou (http://www.centrep
25 cm. Kunsthalle Tübingen (http://www.kunsthalle-tue ompidou.fr/cpv/resource/cezX7AK/rGEqjjK).
bingen.de/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&
id=239&Itemid=0&lang=english).

Andy Warhol, Orange Car Crash Fourteen Times, 1963.

Silkscreen ink on synthetic polymer paint on two
canvases. 268.9 x 416.9 cm. MoMA (http://www.moma.
org/collection/works/79223).

US Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/pop-art), Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/pop-art/), MiA (http://co

a.org/search/tags:pop-art). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=1683) b.p., V&A (http://collections.vam.ac.uk/style/pop-art/513/). FR Pompid
ection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3APop%20Art). AR MNBA (http://mnba.gob.ar/coleccion/estilo/arte-pop). INT Ludwig (http://www.
vents/ludwig-goes-pop), Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/pop-art), Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m0q4mn).
en Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10170), MoMA (http://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/themes/pop-art),
p://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100337963), Pompidou (http://mediation.centrepompidou.fr/education/ressources/EN
NS-PopArt-EN.htm), SSM (http://faculty.winthrop.edu/stockk/contemporary%20art/styles%20pop002.pdf), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-te
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_art). fr Pompidou (http://mediation.centrepompidou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-pop_art/ENS-po
Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pop-art/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n466/mode/1up). hu Artportal (http:
xikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/pop-art), Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/pop-art-magyarorszagon). no SNL (http://snl.no/popkunst)

Zero 1957 First Evening 1958-61 Zero Piene, Mack, Uecker painting, kinetic a
Exhibition (http://ww 1964 Piene (ht (DE), Klein (http://www. sculpture,
w.4321zero.com/1957.h tp://www.zerof yveskleinarchives.org) drawing,
tml) oundation.de/ (FR), Tinguely (CH), environment,
1958 The Red Picture statements.ht Fontana (AR-IT), performance
(http://www.4321zer ml) Manzoni (IT), Bury
o.com/1958.html) (BE-FR), Soto (VE-
1959 Motion in FR), Spoerri (RO-CH),
Vision–Vision in Nul group (NL)
Motion (http://www.

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
4321zero.com/1959.ht
ml)
1960 The New
Conception (http://w
ww.4321zero.com/196
0.html)
1961 ZERO. Edition,
Exposition,
Demonstration (htt
p://www.4321zero.co
m/1961.html)
1962 Nul 62 (http://
www.4321zero.com/19
62.html)
2014 ZERO:
Countdown to
Tomorrow (http://exh
ibitions.guggenheim.
org/zero/)

Otto Piene, Rasterbild [Stencil Painting], 1957-58. Oil Heinz Mack, Dynamische Struktur schwarz-weiß
on canvas, 98.4 × 70.2 cm. [Dynamic Structure Black/White], 1957-58. Resin on
nettle. 53 x 80 cm. Arndt (http://www.arndtfineart.com/w
ebsite/artist_13957_image).

Yves Klein, Untitled Fire Painting (F118), 1961. Charred

cardboard mounted on board. 40.5 x 55.9 cm.

FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AZéro%20(groupe)). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=3301

ttps://www.artsy.net/gene/group-zero).
en Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803133435158), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/z/zero), Wikip

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2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_(art)). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/zero_res-e7cd6304-085e-11e0-9962-d5ce3506d72e/). cr Šuvaković (
rg/stream/Suvakovic#page/n685/mode/1up).

1957 Situationiste 1958-69

Internationale Internationale
founded situationniste Debord, Constant, printmaking, lettrism,
Situationists 1989 On the Passage 1967 Debord Viénet (FR), Jorn (DK), painting, Marxism
of a Few People (http://monosk Gruppe SPUR (DE) architecture consum
Through a Brief op.org/log/?p=
Moment in Time 299)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Guy Debord, Guide psychogéographique de Paris, c1957. Guy Debord, Asger Jorn, two-page spread from
Lithography on paper. 59.5 x 73.5 cm. Published by Le Mémoires (http://monoskop.org/log/?p=15185), [1958]. 28
Bauhaus Imaginiste. FRAC (http://www.frac-centre.fr/c cm. Published by L'Internationale situationniste.
ollection-art-architecture/debord-guy/guide-psychogeog
raphique-paris-discours-sur-les-passions-l-amour-64.ht
ml?authID=53&ensembleID=135). Macba (http://www.
macba.cat/en/guide-psychogeographique-de-paris-disc
ours-sur-les-passions-de-lamour-pentes-psychogeogra
phiques-de-la-derive-et-localisation-dunites-dambiance
-3779). Pompidou (http://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/re
ssource.action?param.idSource=FR_DO-10dbef14ec7
e7ebc0446b33ad982a6&param.refStatus=nsr).

Constant, Spatiovore (Concert Hall for Electronic Music),

1960. Metal, paint on perspex and wood. 65 x 90 x 65
cm. From the New Babylon project. Pompidou (http://w
ww.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/resource/cL9X6pj/rMdBrG
7). Stedelijk (http://www.stedelijk.nl/en/artwork/2999-sp
atiovore). Gemeente (http://www.gemeentemuseum.nl/
collection/item/4264). more (http://stichtingconstant.nl/
work?field_technique_tid=14&field_period_value=All&fi
eld_jaar_value=&title=Spatiovore&field_location_value
=).

FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ASituationnisme). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=16648).

en Monoskop, Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100509221), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/
rnational), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situationist_International). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/situazionista/). cr Šuvak
hive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n574/mode/1up).

Zaria Art Society, 1958 group formed 1959-60 U Okeke (http://www.sk painting,
Zaria Rebels Okeke otogallery.com/viewer/ sculpture
1995 mgr.shop/templates/pr
Onobrakpeya oduct/template.5.asd/s
(http://faculty.ri cspid/168/vts/sidebarRi
https://monoskop.org/Art 80/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
sd.edu/bcamp ght), Nwoko,
bel/thezariaart Onobrakpeya, Grillo, S
society.pdf) Okeke, Osadebe,
Odita, Nwagbara (NG)

Uche Okeke, Fabled Brute, 1959. Lithograph. Sheet: Demas Nwoko, Children on Cycles, 1961. Oil on board.
25.2 × 19 cm. MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collection/ Harmon (http://www.archives.gov/research/african-art/s
works/192298). Harmon (http://www.archives.gov/rese elect-list-161.html).
arch/african-art/select-list-169.html).

Bruce Onobrakpeya, Eketete and Erbeybuye, c1961.

Linocut. Harmon (http://www.archives.gov/research/afri
can-art/select-list-184.html) + (http://research.archives.
gov/id/558979).

en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/z/zaria-art-society).

Clark, Oiticica, de
1959
Camargo, de Castro (h
Manifesto
ttp://web.archive.org/w
Neoconcreto
eb/20111113233633/htt
(http://monosk
1959 First Neo- p://www.amilcardecastr
op.org/image
Neoconcretism Concrete Art o.com.br/), Pape (htt sculpture concrete
s/7/78/Experie
Exhibition p://www.lygiapape.org.
ncia_neoconcr
br/), Weissmann (http://
eta_1959.pdf#
web.archive.org/web/2
page=4)
0160303170434/http://f
1959 Gullar
w.art.br/) (BR)

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2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Franz Weissmann, Coluna Neoconcreta I [Neo-Concrete Hélio Oiticica, Relevo espacial (vermêlho) REL 036
Column], 1957. Painted iron. 280 x 110 x 75 cm. de [Spatial Relief (red) REL 036], 1959. Polyvinyl acetate
Cisneros (http://lainvencionconcreta.org/en/artwork/9 resin on plywood. 625 x 1480 x 153 mm, 15 kg. Tate (h
3/). Animated visualisation (http://www.youtube.com/wa ttp://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/oiticica-spatial-relief-r
tch?v=xsjGrN-Bn5U). ed-rel-036-t12763).

Lygia Clark, Bicho "Pancubismo", 1960. Aluminium. 30 x

30 x 40 cm. Seroussi (http://www.natalieseroussi.com/e
n/artistes/oeuvres/15/lygia-clark#oeuv-3).

UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=17894). INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/neo-concrete-art).

en Monoskop.

1959 Kaprow's 18
Happenings in 6
Parts Kaprow, Oldenburg (htt
1998 Out of Actions: p://www.oldenburgvanb
Between Performance 1958 Kaprow ruggen.com/), Dine,
and the Object, 1949- 1965 Kirby Whitman (US), Forti
1979 (http://www.mo 1966 Sontag (IT-US), Lebel (FR),
ca.org/exhibition/out (http://www.te Vostell (DE), Viennese
action p
Happening -of-actions-between- xt-revue.net/re Actionists (AT), performance
Cage
performance-and-the vue/heft-7/hap Fahlström (SW), Kudo
-object-1949-1979) penings-an-art (JP-FR), Schneemann
2012 Happenings: -of-radical-juxt (US), Pommereulle
New York, 1958–1963 aposition/text) (FR), Knížák (CZ),
(http://www.pacegall Kusama (JP-US),
ery.com/exhibitions/11 Kantor (PL)
167/happenings-new-
york-1958-1963)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Installation view from Allan Kaprow, 18 Happenings in 6 Claes Oldenburg, Snapshot from the City, 1960. On
Parts, Ruben Gallery, New York, 1959. Photo: Fred W. photography with Patty Mucha (Pat Muschinski).
McDarrah. Photo: Martha Holmes.

US Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/happenings). INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/happenings).

en Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095919999), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/h/happening)
p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happening). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/happening/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic
ode/1up). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/happening)

1960 Les Nouveaux

Réalistes
1961 First Festival of
New Realism
1961 The Art of
Assemblage (http://w
ww.moma.org/moma
Arman, César, Dufrêne
org/shared/pdfs/doc
(http://www.dufrene.ne
s/press_archives/289 1960 Restany
t/), Hains, Klein, collage,
Nouveau 7/releases/MOMA_19 1961 Restany Ducham
Raysse (FR), Spoerri assemblage,
Réalisme 61_0112_110.pdf) 1963 Restany neo-dad
(RO-CH), Tinguely painting
1963 Second Festival 2013 Cabañas
(CH), Villeglé (FR),
of New Realism Christo (BG-FR)
2010 New Realisms
(http://www.museore
inasofia.es/en/exhibit
ions/new-realisms-19
57-1962-object-strate
gies-between-readym
ade-and-spectacle)

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2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

François Dufrêne, 1/8ème du plafond pour la 1ère Biennale César, Compression, 1960. Steel (compressed
de Paris [1/8 of the Ceiling of the First Biennial of Paris], automobile parts). 151 x 61 x 43 cm. NG Australia (htt
1959. Lacerated posters on canvas. 146 x 114 cm. p://artsearch.nga.gov.au/Detail.cfm?IRN=116254&PICT
Pompidou (http://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/resource/ AUS=TRUE). MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collection/
cEneoxj/r88K9gr). RMNGP (http://art.rmngp.fr/fr/library/ works/81311). Pompidou (http://www.centrepompidou.f
artworks/francois-dufrene_1-8eme-du-plafond-de-la-bie r/cpv/resource/c4r97a6/rdp4Xq). NG Scotland (http://w
nnale-de-paris_lacere_maroufle_1959). ww.nationalgalleries.org/collection/artists-a-z/c/artist/ce
sar-cesar-baldaccini/object/compression-gma-2505).
Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/cesar-three-co
mpressions-t01052). Daimler (http://art.daimler.com/en/
artwork/compression-cesar-1991-2-2/).

Daniel Spoerri, Kichka's Breakfast I, 1960. Wood chair

hung on wall with board across seat, coffeepot,
tumbler, china, eggcups, eggshells, cigarette butts,
spoons, tin cans, and other materials. 36.6 x 69.5 x
65.4 cm. MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collection/work
s/81430?locale=en).

FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ANouveau%20réalisme). US Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ke

u-realisme/). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=434). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/nouveau-realisme), Google AP (http://www.go
ralinstitute/entity/m0543z4).
en Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/nouveau-realisme), Pompidou (http://mediation.centrepompidou.fr/education/ress
wrea-EN/ENS-newrea-EN.htm), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/nouveau-realisme), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvea
Pompidou (http://mediation.centrepompidou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-nouvrea/ENS-nouvrea.htm). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclope
alisme/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n427/mode/1up). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/ujreal

Environment 1962 Dylaby 1958 Kaprow Kaprow, Oldenburg (htt mixed-media Schwitte
1967-68 1969 p://www.oldenburgvanb construction, Merzbau
Environment, I-V (htt Wedewer (htt ruggen.com/), Dine, assemblage
p://archleague.org/20 p://libgen.rs/b Kienholz, Segal (http://
13/03/timeline-franze ook/index.ph www.segalfoundation.o
n-the-league/) p?md5=b7b56 rg) (US), Soto (http://w
1fd342fb2a1c ww.jr-soto.com) (VE-
https://monoskop.org/Art 84/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
cb6d08608d1 FR), Alviani, Colombo
1318) (http://www.archiviogia
1972 Kepes nnicolombo.org/),
Castellani (http://www.
archivioenricocastellan
i.it/) (IT)

Allan Kaprow, Yard, 1961. Backyard of the Martha Claes Oldenburg, interior of The Store, 107 East 2nd
Jackson Gallery, New York. Photo: Ken Heyman. Street, New York, Dec 1961. MoMA (http://www.moma.
Hauser&Wirth (http://www.hauserwirth.com/artists/35/al org/calendar/exhibitions/1296).
lan-kaprow/images-clips/40/). Artist (http://allankaprow.
com/about_reinvetion.html).

Edward Kienholz, The Beanery, 1965. Stedelijk (http://w

ww.stedelijk.nl/en/artwork/1019-the-beanery).

en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/e/environments), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installation_art) i.a. it Treccani (http://www.tre

pedia/environment/). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/environment)

Fluxus 1961 AG Gallery 1963 Maciunas, Flynt, G performance, expande

events Maciunas Brecht (US), Vautier (ht sculpture,
1962 Kleines 1963 Monte tp://www.ben-vautier.co printmaking
Sommerfest: après Young (http:// m/) (FR), Watts,
John Cage (http://ww monoskop.or Higgins, Knowles,
w.fondazionebonotto. g/log/?p=213 Patterson, Paik,
org/fluxus/collective/ 8) Williams (http://www.e
document/fx0452.ht 1998 mmett-williams.com/),
ml?page=2) Friedman (htt Hutchins (http://web.ar
2007 Fluxus East (htt p://monoskop. chive.org/web/2011020
p://www.fluxus-east. org/log/?p=20 7102717/http://alicehut
eu/) 85) chins.com/) (US), Ono

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
(http://imaginepeace.co
m/) (JP-US), Schmit (ht
tp://www.tomasschmit.
com/), Beuys (DE),
Filliou (FR), Tokyo
Fluxus (JP)

Nam June Paik performing La Monte Young's Robert Filliou, Galerie Légitime, c1962-63. Assemblage.
Composition 1960 #10 to Bob Morris at his Zen For Head, 4 x 26.5 x 26.5 cm. Pompidou (http://www.centrepompi
1962. Wiesbaden, West Germany. dou.fr/cpv/resource/cxgGMd/r4dyap). Mumok (http://w
ww.mumok.at/en/galerie-legitime). M HKA (http://ense
mbles.mhka.be/items/galerie-legitime?locale=en).
MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collection/works/68617?l
ocale=en).

Flux Year Box 2, assembled, designed, edited by George

Maciunas, 1965-68. Wood box with screenprint, metal
clasp and hinges, containing objects in various media.
23 x 23 x 8.6 cm. MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collecti
on/works/127903?locale=en). Walker (http://www.walke
rart.org/collections/artworks/flux-year-box-2). Harvard
(http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/art/29326).
Pompidou (http://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/resource/
cL9aLGg/rdqoLMG). U Iowa (http://thestudio.uiowa.ed
u/fluxus/content/flux-year-box-2). Du Doute (http://ww
w.fondationdudoute.fr/oeuvre/85/1584-presentation.ht
m). Bonotto (http://www.fondazionebonotto.org/fluxus/
maciunasgeorge/artistsbook/0042s.html). Log (http://m
onoskop.org/log/?p=10222).

US Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/fluxus/), MiA (http://collections.artsmia.org/search/tags:fluxus). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/

3). FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AFluxus). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/fluxus).
en Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/art/Fluxus), Grove (http://web.archive.org/web/20150130083858/http://www.moma.org/collection/theme.ph

https://monoskop.org/Art 86/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
0457), Monoskop, Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095825610), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxus). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fluxus/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suva
29/mode/1up). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/fluxus).

1962 Blutorgel
1963 Fest des
Psycho–Physischen
Naturalismus
1968 Kunst und 1962 Nitsch,
Revolution (http://w Mühl, Frohner G Brus, Muehl, Nitsch,
Actionism, happeni
ww.koer.or.at/cgi-bi (http://www.m Schwarzkogler, A Brus,
Viennese performance Reich, J
n/koer/index.pl?id=5& umok.at/de/m Cibulka, Valie Export
Actionism Wiener
lang=en) anifest-die-blu (AT)
2016 Body, Psyche, torgel)
and Taboo (http://w
ww.mumok.at/en/eve
nts/body-psyche-and
-taboo)

Otto Mühl, Materialaktion 8: Stilleben – Aktion mit einem Günter Brus, Wiener Spaziergang, 1965/1989. B&W
weiblichen Kopf und einem Schweinekopf, 1964. photograph taken by Ludwig Hoffenreich. 40 x 40 cm.
Photographs taken by Ludwig Hoffenreich. [10] (http://d Joanneum (http://www.museum-joanneum.at/neue-gal
reher.netzliteratur.net/2_Perform_n.45_Einf.html) erie-graz/ausstellungen/ausstellungen/events/event/27.
11.2011-09.04.2012/bruseum).

Valie Export, Peter Weibel, Aus der Mappe der

Hundigkeit, 1968/2003. B&W photograph taken by
Josef Tandl. 40.3 x 50.3 cm. Generali (http://foundatio
n.generali.at/en/collection.html#work=3251&artist=17
3).

https://monoskop.org/Art 87/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
AT Mumok (http://www.mumok.at/en/vienna-actionism). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=1684). FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepo
orks?filters=query%3AActionnisme%20viennois). INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/viennese-actionism), UbuWeb (http://www.ubu.com/film/vienna_ac
en Monoskop, Oxford DMCA (http://books.google.com/books?id=mwf6RVGYLjgC&pg=PA736), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/action
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viennese_Actionism). fr Larousse (http://www.larousse.fr/archives/peinture/page/6). es Akal (http://books.google.com/b
Jr7JD0C&pg=PA5). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n37/mode/1up). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szoci
us).

