SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT
 Sustainability
◻ means a capacity to maintain some entity,
outcome or process over time
◻ connotes improving and sustaining a healthy
economic, ecological and social system for
human development
◻ brings into focus human activities and their
ability to satisfy human needs and wants
without depleting or exhausting the
productive resources at their disposal
 Sustainability
◻ efficient and equitable distribution of
resources intra-generationally and
inter-generationally with the operation of
socio-economic activities within the
confines of a finite ecosystem
 Sustainability
◻ a dynamic equilibrium in the process of
interaction between the population and the
carrying capacity of its environment such
that the population develops to express its
full potential without producing irreversible
adverse effects on the carrying capacity of
the environment upon which it depends
 Sustainable Development
◻ development that meets the needs of the
current generation without compromising
the ability of future generations to meets
their own needs
◻ core concept within global development
policy and agenda
◻ mechanism, development paradigm, concept
that calls for improving living standards
without jeopardizing the earth’s ecosystems
 Sustainable Development
◻ economic models seek to accumulate and
use natural and financial capital sustainably
◻ environmental models dwell on
biodiversity and ecological integrity
◻ social models seek to improve political,
cultural, religious, health and educational
systems, among others, to continually
ensure human dignity and wellbeing
Sustainable Development
Brundtland Report: “Our Common Future
◻ the concept of needs - essential needs of

the world’s poor (to which overriding

priority should be given)
◻ the idea of limitations - imposed by the
state of technology and social organization
on the environment’s ability to meet present
and future needs
 Sustainable Development
◻ 1972 at the UN Conference on the Human
Environment held in Stockholm
◻ 1987 World Commission on Environment
and Development; Brundtland Report
◻ 1992, Rio Earth Summit, Agenda 21called
for prioritization in international community
and national strategies towards SD
◻ 2002, World Summit on SD(WSSD),
 Sustainable Development
◻ 2012 Rio+ 20 or United Nations Conference
on Sustainable Development (UNCSD):
green economy and institutional framework,
encourage focused action on SD in all
sectors of global development agenda
◻ post-2015 Sustainable Development Agenda
being “Reconfirming Rights-Recognizing
Limits-Redefining Goals”17SDGs or 2030
Millennium Development Goals

◻ UN Millennium Declaration, Sept 2000,

147 head of State and Government and
189 nations in total
◻ It signifies the commitments of countries,
rich and poor to:
eradicate poverty
promote human dignity and equality
achieve peace, democracy and
environmental sustainability
Millennium Development Goals

◻ aimed at reducing extreme poverty by 2015

◻ It was affirmed in March 2002 Monterey
Consensus during the UN Financing for
Development Conference and September
2002 World Summit on Sustainable
Development
◻ relatively effective, not all the targets were
achieved after 15 years (2000–2015),
hence, the introduction of the SDGs
Millennium Development Goals
◻8 Goals, 18 Targets, and 48 Indicators
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and
empower women
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other
diseases
Sustainable Development Goals
◻ The Rio+20 Conference agreed to launch a
process to develop a set of Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) and decided to
establish “inclusive and transparent
intergovernmental process open to all
stakeholders, with a view to developing
global sustainable development goals to be
agreed by the General Assembly”
Sustainable Development Goals
Five transformative shifts
1. Leave No One Behind. After 2015 we
should move from reducing to ending
extreme poverty, in all its forms. We should
ensure that no person – regardless of
ethnicity, gender, geography, disability, race
or other status – is denied basic economic
opportunities and human rights.
Sustainable Development Goals
Five transformative shifts
2. Put Sustainable Development at the
Core. We have to integrate the social,
economic and environmental dimensions of
sustainability. We must act now to slow the
alarming pace of climate change and
environmental degradation, which pose
unprecedented threats to humanity.
Sustainable Development Goals
Five transformative shifts
3. Transform Economies for Jobs and
Inclusive Growth. Harnessing innovation,
technology, and the potential of business;
More diversified economies, with equal
opportunities for all, can drive social
inclusion, especially for young people, and
foster sustainable consumption and
production patterns.
Sustainable Development Goals
Five transformative shifts
4. Build Peace and Effective, Open and
Accountable Institutions for All. Freedom
from conflict and violence is the most
fundamental human entitlement, and the
essential foundation for building peaceful
and prosperous societies. At the same time,
people the world over expect their
Sustainable Development Goals
Five transformative shifts
5. Forge a New Global Partnership. A new
spirit of solidarity, cooperation, and mutual
accountability based on a common
understanding of our shared humanity,
based on mutual respect and mutual benefit.
It should be centered on people, including
those affected by poverty and exclusion,
Sustainable Development Goals
Five transformative shifts
5. Forge a New Global Partnership.
It should include civil society organizations,
multilateral institutions, local and national
governments, the scientific and academic
community, businesses, and private
philanthropy.
◻ Five overarching themes: people, planet,
Sustainable Development Goals
• January 2016, adopted by 193 countries
• aim to foster economic growth, ensure
social inclusion, and protect the
environment.
• encourage a spirit of partnership among
governments, private sector, research,
academia and civil society organizations
(CSOs)—with support of the UN. This
Pillars of Sustainable Development

