IDEAL FLUID - Fluids which do not have viscosity and are incompressible are termed as

ideal fluid. It flows steadily without friction and do not have shear resistance. It is an
imaginary fluid because all the fluid that exists in the environment have some viscosity.
So, there is no ideal fluid.

REAL FLUIDS - Fluids which do possess viscosity are termed as real fluids. These fluids
always offer shear resistance. Three physical properties of real fluids that are particularly
important: density, viscosity, and surface tension.

CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOW

1. STEADY AND UNSTEADY

STEADY FLOW AND UNSTEADY FLOW

 The flow is said to be STEADY at a point in the flowing fluid if the velocity, pressure
and other flow characteristic at that point do not change with time.

 The flow is said to be UNSTEADY if the velocity and other such characteristics
vary with time at a Now Future point in the flowing fluid.
2. UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM

UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM FLOW

 In UNIFORM FLUID FLOW, the velocity at a given instant of time is same at any
point of the fluid and has the same magnitude in all directions, the flow depth does
not change with distance as well.

 In NON-UNIFORM FLUID FLOW, the velocity of the fluid changes at every instant
for any point at a given time. Fluid factors like: pressure, velocity and speed keeps
on changing continuously.
3. LAMINAR AND TURBULENT

LAMINAR FLOW AND TURBULENT

 During a LAMINAR FLOW, the velocity of movement is sufficiently low, the

individual particles will follow well defined paths that do not cross or intersect one
another.

 On a TURBULENT FLOW, the separate particles will follow irregular paths which
keep on crossing and re-crossing one another to form an intricate pattern of
interlacing lines. Turbulent flow is more common at high flow speeds and larger
scales

For a LAMINAR FLOW in circular pipes, the velocity distribution is three dimensional
paraboloid of revolution where the maximum velocity is twice of the mean velocity. The
transition from laminar to turbulent flow starts when a certain velocity of flow, known as
the CRITICAL VELOCITY, is attained and exceeded. Beyond this critical point, the
amount of turbulence increases with the velocity and will ultimately reach a state in which
the tur

4. COMPRESSIBLE AND INCOMPRESSIBLE

COMPRESSIBLE AND INCOMPRESSIBLE

 Flow COMPRESSIBLE flow exists if the density of each fluid particles remains
relatively constant as it moves through the flow field. The density is constant
which means the density of the fluid does not change from point to point.

 INCOMPRESSIBLE flow means flow with variation due to pressure changes.

5. ROTATIONAL AND IRROTATIONAL

ROTATIONAL AND IRROTATIONAL

The ROTATIONAL FLUID FLOW is defined as the type of fluid flow in which the fluid
particles while flowing along streamline rotate about their own axis.

Whereas, the IRROTATIONAL FLUID FLOW is defined as the type of fluid flow in which
the particles while flowing along streamline do not rotate about their own axis.

6. ONE, TWO, AND THREE DIMENSIONAL FLUID FLOW

ONE DIMENSIONAL FLOW is that type of flow in which the flow parameter such as
velocity is a function of time and one space coordinate only, say x. It is a flow in which
the velocity vector depends on only one space variables. Such flow occurs away from
geometry changes in long, straight pipes or between parallel plates.

u = f(x), v = 0 and w = 0

where u, v and w are velocity component in x, y and z directions respectively.

TWO DIMENSIONAL FLUID FLOW is the type of flow in which velocity is a function of
time and two rectangular space coordinate say x, y. It is a flow in which the velocity vector
depends on only two space variables. An example is a plane flow, in which the velocity
vector depends on only two spatial coordinates x and y.

u = f1(x,y), v = f2(x,y), and w =0

THREE DIMENSIONAL FLOW is the type of flow in which velocity is a function of time
and three mutually perpendicular directions. The function of three space coordinates (x,
y, z). It is a flow in which the velocity vector depends on only three space coordinates.

u = f1(x,y,z), v = f2(x,y,z), and w =f3(x,y,z)

 PATH LINES, STREAMLINES AND FLOW NETS

PATH LINES - It is a locus of points traversed by a given particles as it travels in a field

of flow. It provides us with a history of particle’s location. It is a line made by single particle
as it moves during a particular period of time.

STREAK LINES - It is defined as the instantaneous line whose points are occupied by all
particles originating from some specified points in the flow field. It tells where the particles
are “right now”.