Acconci, Burden (http://

www.eai.org/artistTitle
s.htm?id=411),
Schneemann, Wilke,
Ukeles, McCarthy,
Nauman, Benglis,
Rosler (US), Kusama
(http://www.yayoi-kusa
1970-76
ma.jp), Ono, Kubota
Avalanche
(JP-US), Mendieta performance, happeni
1998 Jones (h
(CU-US), Pane, happening, Fluxus,
ttp://pzacad.pit
Journiac, Orlan (http:// painting, contemp
Body Art zer.edu/~mm
www.orlan.eu/) (FR), sculpture, dance,
a/teaching/MS
Valie Export (AT), photography, actionism
93/reading/jon
Iveković, Abramović, film, video destruct
es-bodyart-intr
Gotovac (YU), Mlčoch
o+ch1.pdf)
(http://www.artlist.cz/e
n/jan-mlcoch-103299/),
Štembera (http://www.a
rtlist.cz/en/petr-stembe
ra-102655/) (CZ),
Bereś, KwieKulik (PL),
Hajas (HU), Brătescu,
Grigorescu (RO)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Yayoi Kusama, Sex Obsession Food Obsession Macaroni Carolee Schneemann, Eye Body: 36 Transformative
Infinity Nets & Kusama, 1962. Photo: Hal Reiff. Actions, 1963. Paint, glue, fur, feathers, garden snakes,
glass, plastic with the studio installation Big Boards.
Photographs by Erró, on 35 mm black and white film.
Moderna Museet (http://sis.modernamuseet.se/en/vie
w/objects/asimages/artist$004010113). Artist (http://ww
w.caroleeschneemann.com/eyebody.html).

Jan Mlčoch, Zavěšení—Velký spánek [Suspension—The

Great Sleep], 1974. Prague. Gelatin silver print. 27.5 ×
37.2 cm. MU Olomouc (http://www.citem.cz/promus11/i
ndex.php?page=catalogue&table=9&params=0%7C
8%3B1%3B%7C14%3B4%3B%27%25ml%C4%8Doch
+jan%25%27%3B0%3B&promus_id_a=231079&conne
ction_field=promus_id_a&offset=2&savedPrevId=&recs
Id=&select_checked=).

US Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/body-art/). FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AArt%2

Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=1680). INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/body-art).
en Hatje Cantz (http://www.hatjecantz.de/body-art-5038-1.html), Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.201108030955
DMCA (http://books.google.com/books?id=mwf6RVGYLjgC&pg=PA88), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/b/body-art), Walker (http://www.w
chive/C/B37381AB54CF8F1A6161.htm), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_art). fr Larousse (http://www.larousse.fr/archives/peintu
Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/body-art/). es Akal (http://books.google.com/books?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA80). cr Šuvaković (http:/
eam/Suvakovic#page/n121/mode/1up). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/body-art). sl Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmovnik.si/
t/).

Khartoum School, 2016 The Khartoum 1962 D Salahi (http://www.tate. painting,

Madrasat al School: the Making of Williams org.uk/whats-on/tate-m drawing,
Khartoum the Modern Art odern/exhibition/ibrahi sculpture
Movement in Sudan m-el-salahi-visionary-m
(http://www.e-flux.c odernist), Shibrain,
om/announcements/ Rabbah, Ishaq, Nour (h
modernity-and-the-m

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2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
aking-of-identity-in-s ttp://www.amirnour.co
udan-remembering-t m/), Ahmed (SD-UK)
he-sixties-and-sevent
ies-presented-with-in
stitute-for-comparati
ve-modernities-cornel
l-university/)

Ibrahim El Salahi, Reborn Sounds of Childhood Dreams I, Ahmed Shibrain, Untitled, 1965. Oil, ink and
1961-65. Enamel paint and oil paint on cotton. 258.8 x watercolour on board. 57 x 56 cm.
260 cm. Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/el-sal
ahi-reborn-sounds-of-childhood-dreams-i-t13979).

Amir Nour, Grazing at Shendi, 1969. Steel, 202 pieces.

302.3 x 408.9 cm. Artist (http://www.amirnour.com/#!Gr
azing_at_Shendi/zoom/cul2/imagedlc). + (http://africa.s
i.edu/exhibits/dialogue/nourI.htm) + (http://ops.thejewis
hmuseum.org/2014/artists/amir-nour).

UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=32896).
en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/k/khartoum-school).

Colour Field 1964 Post-Painterly 1955 Rothko (http://www.ng painting abstract

Painting, Post- Abstraction (http://w Greenberg a.gov/content/ngaweb/f
Painterly ww.sharecom.ca/gree 1970 Sandler eatures/slideshows/ma
Abstraction nberg/ppacover.html) rk-rothko.html),
Newman (http://www.b
arnettnewman.org),
Still (http://clyffordstillm
useum.org/clyfford-stil
l/), Frankenthaler (htt
p://www.frankenthalerf
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
oundation.org/), M
Louis (http://www.morri
slouis.org/), Noland (htt
p://www.kennethnolan
d.com/), Alma Thomas,
Gilliam (US), Denny,
Hoyland (http://www.jo
hnhoyland.com/), R
Smith (UK)

Helen Frankenthaler, Mountains and Sea, 1952. Oil and Kenneth Noland, Whirl, 1960. Magna on canvas. 178.4
charcoal on unsized, unprimed canvas. 219.4 x 297.8 x 176.5 cm.
cm. Frankenthaler Foundation (http://www.frankenthale
rfoundation.org/artworks/mountains-and-sea/details/al
l).

Morris Louis, Beta Lambda, 1961. Synthetic polymer

paint on canvas. 262.6 x 407 cm. From the Unfurled
Paintings (http://morrislouis.org/paintings/gallery/unfurl
ed_paintings/all) series (nearly 150 works, 1960-61).
MICA (http://morrislouis.org/paintings/large/du421).
MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collection/works/79688?l
ocale=en).

US Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/post-painterly-abstraction), Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/color-

(http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=439) p. FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AColorfield%20Painting) c.
ction.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3APost%20Painting%20Abstraction) p.p.. INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/color-field-paintin
s://www.artsy.net/gene/post-painterly-abstraction) p.p., Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m03hmqc).
en Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/art/colour-field-painting) c., Grove US (http://books.google.com/books?id=sPGdBxzaWj0C&pg=PA518) c.
(http://books.google.com/books?id=mwf6RVGYLjgC&pg=PA145) c., Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/c/colour-field-painting) c., Tate (http
g.uk/art/art-terms/p/post-painterly-abstraction) p., Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_Field). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suva
96/mode/1up) p. hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/post-painterly-abstraction) p., Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalm
st-painterly-abstraction-jelenseg-magyarorszagon) p.

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2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

1963 Leben mit Pop.

Eine Demonstration
für den
kapitalistischen
Realismus Kuttner (http://www.m-k
2013 Living with uttner.de/), Lueg, Polke
happening, consum
Pop: A Reproduction (http://www.sigmar-polk
Capitalist Realism installation, media, U
of Capitalist Realism e.de), Richter (http://w
painting art, Flux
(http://www.kunstha ww.gerhard-richter.co
lle-duesseldorf.de/ind m/) (DE)
ex.php?id=342) + (htt
p://artistsspace.org/
exhibitions/living-wit
h-pop)

Exhibition view of Leben mit Pop - Eine Demonstration für Gerhard Richter, Party, 1963. 150 x 182 cm. Artist (htt
den kapitalistischen Realismus, 1963. Möbelhaus p://www.gerhard-richter.com/en/art/paintings/photo-pai
Berges, Düsseldorf. ntings/everyday-life-18/party-6367).

Sigmar Polke, Das Palmen-Bild [The Palm Painting],

1964. Acrylic on patterned fabric. 91.5 x 75.4 cm.
Zwirner (http://www.davidzwirner.com/artists/sigmar-pol
ke/survey/image/page/2/).

INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/capitalist-realism).

en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/c/capitalist-realism), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalist_realism). cr Šuvaković (http://ar
m/Suvakovic#page/n297/mode/1up)

Mail Art, 1962-63 Yam Festival 1971 Poinsot Johnson (US), Filliou letter, Fluxus
Correspondence 1970 New York 1972 Albright (FR), Spoerri (RO-CH), postcard,
Correspondance 1974 Fischer G Brecht (US), Vautier
https://monoskop.org/Art 92/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
Art, School 1980 Carrión (FR), Anna Banana (htt drawing,
Postal Art 1971 Mail Art (at (http://monosk p://www.annabananast object
Paris Biennale) op.org/log/?p= amps.ca/) (CA),
1973 Omaha Flow 14521) Cavellini (http://www.ca
Systems vellini.org) (IT),
1986 Decentralized Kozłowski, Partum
Worldwide Mail-art (PL), Kocman (CZ)
Congress

Ben Vautier, The Postman's Choice, 1965. Offset Ray Johnson, Anna May Wong, 1971. Mixed media, cut
lithograph on paper. 9.2 x 14.1 cm. Walker (http://www. postcard, and paper collage on board. 54.6 × 45.7 ×
walkerart.org/collections/artworks/the-postmans-choic 2.5 cm. Whitney (http://collection.whitney.org/object/7
e). Harvard Art Museum (http://www.harvardartmuseum 8).
s.org/art/11334). U Iowa (http://thestudio.uiowa.edu/flux
us/content/postmans-choice-le-choix-du-facteur).

Anna Banana, stamp sheet, 1984.

DK Lomholt (http://www.lomholtmailartarchive.dk/). US U Buffalo (http://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/collection/LIB-PC001/), Gina Lotta (http://artistampmu

no/). FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AMail%20Art). INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/mail-art).
en Monoskop, Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/m/mail-art), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_art). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.o
kovic#page/n355/mode/1up). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/mail-art).

Op Art 1965 The Responsive 1965 Albers Vasarely (HU-FR), painting, kinetic a
Eye 1970 Barrett Riley (UK), Soto (http:// sculpture Albers
2007 Optic Nerve (ht www.jr-soto.com),
tp://web.archive.org/ Cruz-Diez (http://www.
web/2007050903304 cruz-diez.com/) (VE-
3/http://www.columb FR), Agam (IL-FR), Le
usmuseum.org:80/m Parc (http://www.juliole
edia/optic/) parc.org/) (AR-FR),

https://monoskop.org/Art 93/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
Morellet (FR),
Anuszkiewicz (US)

Victor Vasarely, Ondho, 1956-60. Oil on canvas. 220 x Julio Le Parc, Continuel-mobile, continuel-lumière
180.4 cm. MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collection/work [Continual Mobile, Continual Light], 1963. Painted
s/78452?locale=en). wood, aluminium and nylon thread. 157.5 x 160 x 50.5
cm. Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/le-parc-co
ntinual-mobile-continual-light-t00678).

Bridget Riley, Fall, 1963. Polyvinyl acetate paint on

hardboard. 141 x 140.3 cm. Tate (http://www.tate.org.u
k/art/artworks/riley-fall-t00616).

FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AOptical%20Art). US Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywor

Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=435). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/op-art), Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/ent
en Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/art/Op-art), Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10139), Tate (https://www.ta
t-terms/o/op-art), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op_art). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/optical-art/). cr Šuvaković (http://ar
m/Suvakovic#page/n435/mode/1up). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/op-art). no SNL (http://snl.no/op-kunst).

Minimal Art, 1966 Primary 1965 Judd Judd (http://www.juddfo sculpture

Minimalism Structures (http://op 1966 Morris undation.org/), Morris,
s.thejewishmuseum.o 1967 Fried (htt Stella, Flavin, Andre, T
rg/1966/) p://isites.harva Smith, LeWitt, Martin
1968 The Art of the rd.edu/fs/doc (US)
Real (http://www.mo s/icb.topic641
ma.org/momaorg/sh 765.files/3%2
ared/pdfs/docs/press 0-%20Fried%
_archives/4068/releas 20--%20Art%2
es/MOMA_1968_July- 0and%20Obje
cthood.pdf)
December_0001_62.p
1967 Aspen 5-
df)
6 (http://www.
2014 Other Primary
https://monoskop.org/Art 94/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
Structures (http://op ubu.com/aspe
s.thejewishmuseum.o n/aspen5and
rg/) 6/)
1968 Battcock
1986 Foster (h
ttp://monosko
p.org/images/
8/88/Foster_H
al_Return_of_
the_Real_Intr
oduction_Cha
pters_1-2_wit
h_Notes.pdf#p
age=43)

Donald Judd, Untitled (box with trough), 1963. Light Robert Morris, (L-R) Untitled (Table), Untitled (Corner
cadmium-red oil on wood. 49.5 x 114.3 x 77.5 cm. Judd Beam), Untitled (Floor Beam), Untitled (Corner Piece), and
Foundation (http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/imag Untitled (Cloud). Installation at the Green Gallery, New
e-idx?id=S-UMDVRC1IC-X-D07-10396%5DD07-1039 York, Dec 1964-Jan 1965.
6).

Carl Andre, Equivalent VIII, 1966. Firebricks. 12.7 x

68.6 x 229.2 cm. Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artwor
ks/andre-equivalent-viii-t01534).

US Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/minimalism), NGA (http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/collection-search-result.h

e=Minimalist), Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/minimalism/), MiA (http://collections.artsmia.org/search/tags:minimalism). FR Pompi
ection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AArt%20minimal). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=430). INT Artsy (https://www.arts
malism), Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m057k3).
en Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/art/Minimalism), Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/theme.php?theme_id=10459), MoMA (http://w
learn/moma_learning/themes/minimalism), Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100159822), Oxford US (htt
e.com/books?id=pyvjWAcwnHEC&pg=PA313), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/m/minimalism), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M

https://monoskop.org/Art 95/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
al_arts)). fr Pompidou (http://mediation.centrepompidou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-minimalisme/ENS-minimalisme.htm). it Treccani (http://www
clopedia/minimal-art/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n376/mode/1up). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_s
al-art). sl Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmovnik.si/koncept/minimalizem/). no SNL (http://snl.no/minimalisme%2Fkunst).

1966 Eccentric
Abstraction (http://m
itpress.mit.edu/sites/
default/files/titles/co
ntent/9780262018166
_Sample_Page_Sprea
Morris, Serra (US),
ds.pdf)
Hesse (http://evahesse minimal
1969 Anti-
Process Art estate.com) (DE-US), sculpture performa
Illusionism:
Le Va, Cohen, Nauman art
Procedures/Materials
(US)
(http://www.art-age
nda.com/reviews/ant
i-illusion-procedures
materials/)
1969 9 in a
Warehouse

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Eva Hesse, Hang Up, 1966. Acrylic on cloth over wood; Robert Morris, Untitled (Tan Felt), 1968. Felt. Nine
acrylic on cord over steel tube. 182.9 x 213.4 x 198.1 strips, each 304.8 x 20.3 cm.
cm. Artic (http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/exhibition
s/modernwing/artwork/71396). Hauser & Wirth (http://w
ww.hauserwirth.com/artists/34/eva-hesse/images-clips/
63/). MoMA (http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitio
ns/2010/online/#works/02/65). Tate (http://www.tate.or
g.uk/whats-on/tate-modern/exhibition/eva-hesse/eva-h
esse-exhibition-guide/room-six).

Installation view of Richard Serra's Casting (front) and

One Ton Prop (House of Cards) (back) at Anti-Illusion:
Procedures/Materials, Whitney Museum, New York,
1969. Lead casting. c10.2 x 762 x 762 cm (destroyed).
/ Lead antimony. Four plates, each 122 x 122 cm.

US Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/process-art). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=33006). FR Pompidou (

n.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AProcess%20Art). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/process-art).
en Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100347498), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/process-art
tp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_art). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n519/mode/1up). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lex
zocikkek/process-art)

Post-Minimalism 1966 Eccentric 1968 Morris Hesse (http://evahesse sculpture, minimal

Abstraction (http://m 1971 Pincus- estate.com) (DE-US), performance process
itpress.mit.edu/sites/ Witten Serra, Benglis, Le Va, land art,
default/files/titles/co 1973 Krauss LeWitt, Tuttle, Bochner, concept
ntent/9780262018166 1977 Pincus- Sonnier, Vicconci, body art
_Sample_Page_Sprea Witten Nauman (US) performa
ds.pdf) art
1969 Anti-
Illusionism:
Procedures/Materials

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
(http://www.art-age
nda.com/reviews/ant
i-illusion-procedures
materials/)
1969 When Attitudes
Become Form (http://
ubu.com/historical/s
zeemann/)

Eva Hesse, Sans II, 1968. Fiberglass and polyester Richard Serra, Prop, 1968. Lead antimony. 152.4 x
resin. 96.5 x 218.4 cm x 15.6 cm. SFMOMA (http://ww 152.4 cm (sheet). Walker (http://www.walkerart.org/coll
w.sfmoma.org/artwork/99.364). Whitney (http://collectio ections/artworks/prop). Whitney (http://whitney.org/Coll
n.whitney.org/object/1977). Hauser & Wirth (http://www. ection/RichardSerra/6920ab). NGA Australia (http://ng
hauserwirth.com/artists/34/eva-hesse/images-clips/5 a.gov.au/exhibition/softsculpture/Default.cfm?IRN=149
5/). 63&BioArtistIRN=22674&MnuID=3&ViewID=2).

Lynda Benglis, Bounce I, 1969. Poured colored latex.

Dimensions variable.

US Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/post-minimalism). FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filt

Post-minimalisme). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/postminimalism), Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m01qs5n).
en Grove US (http://www.uwp.edu/learn/departments/art/upload/Grove-Art-Online-articles.pdf), Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.109
0110803100339611), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postminimalism). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n479/mode/

Expanded 1965 New Cinema 1964 Mekas VanDerBeek, film, video, experim
Cinema Festival I (http://cdn.real Schneemann (http://w performance, film, vide
1966 9 Evenings itystudio.org/i ww.caroleeschneeman installation, compute
1968 X-Screen (htt mages/peopl n.com), Jacobs (http:// media
p://www.koeln-im-fil e/jonas_meka www.starspangledtode environment
m.de/xscreen_anfaen s/jonas-meka ath.com/mainfiles/kenj
ge.html) s.movie-journ acobsbio.html), Conrad
al.on-flicker.pd (http://web.archive.org/
https://monoskop.org/Art 98/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
1974 Projected f#page=2) web/20131203144805/
Images (http://blogs. 1966 http://tonyconrad.net/in
walkerart.org/filmvid VanDerBeek dex_thurs.html),
eo/2011/04/21/artists- (http://monosk Sharits, Whitman (US),
cinema-projected-ima op.org/log/?p= Snow (http://ccca.conc
ges/) 9620) ordia.ca/artists/Michael
1976 Festival of 1970 _Snow) (CA), B+W
Expanded Cinema Youngblood (h Hein (DE), Valie
ttp://monosko Export, Weibel (http://w
p.org/log/?p=2 ww.peter-weibel.at/),
18) Scheugl (http://scheug
l.org) (AT), Lemaître
(FR), Keen (http://jeffke
en.co.uk), T Hill (http://
www.tonyhillfilms.co
m/), L Rhodes (http://w
ww.luxonline.org.uk/arti
sts/lis_rhodes/) (UK),
Filmaktion: Le Grice (ht
tp://www.malcolmlegric
e.com/), Raban (http://
www.luxonline.org.uk/a
rtists/william_raban/), A
Nicolson (http://www.lu
xonline.org.uk/artists/a
nnabel_nicolson/),
Eatherley (http://www.l
uxonline.org.uk/artists/
gill_eatherley/) (UK),
McCall (http://www.ant
honymccall.com/) (UK-
US), Oiticica (BR),
KwieKulik (PL)

https://monoskop.org/Art 99/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Stan VanDerBeek, Movie-Drome, c1963-65. Interior Valie Export, Abstract Film No. 1, 1967-68. MoMA (http://
view. Artist (http://projectstanvanderbeek.com/where/m www.moma.org/collection/works/152171?locale=en).
edia/stanvanderbeek_moviedrome.pdf). Artist (http://www.valieexport.at/en/werke/werke/?tx_ttn
ews%5Btt_news%5D=1954&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5
D=4&cHash=3cd055f09c).