• As a visionary and forward-looking

development paradigm, SD emphasizes a
positive transformation trajectory anchored
essentially on social, economic and
environmental factors.
◻ economic sustainability

◻ social sustainability

◻ environmental sustainability
Pillars of Sustainable Development

Economic Sustainability - production that

satisfies present consumption levels without
compromising future needs
◻ production, distribution and consumption

amidst population growth, depletion, and

pollution
◻ produce goods and services reliably to

maintain levels of government funds and

Pillars of Sustainable Development

Social Sustainability - equity of opportunity

and gender, empowerment, accessibility of
social services, political accountability and
participation, cultural identity and
institutional stability
◻ system of social organization that alleviates

poverty within the existing environmental

and economic resource base of the society
Pillars of Sustainable Development

Social Sustainability – is not about ensuring

that everyone’s needs are met. Rather, it
aims at providing enabling conditions for
everyone to have the capacity to realize their
needs, if they so desire. Anything that
impedes this capacity is considered a
barrier, and needs to be addressed in order
for individuals, organization or community
 Pillars of Sustainable Development

Environmental Sustainability - natural

environment remains productive and resilient
to support human life: ecosystem integrity
and carrying capacity of natural environment
◻ natural capital is sustainably used as a source

of economic inputs and as a sink for waste

◻ natural resources must be harvested no faster

than they can be regenerated while waste

 Pillars of Sustainable Development

Environmental Sustainability - the earth

systems have limits or boundaries within
which equilibrium is maintained; natural
environment remains productively stable and
resilient to support human life and
development
effects of climate change: biodiversity loss,
warming of the atmosphere and oceans,
 Pillars of Sustainable Development

Objectives and targets are interdependent but

interlinked.
◻ complementarities or synergies -

addressing one goal could help to address

some others at the same time
◻ trade-offs or tensions - comes with difficult

choices that may result in winners and losers;

striking the delicate balance between
Sustainable Development Goals
 Principles of Sustainable
Development
◻ Conservation of the ecosystem ex. have
alternative sources of energy such as solar,
instead of depending heavily on petroleum
products and hydro-electricity
◻ The need for population control and
management
 Principles of Sustainable
Development
◻ Proper human resource management -
education and training (develop proper
values and attitudes as well as technology)
and proper healthcare services to ensure
that the principles are adopted and adhered
to, the environment is utilized
conservatively, and peace is ensured.
Principles of Sustainable
Development
◻ The process of SD must be participatory -
It is a collective responsibility and
accountability for stability
◻ Promoting progressive social traditions,
customs and political culture
Education for Sustainable
Development
◻ Convention on Climate Change sets a
framework for intergovernmental efforts to
respond to climate change. It recognizes
that the climate system is a shared resource
whose stability can be affected by industrial
and other emissions of carbon dioxide and
other greenhouse gases. 195 countries have
ratified the Convention, which entered into
Education for Sustainable
Development
◻ Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD) is the international legal instrument
for "the conservation of biological diversity,
the sustainable use of its components and
the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits
arising out of the utilization of genetic
resources" that has been ratified by 196
nations.
Education for Sustainable
Development
◻ Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction 2015-2030 (Sendai Framework)
- protect development gains from the risk of
disaster.
◻ advocates for the substantial reduction of
disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods
and health and in the economic, physical,
social, cultural and environmental assets of
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
disaster risk - “the potential loss of life,
injury, or destroyed or damaged assets
which could occur to a system, society or a
community in a specific period of time,
determined probabilistically as a function
of hazard, exposure, vulnerability and
capacity
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
Hazard - a process, phenomenon or human
activity that may cause loss of life, injury
or other health impacts, property damage,
social and economic disruption or
environmental degradation
may be single, sequential or combined in
their origin and effects; each hazard is
characterized by its location, intensity or
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
Exposure - the situation of people,
infrastructure, housing, production
capacities and other tangible human assets
located in hazard-prone areas
◻ number of people or types of assets in area