STREAMLINES - It is a line in the flow possessing the following property: the velocity
vector of each particle occupying a point on the streamline is tangent to the streamline.
It is a line which gives the velocity direction of the fluid at each point along the line at a
given instant. It refers to an instantaneous picture of the velocity direction of number of
particles.

STREAM TUBE It is a tube whose walls are streamlines. When streamlines are drawn
through a closed curve, they form boundaries across which no fluid could pass. A pipe is
a stream tube since its walls are streamline; an open channel is a stream tube since no
fluid crosses the walls of the channel.

Key Concept: In a steady flow, path lines, streak lines and streamlines are all
coincident.
 FLUID FLOW EQUATIONS

DISCHARGE OR FLOW RATE is the amount of fluid passing through a section per unit
time. This expressed as a mass flow rate (kg/s), weight flow rate (kN/s), and volume flow
rate (m³/s).

Volume flow rate Q = Av

Mass flow rate M = ρQ

Weight flow rate W = γQ

where; Q = discharge in (m³/s)

A = cross-sectional area of the flow in m²

v = mean velocity of flow in m/s

ρ = mass density kg/m³

γ = weight density in N/ m³

THREE BASIC LAW

1. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

The law stating that the mass must be conserved is: “MASS CANNOT BE CREATED
NOR DESTROYED IN A CLOSED SYSTEM; IT CAN ONLY CHANGE IN FORM.” This
principle is applied to ensure that the amount of fluid entering a system (like a pipe) is
equal to the amount of fluid leaving it, assuming there are no leaks or accumulation of
mass within the system. This concept is captured by the continuity equation, especially
for incompressible fluids, where the flow rate (volume of fluid per unit time) remains
constant.

𝐴1𝑣1 = 𝐴2𝑣2
2. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Also known as the law of conservation of energy, which states that “ENERGY CANNOT
BE CREATED OR DESTROYED, ONLY TRANSFORMED FROM ONE FORM TO
ANOTHER”. In fluid flow, energy can exist in various forms, such as kinetic energy (due
to the fluid’s velocity), potential energy (due to elevation), and internal energy (related to
temperature and pressure). The First Law tells us that as fluid moves and changes state
(for example, flowing from a higher elevation to a lower one), the total energy remains
constant, but it may convert between these forms. For instance, as a fluid descends, its
potential energy decreases while its kinetic energy increases.

3. NEWTON’S SECOND LAW

Newton’s Second Law also called the momentum equation, states that: “THE
RESULTANT FORCE ACTING ON A SYSTEM EQUALS THE RATE AT WHICH THE
MOMENTUM OF THE SYSTEM IS CHANGING.”

CONTINUITY EQUATION

A CONTINUITY EQUATION in physics is an equation that describes the transport of a

conserved quantity. Since mass, energy, momentum, electric charge, and other natural
quantities are conserved under their respective appropriate conditions, a variety of
physical phenomena may be described using continuity equations.
 ENERGY AND HEADS OF FLUIDS IN MOTION

ENERGY is defined as the ability to do work. It exists in several forms and in case of
fluids in motion the kinetic, potential and pressure energies.

KINETIC ENERGY is the energy possessed by a mass by virtue of its motion or

velocity.

It is expressed as:

Kinetic Energy = W( 𝒗𝟐 𝟐𝒈 )

The unit is Newton-meter (N-m) or Joule (J) in SI Units

The KINETIC ENERGY per unit of weight represented by K𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 = 𝒗𝟐
𝟐𝒈 The unit is Newton-meter per Newton (N-m/N) or simply meter (m). In fluid flow, the
term 𝒗𝟐 𝟐𝒈 is commonly called as the VELOCITY HEAD.

POTENTIAL ENERGY is the energy possessed by a mass by virtue of its position or

elevation above some horizontal reference plane. It represents the amount of work which
the mass is capable of doing if it is allowed to descend to the reference plane. This energy
is the same in magnitude as the amount of work that must be used up in raising the mass
from the datum plane to its assigned elevation.

Potential Energy For a mass having a weight W and positioned at a distance z above the
datum plane, the potential energy is:

Potential Energy = Wz The dimension or unit is Newton-meter (N-m) or Joule (J).

Another name given to such form of energy is ELEVATION ENERGY. The potential
energy per unit weight The dimension or unit is Newton-meter per Newton (N-m/N) or
simply meter (m). The height z above the datum plane is known as the ELEVATION
HEAD