Michael Snow, Two Sides to Every Story, 1974.

Installation view at Projected Images exhibition, Walker
Art Center, Minneapolis. Synchronised film projectors
on 2 sides of suspended screen, 16 mm colour, sound.
300 x 600 x 1250 cm. CCCA (http://ccca.concordia.ca/
artists/work_detail.html?languagePref=en&mkey=6007
2&title=Two+Sides+to+Every+Story&artist=Michael+Sn
ow&link_id=259). Video (http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=99mdnK0ABx8).

en Monoskop, Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/e/expanded-cinema). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/expanded-

Video Art 1966 9 Evenings 1970-74 Paik (KO-DE-US), video, televisio

1968 The Machine as Radical Vostell (DE), L Levine installation, media,
Seen at the End of the Software (IE-CA-US), Tambellini sculpture, McLuha
Mechanical Age 1970 (IT-US), Nauman, Ant performance,
1969 TV as a Creative Youngblood (h Farm, Sonnier, broadcast
Medium ttp://monosko Acconci, Viola (US),
1970 Information p.org/log/?p=2 Vasulkas (CZ-IS-US),
1971 The Kitchen 18) Valie Export (AT),
opens Rosenbach (DE), D
1972-77 April Hall (UK), Dragans
Meetings (SL), Bruszewski (PL),
The Video Show C Campbell (http://ww
w.jondavies.ca/campbe
ll_guide_4thproof.pdf)
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
(CA), Jonas, Benglis,
G Hill (US), Iveković,
Martinis (CR),
Robakowski (PL),
Mendieta (CU-US)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Bruce Nauman, Walk with Contrapposto, 1968. Video Steina and Woody Vasulka, The Matrix, 1970-72. Video
(60 min, b&w, sound). EAI (http://www.eai.org/title.htm? installation, video (28 min 50 sec). Installation view at
id=517). MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collection/works/ Albright Knox Gallery, 1978. Langlois (http://www.fonda
122032). LACMA (http://www.lacma.org/beyondgeomet tion-langlois.org/html/e/page.php?NumPage=495). EAI
ry/artworks8.html). SAAM (http://americanart.si.edu/coll (http://www.eai.org/title.htm?id=6522).
ections/search/artwork/?id=77197). Mumok (http://ww
w.mumok.at/en/walk-contrapposto). Macba (http://www.
macba.cat/en/walk-with-contrapposto-2876). Ubu (htt
p://www.ubu.com/film/nauman_contra.html). [11] (http://
www.guggenheim.org/artwork/3148)

Charlotte Moorman performing Nam June Paik's

Concerto for TV Cello and Videotapes (1971) at the
Bonino Gallery, New York, 23 Nov 1971. Photo: Peter
Moore. Object: video tubes, TV chassis, plexiglass
boxes, electronics, wiring, wood base, fan, stool.
Walker (http://www.walkerart.org/collections/artworks/tv
-cello). KM Bochum (http://www.nrw-museum.de/en/arti
sts/nam-june-paik/work/tv-cello.html). NSW Sydney (htt
p://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/343.201
1.a-c/) (1976). EAI (http://www.eai.org/title.htm?id=405
9) (video). Pompidou (http://www.centrepompidou.fr/cp
v/resource/cMeAR4/rXyK6dB) (video). Reina Sofia (htt
p://www.museoreinasofia.es/en/collection/artwork/video
-synthesizer-and-tv-cello-collectibles) (video). Walker
(http://www.walkerart.org/collections/artworks/charlotte-
moorman-performing-nam-june-paiks-concerto-for-tv-c
ello-and-videotapes) (photo). Mumok (http://www.mum
ok.at/en/concerto-tv-cello) (photo).

US VDB (http://www.vdb.org/collection/Early%20Video%20Art). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=30024). AT MUMOK (http://www.mumo

on/tag/video). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/film-slash-video), UbuWeb (http://www.ubu.com/film/).
en Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/art/video-art), Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10215), Monoskop, Tate (
e.org.uk/art/art-terms/v/video-art), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_art). fr Larousse (http://www.larousse.fr/archives/peinture/page/44)

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2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
tp://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/videoarte/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n662/mode/1up). hu Artportal (http://artportal.
lmi_szocikkek/video-art), Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/videomuveszet-magyarorszagon). sl Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmov
video/).

1964 founded
1966 New York
Graphic Workshop
1964 NYGW
Buenos Aires (http://
Manifesto (htt
icaadocs.mfah.org/ic
p://icaadocs.m Camnitzer (http://issuu.
aadocs/THEARCHI
fah.org/icaado com/daroslatinamerica/
VE/FullRecord/tabid/
New York Graphic cs/THEARCHI docs/luiscamnitzer_exh
88/doc/772918/lang printmaking
Workshop VE/FullRecor cat) (DE-UY-US),
uage/en-US/Default.
d/tabid/88/do Porter (AR-US),
aspx)
c/791656/lang Castillo (VE-US)
2008 The New York
uage/en-US/D
Graphic Workshop,
efault.aspx)
1964-1970 (http://bla
ntonmuseum.org/int
eract/NYGW/)

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2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

José Guillermo Castillo, Untitled (J), 1967. Etching and Liliana Porter, Plate VIII from Wrinkle, 1968. Book with
embossing. Sheet: 37 x 37.8 cm. From a series of ten ten photoengraved etchings, 33.8 x 40.6 cm (sheets).
(http://www.moma.org/collection/works/165002). MoMA MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collection/works?q=porter
(http://www.moma.org/collection/works/165002). +wrinkle). MALBA (http://www.malba.org.ar/en/online/?i
dobra=396). Daros (http://www.daros-latinamerica.net/
artwork/wrinkle). Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artwor
ks/porter-wrinkle-p13236). Artist (http://lilianaporter.co
m/individual.php?sectionId=2&section=prints&pieceId=
239). Log (http://monoskop.org/log/?p=16678). PDF.

Luis Camnitzer, Living Room (Living-Comedor), Living

Room: Model for an Environment, 1968. Book. Overall:
37.1 x 30.5 x 1.6 cm. MoMA (http://www.moma.org/coll
ection/works/141549).

UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=32902).
en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/new-york-graphic-workshop).

Belkahia (http://www.fa
1966 Rabat show ridbelkahia.com/),
1969 Exposition
Melehi (http://www.mar
1966-72
rakechbiennale.org/20
Manifeste Souffles
16-not-new-now/artists/
2016 Casablanca 2015 Powers
Casablanca item/770-mohammed-
School of Fine Arts (ht (http://ecomm painting
School melehi), Chabâa (htt
tp://drive.google.co ons.cornell.ed
p://www.marrakechbien
m/file/d/0B29WszJZ-t u/handle/181
nale.org/2016-not-new-
lCQURwdnBxNkREV 3/40944)
now/artists/item/748-m
zg/view?pref=2&pli=1) ohammed-chebaa)
(MA)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Mohammed Chabâa, Untitled, 1967. Acrylic on canvas. Mohammed Melehi, Flame, 1970. Cellulose paint on
152 x 202 cm (each). Société Générale Maroc. wood. 210 x 180 cm. Installed at Marakech Biennale
2016.

Farid Belkahia, Femme berbère [Berber Woman], c1970.

Embossed copper and wood. 78.5 x 66 cm.

1967 Arte povera –

1967 Celant
IM Spazio Anselmo, Boetti,
(http://www.fla
1968 Arte Povera (htt Calzolari, Fabro,
shartonline.it/a
p://www.defoscherar Gilardi, Mario Merz, sculpture,
rticle/arte-pov
i.com/archivio-1963-2 Marisa Merz, Paolini, installation, concept
Arte Povera era/)
000-galleria-arte-de- Pascali, Penone, happening, Pasolini
1969 Celant
foscherari-bologna/ar Pistoletto (http://www.pi performance
(https://monos
te-povera-1968) stoletto.it), Prini, Zorio
kop.org/log/?p
1968 Arte (IT), Kounellis (GR-IT)
=19521)
Povera+Azioni Povere

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2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Michelangelo Pistoletto, Venere degli stracci [Venus of Jannis Kounellis, 12 Cavalli [12 Horses], 1969.
the Rags], 1967. Concrete with mica and rags. 180 x Installation at Galleria L'Attico, Rome.
130 x 100 cm. Photo: Paolo Pellion. Rivoli (http://www.
castellodirivoli.org/en/opera/venere-degli-stracci/).
Macro (http://www.arte.it/opera/venere-degli-stracci-57
38). Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/pistoletto-
venus-of-the-rags-t12200).

Giuseppe Penone, Alberro di 8 metri [Eight Meter Tree],

1969. Wood. 80 x 15 x 27 cm.

FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AArte%20Povera). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=418).

s://www.artsy.net/gene/arte-povera), Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m04_d7p).
en Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10454), Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/arte-po
ps://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/arte-povera), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_Povera). fr Larousse (http://www.larousse.fr/archives
44), Pompidou (http://mediation.centrepompidou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-ArtePovera/ENS-ArtePovera.htm). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it
rte-povera/). es Akal (http://books.google.com/books?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA32). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n572
Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/arte-povera).

Performance Art 1998 Out of Actions: 1979 Acconci, Burden (http:// performance happeni
Between Performance Goldberg (htt www.eai.org/artistTitle Fluxus,
and the Object, 1949- p://monoskop. s.htm?id=411), art, actio
1979 (http://www.mo org/log/?p=39 Nauman, Oppenheim contemp
ca.org/exhibition/out 78) (http://www.dennis-opp dance
-of-actions-between- 1998 enheim.com/), Graham
performance-and-the Schimmel (htt (http://www.eai.org/arti
-object-1949-1979) p://monoskop. sts/dan-graham),
org/log/?p=33 Jonas, Monk (http://ww
33) w.meredithmonk.org),
Piper (http://adrianpipe
r.com), Carolee
Schneemann, Ukeles,

https://monoskop.org/Art 106/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
Laurie Anderson (http://
www.laurieanderson.co
m/) (US), Ono (JP-US),
Horn (http://www.rebec
ca-horn.de/), Beuys
(DE), Hsieh (http://tehc
hinghsieh.com/) (TW),
Stelarc (http://stelarc.or
g) (CY-AU), Iveković,
Abramović (YU),
Mlčoch (http://www.artli
st.cz/en/jan-mlcoch-10
3299/), Štembera (htt
p://www.artlist.cz/en/pe
tr-stembera-102655/)
(CZ), Kantor (http://ww
w.cricoteka.pl/en/main.
php?d=tkantor&kat=33
&id=13),
Warpechowski (http://c
ulture.pl/en/artist/zbigni
ew-warpechowski),
Borowski (http://cultur
e.pl/en/artist/wlodzimie
rz-borowski), Bereś (htt
p://culture.pl/en/artist/je
rzy-beres) (PL),
Szentjóby (https://artpo
rtal.hu/lexikon-muvesz/
st--auby-tamas-228/)
(HU), Grigorescu (RO)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Chris Burden, Trans-fixed, 1974. Venice, California. Marina Abramović, Rhythm 0, 1974. Studio Morra,
Naples. MG Ljubljana (http://zbirke.mg-lj.si/artwork/?id
=783). Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/new-
york/collections/collection-online/artwork/5177). MoMA
(http://www.moma.org/explore/multimedia/audios/190/1
972). Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-liverpo
ol/display/dla-piper-series-constellations/marina-abram
ovic-rhythm-0-1974). Artist (http://vimeo.com/7195279
1).

Carolee Schneemann, Interior Scroll, 1975. Photo:

Anthony McCall. Gelatin silver prints. East Hampton,
New York. Moderna Museet (http://sis.modernamuseet.
se/en/view/objects/asitem/artist$004010113/6/primary
Maker-asc). Brooklyn M (http://www.brooklynmuseum.o
rg/opencollection/objects/168941/Interior_Scroll). Tate
(http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/schneemann-interio
r-scroll-p13282). Cornell (http://museum.cornell.edu/col
lections/photographs-video/20th-century-photographs/i
nterior-scroll). Reina Sofia (http://www.museoreinasofi
a.es/en/collection/artwork/interior-scroll). Artist (http://w
ww.caroleeschneemann.com/interiorscroll.html).

US MoMA (https://www.moma.org/collection/works?classifications=24&include_uncataloged_works=1), Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/a

ent/performance), Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/performance-art/), MFA Boston (http://www.mfa.org/programs/series/performanc
(http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=436). FR FRAC Lorraine (http://collection.fraclorraine.org/collection/search?query=performance&lang=en). INT
ww.artsy.net/gene/performance-art).
en Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/art/performance-art), Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10463), Guggenh
w.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/performance), Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100317137), Oxfo
ww.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199920105/obo-9780199920105-0047.xml), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/pe
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_art). es CVAA (http://cvaa.com.ar/02dossiers/accion/2_intro.php). fr Pompidou (http://mediation
ou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-Performance/). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/performance/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stre
page/n454/mode/1up). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/performance). sl Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmovnik.si/koncept/perfo

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Andrews, Bellow,
Brown, Calloway (htt
p://artbymariecalloway.
com), Donaldson, J
Jarrell (http://web.archi
ve.org/web/201203231
14910/http://africobra.c
1968 Weusi at om/JaePage_1.html),
Stony Brook U W Jarrell (http://web.ar
1970 AfriCOBRA 1: chive.org/web/2012032
Ten in Search of a 3114603/http://africobr
Nation 1970 a.com/WadsworthPage
1971 Where We At: Donaldson (htt 1.html), Jones (http://ar
Black Women Artists p://nka.dukejo t.artandutility.com/~ben
2010 AfriCOBRA (htt urnals.org/con fjone/), Jones-Hogu (ht Neal 196
p://www.northwester tent/2012/30/7 tp://web.archive.org/we p://www
6.full.pdf) b/20120323115204/htt
n.edu/newscenter/sto printmaking, du/peop
Black Arts 2018 Morgan p://africobra.com/Barba
ries/2010/01/africobr collage, eyg/doc
Movement (http://library. raPage1.html),
a.html) painting, quilt arts_nea
memoryofthe Lawrence, Mallory (htt
2015 The Freedom l), libera
world.org/#/bo p://web.archive.org/we
Principle (http://exhi equality
ok/271ec0ff-7 b/20120323115305/htt
bitions.mcachicago.o 7a8-46e1-99e p://africobra.com/Howa
rg/freedomprinciple/) 1-e1b2c3acc0 rdPage1.html),
2018 Soul of a Nation c9) McCannon (http://www.
(https://www.brookly weusiart.com/#!dindga-
nmuseum.org/exhibit mccannon/ccz3),
ions/soul_of_a_natio Olugebefola (http://ww
n) w.weusiart.com/#!ade
mola-olugebefola-/c1c5
p), Riddle, Saar (http://
www.betyesaar.net/),
collectives: Weusi (htt
p://www.weusiart.co
m/), AfriCOBRA,
Where We At (US)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Cleveland Bellow, Untitled, 1968. Screenprint on Jeff Donaldson, Wives of Shango, 1969. Watercolor with
paper. Sheet: 49.5 x 38.7 cm. Brooklyn Museum (http:// mixed media on paper. Sheet: 76.2 x 55.9 cm.
www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/2106 Brooklyn Museum (http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/op
70/Untitled). encollection/objects/210675/Wives_of_Shango).

Jae Jarrell, Urban Wall Suit, 1970. Multicolored silk

quilted patchwork, women’s size 10, hand-painted
graffiti, acrylic. 95.3 x 69.9 x 1.3 cm. Brooklyn Museum
(http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/object
s/210702/Urban_Wall_Suit).

UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=37077) c.a. INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/black-arts-movement).

en Smithsonian (http://africanamericanart.si.edu/glossary#bam), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/b/black-arts-movement), Wikipedia (http
org/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement).

1968 Computer 1968-72 Bit Laposky, Noll,

Graphic International Schwartz (US), Franke
Computer Art,
1968 Cybernetic 1969ff PAGE (h (AT), Alsleben, Nake, screenprint,
Computer
Serendipity ttp://monosko Nees, Mohr (DE), film
Graphics
1968 Tendencies 4 p.org/log/?p=2 Zajec (IT), Molnar (HU-
1970 Software 275) FR)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Frieder Nake, Hommage à Paul Klee, 13/9/65 Nr.2, 1965. Manfred Mohr, P-021, 1970. Screenprint after a plotter
Screenprint after a plotter drawing. V&A (http://www.va drawing. V&A (http://www.vam.ac.uk/users/node/4933).
m.ac.uk/users/node/16168). Compart (http://dada.com
part-bremen.de/item/artwork/414).

Lillian Schwartz and Ken Knowlton, photographic stills

from the computer animation Pixillation, 1970. V&A (htt
p://www.vam.ac.uk/users/node/4933).

INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/early-computer-art) early c.a.

en Grove (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095629956), Monoskop, Oxford DMCA (http://books.google.com/books?id
jgC&pg=PA147), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_art). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/computer-art/). cr Šuvaković
org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n308/mode/1up). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/computer-art). sl Pojmovnik (http://www.poj
ept/racunalniska_grafika/).

Land Art, Earth 1968 Earth Works (ht 1966 Smithson, Heizer (htt concept
Art, tp://www.aaa.si.edu/ Smithson p://doublenegative.tara
Environmental collections/container/ 1968 sen.net/works.html), de
Art, Site-Specific viewer/-emph-render- Smithson Maria, Andre, Morris,
Art italic-Earth-Works-e 1970-76 Oppenheim (US),
mph--199000) Avalanche Christo & Jeanne
1969 Earth Art (htt 1979 Krauss Claude (http://christoje
p://monoskop.org/lo anneclaude.net/)
g/?p=14149) (BG/FR-US)
1969 When Attitudes
Become Form (http://
www.ubu.com/histor
ical/szeemann/)
2012 Ends of the

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
Earth (http://moca.o
rg/landart/)

Robert Smithson, Partially Buried Woodshed, 1970. Kent Walter De Maria, The Lightning Field, 1977. Long-term
State University, Kent, Ohio. One woodshed and installation, western New Mexico. Dia (http://www.diaar
twenty truckloads of earth. Artist (http://www.robertsmit t.org/sites/main/lightningfield).
hson.com/earthworks/partially.htm). NGA (http://www.n
ga.gov/content/ngaweb/Collection/art-object-page.7389
5.html). Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/a
rticles/gallery-lost-art-robert-smithson).

Robert Morris, Observatory, 1971-77. Flevoland, the

Netherlands. De Paviljoens (http://www.depaviljoens.nl/
page/374/en).

US Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/site-specific-artenvironmental-art) s./en., Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ke

orks-land-art/). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=422) en. FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AL
INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/land-art), Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/site-specific-art) s., Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/e
F018q2s).
en Monoskop, Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100049712) l., Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-term
Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/e/earth-art) ea., Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/e/environmental-art) en., Tate (https://www.tate
terms/s/site-specific) s., Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_art). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/land-art/) l. cr Šuvaković (h
g/stream/Suvakovic#page/n45/mode/1up) en., Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n160/mode/1up) ec., Šuvaković (http://archiv
uvakovic#page/n344/mode/1up) l. hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/land-art) l., Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalm
d-art-magyarorszagon) HU l., Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/environment) en. sl Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmovnik.si/konce
_umetnost/) ec., Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmovnik.si/koncept/landart/) l.