◻ combined with vulnerability and capacity

to estimate the quantitative risks associated

with that hazard in the area of interest
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
Vulnerability - the conditions determined
by physical, social, economic and
environmental, cultural, and institutional
factors or processes which increase the
susceptibility of an individual, a
community, assets or systems to the
impacts of hazards
◻ poor design and construction of buildings,
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
◻ Capacity - all the strengths, attributes and
resources available within a community,
organization or society to manage and
reduce disaster risks and strengthen
resilience
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
◻ Disaster Risk Reduction is aimed at
preventing new (prospective) and reducing
existing disaster risk (corrective) and
managing residual risk (compensatory), all
of which contribute to strengthening
resilience and therefore to the achievement
of sustainable development
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
◻ Disaster Management - ultimate
objective: to bring the probability that
damage will occur from an event as close
to zero as is possible.
◻ goals are to prevent damage and reduce
damage
◻ This requires an understanding of all of the
elements contributing to a disaster
Elements of Disaster
◻ Natural hazards – ex. earthquakes, floods,
landslides, volcanic eruptions, etc
◻ Manmade hazards – ex. building a nuclear
power plant, coal refining plant or a dam
for hydro-electrical power
◻ Vulnerability augmentation – ex. cutting
trees for agricultural purposes
◻ Acceptance of a calculated risk – ex.
settlements near exposure to hazards
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
◻ people’s actions towards DRRM
1. implemented before a hazard
a. augment vulnerability – human actions
increasing the vulnerability for damage;
illegal logging, drainage clogging
b. mitigate vulnerability – human actions
decreasing vulnerability for damage;
reforestation, drainage cleaning
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
◻ people’s actions towards DRRM
2. provided as a response to a disaster
a. Productive – appropriate, timely
evacuation using modular tents
b. Counterproductive – inappropriate,
unnecessary or unsolicited aid (ex. gowns
as relief goods in Taal evacuation center)
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
Manmade hazards generally are constructed
to meet a need or needs of the society
placed at risk.
(1) reducing the probability that the hazard
will become an event (RH)
(2) reducing total vulnerability or increasing
the absorbing capacity of the society by
instituting appropriate mitigating measures
ex. strict building codes, environmental
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
◻ calculated risk/acceptable risk - projects
are accepted because the risks associated
with the hazards are perceived to be very
small compared to the benefits
◻ no project – no damage (coal plant)
◻ preventive measures - mitigate
vulnerability ex. ensure that people have
low exposure
◻ increase capacity – ensure that disaster
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
Natural hazards - vulnerability modification
◻ earthquake – building design

◻ floods – clear drainage, dredging of

waterways
◻ typhoon – resistant crops
◻ landslides – reforestation
◻ storm surge – no settlement in coastal and
low lying areas
◻ early warning and evacuation
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
Philippines has been ranked as the most
disaster-prone country in the world (World
Disaster Report, 2012). It is estimated that
50.3 percent of its total land area and 81.3
percent of its population are vulnerable to
disasters.
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
reasons behind the large negative impact of
disasters
◻ geophysical location

◻ uneven economic development

◻ inefficient political systems as deeper

◻ social marginalization of certain groups

Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
disasters often magnify and aggravate
existing inequalities in society, including
gender-based inequalities
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
The DRRM Framework envisions a country
to have a “safer, adaptive and
disaster-resilient Filipino communities
toward sustainable development.”
Goal: paradigm shift from reactive to
proactive DRRM wherein men and women
have increased their awareness,
understanding on DRRM with the end in
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
The DRRM Framework aims to
◻ empower leaders and communities

◻ develop the “right” mindset and positive

behavioral changes
◻ towards reducing and managing risks

◻ and lessening the effects of disasters.

Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
building back better - building on from our
learnings, good practices, research and
experiences
helping us address the underlying causes of
our vulnerability
increasing our ability to adjust to the
situation before us
being adaptive, we learn to innovate and go
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
Disaster-resilient communities are
achieved when the risk reduction efforts
have been successful and have made the
people stronger (in a positive way and not
just in terms of their coping mechanism),
increasing their ability to bounce back
after a disaster. It is important to instill the
culture of safety by increasing people’s
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
four distinct yet mutually reinforcing priority
areas
(a) Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
(b)Disaster Preparedness
(c) Disaster Response
(d) Disaster Recovery and Rehabilitation
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
(a) Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
• Early warning systems
• Flood forecasting and monitoring
• Hazard and risk mappings
• Structural and non-structural interventions
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
(b)Disaster Preparedness
• Contingency planning
• Prepositioning and stock-piling
• Capacitating and organizing responders
• Training, drills and exercises
• Pre-Disaster Risk Assessment
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
(c) Disaster Response
• Rapid Damage Assessment and Needs
Analysis (RDANA)
• Issuance of advisories and situation reports
• Activation of Response Clusters and
Incident Command System (ICS)
• Mobilization of responders
• Humanitarian assistance (eg relief
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
(d) Disaster Recovery and Rehabilitation.
• Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA)
• Enhancement of policies and plans
• Reconstruction using “build back better”
approach
• Resettlement
• Provision of new sources of livelihood
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
These priority areas
• Mutually reinforce each other and are
interoperable.
• DO NOT, SHOULD NOT and CANNOT
stand alone.
• Have no clear starting nor ending points
between each of the aspects and overlaps
are to be expected
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
At present, the Government’s strategic action
plans have three versions for response plans
for each possible and perceived disaster.
a) Hydro-Meteorological Hazards;
b) Earthquake and Tsunami; and,
c) Consequence Management for
Terrorism-Related Incidents.
Risk, Poverty and Vulnerability
Risk and Shock: An uncertain event that
may damage someone’s well-being leading
to poverty; Risks are pervasive, but
information on risks and shocks is mostly
scarce in a developing country
Poverty: Income or spending is insufficient
to ensure a minimum level or state of
well-being (below an official threshold)
Risk, Poverty and Vulnerability
Vulnerability: Probability to become poor in
the future; sources of vulnerability are risks
and shocks and lack of physical, social and
human capital to withstand shocks

Vulnerability incidence is higher than poverty

incidence.
Vulnerable Life Situation
Perspectives
◻ consider how practitioners can learn from
clients about the impact of different
vulnerabilities and strengths
◻ nationwide survey of 4,500 households
(UP)
• majority of HH reported experiencing
multiple shocks over a three year period;
51% reported experiencing 2-4 shocks
• often cite natural shocks (disaster),
Types of Social Risks and
Vulnerabilities

Social Risks Vulnerabilities

Individual hunger, illness, disability, old
Life-cycle age, death
Economic unemployment,
underemployment, low and
irregular incomes; economic
crises
Types of Social Risks and
Vulnerabilities
Social Risks Vulnerabilities
Environmenta typhoons, drought, floods,
l and Natural earthquakes, volcanic
eruption
Political and armed conflicts, crime,
Governance corruption, social exclusion
and discrimination
8 Major Social Risks/Sources of
Vulnerability in the Phil
◻ Unemployment and underemployment
◻ Large family size
◻ Food insecurity
◻ Armed conflict
◻ Lack of shelter and housing
◻ Natural disasters
◻ Lack of access to clean water and
sanitation
◻ Health and illness
Vulnerable Groups Affected by
Major Social Risks in Phil
Group or Sector Risks and Vulnerabilities
Children: Illness and death, hunger and
0 – 5 years old malnutrition, stunted growth
6 – 14 years old Poor education quality
Youth: 15 – 24 Low human capital, unemployment
years old and underemployment, substance
abuse
Elderly: 65 years Illness and death, low or lack of
old and above income
Women Large family size, domestic violence,
unemployment and underemployment
 Vulnerable Groups Affected by
Major Social Risks in Phil
Group or Risks and Vulnerabilities
Sector
People with Low human capital, unemployment and
disabilities underemployment, lack of access to
(PWDs) services
Indigenous Dislocation due to armed conflicts, natural
People disasters, development projects, lack of
shelter and housing, access to water and
sanitation
Rural and Dislocation due to armed conflicts, natural
Urban Informal disasters and demolitions, lack of shelter
Social Protection as Response