Mono-ha, 1970 August 1970: 1970 Ufan (http://www.studio earthwork,

School of Things Aspects of New roundtable in leeufan.org) (KO-JP), sculpture
Japanese Art Bijutsu techō Sekine (http://www.nob
2015 Mono-ha - 436 uosekine.com),
Premessa (http://ww 1970-71 Ufan Yoshida, Honda,
Narita, Koshimizu,

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
w.mudima.net/portfo Suga, Enokura,
lio-items/mono-ha/) Haraguchi (JP)

Nobuo Sekine, Isō—Daichi [Phase—Mother Earth], Lee Ufan, Kankei-kō [Relatum], 1969. Formerly Genshō
1968. Earth, cement. Cylinder: 220 x 270 (diameter) to chikaku B [Phenomena and Perception B]. Stone and
cm, hole: 220 x 270 (diameter) cm. Installation view, glass plate. 30 cm x 180 cm x 240 cm. Detail view at
1st Kobe Suma Rikyū Park Contemporary Sculpture Developments in Contemporary Art, Kyoto National
Exhibition, Oct-Nov 1968. Photo: Osamu Murai. Artist Museum of Modern Art, Aug-Sep 1969.
(http://www.nobuosekine.com/image/phase-mother-ear
th-1968/).

Kishio Suga, Jokyoritsu [Law of Situation], 1971. Ube

Open-Air Museum, Ube Japan. Photo: Kishio Suga.

INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/mono-ha).

en Monoskop, Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/m/mono-ha), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono-ha).

Close, Estes, Flack (htt

p://www.audreyflack.co
1970 Twenty-two m), Bechtle,
Realists Cottingham, McLean,
1972 Documenta 5 (h Eddy (http://www.done
Photorealism, 1969 Meisel
ttp://monoskop.org/l ddyart.com/), Goings painting,
Hyperrealism, 1973 Brachot photogra
og/?p=14502) (http://www.ralphlgoing sculpture
Superrealism 1975 Battcock
1973 Photo-Realism s.com/), Hanson, De
1973 Andrea (US), Salt
1973 Hyperréalisme (UK), Gertsch (http://w
ww.museum-franzgerts
ch.ch/) (CH)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Malcolm Morley, SS Amsterdam in front of Rotterdam, Ralph Goings, Airstream, 1970. Oil on molino. 152.3 ×
1966. Acrylic on canvas. 157.5 x 213.5 cm. Saatchi (htt 213.5 cm. Mumok (http://www.mumok.at/en/air-strea
p://www.saatchigallery.com/artists/artpages/malcolm_m m). Artist (http://ralphlgoings.com/?page_id=19).
orley_4.htm).

Richard Estes, Double Self-Portrait, 1976. Oil on

canvas. 60.8 x 91.5 cm. MoMA (http://www.moma.org/c
ollection/works/80047).

UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=32891) h. FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AHyperréalism

(https://www.artsy.net/gene/photorealism), Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/hyperrealism) h., Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute
x), Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m0f404j) h.
en Grove (https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T067235) p., Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/photoreal
DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095954859) h., Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/photorealism) p., T
w.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/h/hyper-realism) h., Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photorealism), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperre
arts)) h. it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/iperrealismo/) h. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n265/mode/1up)
(http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/fotorealizmus). sl Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmovnik.si/koncept/fotorealizem/) p.

Conceptual Art 1969 January 1-31 (htt 1961 Flynt Kosuth, LeWitt (US), sculpture, readyma
p://www.primaryinfo 1967 LeWitt Art&Language (UK), printmaking, land art
rmation.org/files/jan 1969 Kosuth Darboven (DE), performance,
uary1969.pdf) 1973 Lippard Bochner, Weiner, D painting
1969 When Attitudes (http://monosk Huebler (US),
Become Form (http:// op.org/log/?p= Broodthaers (BE),
ubu.com/historical/s 16285) Buren (FR), Graham
zeemann/) 1990 Buchloh (US), Haacke (DE-US),
1971 At Another (http://www.co Piper, Ruscha (US),
Moment rner-college.c Darboven (DE),
om/udb/cproIh Gorgona (CR), OHO
1972 Documenta 5 (h
sEiyBuchloh_- (SL), KÔD, Đorđević
ttp://monoskop.org/l
_Conceptual_ (SR), Erdély, Szentjóby
og/?p=14502)
Art.pdf) (HU), Borowski,
https://monoskop.org/Art 114/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
1999 Global Kozłowski (PL), Koller,
Conceptualism: Filko (SK), Kabakov,
Points of Origin 1950- Komar & Melamid,
1980s (http://post.at. Collective Actions (RU)
moma.org/content_it
ems/580-global-conc
eptualism-reflections)

Joseph Kosuth, One and Three Chairs, 1965. Wood John Baldessari, This Is Not to Be Looked At, 1968.
folding chair, mounted photograph of a chair, and Acrylic and photoemulsion on canvas. 149.9 x 114.3
mounted photographic enlargement of the dictionary cm.
definition of "chair". Chair 82 x 37.8 x 53 cm,
photographic panel 91.5 x 61.1 cm, text panel 61 x
76.2 cm. MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collection/work
s/81435?locale=en).

Adrian Piper, Catalysis III, 1970. Performance

documentation. Silver gelatine print. 40.6 x 40.6 cm.
Photo: Rosemary Mayer. Generali (http://foundation.ge
nerali.at/en/collection/artist/piper-adrian/artwork/catalys
is-iii-3.html).

US Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/conceptual-art), Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/conceptual-art/),

ections.artsmia.org/search/tags:conceptual-art). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=421). FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou
ers=query%3AArt%20conceptuel). AR MNBA (http://mnba.gob.ar/coleccion/estilo/conceptualismo). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/conceptu
AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m018dx9).
en Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/art/conceptual-art), Grove (https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T018962), Grove US (http:/
com/books?id=sPGdBxzaWj0C&pg=PA527), Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cncp/hd_cncp.htm), MoMA (http://www.moma.org/learn/mo
emes/conceptual-art), Monoskop, Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095630464), Oxford DMCA (http://b
m/books?id=mwf6RVGYLjgC&pg=PA147), Stanford (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/conceptual-art/), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/c
t), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_art). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/arte-concettuale/). fr Larousse (http://www
chives/peinture/page/40). es Akal (http://books.google.com/books?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA31), Butin. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suv
312/mode/1up), Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n430/mode/1up). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/c

https://monoskop.org/Art 115/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/konceptualis-muveszet--koncept-muveszet-magyarorszagon-). sl Pojmovnik (http://www.poj
ept/konceptualizem/).
AUTH AAT (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300264827).

1971 Buren (h
ttp://everyday
archive.org/aw
t/wp-content/u Haacke (DE-US),
ploads/2014/0 Broodthaers (BE),
1971 Guggenheim
1/buren_studi Buren (http://www.dani
cancels Haacke's
o.pdf) elburen.com) (FR), sculpture,
Institutional show concept
1977 Haacke Asher, Rosler, Guerrilla installation,
Critique 1971 Guggenheim Foucaul
1990 Buchloh Girls (http://www.guerril performance
censores Buren's
(http://www.co lagirls.com/), Fraser
work
rner-college.c (US), Wodiczko (PL-
om/udb/cproIh US)
sEiyBuchloh_-
_Conceptual_
Art.pdf)

Daniel Buren, Olivier Mosset, Michel Parmentier, Niele Hans Haacke, Shapolsky et al. Manhattan Real Estate
Toroni, Photo-souvenir: Buren, Mosset, Parmentier, Toroni, Holdings, a Real-Time Social System, as of May 1, 1971
Manifestation no. 3, travail in situ, Salle de spectacle du (detail), 1971.
Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris le 2 Juin 1967, 1967. Artist
(http://catalogue.danielburen.com/exhibits/view/18?&la
ng=eng).

Marcel Broodthaers, installation view of the Musée d’Art

Moderne, Département des Aigles, Section des Figures,
Kunsthalle Düsseldorf, 1972.

https://monoskop.org/Art 116/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/institutional-critique).
en Grove (https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T2086985), Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.201108
Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/i/institutional-critique), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_Critique). cr Šuvaković (http://a
am/Suvakovic#page/n335/mode/1up). sl Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmovnik.si/koncept/kritika_institucij/).

1967 Haacke Haacke (DE-US), L

1968 Burnham Levine (IE-CA-US),
1968 Burnham Flavin, Andre, Morris Bertalan
installation,
Systems Art 1970 Software 1970 Software (US), CAyC group (htt 1968,
sculpture
(http://monosk p://cvaa.com.ar/02doss cyberne
op.org/log/?p= iers/cayc/03_intro.php)
5886) (AR)

Hans Haacke, Grass Cube, 1967. Les Levine takes a picture of his television sculpture
Iris as it takes a picture of him, c1968.

Hans Haacke, Circulation, 1969.

en Monoskop, Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/system-art), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_art). cr Šuvaković (http://ar

m/Suvakovic#page/n574/mode/1up).

Feminist Art 1969 Women Artists 1971 Nochlin Bourgeois (FR-US), sculpture,
in Revolution protest (http://www.art Hesse (DE-US), painting,
1971 26 Women news.com/201 Kusama (JP), performance,
Artists 5/05/30/why-h Schneemann, Chicago installation
1972 Womanhouse ave-there-bee (http://www.judychicag
(http://womanhouse. n-no-great-wo o.com) (US), Schapiro
refugia.net/) men-artists/) (CA-US), Mendieta
1973 c. 7,500 (http:// 1971-73 West- (CU-US), Ringgold,
vimeo.com/13161472) East Bag Kruger, Rosler,
1975 Magna newsletter Sherman, Holzer,

https://monoskop.org/Art 117/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
Feminismus: Kunst 1972-77 Benglis, Guerrilla Girls
und Kreativität Feminist Art (http://www.guerrillagirl
2007 WACK!: Art and Journal s.com/) (US), Valie
the Feminist 1976 Lippard Export (AT),
Revolution (http://w Abakanowicz, Partum
ww.moca.org/exhibiti (PL), Iveković (YU)
on/wack-art-and-the
-feminist-revolution)

Louise Bourgeois, Femme Maison, 1946-47. Oil and ink Eva Hesse, Ringaround Arosie, 1965. Pencil, acetone,
on linen. 91.4 x 35.6 cm each. From the Femme Maison varnish, enamel paint, ink, and cloth covered electrical
series. wire on papier-mâché and masonite. 67 x 41.9 x 11.4
cm. MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collection/works/986
38?locale=en).

Judy Chicago, The Dinner Party, 1979. Ceramic,

porcelain, textile. 1463 x 1463 cm. Brooklyn Museum
(http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/dinner_pa
rty). Artist (http://www.judychicago.com/gallery/the-dinn
er-party/dp-artwork/#0).

INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/feminist-art).

en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/f/feminist-art), Walker (http://www.walkerart.org/archive/C/B473811508113F0F6169.htm), Wikipedia (
dia.org/wiki/Feminist_art). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n203/mode/1up). sl Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmovnik.si/koncep
umetnost/).

Hurufiyya, 1947 Omar's show 1949 Omar Omar (SY-IQ-US), Al painting, calligrap
Arabic Letterism in Washington DC 1971 Al Said Said (http://www.encycl drawing,
1971- One 2006 Porter (h opedia.mathaf.org/en/b printmaking,
Dimension shows ttp://monosko ios/Pages/Shakir-Hass craft
1997 Letter, Word, p.org/log/?p=1 an-Al-Said.aspx) (IQ-
Art (http://archive.ar 6664) FR), Hamoudi (IQ),

https://monoskop.org/Art 118/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
amcoworld.com/issu Waqialla (SD-UK),
e/199702/letter.word. Adnan (http://www.etel
art.htm) adnan.com) (LB-US),
Akyavaş (http://www.ist
anbulmodern.org/en/pr
ess/press-releases/erol
-akyavas-retrospective
_1225.html) (TR),
Tanavoli (http://www.w
ellesley.edu/davismuse
um/whats-on/past/nod
e/55066) (IR-IT-US),
Zenderoudi (http://ww
w.zenderoudi.com/)
(IR-FR), el-Said (http://
www.issam-el-said.co.
uk) (IQ), Moustafa (htt
p://www.fenoon.com)
(EG-UK), Massoudy (ht
tp://www.massoudy.ne
t) (IQ-FR), Ahuja (htt
p://www.ameenaahuja.
com) (IN-UK), Qotbi (ht
tp://mehdiqotbi.com)
(MA-FR), Koraichi (htt
p://rachidkoraichi.com)
(DZ-FR), group: One
Dimension (IQ)

https://monoskop.org/Art 119/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Madiha Omar, At the Concert, 1948. Ink on white Shakir Hassan Al Said, Untitled, 1977. Ink on paper.
scratch board. 23.8 x 32.5 cm. Collection Hala Kittani. 53.5 x 73 cm. Mathaf Doha.

Issam El-Said, Ayat al-Kursi, c1979. Oil on canvas. 91 x

91 cm.

en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/h/hurufiyya).

Okeke (http://www.skot
ogallery.com/viewer/m
gr.shop/templates/prod
uct/template.5.asd/scs
uli (http:
1997 The Poetics of pid/168/vts/sidebarRig
painting, a.si.edu
Line (http://africa.si. ht), Aniakor, O
Nsukka Group printmaking, s/uli.htm
edu/exhibits/nsukka. Udechukwu (NG),
sculpture nsibidi, l
htm) Anatsui (http://www.bro
calligrap
oklynmuseum.org/exhi
bitions/el_anatsui/)
(GH-NG), Adenaike
(NG)

https://monoskop.org/Art 120/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Uche Okeke, The Crescent Moon, 1974. Linocut. 47 x 61 Obiora Udechukwu, Road to Abuja, 1983. Pen and ink
cm. on paper. 50.9 x 38 cm.

El Anatsui, Group Photo, 1987. Wood. Dimensions

variable, tallest individual piece: 45.7 cm.

en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/nsukka-group).

1972 Melamid & Bulatov (RU), Komar &

1988 Groys (h
Komar's Sots Art Melamid (http://www.ko
ttp://aaaaarg.f
series marandmelamid.org), socialist
ail/ref/6793b3 painting,
Sots Art 2007 Sots Art (http:// Kosolapov (http://www. realism,
ab5963e329fb sculpture
2nd.moscowbiennale. sotsart.com/), Sokov art
28e6729f9536
ru/en/special_project (RU-US), Nest group,
cb#91.31)
s/84/) Bruskin (RU)

https://monoskop.org/Art 121/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Komar & Melamid, Portrait of the Wife of Vitaly Komar Leonid Sokov, Irritator, 1974. Wood, iron, and oil paint
with Son and a Portrait of the Wife of Alex Melamid, 1972. with mechanism to move tongue. 31.5 x 20.5 x 9 cm.
Diptych, from the series Sots Art. Artists (http://www.ko Dodge/Zimmerli (http://www.zimmerlimuseum.rutgers.e
marandmelamid.org/chronology/1972/). du/leonid-sokov-gallery).

Erik Bulatov, Krasikov Street, 1977. Oil on canvas. 150 x

198,5 cm. Dodge/Zimmerli (http://www.zimmerlimuseu
m.rutgers.edu/russian-art-soviet-nonconformist-art-gall
ery).

en Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100519180), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/sots-art). cr

p://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n583/mode/1up). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/szoc-art)

1975 Martinez
Basquiat (http://basqui
(http://artistss
1972 City College at.com/), Haring (http:// mural,
pace.org/exhi
Graffiti Art show www.haring.com), painting,
bitions/united-
1983 Post-Graffiti Rammellzee, McGee drawing
graffiti-artist)
(US), Banksy (UK)
1982 Foster

https://monoskop.org/Art 122/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Jean-Michel Basquiat, Obnoxious Liberals, 1982. Keith Haring, Untitled, 1984. Acrylic on muslin. 238.8 x
Acrylic, oilstick, and spray paint on canvas. 172.7 × 238.8 cm. Artist (http://www.haring.com/!/art-work/66).
259.1 cm.

Banksy, [Kissing Policemen] (detail), 2004. Stencil

graffiti in Brighton, UK.

UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=15752). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/graffiti-slash-street-art).

en Grove (https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T033960), Grove US (http://books.google.com/books?id=sPGdBxzaWj0C&pg=RA1-P
DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095902679), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/g/graffiti-art). it Treccan
eccani.it/enciclopedia/graffitismo/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n251/mode/1up). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon
kkek/graffiti). sl Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmovnik.si/koncept/grafiti/).

Papunya Tula 1972 cooperative Possum (http://www.n painting, mural dreamin

formed ma.gov.au/exhibitions/
1981 Australian papunya_painting_out_
Perspecta of_the_australian_dese
1985 The Face of the rt/clifford_possum_tjap
Centre: Papunya Tula altjarri), Kaapa (http://w
Paintings 1971–1984 ww.nma.gov.au/exhibiti
2000 Papunya Tula: ons/papunya_painting_
Genesis and Genius (h out_of_the_australian_
ttp://archive.artgalle desert/kaapa_tjampitjin
ry.nsw.gov.au/exhibit pa), Stockman (http://w
ions/archived/2000/p ww.nma.gov.au/exhibiti
ons/papunya_painting_
apunya_tula/)
out_of_the_australian_
desert/billy_stockman_
tjapaltjarri), Uta Uta (htt
p://www.nma.gov.au/ex
hibitions/papunya_pain

https://monoskop.org/Art 123/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
ting_out_of_the_austra
lian_desert/uta_uta_tja
ngala), Anatjari (http://
www.nma.gov.au/exhib
itions/papunya_paintin
g_out_of_the_australia
n_desert/anatjari_yany
atjarri_tjakamarra_),
Leura (http://www.nma.
gov.au/exhibitions/pap
unya_painting_out_of_t
he_australian_desert/ti
m_leura_tjapaltjarri),
Tolson (http://www.nm
a.gov.au/exhibitions/pa
punya_painting_out_of
_the_australian_deser
t/turkey_tolson_tjupurr
ula) (AU)

https://monoskop.org/Art 124/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Uta Uta Tjangala, Ngurrapalangu, 1974. Acrylic paint Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri, Warlugulong 1977.
on particle board. 61 cm x 76.5 cm. NMA Canberra (htt Synthetic polymer paint, oil and natural earth pigments
p://www.nma.gov.au/collections-search/display?irn=212 on canvas synthetic polymer paint, oil and natural earth
29). pigments on canvas. 202 x 337.5 cm. NGA Canberra
(http://artsearch.nga.gov.au/Detail-LRG.cfm?IRN=1674
09).

Tim Leura Tjapaltjarri and Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri,

Spirit Dreaming Through Napperby Country, 1980.
Synthetic polymer paint on canvas. 207.7 × 670.8 cm.
NGV Melbourne (http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/coll
ection/work/2313).

AU Papunya Tula Artists (http://papunyatula.com.au/artworks/), NGA Canberra (http://artsearch.nga.gov.au/Search.cfm?mystartrow=1&realstartrow

ct=1&showrows=20&order_select=1&PlaceMade=Papunya), NMA Canberra (http://collectionsearch.nma.gov.au/ce/?solrsort=score%20desc&f%5
ace_name%3APapunya%2C%20Central%20Australia%2C%20Northern%20Territory%2C%20Australia) + (http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/high
-collection) + (http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/papunya_painting_out_of_the_australian_desert/home), AG NSW Sydney (http://www.artgallery.
ection/works/?sort_by=date&origin_id=australia.northern-territory.papunya), NGV Melbourne (http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/?type=collection&s=Papun
(http://www.flinders.edu.au/artmuseum/collections/highlights/papunya-collection.cfm), Australian M Sydney (http://australianmuseum.net.au/collect
tern-desert-art), Knights (http://www.sothebysaustralia.com.au/catalogue/AU0777), Wilkersons (http://www.iconsofthedesert.com/).

1975 New
Topographics (http:// Adams, Baltz, Gohlke
www.theguardian.co (http://www.frankgohlk
New man-alte
m/artanddesign/galle 1975 Jenkins e.com/), Nixon, Shore photography
Topographics landsca
ry/2010/feb/08/new-t (http://stephenshore.ne
opographics-landsca t/) (US), Bechers (DE)
pe-photography)

https://monoskop.org/Art 125/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Robert Adams, Tract House, Westminster, Colorado, Lewis Baltz, West Wall, Semicoa, 333 McCormick, Costa
1974. Gelatin silver print. 15.2 x 19.6 cm. Eastman (htt Mesa, 1974. Gelatin silver print. 15.4 x 22.9 cm. Edition
p://www.geh.org/taschen/htmlsrc15/m197701490006_f of 21. From series of 51 photographs, New Industrial
ul.html). Parks Near Irvine, California. MFAH (http://collections.mf
ah.org/art/detail/2020).

Bernd & Hilla Becher, Spherical Gas Tanks, Typologies,

1983-92. Ferrotyped gelatin silver prints on Agfa paper.
60.7 x 51.5 cm each. Book (http://monoskop.org/log/?p
=14289).

INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/new-topographics).

en Grove (https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T062172), Grove US (http://books.google.com/books?id=sPGdBxzaWj0C&pg=RA2-P

1975 Five Korean

Artists, Five Kinds of
White
Chong-hyun, Chang-
1975 École de Seoul
sup, Sang-hwa, Ufan
2014 Overcoming the
(http://www.studioleeuf
Tansaekhwa, Modern (http://prod-i
1980 Yil an.org), Whan-ki, painting
Dansaekhwa mages.exhibit-e.com/
Young-woo, Seo-bo (ht
www_alexandergray_
tp://www.parkseobo.co
com/Korean_Monoch m) (KO)
rome_Exhibition_Cat
alogue_2_18_2014.pd
f)

https://monoskop.org/Art 126/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Chung Sang-Hwa, Untitled 73-7, 1973, Acrylic on Lee Ufan, From Point, 1974. Oil on canvas. 160 x 130
canvas. 165 × 115 cm. cm.

Kwon Young-Woo, Untitled, 1984. Gouache, chinese

ink on paper. 224 x 170 cm.

en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/d/danseakhwa).

2004 Harney
(http://books.g
oogle.com/bo
oks?id=LOQF
AB8fWRYC&p
g=PA105)
2014 Deliss (h
performance,
1974 group ttp://web.archi
installation, performa
Laboratoire established ve.org/web/20 Samb, El Sy, Sèye,
photography, art, critiq
Agit'Art 1977 Tenq project 14071906215 Traoré (SN)
film, painting, Négritud
space starts 9/http://www.a
sculpture
fterall.org/jour
nal/issue.36/br
others-in-arms
_laboratoire-a
git_art-and-ten
q-in-dakar-in-t
he-1990s)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

El Hadji Sy, No. 13 Esprit de l'univers, 1981. Oil on

canvas.

en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/l/laboratoire-agit-art).

Mnyele (http://www.sah
istory.org.za/article/me
du-and-culture-liberatio
n), Tladi (ZA-BW),
1977 A New Day Martins (http://www.sah
1982 Culture and istory.org.za/people/dik
Resistance obe-ben-martins),
Symposium & Art for Magadlela (http://www.
Social Development sahistory.org.za/dated-
1986 To All
(http://www.sahistor event/south-african-arti
Organizations Black
y.org.za/thamsanqa- st-fikile-magadledla-bor
and Cultural printmaking, Conscio
Resistance Art culture-weapon-stru n), Clarke, Catherine (h
Workers painting Moveme
ggle) ttp://www.normancathe
1989 anti-apa
2011 Impressions rine.co.za/), Rakgoathe
Williamson
from South Africa (htt (http://www.sahistory.or
p://www.moma.org/i g.za/people/daniel-sefu
nteractives/exhibition di-rakgoathe),
s/2011/impressions_fr Muafangejo,
om_south_africa/) Williamson, Kentridge,
Bester (http://www.willi
ebester.co.za) (ZA),
group: Medu Art
Ensemble (BW-ZA)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Thami Mnyele, Remember Me, 1974. Wax crayon, conte Lefifi Tladi, c1979.
ink on paper. 122 x 96.4 cm.

Medu Art Ensemble, You Have Struck a Rock, 1981.

Screenprinted poster. 60 x 42 cm. Designer: Judy
Seidman. [12] (http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibi
tions/2011/impressions_from_south_africa/works/you-h
ave-struck-a-rock/index.html)

ZA Ifa Lethu (http://www.ifalethu.org.za/dmdocuments/Home%20and%20Away_catalogue.pdf).

en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/r/resistance-art).

1979 Crimp (h
ttp://academi
1977 Pictures
Sherman, Levine (htt
a.edu/572491
p://www.aftersherrielevi
2009 Pictures 6/) mass cu
ne.com/), Prince (http:// photography,
Generation (http://w 1980 Owens appropr
Pictures www.richardprince.co film, video,
ww.metmuseum.org/ (http://sci-hub. performa
Generation m/), Kruger (http://ww performance,
exhibitions/listings/2 st/10.2307/77 art, Bart
w.barbarakruger.com/) painting
009/pictures-generat 8575), (2) (htt 1967
(US), Goldstein (CA-
ion) p://sci-hub.st/1
US)
0.2307/33977
02)

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2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Jack Goldstein, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 1975. 16mm Cindy Sherman, Untitled Film Still #6, 1977. Gelatin
color sound film, 2 min. Video (http://ubu.com/film/gold silver print. 24 x 16.5 cm. From series of 69. MoMA (htt
stein_mgm.html). p://www.moma.org/collection/artists/5392). Book (http://
monoskop.org/log/?p=7600).

Sherrie Levine, After Walker Evans: 4, Gelatin silver

print. From series of 22. Met (http://www.metmuseum.o
rg/collection/the-collection-online/search?ft=%22After+
Walker+Evans%22).

INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/the-pictures-generation).

en Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/pcgn/hd_pcgn.htm), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/pictures-generation).

2005 Intertidal (htt

Wallace (http://project
2018 s.vanartgallery.bc.ca/w
p://www.muhka.be/e
Modigliani (htt allace/) (UK-CA), Wall
n/toont/event/250/In
p://library.mem (http://projects.vanartg
Vancouver tertidal/)
oryoftheworld. allery.bc.ca/publication photography, concept
School of Photo- 2015 Traces That
org/#/book/c2 s/75years/pdf/Wall_Jeff installation cinema
conceptualism Resemble Us (http://
c44b27-60f7-4 _45.pdf), Graham,
www.monteclarkgall a48-9c31-9a4 Lum, Douglas, Arden
ery.com/exhibitions.p b859b269f) (http://www.royarden.c
hp?id=462) om/) (CA)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Ian Wallace, Lookout (detail), 1979. Hand-coloured Jeff Wall, Picture for Women, 1979. Cibachrome
silver gelatin print, 1 of 12. 91.5 x 122 cm (each). VAG transparency mounted on a lightbox. 161,5 x 223,5 x
Vancouver (http://projects.vanartgallery.bc.ca/wallace/l 28,5 cm. Pompidou (http://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/
ookout-1979/). resource/c5eBM7k/rR5kbk6).

Stan Douglas, Onomatopoeia, 1985-86. Slide projection

for 120 black-and-white slides, one music roll. Zwirner
(http://www.davidzwirner.com/artists/stan-douglas/surv
ey/image/page/71/). [13] (http://www.medienkunstnetz.
de/works/onomatopoeia/)

en Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_School).

Neoism 1979 The Brain in the 1979 Cantsin Ackerman (US), Zack performance, mail art,
Mail (http://ccca.co (US-CA), Kantor (HU- printmaking, Fluxus,
1980 APT '80 ncordia.ca/per CA), Tolson (US), prank, film counterc
formance_arti Bonbon (http://www.thi plagiaris
sts/k/kantor/ka ng.de/projekte/7:9%23/
ntor_perf18/ne bonbon_index.html)
oism/manifest (CA), Zealot (http://ww
o/pages/neoist w.thing.de/projekte/7:
_manifesto.ht 9%23/gordon_w_inde
ml) x.html) (DE), Horobin,
1984-95 SMILE Home (http://www.stew
(http://www.thi arthomesociety.org/)
ng.de/projekt (UK) Cramer (DE-NL),
e/7:9%23/smil Cantsin (http://www.thi
e_index.html) ng.de/projekte/7:9%23/
1984 Cantsin cantsin_index.html),
(http://monosk Eliot (http://www.thing.
op.org/log/?p= de/projekte/7:9%23/eli
https://monoskop.org/Art 131/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
11241) ot_index.html), Blissett
1987 Cantsin (http://www.thing.de/pr
ojekte/7:9%23/blissett_
index.html) (int)

Monty Cantsin, Neoism Manifesto, 1979. Author (http://c Istvan Kantor, Neoist Chair Action, 1980.
cca.concordia.ca/performance_artists/k/kantor/kantor_
perf18/neoism/manifesto/pages/neoist_manifesto.htm
l).

Stewart Home, cover of SMILE 1, 1984. Published in

Woking, England.

en Monoskop, Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoism).

Sound Art, 1980 Für Augen und 1975 Grayson Lucier, Neuhaus, installation, Russolo
Sound Installation Ohren (http://monos (http://monosk Amacher, Leitner (htt sculpture, Cage, M
kop.org/log/?p=1940 op.org/log/?p= p://www.bernhardleitne performance Schafer,
8) 5681) r.at) (AT), DeMarinis, B
1987 Ars Electronica 1985 Wishart Fontana (http://www.re
(http://archive.aec.a (http://monosk soundings.org/) (US),
t/print/#7) op.org/log/?p= R Julius, Kubisch (htt
1996 Sonambiente (h 598) p://www.christinakubisc
ttp://monoskop.org/l 1990 Lander h.de/) (DE), Collins
og/?p=14275) & Lexier (http (US)
1996– Singuhr (htt
s://monoskop.
p://singuhr.de) org/log/?p=18
831)
2012 Sounding the
Body Electric (http
s://monoskop.org/lo
g/?p=9894)
https://monoskop.org/Art 132/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
2012 Sound Art:
Sound as a Medium of
Art (http://soundart.
zkm.de)

Alvin Lucier, Music on a Long Thin Wire, 1979. Wire, Max Neuhaus, Untitled [Sound Installation], [1979-89]
wood, electro-magnet, electronics. 1992. Pencil on paper. 89.5 x 55 cm, 89.5 x 40 cm.
MCA Chicago (http://mcachicago.org/Collection/Items/
Max-Neuhaus-Neuhaus-Sound-Installation-1979-No-1-
1982).

INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/sound-art).

en Monoskop, Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100519466), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/
Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n691/mode/1up). sl Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmovnik.si/koncept/zvok/).

AI Weiwei, HUANG
painting,
Stars Group, 1979 The Stars Rui, LI Shuang, MA
sculpture,
Xingxing Exhibition Desheng, WANG
drawing
Keping (CN)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

The first Stars group exhibition, Beijing, 1979. Wang Keping, Silence, 1978. Wood, stained.

Ma Desheng, Dancing Woman, 1983. Ink on paper.

INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/the-stars-art-group-xing-xing).

en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/stars-group).

1980 Reality and

Utterance
1988 Min Joong Art
(http://artistsspace.o Yoon, Song-dam, Chul-
Minjung Art, rg/exhibitions/ming-j Soo, Bong-Chun, printmaking,
anti-cap
People's Art oong-art-a-new-cult Hyeonsil gwa Bareon drawing
ural-moment-from-ko group (KO)
rea)
1994 Fifteen Years of
Minjung Art

https://monoskop.org/Art 134/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Hong Sung Dam, May 27-Daedong Sesang, 1984. Oh Yoon, General Green Pea, 1985. Colored woodcut. 35
Woodcut. x 26 cm.

Lee Chul-Soo, In the Streets, c1988. Woodcut.

en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/m/minjung-art).

Baselitz, Penck,
Neo- Immendorff, Kiefer,
1980 Venice
Expressionism, Lüpertz (DE), Schnabel
Biennial
Neue Wilden, (US), Le Brun (UK), painting expr.
1982 Zeitgeist
Figuration libre, Combas, Blanchard,
1982 documenta 7
Heftige Malerei Boisrond, de Rosa
(FR)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Anselm Kiefer, Interior, 1981. Oil, acrylic and paper on Georg Baselitz, Orangenesser [Orange Eater], 1982. Oil
canvas. 287.5 x 311 cm. Stedelijk (http://www.stedelijk. on canvas. 146 x 114 cm.
nl/en/artwork/5641-innenraum)

A.R. Penck, Die Zukunft des Emigranten [The Future of

Emigrants], 1983. Ace resin on canvas. 260 x 350 cm.
NNG Berlin (http://www.smb.museum/en/museums-an
d-institutions/neue-nationalgalerie/image-gallery.html) +
(http://www.freunde-der-nationalgalerie.de/en/projekte/
ankaeufe/1984/a-r-penck.html).

FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AFiguration%20Libre) f.l.. US Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org

ment/neo-expressionism), Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/neo-expressionism/). AR MNBA (http://mnba.gob.ar/coleccion/estilo/ne
o). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/neo-expressionism), Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/the-new-fauves) n.f., Google AP (http://www.google.com/c
entity/m03r8n4).
en Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100228231), Oxford DMCA (http://books.google.com/books?id=mwf6
=PA503), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/neo-expressionism), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/neue-wilden) n.w., Wikipedi
pedia.org/wiki/Neo-expressionism), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figuration_Libre) f.l. it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/neo
o/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n409/mode/1up), Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n425/mode/1u
(http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/heftige-malerei), Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/figuration-libre). no SNL (http
maleri).

1979 Oliva (htt

p://www.flasha
rtonline.it/articl Chia, Clemente,
Transavanguardia 1979 Le Stanze painting neo-exp
e/la-trans-ava Cucchi, Paladino (IT)
nguardia/)
1980 Oliva

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Francesco Clemente, Fourteen Stations n.III, 1981-82. Sandro Chia, Hand Game, 1981. Olio su tela, 199 x
Oil on canvas. 198 x 236 cm. 153 x 4,5 cm.

Enzo Cucchi, A terra d'uomo, 1980. Pencil on lined

paper. 180 x 210 cm.

FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ATrans-Avant-Garde). INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/transavanguardia

en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/t/transavanguardia). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/transavanguardia/). cr Šuvaković (
rg/stream/Suvakovic#page/n636/mode/1up). hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/transzavantgard). no SNL (http://snl.no/trans

Cox, Cragg, Flanagan,

New British 1981 Objects and Gormley, Deacon,
sculpture
Sculpture Sculpture Houshiary, Kapoor,
Wilding, Woodrow (UK)

https://monoskop.org/Art 137/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Tony Cragg, Stack, 1975. Wood, concrete, brick, metal, Bill Woodrow, Car Door, Ironing Board and Twin-Tub with
plastic, textile, cardboard and paper. 200 x 200 x 200 North American Indian Head-Dress, 1981. Washing
cm. Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/cragg-stac machine, ironing board and car door. 186.5 x 283 x 157
k-t07428). cm. Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/woodrow-
car-door-ironing-board-and-twin-tub-with-north-america
n-indian-head-dress-t03355).

Alison Wilding, Locust, 1983. Copper, oak and lead.

208 x 70 x 42 cm. Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artwo
rks/wilding-locust-t06491).

UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=1682). INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/new-british-sculpture).

en Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100230953), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/new-britis
Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n419/mode/1up).

Düsseldorf Bechers, Ruff, Gursky, Neue

School of Höfer, Hütte, Struth photography Sachlich
Photography (DE) new top

https://monoskop.org/Art 138/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Thomas Ruff, Porträt (Pia Stadtbäumer), 1988. Thomas Struth, Art Institute of Chicago II, 1990.
Chromogenic colour print laminated with diasec face. Chromogenic print. 180 x 215 cm. From series Museum
210 x 165 cm. Edition of 3. From Porträts series. MMK Photographs. Artist (http://www.thomasstruth32.com/sm
(http://mmk-frankfurt.de/en/the-collection/werkdetailseit allsize/photographs/museum_photographs_1/index.ht
e/?werk=1989%2F2), Harn (http://128.227.24.13/emus ml).
eum/view/objects/asitem/500/35/displayDate-desc),
Henry (http://collections.henryart.org/detail.php?t=obje
cts&type=ext&f=&s=&record=3&maker=ruff%2C+thom
as&op-earliest_year=%253D&op-latest_year=%253D).

Andreas Gursky, Rhine II, 1999. Chromogenic color

print. 156.4 x 308.3 cm. Edition of 6. Tate (http://www.ta
te.org.uk/art/artworks/gursky-the-rhine-ii-p78372).
MoMA (http://www.moma.org/collection/works/88067?l
ocale=en).

UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=32884). US Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/dusseldorf-school/). INT Artsy (https://ww

e/dusseldorf-school-of-photography).
en Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/phdu/hd_phdu.htm), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/d/dusseldorf-school-of-photography).

Irwin (http://irwin.si/),
Neue
1984 NSK Laibach (http://www.lai performance, retro-ava
Slowenische
established bach.org/), New sculpture garde
Kunst
Collectivism (SL)

https://monoskop.org/Art 139/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Laibach, 1983. Photo by Dušan Gerlica. IRWIN, Malevič med dvema vojnama [Malevich Between
Two Wars], 1984.

NSK Passport, 1993. Artists (http://www.passport.nsk.si/

en/the_NSK_passport).

en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/neue-slowenische-kunst). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n416/mode/1up

(http://www.pojmovnik.si/koncept/novo_slovensko_kiparstvo/).

1984 'Primitivism' in
20th Century Art [15]
(http://moma.org/cal
endar/exhibitions/19
07?locale=en)
1989 Magiciens de la Durham, Hammons
sculpture, Fanon 1
terre (https://monosk (US), Ofili (UK-TT),
Postcolonial Art performance, Said 197
op.org/log/?p=17368) Orozco (MX-FR-US),
installation Oriental
2014 Magiciens de la Walker (US)
terre. Retour sur une
exposition légendaire
(http://www.centrep
ompidou.fr/cpv/resou
rce/c5eRpey/rERz8A)

https://monoskop.org/Art 140/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

David Hammons, Bliz-aard Ball Sale, 1983. Twenty color Jimmie Durham, Often Durham Employs..., 1988. Mixed
slides. Performance in front of Cooper Union, NYC. media, wood, squirrel skin, paint, plastic. 30.5 x 40.6 x
12.7 cm.

Gabriel Orozco, Home Run, 1993. Installation in

apartment building, view from the Museum of Modern
Art, NYC.

UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=33005).
en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/postcolonial-art).

Araeen, Bailey, Black

Audio Film Collective,
Boyce, Chambers,
1984 Into the Open
Dedi, Forrester, Himid, painting,
British Black Arts 1987 The Image
C Johnson, Kapo, sculpture, Stuart H
Movement Employed
Palmer, K Piper (http:// photography
1989 The Other Story
www.keithpiper.info),
Rodney, Sealy, M
Smith, Sulter (UK)

https://monoskop.org/Art 141/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Sonia Boyce, From Tarzan to Rambo: English Born Keith Piper, Go West Young Man, 1987. 14 photographs,
‘Native’ Considers her Relationship to the Constructed/Self gelatin silver print on paper mounted onto board. In 14
Image and her Roots in Reconstruction, 1987. parts, each: 84 x 56 cm. Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/ar
Photographs, black and white, on paper, photocopies t/artworks/piper-go-west-young-man-t12575).
on paper, acrylic paint , ballpoint pen, crayon and felt-
tip pen. Support: 124 x 359 cm. Tate (http://www.tate.or
g.uk/art/artworks/boyce-from-tarzan-to-rambo-english-b
orn-native-considers-her-relationship-to-the-t05021).

Rasheed Araeen, Bismullah, 1988. 5 photographs,

colour, on paper, acrylic paint and gold paint on 4
canvases. Displayed: 154.4 x 230 cm. Tate (http://www.
tate.org.uk/art/artworks/araeen-bismullah-t06986).

en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/b/british-black-arts-movement).

1986 Huang
(http://visualar HUANG Yongping, LIN
assemblage,
1983 Cultural Palace ts.walkerart.or Jiahua, JIAO Yaoming, dada, C
Xiamen Dada painting,
1986 Burning Event g/oracles/detai YU Xiaogang, XU Buddhis
sculpture
ls.wac?id=246 Chengdou (CN)
9)

https://monoskop.org/Art 142/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Xiamen Dada, photograph of the burning of art works

in front of the Xiamen New Art Gallery on 24 Nov 1986.

en ECCC (http://contemporary_chinese_culture.academic.ru/883), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/x/xiamen-dada).

WANG Guangyi, SHU

Qun, REN Jian, LIU
Rational Painting,
1986 Gao Yan, ZHANG Peili, painting
Lixing huihua
GENG Jianyi, WANG
Qiang (CN)

Wang Guangyi, Red Rationality: Revision of the Idols, Zhang Peili, X? Series, 1987. Oil on canvas. 99 x 79.5
1987. Oil on canvas. 200 × 160 cm. cm.

Geng Jianyi, The Second Situation, 1987. Oil on canvas,

set of four. Each: 170 × 130 cm.

https://monoskop.org/Art 143/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/r/rational-painting).

1985 shows in 1986 Gao

85 New Wave, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, 2011 Gao (htt rational
bawu meishu Beijing, Shanghai, p://monoskop. painting painting
xinchao Yunnan, Shenzhen, org/log/?p=30 xiamen
Shanxi 13)

Shen Qin, Shitu duihua [Dialogue Between the Teacher Zhang Qun and Meng Luding, In the New Era:
and Disciple], 1985. Revelations of Adam and Eve, 1985. Oil on canvas. 196 x
164 cm.

Xu Bing, Tiānshū [A Book from the Sky], 1987-91.

Hand-printed books and scrolls printed from blocks
inscribed with false characters. Artist (http://www.xubin
g.com/index.php/site/projects/year/1991/book_from_th
e_sky).

INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/85-new-wave).

en ECCC (http://contemporary_chinese_culture.academic.ru/2), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/85-new-wave).

1996 Foster
abstract
Neo-Geo, 2014 Brandt Halley, Bickerton,
painting, appropr
Simulationism, (https://aaaaar Goldstein, Welling,
1986 Endgame assemblage, art, Bau
Neo- g.fail/thing/5d9 Koons (US), Lavier
sculpture 1981:
Conceptualism 509109ff37c1 (FR)
simulatio
45b622bcf)

https://monoskop.org/Art 144/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Peter Halley, Prison and Cell with Smokestack and Jeff Koons, Three Ball Total Equilibrium Tank (Two Dr J
Conduit, 1985. Acrylic, roll-a-tex/canvas. Silver Series, Spalding NBA Tip-Off), 1985. Glass, steel,
pneumatic feet, 3 rubber basketballs and water. 153.6
x 123.8 x 33.6 cm. Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/art/wor
k/T06991)

Ashley Bickerton, Commercial Piece #1, 1989. Anodized

aluminum, wood, leather, acrylic paint, rubber. 177.8 x
259.1 x 50.8 cm.

FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ASimulationnisme) s., + (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?

3ANéo-Géo) n.. INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/neo-geo), Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/neo-conceptualism) n.c.
en Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/neo-conceptualism) n.c., Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/
803100228257), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/neo-geo). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n410/mode/1up),
p://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n413/mode/1up) n.c., Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n568/mode/1up) s.

1992 Corris
1999
1988 Freeze Stallabrass (ht Hirst, Lucas, Fairhurst,
Young British sculpture,
1995 Brilliant! tps://aaaaarg.f Landy, Emin, Dean
Artists (YBA) installation
1997 Sensation ail/thing/5f817 (UK)
df89ff37c5baa
2e81d6)

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2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Damien Hirst, The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Sarah Lucas, Au Naturel, 1994. Mattress, water bucket,
Mind of Someone Living, 1991. Tiger shark, glass, steel melons, oranges and cucumber. 84 x 168 x 145 cm.
and formaldehyde solution. 213 x 518 x 213 cm.

INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/young-british-artists-yba), Google AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m014wxs).

en Grove (https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T096668), Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.201108
Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/y/young-british-artists). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n420/mode/1up).

YUE Minjun, FANG

Lijun, ZHANG
socialist
Xiaogang, WANG
Cynical Realism 1992 Li painting realism,
Jinsong, YANG
political
Shaobin, SONG
Yonghong (CN)

https://monoskop.org/Art 146/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Zhang Xiaogang, Bloodline — Big Family: Three Yue Minjun, Execution, 1995. Oil on canvas. 150 x 300
Comrades, 1994. Oil on canvas. 150 x 180 cm. cm.

Yang Shaobin, Untitled, 2001.

INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/cynical-realism).

en ECCC (http://contemporary_chinese_culture.academic.ru/167), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/c/cynical-realism). cr Šuvaković (http:/
eam/Suvakovic#page/n126/mode/1up).

WANG Guangyi, YU
Youhan, WANG Ziwei,
FENG Mengbo, 85 new
Political Pop 1992 Li painting
ZHANG Peili, WEI pop art
Guangqing, QIU Zhijie
(CN)

https://monoskop.org/Art 147/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Zhang Peili, Water – The Standard Pronunciation of 1989, Yu Youhan, Mao in a Colourful Lounge Chair, 1992.
1990, Oil on canvas. Set of 3: 100 x 80cm (each). Acrylic on canvas. 118 x 98 cm.

Wang Guangyi, Great Criticism: Andy Warhol, 2002. Oil

on canvas. 200 x 300 cm

INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/political-pop).

en ECCC (http://contemporary_chinese_culture.academic.ru/610/Political_Pop).

1993 Backstage (htt

p://www.kunstverei
n.de/ausstellungen/a
rchiv/1990-1999/1993/ 1998
19930910-backstage. Bourriaud (htt
Parreno, Huyghe (FR),
php) p://libgen.rs/b
Gillick (UK-US),
Relational Art, 1996 Traffic ook/index.ph performance,
Tiravanija (TH-US),
Relational 2002 Touch (http://w p?md5=774E installation,
Beecroft (IT-US),
Aesthetics ww.karensmoss.net/t D2ACDD5C80 sculpture
Cattelan (IT), Höller
ouch/) E075E4BAC6
(BE), Gordon (UK)
2008 2BE2D491)
theanyspacewhatever 2004 Bishop
(http://web.guggenh
eim.org/exhibitions/a
nyspace/)

https://monoskop.org/Art 148/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Rirkrit Tiravanija, Untitled (pad thai), 1990. Mixed Philippe Pareno, Snow Dancing, 1995. Book, public
media. Dimensions variable. event, exhibition. + (http://www.estherschipper.com/site
s/default/files/pp/BIOGRAPHY/Philippe%20Parreno,%
20Introduction,%201991-2014_EN.pdf#page=41) + (htt
p://ensembles.mhka.be/items/snow-dancing?locale=e
n).

Vanessa Beecroft, VB16 Piano Americano-Beige, 1996.

Exhibition (http://deitch.com/archive/vb16-piano-americ
ano-beige).

FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AArt%20relationnel). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/relational-ae

en [ https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T2093934 Grove], Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/r/relational-aesthetics). cr Šuva
chive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n547/mode/1up).

1995 Lacy (htt

ps://monosko
p.org/log/?p=1
9518)
2002 Kwon (ht
tps://monosko Lacy (http://www.suzan
p.org/images/ nelacy.com), Dion
New Genre 1993 Culture in
d/d3/Kwon_Mi (US), Bruguera (http://
Public Art Action
won_One_Pla www.taniabruguera.co
ce_after_Anot m) (CU-US)
her_Site-Spec
ific_Art_and_L
ocational_Iden
tity.pdf#page=
113)

https://monoskop.org/Art 149/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Suzanne Lacy and a coalition of Chicago Women, Full Mark Dion and the Chicago Urban Ecology Action
Circle, 1992-93. Artist (http://www.suzannelacy.com/full- Group, Chicago Urban Ecology Action Group, 1993.
circle/).

UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=32901).
en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/new-genre-public-art).

Sherman, Kelley,
1994 October
McCarthy, Bourgeois,
(http://sci-hub.
Schneemann (http://w
st/10.2307/77
ww.caroleeschneeman sculpture, Kristeva
8965)
Abject Art 1993 Abject Art n.com), Gober, K Smith performance, Bataille,
1996 Foster (h
(US), Chadwick, installation feminist
ttp://sci-hub.st/
Gilbert&George,
10.2307/7789
Lucas, Chapman bros
08)
(UK)

Kiki Smith, Blood Pool, 1992. Wax, gauze, and pigment. Jake Chapman, Dinos Chapman, from Exquisite Corpse
106.7 x 61 x 40.6 cm. Artic (http://www.artic.edu/aic/coll series, 2000. Etching on paper. 22.8 x 7.8 cm. Tate (htt
ections/artwork/122231). p://www.tate.org.uk/art/search?gid=66687&sort=acno).

UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=16666). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/the-abject).

en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/abject-art), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjection#In_art).

Archival Art, 2004 Foster Gonzalez-Torres (CU- installation,

Archival US), Tiravanija (TH- performance
Aesthetics US), Gillick (UK-US),
Hirschhorn (CH-FR),
Orozco (MX-FR-US),
Gordon (UK), Huyghe,
Parreno, Gonzalez-
https://monoskop.org/Art 150/163
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
Foerster (FR), Green,
Dion, Durant (US),
Dean (UK)

Liam Gillick, McNamara, 1994. Brionvega Algol TVC Thomas Hirschhorn, Raymond Carver Altar, 1998-99.
11R, 35mm film transferred onto appropriate format, Mixed-media installation at The Galleries at Moore,
Florence Knoll table (optional), copies of various drafts Philadelphia.
of the film McNamara. Dimensions variable. Artist (htt
p://www.liamgillick.info/home/work/mcnamara-erasmus
-whatif/mcnamara).

Tacita Dean, Bubble House (Exterior), 1999. R-type

photograph. 148 x 173 cm.

Critical Art Ensemble,

1992 N5M
The Yes Men,
Zapbook (htt situation
Electronic Disturbance
p://monoskop. de Certe
Theater, ®TMark (htt
org/log/?p=86 performance, 1980 (ht
p://www.rtmark.com/)
Tactical Media 1993 Next 5 Minutes 21) software, noskop.
(US), Bureau of
1994 CAE (htt installation g/?p=46
Inverse Technology,
p://monoskop. strategy
Ubermorgen (int),
org/log/?p=24 tactics
Raqs Media Collective
5)
(IN), Garcia (NL-UK)

https://monoskop.org/Art 151/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Critical Art Ensemble, By Any Media Necessary, 2000. The Yes Men, Dow, 2004. Artists (http://theyesmen.org/
Poster. hijinks/dow).

Julian Oliver, Daniil Vasiliev, Newstweek, 2011. Artists

(http://newstweek.com/).

en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/t/tactical-media).

1993 jodi.org 1996 Blank (ht

1994 irational.org tp://www.iratio
1997 documenta X (h nal.org/cern/n
ttp://www.document etart.txt)
a12.de/archiv/dx/engli 1999 ReadMe! Jodi (BE/NL), Ćosić
(http://web.arc (SL), Bunting &
sh/frm_home.htm)
irational.org (UK/int),
Net Art, 1998 Beyond hive.org/web/2
Shulgin, Lialina (RU), software Nettime
Internet Art Interface (http://ww 0150107012813/
Bookchin (US),
w.walkerart.org/galle http://www.m
0100101110101101.org
ry9/beyondinterface/) edialounge.ne
(IT)
2000 Digital Is Not t/lounge/works
Analog (http://www. pace/nettime/
d-i-n-a.net/en/dina/d DOCS/zkp5/pd
ina00.html) f/art.pdf)

https://monoskop.org/Art 152/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

Jodi, wwwwwwwww.jodi.org, 1995. The sub-domain Alexei Shulgin, Form Art, 1997. Web page. Online (htt
wwwwwwwww was installed in 2001 and contains p://www.c3.hu/collection/form/).
works from 1995 to 1998. Web page. Online (http://ww
wwwwwww.jodi.org).

0100101110101101.org, Life Sharing, 2000-03. Web

page. Documentation (http://0100101110101101.org/lif
e-sharing/).

US Turbulence (http://turbulence.org/). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/net-art).

en Grove (https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T2287852), Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/networked
s://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/net-art). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/net-art/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvako
mode/1up). sl Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmovnik.si/koncept/netart_spletna_umetnost/).

2013 The Shadows

Took Shape (http://w Akomfrah (GH-UK),
ww.studiomuseum.or Kia Henda (AO),
1994 Dery
g/exhibition/the-shad Otolith Group (http://ot
1998 Eshun (h mytholo
ows-took-shape) olithgroup.org/) (UK),
Afrofuturism ttp://monosko race,
2015 Unveiling Mutu (http://wangechim
p.org/log/?p=8 technolo
Visions (http://www. utu.com/) (KE-US), De
05)
nypl.org/events/exhib Middel (http://www.lade
itions/unveiling-visio middel.com/) (ES-UK)
ns)

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2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

The Otolith Group and Richard Couzins, Otolith I, Kiluanji Kia Hendi, Icarus 13, The First Journey to the Sun,
2003. Video, 22m25s, Colour, Sound. Artists (http://otol 2007. 8 photographs, model.
ithgroup.org/index.php?m=project&id=5).

Cristina De Middel, Untitled (from The Afronauts series),

2012. The Afronauts. Artist (http://www.lademiddel.com/t
he-afronauts-1.html). Book (http://monoskop.org/log/?p
=7088).

INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/afrofuturism).

en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/afrofuturism).

2002 Readme
2002 CODeDOC (htt Mansoux (FR-NL),
2006
p://artport.whitney.o I/O/D, Mongrel,
Goriunova (htt
rg/commissions/code McLean, Ward, Yuill
p://monoskop.
doc/) (UK), Levin, Napier (htt
org/log/?p=82
2003 Ars Electronica: p://potatoland.org/), net art, g
Software Art 65) software
Code (http://90.146. Radical Software art
2008 Mansoux
8.18/en/archives/fes & de Valk (htt Group (US),
tival_archive/festival p://monoskop. 0100101110101101.org
_overview.asp?iPres org/log/?p=31) (IT), Moddr, Netochka
entationYearFrom=2 Nezvanova (int)
003)

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *

I/O/D (Matthew Fuller, Colin Green, Simon Pope), Jodi, Wrong Browser, 1998-2000. Software. Online (htt
I/O/D 4: The Web Stalker, 1997. Software. Online (http:// p://wrongbrowser.jodi.org/).
bak.spc.org/iod/iod4.html).

Mark Napier, Shredder, 1998. Software. Online (http://w Alex McLean, forkbomb.pl, 2001. Software. Online (htt
ww.potatoland.org/shredder/). p://runme.org/project/+forkbomb/).

Perpetual Self Dis/Infecting Machine, custom made Adrian Ward, Auto-Illustrator, 2002. Software. Online
computer infected with Biennale.py by (http://web.archive.org/web/20070928211859/http://ww
0100101110101101.org and Epidemic, 2001. Online (ht w.auto-illustrator.com/).
tp://0100101110101101.org/biennale-py/).

en Monoskop, Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/software-art).

Game Art 1998 Synreal: The 2002 Holmes Jodi (BE/NL), Mongrel software,
Unreal Modification (http://www.cr (UK), Bookchin (US), installation
(http://synreal.netba udeoils.us/art Eastwood (SR), Diosi
se.org/) write/August2 (SK-CZ), Molleindustria
(http://www.molleindust
https://monoskop.org/Art 155/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop

Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
2001 Game Show (ht 002/Holmes.ht ria.org) (IT), J Oliver (ht
tp://www.massmoc m) tp://julianoliver.com)
a.org/event_details.p (NZ-DE), Jahrmann (ht
hp?id=55) tp://ludic-society.net/)
2003 Games: (AT)
Computer Games by
Artists (https://www.
hmkv.de/_en/progra
mm/programmpunkt
e/2003/Ausstellunge
n/2003_games.php)

Jodi, SOD, 1999. Macintosh/PC computer game. 12 Natalie Bookchin, The Intruder, 1999. Web-based
screen shots. Online (http://sod.jodi.org/). game. Artist (http://bookchin.net/projects/the-intruder/).

Marloes de Valk, Aymeric Mansoux, Dave Griffiths,

Naked on Pluto, 2010-2015. Online (archive)

Bio Art 2000 Ars Electronica: Kac (http://www.ekac.o genetics

Next Sex (http://90.14 rg/) (US), Stelarc (htt
6.8.18/en/archives/fes p://stelarc.org) (CY-
tival_archive/festival AU), Critical Art
_overview.asp?iPrese Ensemble (US),
ntationYearFrom=20 Jeremijenko (http://ww
00) w.nataliejeremijenko.co
m/) (AU-US),
SymbioticA (http://ww
w.symbiotica.uwa.edu.
au/) (AU), Quinn (http://
marcquinn.com/) (UK),
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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
De Menezes (http://ma
rtademenezes.com/)
(PT), Dewey-Hagborg
(http://www.deweyhagb
org.com/) (US)

Natalie Jeremijenko, OneTree(s), 1999-2000. 1,000 fast- Eduardo Kac, GFP Bunny, 2000. Green fluorescent
growing fruitless walnut trees cloned from one tree's rabbit ("Alba"). Artist (http://www.ekac.org/gfpbunny.ht
tissue and planted around the San Francisco Bay Area. ml).
Artist (http://www.nyu.edu/projects/xdesign/onetrees/).

Stelarc, Ear on Arm, 2007. Photograph by Nina Sellars.

Artist (http://stelarc.org/?catID=20242).

en Grove (https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T2088795).