◻ Managing risk (vulnerabilities and

shocks)
◻ Reduction of poverty (increasing
capacity)
Social Protection as Response

Types of Responses by Sector

◻ Government: national and local

◻ Household and other informal

mechanisms
◻ Private sector or market based

◻ Civil society: non-profits, NGOs and

community associations
◻ Religious sector and FBOs
Types of Responses by Objective
◻ Preventive done before risk occurs;
mainly reducing the probability of risk
occurring (e.g. immunization/vaccination,
preventive health care)
◻ Mitigating help individuals reduce the
impact of future risky event (e.g. crop and
health insurance; savings and food
storage)
Types of Responses by Objective
◻ Coping mechanisms alleviate impact of
risk once it occurred (e.g. relief and
rehabilitation)
◻ Adapting mechanisms/resilience
prepare individuals and households for
the next shock and risk (e.g. disaster
preparedness, networks, fund availability,
etc.)
 Types of Government Responses:
Social Protection Programs (ADB,
Componen Target 2001) Programs
ts Vulnerable
Groups
Labor Employed, Active Labor Market
Market unemployed, Programs. Passive
Intervention underemployed Labor Market
s (formal and Programs, Labor
informal) Standards

Social Sick, elderly, Unemployment

Insurance widowed, insurance, work injury
PWDs, pregnant insurance, health
 Types of Government Responses:
Social Protection Programs (ADB,
2001)
Components Target Vulnerable Programs
Groups
Social PWDs, IPs, drug Welfare and social
Welfare dependents, orphans, services, cash or
single parent HHs, in-kind transfers,
IDPs, elderly, temporary subsidies,
widowed, pregnant safeguard measures
women, unemployed
Micro and Rural and urban Microcredit and
Area based informal communities micro insurance,
Schemes at risk crop insurance,
social funds,
 Types of Government Responses:
Social Protection Programs (ADB,
2001)
Components Target Vulnerable Programs
Groups
Child Children and youth ECCD, school
Protection (0-18 years) feeding programs,
youth programs,
street children
programs, child
rights advocacy,
family allowances
Governance Issues in Social
Protection
◻ Gaps (in varying degrees) in policies,
programs, structures, capacities and
information still need to be addressed
◻ Fragmented programs; may need greater
effort for cohesion and convergence among
key agencies (e.g. livelihood, hunger
mitigation and disaster preparedness
programs)
Governance Issues in Social
Protection
◻ Need for capacity building at the local
level; the ability of national agencies to
effectively empower and capacitate LGUs
in the various responses
◻ Need for multi-stakeholder partnerships in
resource mobilization as government
resources are limited
◻ More in-depth data gathering especially at
the local level
Current Government Responses

◻ Systematizing Social Protection

responses – official definition and key
components
◻ Inventory and review of social protection
programs
◻ Linking social protection, poverty
reduction and inclusive growth
◻ Formulated an operational framework
and convergence strategy
Current Official SP Definition

Social Protection constitutes policies and

programs that seek to reduce poverty
and vulnerability to risks and enhance
the social status and rights of the
marginalized by promoting and
protecting livelihood and employment,
protecting against hazards and sudden
loss of income, and improving people’s
capacity to manage risks.
Key Components

◻ Labor Market Interventions - enhancing

employment opportunities and protection
of workers’ rights
◻ Social Insurance - mitigating income risks
by pooling resources and spreading risks
across time and classes
Key Components

◻ Social Welfare - preventive and

developmental interventions that seek to
support the minimum basic requirements
of the poor
◻ Social Safety Nets - stop-gap mechanisms
or urgent responses that address effects of
shocks on specific vulnerable groups
Official Definitions
◻ Poor : income fall below the poverty
threshold as defined by the government
and/or those that cannot afford in a
sustained manner to provide their basic
◻ Vulnerable refers to households confronted
by ex-ante risk that if currently non-poor,
will fall below the poverty line, or if
currently poor, will remain in poverty.
(NEDA)
Official Definitions
◻ Marginalized people are those groups in
society who, for reasons of poverty,
geographical inaccessibility, culture,
language, religion, age, gender, migrant
status or other disadvantage, have not
benefited from health, education,
employment and other opportunities, and
who are relegated to the sidelines of
The Context: Social Protection as
Key Pillar in Poverty Reduction
◻ Prevents citizens from falling below the
poverty line – decreases transient poverty
◻ Uplifts citizens from their poverty traps –
decreases chronic poverty
◻ Enhances asset and capacity build up
through better education, health and
nutrition
◻ Assists households towards having voice
and empowerment (see poverty reduction
The Role of Social Protection in Poverty Reduction
Analytical Framework for Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reduction

Increasing Incomes
Sustained, Diversified & Shared
Growth, Low Unemployment,
Fiscal Balance, Price Stability
Risk Protection Asset and Capacity Build up
Social Welfare, Labour Land Reform, Human Capital
Market Interventions, (education, health, nutrition),
Access to Credit &
Safety Nets, Social
Voice and Empowerment Infrastructure
Insurance
Community and Sectoral
Organizations, Participatory
MechanismsResponsive Institutions and
Good and Participatory Governance,
Source: Asian Development Bank 2009
 Enhanced Analytical Framework for Poverty
Reduction Poverty Reduction

Quality Asset Sustainable Social Democratizi

Basic Reform and Development Protection ng
Services Economic of Productive Social Decision-M
Education Opportunitie Resources Welfare, aking and
, Health, s Environment Labour Managemen
Housing, Land, al and Market t Processes
Other Credit, Natural Intervention Increased
Basic Livelihood, Resources s, Safety Participation
Services Science & Conservation Nets, Social
Technology, , Insurance
Vocational
NOTE: Analytical Management
Framework from RA 8425, Social Reform
and Poverty Training, and enhanced to include social
Alleviation Act was
What is CONVERGENCE?
Pooling of expertise and resources, and
systematically channeling efforts in pursuit of
a commonly agreed goal or objective.
◻ Common understanding (what and how);

◻ Common commitment (institutional

support);
◻ Common resolve (convergent action);

(DSWD Usec. Alicia Bala, 2010)

Rationale for a CONVERGENCE
Strategy
◻ Vulnerability and poverty incidence are high
◻ The most effective approach is
multi-dimensional and multi-stakeholder
◻ Limited resources of government
◻ Varying capacities of national agencies and
local government; pooling expertise is key
◻ Avoidance of overlaps and duplication of
projects and programs
Types of Operational
CONVERGENCE
◻ Horizontal and Inter-agency e.g. SP Cluster
Component Convergence, Pantawid
Pamilyang Pilipino Program, Social
Security Cluster or Social Safety Net
Clusters
◻ Horizontal and Inter-agency at various
levels e.g. National, regional, local
(Regional Kalahi Convergence Group)
Types of Operational
CONVERGENCE
◻ Vertical - Intra-agency ex Tatsulo of
DSWD or national-regional-local
coordination for a specific project or
program
◻ Multi-level - combines vertical and
horizontal e.g. Bottom up budget process
and local poverty reduction plan
implementation
◻ Area-based or Sector based (specific
 Activities for CONVERGENCE

◻ Poverty, Risk and Vulnerability Analysis

◻ Targeting
◻ Policy Formulation
◻ Program Planning, Budgeting and
Resource Mobilization
◻ Program Implementation and Delivery
◻ Monitoring and Evaluation
 CONVERGENCE Approaches to
Program Delivery
1.Focus on Packages – a menu of different
programs delivered to the same target
groups or areas by different mechanisms
2.Focus on Converged Delivery
Mechanisms – a range of programs under
a uniform, consolidated delivery
mechanism
3.Mixed Approaches