Post-Internet Art 2011 Grouped Show 2008 Olson (ht Laric (http://oliverlaric.c sculpture, surf club
2011 The Greater tp://www.alban om/) (AT-DE), digital print, VVORK
Cloud y.edu/faculty/d Domanović (SR-SL-AT- software, www.vvo
2014 Art Post- goodwin/share DE), Novitskova (http:// video m/), DIS
Internet d_resources/ katjanovi.net/) (EE-NL), dismaga
2016 The Present in WordsWithout Rafman (http://jonrafm om/), ne
Drag Pictures.pdf#p an.com/) (CA), Si-Qin aestheti
age=284) (http://timursiqin.com/) p://new-
2010 Vierkant (DE), Arcangel (http://w tic.tumb
(http://jstchilli ww.coryarcangel.co
n.org/artie/vier m/), Olson (http://www.
kant.html) marisaolson.com/),
2011 Pool (htt Cortright (http://www.p
p://monoskop. etracortright.com/),
org/log/?p=349

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
0) Vierkant (http://artievier
2011 McGugh kant.com) (US)
(http://monosk
op.org/log/?p=
2677)
2014 Kholeif
(http://aaaaar
g.fail/ref/ec73
962a698b4f63
d0e49007e06
47c2b#0.01)

Oliver Laric, Versions (Missile Variations), 2010. Airbrush Katja Novitskova, Curiosity and Opportunity: Next Best
on dibond. 70 x 100 cm. From series of c10. Artist (htt Thing To Being There, 2012. Online panorama app for
p://oliverlaric.com/missilevariations.htm). Tanya mobile and desktop browsers, dimensions variable.
Leighton (http://www.tanyaleighton.com/index.php?pag Artist (http://katjanovi.net/curiosityandopportunity.html).
eId=426&l=en).

Aleksandra Domanović, Portrait (Soft-Touch), 2013.

Polyurethane base and soft-touch coating. 44 x 22 x 38
cm each. Exhibition (http://www.monicadecardenas.co
m/milano/exhibitions/born-this-way-brbogdan-bogdano
vicbraleksandra-doma/#works). Tanya Leighton (http://
www.tanyaleighton.com/index.php?pageId=585&l=en).

INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/post-internet-art).

en Monoskop, Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postinternet).

Decolonial 2009- SAVVY 2011 Ehlers (https://www.jea installation,

Aesthetics Contemporary manifesto nnetteehlers.dk/), performance,
2012-2018 BE.BOP 2013 Lasch (http://www.pedr sculpture,
Decolonial olasch.com/), Povinelli,

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Key events
Selected works
Term Key texts Key artists Media Ref
Collections
Dictionaries *
aestheSis (htt Wilson (https://en.wikip video,
ps://socialtextj edia.org/wiki/Fred_Wils intervention
ournal.org/peri on_(artist))
scope_topic/d
ecolonial_aest
hesis/)

Fred Wilson, Mining the Museum: An Installation Pedro Lasch, Black Mirror/Espejo Negro (https://www.pe
(detail), 1992. (Right) Pedestals described as Harriet drolasch.com/blackmirror.html), 2007-. Installation.
Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Benjamin Banneker;
(Middle) Globe (known as Truth Trophy) ca. 1913;
(Left) Henry Clay, Napoleon Bonaparte, Andrew
Jackson busts. See Wilson & Halle 1993, Corrin 1993,
Mignolo 2011, Houston 2017 (https://bmoreart.com/201
7/05/how-mining-the-museum-changed-the-art-world.ht
ml).

Jeannette Ehlers, Whip It Good (http://jeannetteehlers.d

k/m4v/video21.htm), 2014. Performance. Photo: Casper
Maare. First commissioned by Art Labour Archive
(Alanna Lockward) and Ballhaus Naunynstrasse in
Berlin, 2013. Source (https://finespind.dk/index.php/bill
edgallerier/834-kunstner-queen-jeannette-ehlers-intervi
ewbilledeidstart1venstre). [14] (https://monoskop.org/i
mages/9/91/BE.BOP_2014_Spiritual_Revolutions_and
_The_Scramble_for_Africa.pdf)

More
This list extends the table above to include terms that are not widely used. Some may be added later.[8]

Abstract Art. US Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ke g/wiki/Abstract_art). fr Pompidou (http://mediation.cen

Abramtsevo Colony. en Grove DA (http://books.google.n
ywords/abstract-art/). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/g repompidou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-abstrait/EN
o/books?id=i3Od9bcGus0C&pg=PA2), Wikipedia (htt
ene/abstract-art). en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/ar -abstrait.html).
p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abramtsevo_Colony).
t-terms/a/abstract-art), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.or

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Abstract Colorism. Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmovnik.si/k Bad Painting. FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepom Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmovnik.si/koncept/kibernetic
oncept/abstraktni_kolorizem/). pidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ABad%20Painting). na_umetnost/).
Abstract Figuration. artists: Wols, Fautrier, Dubuffet, INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/bad-painting). fr Dau al Set. INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/dau-al-set). e
Cobra, Pollock, Gorky, Baziotes, Gottlieb, Motherwell, Larousse (http://www.larousse.fr/archives/peinture/pag Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dau-al-Set).
Guston, de Kooning. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/st e/58). es Akal (http://books.google.com/books?id=y670
9Jr7JD0C&pg=PA46). Decadence (now implied in Aestheticism). UK Tate (htt
ream/Suvakovic#page/n61/mode/1up).
p://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=16650). en SSM2,
Affichistes. en Oxford DMCA (http://books.google.com/bo Barbizon School. US Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/to Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/d/decadenc
oks?id=mwf6RVGYLjgC&pg=PA13). fr Larousse (htt ah/keywords/barbizon-school/), Met (http://www.metmu e).
seum.org/toah/keywords/american-barbizon-school/)
p://www.larousse.fr/archives/peinture/page/10).es Akal Deconstructivism. INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/decon
US b.s. INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/barbizon-schoo
(http://books.google.com/books?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg
l). en Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbizon_s tructivism). en Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D
=PA9).
chool), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America econstructivism). de RDK. it Treccani (http://www.trec
Allianz. fr Larousse (http://www.larousse.fr/archives/peint n_Barbizon_school) US b.s. ani.it/enciclopedia/decostruttivismo/).
ure/page/17).
The Baroda Group. en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/a DesignArt. en SSM2.
Amazonian Pop Art, Wild Naive. en Wikipedia (http://en.w rt-terms/b/the-baroda-group).
ikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonian_pop_art) Destination art. en SSM2.
Bay Area Figuration. INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gen
Ambient Art. de RDK. Deutscher Werkbund. en SSM2. it Treccani (http://www
e/bay-area-figurative-art). [17] (http://www.artnet.com/g
alleries/fine-art-artworks-for-sale/?q=style-bay-area-fig reccani.it/enciclopedia/deutscher-werkbund/).
American Abstract Artists. 1937 Squibb Gallery show. UK
uration-sort-by-newest-listings) Digital Art. INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/digital-a
Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=32872).
en Grove US (http://books.google.com/books?id=sPGd Beat Generation, Beat Art. US Met (http://www.metmuseu t). en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/d/digit
BxzaWj0C&pg=PA89), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/ar m.org/toah/keywords/beat-movement/). FR Pompidou l-art), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_A
t/art-terms/a/american-abstract-artists). fr Larousse (htt (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=q t). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#
p://www.larousse.fr/archives/peinture/page/21). ref: uery%3ABeat%20Generation). en SSM2. age/n147/mode/1up).
abstraction-création, cubism. East Village Art. 1984 New Galleries of the Lower East Side
Beijing East Village. INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/beijin
American Scene. en SSM2. g-east-village). (http://artistsspace.org/exhibitions/new-galleries-of-the
ower-east-side). 1984 The East Village Scene [18] (http://
American Studio Craft Movement. INT Artsy (http://artsy. Bengal School of Art. INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/ben aphila.org/exhibitions/1925/the-east-village-scene).
net/gene/american-studio-craft-movement). gal-school-of-art). en Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/ 2004 East Village USA (http://archive.newmuseum.org/i
Anachronists, Anacronismo. artists: Calvesi. Mariani, wiki/Bengal_School_of_Art). dex.php/Detail/Occurrence/Show/occurrence_id/421). INT
Barni, Bartolini, Galliani, di Stasio, Tanganelli. painting. BMPT. FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.f Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/east-village-art).
it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/anacron r/artworks?filters=query%3ABMPT). es Akal (http://boo Eat Art. de RDK.
ismo/). es Akal (http://books.google.com/books?id=y67 ks.google.com/books?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA79).
09Jr7JD0C&pg=PA18). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.or Electronic Art. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/S
g/stream/Suvakovic#page/n48/mode/1up) La Boca. en CVAA (http://cvaa.com.ar/04ingles/02dossier vakovic#page/n170/mode/1up).
s_en/la_boca_en/3_intro.php). es CVAA (http://cvaa.co
Analytic Abstraction. es Akal (http://books.google.com/bo m.ar/02dossiers/la_boca/3_intro.php). Elementarism (now part of De Stijl). en SSM2. it Trecca
oks?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA3). (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/elementarismo/).
Browser Art. en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-term no SNL (http://snl.no/elementarisme).
Analytic Painting. artists: Urkom, Damnjanovic, Demur. s/b/browser-art).
de RDK. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvak Epoxy Art Group. en Grove US (http://books.google.com
ovic#page/n53/mode/1up). hu Artportal (http://artportal. Brücke (now part of Expressionism). FR Pompidou (http books?id=sPGdBxzaWj0C&pg=RA1-PA165).
hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/analitikus-festeszet). s://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=quer
y%3ADie%20Brücke). US Met (http://www.metmuseu Euston Road School. en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/ar
Angry Art. artists: ACT UP, Jones. [16] (http://ocw.mit.ed m.org/toah/keywords/die-brucke/). INT Artsy (https://w art-terms/e/euston-road-school).
u/courses/architecture/4-602-modern-art-and-mass-cul
ww.artsy.net/gene/die-brucke). en Grove (http://www.m Existential Art. en SSM2.
ture-spring-2012/lecture-notes/MIT4_602S12_lec18.pd
f) oma.org/collection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10953),
SSM (http://faculty.winthrop.edu/stockk/modernism/styl Existentialist Figuration. Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmovn
Angry Penguins. en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-t es%20brucke006.pdf), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/ar k.si/koncept/eksistencialisticna_figurali/).
erms/a/angry-penguins). es Akal (http://books.google.c t/art-terms/b/br%C3%BCcke), Wikipedia (http://en.wiki Expressive Figuration. Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmovnik
om/books?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA20). pedia.org/wiki/Die_Brücke). es Akal (http://books.googl si/koncept/ekspresivni_figuraliki/).
e.com/books?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA98). no SNL (h
Anti-Design. en SSM2. Fantastic Art. Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmovnik.si/konce
ttp://snl.no/Br%C3%BCcke).
t/fantasticna_umetnost/).
Antiform. en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/ Brutalism. INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/brutalism). en
anti-form). fr Pompidou (http://mediation.centrepompid Färg och Form. SNL (http://snl.no/F%C3%A4rg_och_Fo
SSM2, Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/b/bru m).
ou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-antiforme/ENS-antifor talism).
me.htm). FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompid Folk art. US Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keyw
ou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AAnti-form). CalArts. INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/calarts).
rds/american-folk-art/) US f.a., INT Artsy (http://artsy.n
Appropriation art. FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrep Cercle et Carré. FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepo t/gene/folk-art). en Grove US (http://books.google.com
ompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AAppropriationnis mpidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ACercle%20et%20 books?id=sPGdBxzaWj0C&pg=RA1-PA235),
me). INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/appropriation). de Carré). en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/c/ Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_art).
RDK. cercle-et-carre). es Akal (http://books.google.com/book Forces nouvelles. FR Pompidou (https://collection.centre
s?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA120). pompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AFluxus).
Arbeitsrat für Kunst. en SSM2, Wikipedia (http://en.wikipe
dia.org/wiki/Arbeitsrat_f%C3%BCr_Kunst). Chicago Imagists. INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/ Fronte nuovo delle arti. it Treccani (http://www.treccani.
chicago-imagists). enciclopedia/fronte-nuovo-delle-arti/). no SNL (http://s
Archizoom. en Grove DA (http://books.google.com/book
s?id=i3Od9bcGus0C&pg=PA27). Chicago School. US Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toa l.no/Fr%C3%B3nte_nu%C3%B2vo_delle_arti).
h/keywords/chicago-school/). en SSM2. Fundamental Painting, Reductive Painting, Introspective
Art and Science. sl Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmovnik.si/k
oncept/znanost_in_umetnost/). Chicano Art. INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/chicano-art). Painting. 1975 Stedelijk show. cr Šuvaković (http://arc
ive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n241/mode/1up). hu
Artists' Books, Book Art. INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/a Cloisonnism. artists: Louis Anquetin, Emile Bernard. en Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek
rtists-books). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/S SSM2. de RDK. undamental-painting)
uvakovic#page/n303/mode/1up). hu Artportal (http://art
Cluj School. INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/cluj-school). Funk Art. FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompido
portal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/muveszkonyv),
Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/ u.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AFunk%20Art). INT Arts
Combine Painting, Combines. en SSM2. de RDK.
book-art). (http://artsy.net/gene/funk-art). en Grove US (http://bo
Conceptual Photography. UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.u ks.google.com/books?id=sPGdBxzaWj0C&pg=RA1-P
Art Photography. en SSM2, Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedi k/search?gm=32882). en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/ A292), SSM2. it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/encic
a.org/wiki/Art_Photography). art/art-terms/c/conceptual-photography). opedia/funk-art/). no SNL (http://snl.no/funk_art).
Ashcan School, The Eight. US Met (http://www.metmuse Constructionism. UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search? Geometric Abstraction. US Met (http://www.metmuseum
um.org/toah/keywords/ashcan-school-the-eight/). INT gm=32883). en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-ter org/toah/keywords/geometric-abstraction/). INT Goog
Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/ashcan-school). en Tate (htt ms/c/constructionism). AP (http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/entity/m05
ps://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/ashcan-school), bw0l). en Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ge
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashcan_Schoo Continuità. it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedi
b/hd_geab.htm), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wik
l). a/continuita_res-4210f037-962b-11de-baff-0016357ee
e51/). i/Geometric_abstract_art). fr Larousse (http://www.laro
Assemblage. INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/asse usse.fr/archives/peinture/page/2). cr Šuvaković (http:/
mblage). en Art Since 1900: 415-20, SSM2, Tate (http Corrente. it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n246/mode/1up).
s://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/assemblage), corrente_res-66b93f43-962b-11de-baff-0016357eee5 Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmovnik.si/koncept/geometri
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblage). es 1/). na_abstrakcija/).
Akal (http://books.google.com/books?id=y6709Jr7JD0 Craftsman Movement. en Grove US (http://books.google. Gödöllo colony. 1901-21 operates near Budapest. 1909
C&pg=PA38). com/books?id=sPGdBxzaWj0C&pg=PA566). National Salon Budapest show. artists: Körösfoi-
Automatists. en Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le Kriesch, S Nagy, Kriesch, Raálo, Remsey, Frecskai,
Cybernetic art. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/S Belmonte, Juhász, Mihály, Zichy, M Undi, C Undi, Sid
s_Automatistes). es Akal (http://books.google.com/boo uvakovic#page/n298/mode/1up). hu Artportal (http://art (HU). sculpture, crafts, design. ref: Arts and Crafts,
ks?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA41). portal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/cybernetic-art). sl Tolstoy.

https://monoskop.org/Art 160/163
2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop
Gothic Revival. en Grove US (http://books.google.com/bo Musicalisme. FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepomp Non-Figurative Art. FR Pompidou (https://collection.cent
oks?id=sPGdBxzaWj0C&pg=RA1-PA361). idou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AMusicalisme). epompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AArt%20non-f
guratif).
GRAV (now part of Kinetic art). en SSM2. Les Nabis (now part of Post-Impressionism). US Met (htt
p://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/les-nabis/). en Novecento Italiano. en SSM2, Wikipedia (http://en.wikip
Groupe Espace. FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrep
SSM2, Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/na dia.org/wiki/Novecento_Italiano). it Treccani (http://ww
ompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AGroupe%20Esp
bis), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Nabi w.treccani.it/enciclopedia/novecento/). FR Pompidou (
ace).
s). ttps://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=qu
Groupe Panique. FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrep ry%3ANovecento).
Naive Art. it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/
ompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AGroupe%20Pani
arte-naif/). sl Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmovnik.si/konce Novembergruppe (now part of Expressionism). en SSM2
que).
pt/naivna_umetnost/). no SNL (http://snl.no/naivisme). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/novem
Group f/64. US Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/key FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artw ergruppe/). no SNL (http://snl.no/Die_Novembergrupp
words/group-f64/). INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gen orks?filters=query%3AArt%20naïf). e).
e/group-f-slash-64). en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/ar
Narrative art. FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepomp Nuclear Art. FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepomp
t/art-terms/group-f64). photography.
idou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ANarrative%20Art). dou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AArte%20Nucleare).
Group Material. INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/group-ma en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/arte-nu
Narrative figuration. fr Pompidou (http://mediation.centre
terial). leare), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_
pompidou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-figuration-narr
art). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/mo
Gruppo 7. en SSM2. ative/ENS-figuration-narrative.html). FR Pompidou (http
vimento-nucleare/). es Akal (http://books.google.com/b
s://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=quer
Gruppo degli Otto. it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enci ooks?id=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA32).
y%3AFiguration%20narrative).
clopedia/gruppo-degli-otto/).
Neo-Avant-Garde. it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enci Object Art. de RDK. it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/en
Gruppo Uno. it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclope iclopedia/oggetto/).
clopedia/neoavanguardia/). cr Šuvaković (http://archiv
dia/gruppo-uno/).
e.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n404/mode/1up) Objective Abstraction. UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/se
High-Tech. en SSM2. arch?gm=313). en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art
Neo-Constructivism. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stre
terms/o/objective-abstraction), Wikipedia (http://en.wik
Hypergraphisme. FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrep am/Suvakovic#page/n413/mode/1up). sl Pojmovnik (ht
pedia.org/wiki/Objective_Abstraction).
ompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AHypergraphism tp://www.pojmovnik.si/koncept/neokonstruktivisti/).
e). Open Form. artists: Hansen.
Neoliberty. it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedi
Hypermannerism. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/strea a/neoliberty/). Organic abstraction. en SSM2.
m/Suvakovic#page/n265/mode/1up)
Neo-Pop. en SSM2. Organic architecture. it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/e
Imaginisterna. no SNL (http://snl.no/Imaginisterna). nciclopedia/architettura-organica/).
Neorealismo. it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclope
Installation Art (now implied in Environment). US Met (htt dia/neorealismo/). Palladianism. de RDK.
p://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/installation-ar
Neoromantismm, Neo-Romanticism. FR Pompidou (http Participatory Art. en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-
t/). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=37331).
s://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=quer erms/p/participatory-art).
INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/installation). en
y%3ANéo-romantisme). en SSM2. de RDK.
Grove (http://web.archive.org/web/20150507142300/ht Pattern and Decoration. INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net
tp://www.moma.org/collection/details.php?theme_id=1 Neue Sezession. no SNL (http://snl.no/Neue_Sezessio gene/pattern-and-decoration).
0101&texttype=2), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art- n).
terms/i/installation-art). it Treccani (http://www.treccani. Pattern Painting. hu Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/
New American Color Photography. INT Artsy (https://ww ogalmi_szocikkek/pattern-painting). [19] (http://books.
it/enciclopedia/installazione/). cr Šuvaković (http://archi
w.artsy.net/gene/new-american-color-photography). oogle.com/books?id=uiOJA2NMj8sC&pg=PA158)
ve.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n280/mode/1up). hu
Artportal (http://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/i New American Documentary Photography. INT Artsy (htt Pictorial Photography. US Met (http://www.metmuseum.o
nstallacio) p://artsy.net/gene/new-american-documentary-photogr rg/toah/keywords/pictorialism/). en Grove (http://www.
aphy). moma.org/collection_ge/theme.php?theme_id=10161
Interactive Art. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Su
Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/pict/hd_pict.
vakovic#page/n282/mode/1up) New Artistic Practice. 1966-78. term: Denegri, Susovski,
tm) US p., Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p
Maticevic. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suva pictoralism).
International Style. US Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/t
kovic#page/n424/mode/1up)
oah/keywords/international-style/). INT Artsy (https://w Pintura matérica, Arte materica. Wikipedia-ES (http://es
ww.artsy.net/gene/international-style). en SSM2, Tate New Baroque. 1981 Millet. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.or wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura_mat%C3%A9rica). it
(https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/i/international-styl g/stream/Suvakovic#page/n425/mode/1up). ref: Neo- Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/arte-mate
e). Expressionism, Transavanguardia. ica/).
Jack of Diamonds. en SSM2. New Figuration. 2010 Nueva Figuración 1961-1965 (http://w Poetism, Devětsil. en Monoskop D. it Treccani (http://ww
ww.mnba.gob.ar/exhibiciones/nueva-figuracion-1961-1 w.treccani.it/enciclopedia/poetismo/). cz ArtsLexikon (h
Jugendstil (now part of Art Nouveau). en Britannica (htt 965). 1961 Ragon. AR MNBA (http://mnba.gob.ar/colec
p://www.britannica.com/art/Jugendstil), SSM2. de RDK. tp://artslexikon.cz/index.php/Poetismus). cr Šuvaković
cion/estilo/nueva-figuracion). en Tate (https://www.tate. (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n146/mode
no SNL (http://snl.no/jugend). org.uk/art/art-terms/n/new-figuration), Oxford DA (htt 1up).
Junk art. de RDK. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/strea p://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.2011
0803100231399). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/strea Political Art, Politkunst. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/s
m/Suvakovic#page/n438/mode/1up)
m/Suvakovic#page/n421/mode/1up) ream/Suvakovic#page/n463/mode/1up). hu Artportal (
Kitchen Sink School. UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/sea ttp://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/politkunst)
New Futurism. 1980s-mid. Abate, Bonfiglio, Innocente,
rch?gm=427). en SSM2, Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/
Lodole, Palmieri, Postal (IT). painting, sculpture, Postavanguardia. it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enc
art/art-terms/k/kitchen-sink-painters).
design. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvako lopedia/postavanguardia/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive
Konkretistene. no SNL (http://snl.no/konkretistene). vic#page/n425/mode/1up). futurism org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n471/mode/1up)
Light and Space Movement. 2015 Another Minimalism: New Generation Sculpture. UK Tate (http://www.tate.org. Post-'70s Ego Generation. INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.
Art After California Light and Space (http://www.fruitmar uk/search?gm=433). en Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex. et/gene/post-70s-ego-generation).
ket.co.uk/archive/another-minimalism/). INT Artsy (http oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.2011080310023146
3), Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/new-ge Post-Conceptual Art. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/str
s://www.artsy.net/gene/light-and-space-movement). en am/Suvakovic#page/n478/mode/1up). hu Artportal (ht
Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_and_Spa neration-sculpture). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/str
eam/Suvakovic#page/n421/mode/1up). p://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/post-concep
ce). ref: minimalism. ual-painting).
Light Art. en Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/ New Image Painting. 1978 Whitney show. Guston,
Bartlett (US). painting. Oxford DA (http://oxfordindex.o Post-Expressionism. no SNL (http://snl.no/post-ekspresj
10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100105326). INT Artsy nisme).
up.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.2011080310023158
(https://www.artsy.net/gene/light-art).
3)---"vague term". cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/strea Postgeometric Abstraction. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.o
Ljubljana Graphic School. sl Pojmovnik (http://www.pojm m/Suvakovic#page/n417/mode/1up). hu Artportal (htt rg/stream/Suvakovic#page/n476/mode/1up)
ovnik.si/koncept/ljubljanska_graficna_sola/). p://artportal.hu/lexikon/fogalmi_szocikkek/new-image-p
ainting). Pojmovnik (http://www.pojmovnik.si/koncept/n Postmodernism. US Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/to
London School. FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepo h/keywords/postmodernism/). FR Pompidou (https://co
ova_podoba/).. neo-expr.
mpidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AEcole%20de%20 ection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AP
Londres). New Leipzig School. artists: Rauch, Ruckhäberle,
ost-modernisme). en Grove (http://www.moma.org/col
Weischer. painting. INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/new
Magic Realism. UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?g ection_ge/details.php?theme_id=10174), Tate (https:/
-leipzig-school). en Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/w
m=32897). INT Google AP (http://www.google.com/cult www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/postmodernism). it
iki/New_Leipzig_School).
uralinstitute/entity/m0127jb). en SSM2, Tate (https://ww Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/posmode
w.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/m/magic-realism), Wikipedia New Materials. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/S no/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovi
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Realism). uvakovic#page/n426/mode/1up) #page/n492/mode/1up). no SNL (http://snl.no/postmod
ernisme%2Fbilledkunst).
Mechanical Art. es Akal (http://books.google.com/books?i New Media Art. en Oxford bib (http://academia.edu/2577
d=y6709Jr7JD0C&pg=PA32). 0396). Post-Surrealism. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream
Suvakovic#page/n493/mode/1up)
M.I.A.R. en SSM2. New Spirit Painting. UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/sear
ch?gm=32900). en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art- Primitive Art. FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepom
Modernisme. en SSM2. idou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AArt%20primitif).
terms/n/new-spirit-painting).
Multimedia Art. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/S New Tendencies. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/ Primitivism. FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepomp
uvakovic#page/n665/mode/1up) Suvakovic#page/n424/mode/1up) dou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3APrimitivisme). US
Guggenheim (http://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/mo

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2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop
ement/primitivism). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/sea Salon des Réalités Nouvelles. ref: Abstraction-Création. p/artists/list/C6/), Takano (http://english.kaikaikiki.co.jp
rch?gm=23990). en Grove (http://www.moma.org/colle artists/list/C5/) (JP). en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/a
da Santacroce. it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclo t/art-terms/s/super-flat), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia
ction_ge/details.php?theme_id=10176), Tate (https://w
pedia/da-santacroce/). org/wiki/Superflat).
ww.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/primitivism). it Treccani
(http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/primitivismo/). School of Amsterdam. en SSM2. Supports-Surfaces. FR Pompidou (https://collection.cent
Progressive Artists' Movement. INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/ School of Dakar. en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-t epompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ASupports-Su
gene/progressive-artists-movement). erms/e/ecole-de-dakar). aces). en SSM2.

Psychedelic Art. en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-t School of London. UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/searc Synchromism. INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/syn
erms/p/provenance/psychedelic-art), Wikipedia (http:// h?gm=1666). INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/school-of- hromism). en SSM2, Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_art). no SNL (http://s london). en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/ wiki/Synchromism). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/
nl.no/psykedelisk_kunst). s/school-of-london). nciclopedia/sincromismo/). no SNL (http://snl.no/synkr
misme).
Pure Photography. FR Pompidou (https://collection.centre School of Paris, École de Paris. FR Pompidou (https://coll
pompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3APhotographie% ection.centrepompidou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3AE Taller Gráfica Popular. en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/a
20pure). cole%20de%20Paris). US Met (http://www.metmuseu t/art-terms/t/taller-grafica-popular).
Queer Abstraction. UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/searc m.org/toah/keywords/school-of-paris/). NL Gemeente Technological Art. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/strea
h?gm=33008). en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-t (http://www.gemeentemuseum.nl/en/masterpieces/the m/Suvakovic#page/n611/mode/1up)
erms/q/queer-aesthetics). mes/paris-artists). en Guggenheim (http://www.guggen
heim.org/artwork/movement/school-of-paris), Met (htt Telematic Art. en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-ter
Queer Aesthetics, Activist art, artists: Group Material, p://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/scpa/hd_scpa.htm), ms/t/telematic-art).
Border Art Ensemble, General Idea, Gran Fury, Little Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/school-of-p
Elvis. en Art Since 1900: 605ff, Tate (https://www.tate.o Tenebrism. de RDK.
aris). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic
rg.uk/art/art-terms/q/queer-aesthetics). #page/n447/mode/1up). Totemism. fr Pompidou (http://mediation.centrepompido
Realism. US Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keyw u.fr/education/ressources/ENS-Totemisme/).
Section d'Or. FR Pompidou (https://collection.centrepomp
ords/realism/), NGA (http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaw idou.fr/artworks?filters=query%3ASection%20d'Or). Trieste Slovenian Painters. sl Pojmovnik (http://www.poj
eb/collection-search-result.html?artobj_style=Realist). movnik.si/koncept/trzaski_slovenski_slikarji/).
RU Hermitage (http://www.arthermitage.org/Realism.ht Semiotic art. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suv
ml). UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=2018 akovic#page/n559/mode/1up) Tropicália. en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/
8), V&A (http://collections.vam.ac.uk/style/realism/73 tropicalia).
Signalism. 1970-73 Signal. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.or
6/). AR MNBA (http://mnba.gob.ar/coleccion/estilo/reali g/stream/Suvakovic#page/n564/mode/1up) Unit One. it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia
smo). INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/american-realis unit-one/). no SNL (http://snl.no/Unit_1).
m) US r. en Grove (http://www.moma.org/collection_ge/ Site Works. en SSM2.
details.php?theme_id=10181), Met (http://www.metmu Verismo. AR MNBA (http://mnba.gob.ar/coleccion/estilo/
Snapshot Aesthetic. INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gen
seum.org/toah/hd/rlsm/hd_rlsm.htm), Tate (https://ww erismo).
e/snapshot-aesthetic).
w.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/r/realism), Wikipedia (http:// Video Activism. en Monoskop.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(arts)#Visual_arts), Social Realism. US DPLA (http://dp.la/primary-source-set
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_realis s/sets/social-realism). INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/s Les Vingt, Les XX. en SSM2.
m) US r. fr Pompidou (http://mediation.centrepompido ocial-realism). en Grove (http://web.archive.org/web/20
Virtual art. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvak
u.fr/education/ressources/ENS-Realismes/). cr 150514084512/http://www.moma.org/collection/theme.
ovic#page/n663/mode/1up)
Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/ php?theme_id=10195), SSM2. cr Šuvaković (http://arc
n539/mode/1up). no SNL (http://snl.no/kunst_i_realism hive.org/stream/Suvakovic#page/n586/mode/1up). Vkhutemas. it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclope
en). ia/vchutemas/). cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream
Soviet Nonconformist Art, Nonconformism, Unofficial art,
Réalités nouvelles. en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/ar Underground art. groups: Lianozovo, Sretensky Suvakovic#page/n673/mode/1up)
t-terms/r/réalités-nouvelles). Boulevard, Moscow Conceptualists, Petersburg Non- Vokovizuel. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/stream/Suva
Conformist Group, School of Sidlin, Odessa group kovic#page/n673/mode/1up)
Regionalism. AR MNBA (http://mnba.gob.ar/coleccion/est (RU). en Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_
ilo/regionalismo). en Grove (http://web.archive.org/we Nonconformist_Art). Wanderers, Itinerants, Peredvizhniki. en Wikipedia (htt
b/20150507170233/http://www.moma.org/collection/de p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peredvizhniki). it Treccani (ht
tails.php?theme_id=10183&texttype=2). Spiral Group. INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gene/spiral-grou
p://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ambulanti/). painting.
p). ref: realism
Retro-Avant-Garde. cr Šuvaković (http://archive.org/strea
m/Suvakovic#page/n550/mode/1up). sl Pojmovnik (htt Spiralen. no SNL (http://snl.no/Spiralen). Washington Color School. INT Artsy (http://artsy.net/gen
p://www.pojmovnik.si/koncept/retroavantgarda/). no St Ives School. UK Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?g e/washington-color-school). en Tate (https://www.tate.
SNL (http://snl.no/retrogardisme). m=441). en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/ rg.uk/art/art-terms/w/washington-color-school).
Return to Order, Valori plastici. 1918-22 Valori plastici. UK s/st-ives-school). Wiener Werkstätte. it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/en
Tate (http://www.tate.org.uk/search?gm=1685). AR Street Art. INT Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/gene/street-ar iclopedia/wiener-werkstatte/).
MNBA (http://mnba.gob.ar/coleccion/estilo/retorno-al-o t). en Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_art). World of Art, Mir iskusstva (now referred to in Art
rden). DICT en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-ter de RDK. Nouveau). 1898-1904 Mir iskusstva. en Monoskop,
ms/r/return-to-order). it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/ SSM2, Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/w/w
enciclopedia/valori-plastici/). no SNL (http://snl.no/Valor Stuckism. en Tate (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/
rld-of-art), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_
i_Plastici). painting. ref: Classicism, Realism. stuckism), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuck
kusstva). ref: Post-Impr.
ism).
Der Ring. en SSM2. Zaire School of Popular Painting. INT Artsy (http://artsy.
Studio Azzurro. it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclo
Rivara. it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/riv et/gene/zaire-school-of-popular-painting).
pedia/studio-azzurro/).
ara/). Zebra. it Treccani (http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ze
Superflat. artists: Murakami (http://english.kaikaikiki.co.j
Salon de la Rose+Croix. en SSM2. p/artists/list/C4/), Aoshima (http://english.kaikaikiki.co.j bra_res-5a652206-085e-11e0-9962-d5ce3506d72e/)

Notes
t/ngaweb/collection-search-result.html#Styles) and Hermitage (http://www.artherm
1. Schapiro (1953) argued that "style is an essential object of investigation [to the age.org/Style.html) stick with Styles.
historian of art]" (287) and defined it as "the constant form--and sometimes the
constant elements, qualities, and ex­pression--in the art of an individual or a group" 4. This applies not only to museums, but also to collection aggregators such as Artsy
(287), while "the description of a style refers to three aspects of art: form elements Google Art Project and Artwiki.
or motives, form relationships, and qualities (including an all-over quality which we 5. While the narrative text allows the fine distinctions between, say, Dadaist and
may call the 'expression'). [...] Technique, subject matter, and material may be Surrealist works by Max Ernst to be explained using art historical tropes, the
characteristic of certain groups of works and will sometimes be included in database subordinates this tradition to the logic of normalised data. It assumes a
definitions; but more often these features are not so peculiar to the art of a period binary relationship between a work by Ernst and the category "Dada", and betwee
as the formal and qualitative ones" (289). Kubler (1967), on the other hand, a work by Ernst and the category "Surrealism". It can be linked to both, but there is
criticised the definition of style as constant form: "The idea of style is best adapted no place in the structure for conditionals. Here, styles are simply tags, and narrativ
to static situation, in crosscut or synchronous section. It is an idea unsuited to text is secondary to the database structure. Similarly, if Marcel Duchamp can be
duration." More recently, Elsner (2003) summarised the bias of style in art history treated in an essay as an early Conceptualist, the database will resist the
as follows: "The key assumption is that what matters about a work of art and what introduction of the category early Conceptualism, as this would be unsystematic,
stylistic analysis may reveal is its origin and its moment of creation. Style rarely has unless a more nuanced categorisation is introduced for other included styles as
any truck with the afterlife of objects, their messy history in the real world as they well.
are bashed about, adapted, reused, and altered." For other aspects of the art 6. Non-Western movements that have recently received belated recognition through
historical debate on style, see Wölfflin (1950), Gombrich (1968), Goodman (1975), retrospective exhibitions include Jikken Kobo (2009), Resistance Art (2011),
Alpers (1979), and Kubler (1979). Tansaekhwa (2014), Mono-ha (2015), Casablanca School (2016) and Khartoum
2. Elkins 1998. School (2016).
3. Some collection catalogues combine it with or imply in the notion of movement. The 7. In recent decades, many isms were subjected to major reexaminations through
Tate's collection (http://www.tate.org.uk/art/search) can be navigated by the retrospective exhibitions which acknowledged the legacy of women and non-
category Style or '-ism' , Met (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/) by Art Caucasian artists and extended the geographic radius beyond the West. Examples
Movement / Style, the collection aggregator Artsy (https://www.artsy.net/categories/) include Futurism & Futurisms (1986), Out of Actions: Between Performance and the
by Style and Movement, while Pompidou (https://collection.centrepompidou.fr/artwork Object, 1949-1979 (http://www.moca.org/exhibition/out-of-actions-between-performan
s?filters=query%3A) has entitled the field Mouvement, Guggenheim (http://www.gug e-and-the-object-1949-1979) (reassessing performance art, happening and process
genheim.org/artwork/movement/) Movements, and NGA (http://www.nga.gov/conten art, 1998), Global Conceptualism: Points of Origin 1950-1980s (http://post.at.moma.or
g/content_items/580-global-conceptualism-reflections) (1999), Fluxus East (http://ww

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2/8/24, 12:00 Art - Monoskop
w.fluxus-east.eu/) (2007), Seductive Subversion: Women Pop Artists, 1958–1968 (http:// Living with Pop: A Reproduction of Capitalist Realism (http://www.kunsthalle-duesseld
www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/seductive_subversion/) (2010), Other Primary rf.de/index.php?id=342) (2013) and Magiciens de la terre (http://www.centrepompidou
Structures (http://ops.thejewishmuseum.org/) (reassessing Minimalism, 2014), Storm r/cpv/resource/c5eRpey/rERz8A) (2014).
Women (http://schirn.de/sturmfrauen/digitorial/en/) (reassessing Expressionism, 8. The list can be further extended to include more recent concepts created by artists
2015), International Pop (http://www.walkerart.org/calendar/2015/international-pop) to describe their practice: Arte de Conducta (http://www.taniabruguera.com/cms/70
(2015), World Goes Pop (http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-modern/exhibition/ey-e 3-0-.htm) ("Behavior art", Bruguera), Arte Útil (http://www.taniabruguera.com/cms/6
xhibition-world-goes-pop) (2015). Another phenomenon are reprises, restagings and 09-0-.htm) ("Useful art", "Art as a tool", Bruguera), Tools (https://monoskop.org/lo
returns to style-defining exhibitions such as Second Spring Exhibition of Obmokhu at g/?p=16823) (Superflex, 2003), Connected Aesthetics (http://memoir.okno.be/?id=
Tretyakov Gallery (https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=OBMOkHU 48) (mxhz.org, 2004), Critical Engineering (http://criticalengineering.org/) (Oliver,
+1921&title=Special:Search&go=Go) (defining Constructivism, opened 2006), Savičić, Vasiliev, 2011), etc.

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"Movements", HTML (http://www.guggenheim.org/artw

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